THIS POST FOR ORTHO PLZ READ IT cz a dr posted some questions earlier and everyone

was so confused smile ifade simgesi BTW THEY COULD COME ON YOUR EXAM GOOD
LUCK
Incisor Liability Maxillary Incisor Liability---- --7.0mm
Mandibular Incisor Liability --- 6.0mm
So primary spacing is Best for future room
----
Leeway Space - Mesial / Distal size difference between the primary molars and permanent
premolars.
- 1.5 mm maxillary arch per quadrant or 3mm per arch
- 2.5 mm mandibular arch per quadrant or 5mm per arch
-------
Three factors that influence the first permanent molar relationship: 1. Early mesial shift
2. Late mesial shift
3. Differential growth
------
Early Mesial Shift Normal eruption pattern- mandibular first molar migrates mesially to close
primate space from Flush Terminal Plane.
-Occurs because primate space is on the distal of Mand canines
---
Late Mesial Shift Occurs when you lose 1st and 2nd primary molars. Closes the leeway
space. More space on lower so shifts more to class 1 even if no space forward to close.
-----
Predicted Measurement of Space Required compared to actual Space Available (2
mechanisms) 1) Based on Proportionality
--Tanaka-Johnson
--Moyers *
(Both require the direct measurement of the mesio-distal widths of the lower permanent
incisors.)
2) Radiographic
Combination
--Staley and Kerber
-------------------
Tanaka and Johnson Prediction Values method? 1) 1/2 of the mesiodistal width of the four
lower incisors.
2) Add 10.5 and you get Estimated width of mandibular 3,4 and 5's.
3) Add 11.0 and you get Estimated width of maxillary 3,4 and 5's.
------
Serial Extractions - The definition according to Proffit is a planned sequence of tooth removal
that will reduce crowding and irregularity during the transition from the primary to the
permanent dentition.
- "Robbing Peter to pay Paul"
That is, the purpose of serial extractions is to push the crowding from the anterior region to
the posterior region
** Key: Extract 1st premolars prior to cuspids erupting.
-----------
Classic Serial Extraction Pattern -- Extract primary canines (C's) to allow eruption of the
lateral incisors (2's)
-- Extract the primary first molars (D's) when the permanent first premolar (4's) roots are 1/2
to 2/3 formed
-- Extract permanent first premolars (4's) to allow the permanent canines (3's) and the
second premolars (5's) to erupt
--------

trauma bleeding in dentinal tubules

non vital tooth toxins from long standing illness

trauma non vital endo treate incomplete removal

of GP from pulp champer

DISEASES / SYNDROMES / COCKTAIL grin ifade simgesi

The oral lesions of the lichen planus:

a. Are usually painful.
b. Rarely appear before lesion elsewhere on the body.
c. May be part of a syndrome in which lesions also appear on the skin,
conjunctiva and genitalia. ***
d. Often appear in nervous, high-strung individuals.
e. Heals with scarring.
PDQ Oral Disease Dx Tx 2002 page 22
________________________________
All of the following are oral features of acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome AIDS EXCEPT:
a. Candidiasis.
b. Erythema multiform. ***
c. Hairy leukoplakia.
d. Rapidly progressing periodontitis.
e. Kaposi's sarcoma.
____________
Hairy trichoglossia may be caused by:
a. Broad spectrum antibiotic.
b. H2o2 mouth wash.
c. Systemic steroid.
d. Heavy smokers.
e. All of the above. ***
_______________
hairy tongue, which taste buds increase in Length:
a. Fili form. ***
b. Fungi form.
c. Foliate.
d. Circumvallates
Dental Decks - page 1337
_______________
. The x ray show scattered radiopaque line in the mandible jaw, the
diagnosis will be:
A- Paget disease. ***
B- Garres syndrome
C- Fibrous dysplasia
D- Osteosarcoma
__________________
. The most common type of malignant bone tumor of the jaws is:
a. Osteochondrosarcoma.
b. Osteosarcoma. ***
c. Leiomyosarcoma.
__________________
a 21 years old patient who has iron deficiency anaemia, difficulty in
swallowing, with
examination of barium sulphate, you found >>>>>>>missing part>>>>>>>
a. geographical tongue
b. burning mouth syndrome
c. (plummer vinson syndrome) patterson kelley ******
d. diabetec patient

______________

Pt came to the clinic complaining from soreness in the tongue sore

throat the diagnosis is:
burning mouth syndrome. ***
geographical tongue
fissure tongue
Burket- Oral medicine page 96
_______________
. Burning mouth syndrome is a chronic disorder typically characterized
by each of the following EXCEPT:
a. Mucosal lesion. ***
b. Burning pain in multiple oral sites.
c. Pain similar in intensity to toothache pain
d. Persistent altered taste perception.
_____________
Head and neck nevi with multi lesion is:
1/Eagle syndrome.
2/Albert syndrome. *** (Albright syndrome)
______________
Child with cleft palate and cleft lip with anodontia due to:
a- Van der woude syndrome. ***
b- Treacher Collins syndrome.
c- Paget disease.
____________________
. Child 10 years old came to the clinic with periodontitis associated with
the 1ry & 2ry dentition with severe generalized bone destruction and
calcificationon the general examination hyperkeratosis of hands & feet is
noticed the diagnosis is :
a. Hypophosphotasia
b. Pre_puberty periodontitis
c. Papillon lefevre syndrome***
d. Juvenile periodontitis
_____________
pt came with muliple cyst on his scalp and nick and osteomas on his
mandible and multible on his mandible side,, wt is the diagnosis:
a. gardner syndrome *****
b. cleidocranial dysplasia
c. ectodermal dystosis
d. oesteogenesis imperfecta

___________
Diabatic pt with multiple naevi on the neck and the scalp , and multiple
jaw cyst,,,, ur diagnosis will be:
a. Eagle syndrome.
b. Gorlin Goltz syndrome***
a. Pierre Robin syndrome.
d. Non of the above
_____________________

XRAYSSSS ::::::::::

The radiograph shows condylar head orientation and facial symmetry

a. Submentovertex
b. Reverse town ***
c. Opg
d. Transorbital.
__________________
The best way of radiograph shows displacement of mandibular conyle
a. Reverse town ***
b. Oplaqe horizontal 30
__________________
what kinds of radiographs which we do not use for TMJ movements?
A- transcranial ****
b-computerized t
c-conventional t
d-arthrography
____________________
To check TMJ range of movement:
a) cranial imagery
B) arthrography ***
c) traditional tomography
d) computerized tomography
_____________
. To check a perforation in the desk of the tmj we need:
A) cranial imagery
B) arthrography. *** (CT after injection of a high contrast fluid)
C) traditional tomography
D) computerized tomography.
#occlusion1

HERE ARE STUFF >> OCCLUSION W KEDA

what is the anatomical alignment of teeth and their relationship to the masticatory system
Occlusion
_______________________
what is refer to the habitual occlusion that is dictated by the way the teeth naturally come
together (Centric Occlusion)
____________________
This is unnatural stress place on occlusion. Both teeth and periodontium may be affecte
>>>Occlusal traum
_______________
Serves as a standard for describing occlusion Centric occlusion
_______________
this is defined as a voluntary position of the dentition that allows maximum contact when the
teeth occlude. Centric Occlusion
______________
What are the factors affecting Occlusion Hereditary factors
Decayed or missing teeth
Habits--clenching or grinding
Muscle pressure and function
______________
What are some horizontal forces affect teeth position
1. Tongue pushes teeth outward
2. lip and cheeks push the teeth inward
_________________
When horizontal forces are off balanced what occurs? Malocclusion
__________
What is Overjet? the horizontal overlap between the two arches
___________
The amount of overlap of the incisal edge of the maxillary incisors over the mandibular
incisors is called? Overbite
____________
This is a condition when mandibular teeth lie outside of their maxillary antagonist >>>
Crossbite

What causes an Open bite? tongue trusting or habits such as thumb sucking
____________
view by buccal view, where the maxillary arch is convex and mandibular arch is concave
>>Curve of spee
_______________________
Viewed from right to left through Frontal section of Arch >>> Curve of Wilson
++++++++++++
This is the occlusion where the condyle is in the most posterior, superior,unstrained position
in the glenoid fossa. It is the most stable and posterior relationship of the jaws>>>>>>>>>
centric Relation
______________________
Centric relation is determined by the ___ and ___
answer is muscle and bone
____________________________________________________
Maxillary buccal cusp generally____ mandibular buccal cusp >>> Overlap

this is the point of closure of the mandible; the mandible is in the most retruded position to
which it can be carried by the musculature and ligaments>>>>>>>>>>>> centric relation
______________________
This happens when teeth are in maximum intercuspation and there is voluntary
occlusion>>>>>> Centric Occlusion
______________________
Condyle of TMJ are in the most upward, backward, and unstrained position in dthe
mandibular fossae >>>>>>Centric Relation
_____________________________________________________
This is a base measurement because it can be easily repeated>>>>>>> Centric Relation
________________________
centric stops for the maxillary arch are located where? central and lingual

centric stops for the mandibular arch are located where? central and buccal
what is the physiological rest position of the jaw? 2-3 millimeters of space between arches

SURGREY :::::::::::::::::::::::: 5TH SUMMARY

3 most common sites of mandible fractures with percentage for each?

1. Subcondylar: 36%.
2. Body/parasymphyseal: 21%.
3. Angle: 20%.
___________________________________
When should teeth in the line of a fracture be removed? What about impacted
molars ???????????

Intact teeth without severe loosening can be left.

Remove if:
1. The tooth is preventing reduction of the fracture.
2. The tooth root is fractured.

Fully impacted molars should be left. Partially erupted molars with periconitis or associated
cysts should be removed.

_________________________________
If you have to ORIF a mandible fracture in a child 6 years old or younger, what do you need
to remember? At what age can IMF be performed with interdental wires? What do you do for
younger patients? How long can you IMF children?

Only monocortical screws can be used to avoid injuring unerupted teeth for children 6 under
(some would say up to age 12).

Only after 12-13 years is the secondary dentition is secure enough to allow arch bars for IMF.
Lingual splints and circumandibular wiring is used for younger patients.

Usually IMF for no more than 2-3 weeks to prevent ankylosis.

______________________________________________________
Regarding horizontal favourability, how do muscles pull on the mandible?
Body of mandible is pulled downwards by the muscles of the tongue and the infrahyoid
muscles

Ramus of mandible is pulled upwards by masseter and medial pterygoid

________________________________________________________

Regarding vertical favourability, how do muscles pull on the mandible? All pull the mandible
inwards

Why is a bilateral parasymphiseal fracture dangerous>>>>>>>>>>.Geniohyoid, genioglossus

and mylohyoid displace the loose anterior portion backwards with loss of control of tongue
which may obstruct airway
__________________________________________________________Which muscle is
attached to mandibular condyle >>>>>>Lateral pterygoid

Which muscle is particularly important in condylar fractures? Why? Lateral pterygoid

It can pull fractured head right over the articular eminence to produce a fracture dislocation
____________________________________________________
Other muscles of mastication pull ramus of affected side upwards and you get an anterior
open bite between incisors and canines of OPPOSITE SIDE
_______________________________
3 classifications of condylar fracture?
Intracapsular (don't operate)
Extracapsular (operate)
Fracture dislocation
_________________________
Signs and symptoms of a condylar fracture? Pain
Swelling
Limited movement to opposite side
Deviation on opening TOWARD fractured side
OB on UNAFFECTED side
Early contact on AFFECTED side
If bilateral can get an anterior open bite and gagging on molars
_________________________________________________________
Signs and symptoms of angle/body fracture Pain
Swelling
Deformity
Mobile teeth
Sublingual haematoma
Occlusal changes
Mobile bone ends
Limited mandibular movement
Paraesthesia
______________________________________________________

Outline the process of bone healing

1) Inflammatory phase: bleeding and clot formation, acute inflammatory reaction.
Macrophages remove necrotic bone ends. Vascular granulation tissue forms.

2) Reparative phase: PROVISIONAL CALLUS forms, which acts like a bandage. Medullary
reaction then provides osteoprogenitor cells and over 6-12 weeks direct ossification occurs
across the fracture

3) Remodelling phase: over around 2 years subject to functional loads

__________________________________________________________
Conservative management of a fractured mandible

When is it used?

What can it involve? Can be used if simple condyle, coronoid, or ramus fracture and not too
displaced

Can involve either

1) Just soft diet and analgesia

2) Elastic IMF (to stop condyle ankylosing to fossa) for 2 weeks

3) Open reduction and antibiotics

_____________________________________________________
Who would you not want to use ORIF in? Children where there are developing teeth
________
What is the minimum number of screws per fragment in ORIF? 2
_____________________
What type of screws do we use? Monocortical
___________________________
What is usually done prior to ORIF to make sure that the occlusion is correct? Get patient
into ICP with archbars and then ORIF into that position, followed by removal of archbars
____________________
How do you normally plate a body fracture? One plate close to the top of the upper border of
the mandible to account for distracting forces
___________
How do you normally plate an angle fracture? One plate on external oblique ridge usually
enough
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
How do you normally plate a symphyseal or parasymphyseal fracture? There are rotational
distracting forces at the anterior of the mandible

Therefore you have to either use 2 plates (usually done at newcastle) or one plate at the
lower border together with leaving the archbars on for 6 weeks (not ideal)
__________________
Complications of mandibular fracture healing? Malunion
Non union
Infection
Growth disturbance in children
Damage to unerupted or developing teeth by fracture itself or by screws
Poor healing (more common in mandible, poor blood supply)
Nerve damage
+ generic fracture healing complication
____________________________________________
Fractures of the maxilla can best be diagnosed by
1. lateral jaw radiographs.
2. clinical examination.
3. evidence of periorbital edema.
4. anteroposterior radiograph of the skull.
(2) and (4)
___________________________________
What is another name for a Le Fort I fracture?
transverse maxillary fracture
__________________________
What is another name for a Le Fort II fracture?
pyramidal maxillary fracture
______________________
What is another name for a Le Fort III fracture?
craniofacial disjunction fracture
____________________________________
What is the most common type of Le Fort fracture?
lefort 1
_____________________

Describe a Le Forte I fracture. What blow causes it? AKA horizontal maxillary fracture.
Extends from the piriform aperture through the lateral maxillary and lateral nasal walls. Often
includes a portion of the pterygoid plates.

Force directed low on maxillary alveolar rim in a downward direction.

_______________________
Describe a Le Forte II fracture. What force causes it? Pyramidal maxillary fracture.
Extends from pterygoid regoin on one side, underneath zygomaticomaxillary buttress up over
the medial portion of the infraorbital rim, behind lacrimal bone, and along the medial wall of
the orbit towards the dorsum of the nose.
____________________

Describe a Le Forte III ???

AKA craniofacial dysjunction because the entire mass of facial bones is separated from the
cranial base. The fracture line begins at the frontozygomatic suture along the lateral aspect
of the internal orbit along the sphenozygomatic suture line to the inferior orbital fissure,
extends medially across the floor of the orbit up the medial wall of the orbit towards the
dorsum of the nose where it crosses and proceeds to the opposite side in the same manner.
Various amounts of the pterygoid plates will usually remain attached to the posterior maxilla.

COMPOSITE PART
111111111111111111
What is added to the organic resin to make them stronger>>>> Filler Particles
Fillers help to reduce>>>>> shrinkage
polymerisation shrinkage will cause
1. open margins
2. leakage and post operative sensitivity
3. recurrent decay
In what ways can you minimize effects of polymerisation shrinkage? incremental layer
transillumination
bevelling
soft start curing
degree of etching
What are leachable components in composite >>> residual monomer
surface treatment of filler
Water sorption happens the most at when >>>>first couple of hours after the placement
What are the factors of wear characteristics of composite? increased filler volume ->
decrease wear
highly filled fine composite -> decreased wear
incorporation of soft filler particles with hardness of enamel -> decreased wear
What are the thermal properties of composite >>>>
Thermal conductivity close to enamel and dentine
Thermal expansion is greater in resin rich microfill than fine particles or hybrids
________________________________________________________
Fillers that are used in composit resins are made up of>>>>>> inorganic particles
What are the inorganic fillers that are used in composite resins>>>>>>> quartz, silica and
glass
The higher the filler content>>>>> the stronger the material will be
What is an important factor to keep in mind when choosing a compsite resin
material>>>>>>>>>>> The size of the filler particles
COMPLETE smile ifade simgesi ::::::
Particle size will affect the ______ and _______ of the material .
THE ANSWER IS ( wear resistance and polish ability )
The amount of filler resin and the amount of resin between particles are related to
>>>>>>>how the material wears
Large filler particles tend to get plucked from the resin matrix at the surface
>>>>>>>>>>when the restoration is under function
What cause the finished resteration to appear dull>>>>>> Large Particles
Large particles cause the finished restoration to appear>>>>>. dull
What particles are not as easily pulled from the resin and cause fewer voids that contribute to
wear>>>>>>>> Smaller particles.
The smaller the particle>>>>>>>> the smoother the surface
What makes a smooth surface>>>>>>>>smaller particles
What is used to provide a stronger bond between organic fillers and the resin matrix
>>>>>>>>>>>>>coupling agent
what kind of coupling agent reacts with the suface of the inorganic filleR>>>>>>>>>>Salane
What iS necesseary to MINIMIZE loss of filler particles and reduce wear>>>>>>>>>>> Good
adhesion
Good adhesion is necessary to minimize loss of filler particles and reduce >>>>>>>>>>wear
What is the chemical reaction that occurs when low molecular weight molecules called
monomers join together to form long chain of high molecular weight molecules
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> polymers polymerization
What are low molecular weight molecules called>>>>> monomers
What are high molecular weight molecules called>>>>>>> polymers
Chemicals that cause polymerization reaction to begin>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> are initiators
and activators
What are the three types of composite materials used in dentistry>>>>>>>>>chemical, light
and dual cure
Chemically cured also known as>>>>>>>>>>>>> SELF CURE
A two paste system is chemically cured/selfcured
What type of composite materials are stored in jars and syringes>>>>>>>>>>> chemical
cured
COMPLETE :
In chemical/self cure one paste is called ____while the other is called_______
ANSWER IS ( BASE AND CATALYST )
____
What are componmers? composite resins that have been modified with polyacid
What has been modified with poly acid >>>>>>compomers

PART 2 ______________________COMPOSITE

Whats most important for composite success >>Moisture control

What is minimum thickness of composite>>>>>>> 1mm

2 ways to prevent fracture of restoration>>>>>>>>>>>>> enamel supported AND rounded

internal angles

What is micro vs macro retention>>>>>>>>>> micro = bonding

macro = grooves

Need bevel everywhere EXCEPTTTT >>>>>>>>>> Near occlusal margins, near CEJ

How close to CEJ before don't need to bevel >>>>>>>>>>>>>> (( <1mm

What do you etch longer, dentin or enamel >>>>>>>>>> enamel = 15-20 sec dentin = 10-15

What is HEMA found in >>>>>>>>>PRIMER, NOTTTTT RESIN

Better bond superficially or deep? >>>>>>>>>> SUPERFACIALLY

WHY ????more intertubular dentin
Which is hydrophobic/philic>>>>>>>>
primer = philic
resin = phobic

why should ZOE cements be avoided.>>>>>>>> eugenol inhibits polymerization

why use incremental addition?

-assures adequate polymerization
-if placed properly, the first layer shrinks towards the tooth
-the second and subsequent layers are then placed and cured until there is adequate
restoration

biocompatibility >>>>>>>>>>>>>composites are potential irritants to the pulp

-liner required for pulpal protection - calcium hydroxide, glass iomoner, hybrid ionomer,
compomer (avoid ZOE!!!)

AMALGAM ::::::::::::

PLZZZ READ IT AND DONT CONFUSE UR SELFS

THANKS
________________
silver functions >>>>> increases expansion and increases strength
tin functions>>>>>> decreases setting expansion and facilitates amalgamation due to high
affinity for Hg
zinc functions>>>>> minimizes oxidation of other metals
copper functions >>>>>increases strength, hardness and setting expansion
how much Cu in high copper alloys>>>>>> greater than 6% (10-30%)
how much Cu in traditional alloys? less than 6%
__________________________________________________________
gamma phase Ag-Sn >>>>>> strongest phase and resistant to corrosion
gamma 1 phase Ag-Hg>>>>>>>>>> less resistant to corrosion
gamma 2 phase Sn-Hg >>>>>>>>weakest phase; least resistant to corrosion
__________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS ::::::::::::
which phase is eliminated with high Cu amalgams>>>>> gamma 2
4th setting phase when using high Cu alloys >>>>>>>eta phase
what 2 things cause excessive expansion>>>>>> too much Hg used and factors that favor
gamma 1 phase
under-trituration results in high or low strength restoration>>>>>LOWwwwww
high Hg-alloy ratio or residual Hg causes increased or decreased strength restoration>>>>
DECREASED
creep definition and associated with which phase>>>>>>>>> slow deformation under load
( gamma 2 phase))))
which has higher creep - low Cu alloys or high Cu alloys>>>>>>>>> lowwwwwww
__________________________________________________________
TURE OR FALSE :
a high Hg-alloy ratio increases the amount of creep >>>> T
under tritruation = resotration of high strength and high resistance to corrosion >>>>>>>>
FALSE - low strength and low poor resistance
______________________________________________
questions :::::
which phase is most susceptible to tarnish and corrosion>>>>> gamma 2
a grainy, crumbly mix is a sign of: under OR over trituration>>>>> under
a sign of over mixing >>>>>>>>> hard to remove from capsule
a well-mixed dental amalgam will appear>>>>>>>> smooth and shiny
effect of moisture contamination delayed expansion up to a week after insertion: post-op pain
and overhang restoration = secondary caries and corrosion
how much of an amalgam is copper, tin and silver? silver - 70%
tin - 25%
copper - 6 + %
why does moisture contamination cause delayed expansion>>>>>>>>>>>> moisture will be
hydrolyzed by the zinc -> hydrogen gas will be liberated and trapped in the amalgam

THATS THE SECOND SUMMARY

A- PULPOTOMY
WHAT ?removal of coronal portion of pulp followed by placement of medicament
WHEN ?
Large proximal carious lesion with involvement of marginal ridge No history of spontaneous
pain
Absence of abscess or fistula Where extraction is contraindicated
Vital tooth with healthy peridontium
WHAT IS USED ? Formocresol AND Ferric sulphate
CONTRAINDICATION :
1-Presence of abscess and fistula
2-Radicular pulp involvement
3-Inter radicular bone loss
4-Caries penetrating to floor of pulp chamber
_______________________________________________
B-
PULPECTOMY
material in the pulp chamber and root canal of a tooth is removed.
WHEN ? Irreversible pulpitis involving both coronal and radicular pulp Non-vital primary
molars or incisors that need to be maintained in arch Abscessed primary molars
Primary molars with radiographic evidence of furcation pathology
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Teeth with non-restorable crowns
Extensive pulp floor opening into the bifurcation
Excessive internal resorption
Primary teeth with underlying dentigerous or follicular cysts
________________________
C- DPC
What?? Placement of a protective dressing directly over the exposed pulp
Why? Saves the tooth and Preserves vitalityConservative treatment
ADVANTAGES :
Normal responsiveness toelectrical and thermal pulp tests.
Preventing breakdown of theperi-radicular supporting tissue.
Formation of secondary dentine
WHEN ?
Immature permanent teeth or mature permanent teeth with simple restorative needs
Recent traumatic ( 24 HRS )
Mechanical pulp exposure
Small pinpoint pulp exposure=1mm
Little or no bleeding at the exposure site
Contraindications::::::::::::::
Systematic diseases
Largepulp exposuresUncontrolled bleeding
primary teeth root resorption Inflammatory signs/ symptoms
MATERIALS : Ca(OH)2 AND MTA
WHAT U WILL SEE IS ?? Dentin bridges

DENTAL WASTES :
A-CLINICAL WATE > YELLOW BAG
CYTOTOXIC WASTE > PURPULE BAG
RADIOACTIVE WASTE > REG BAG ( WRITTEN IN BLACK RADIOACTIVE WASTE )
=========
B- TYPES OF WASTE _
REGULATED WASTE CLASSIFIED INTO
i-contaminated : contact blood
ii-hazrdous :risk to human being
iii-infectious : blood , pathology products , saliva
iv-Medical : any solid waste
v-regulated : needs special handling
and last is toxic
-----------------------------------
sharp waste : needles , scalples ......
DENTAL AMALGAM WASTE ::
Non-contact amalgam (scrap) is excess mix leftover at the end of a dental procedure.
Contact amalgamis amalgam that has been in contact with the patient. Examples are
extracted teeth with amalgam restorations or amalgam captured by chair-side traps, filters or
screens.
Chair-side traps capture amalgam waste during amalgam placement or removal procedures.
(Traps from dental units dedicated strictly to hygiene may be placed in with regular garbage.)
Vacuum pump filters or traps contain amalgam sludge and water. Some recyclers will accept
whole filters. Others will require special handling of this material.
Amalgam sludge is the mixture of liquid and solid material cleaned from vacuum pump filters
or other amalgam capture devices.
Empty amalgam capsules are the containers leftover from precapsulated dental amalgam.
( MA 3ALENA MEN EL LAK DA ITS JUST FOR U TO KNOW )
lllllllllllllllllTHIS IS VERY IMPORTANTTTT lllllllllllllllllll
Never put amalgam waste in the regular garbage.
Never put amalgam waste in with infectious waste (red bag)
.
Never rinse chair-side traps or vacuum pump filters containing amalgam over drains or sinks.
Never dispose of empty amalgam capsules with infectious waste (red bag) or municipal
waste that's incinerated.
Never flush amalgam waste down the drain.
Never pour used photographic fixer solution down the drain, recycle them.
Never throw lead x-ray foils in the garbage, recycle them.
Never pour large quantities of disinfectants down the drain.
___________________________________
SCRAP AMALGAM CAN BE STOPRED >>>> under used radiographic fixer OR WATER

In child :
Mandibular foramen = 4-5 below occ. plane
IAN block = at occ. Plane

Validity:
The index should be measure what it is intended to measure. So it should be correspond
with clinical stages of the disease, ex. number of missing teeth in adults is not a valid
measure of caries activity.
___________________
Reliability:
The index should measure consistently at different times and under a variety
of conditions, by the same person or different persons.
_______________
Quantifiability: The index should be amenable to statistical analysis. So that the status of a
group can be expressed by a number that corresponds to a relative position on a scale from
zero to the upper limit.
________________
Sensitivity:
The index should be able to detect reasonably small shifts, in either direction in the group
condition
_____________
Acceptability:
The use of the index should not be painful or demeaning to the subject.

ANATOMY :
Junction of lateral wall of nassal fossa and the wall of the maxillary sinu
>>> Inverted Y located above the maxillary canine in the canine-premolar region. Appears
radiopaque on maxillary canine periapical images.
---------
External oblique ridge or external oblique line >>>
- Appears as a radiopaque band near the crown of the mand molars downward and forward
from the anterior border of the ramus to the third molar area.
_____
Nasal septum >>>Bone structure that divides the right and left nasal fossa. Portion that is
visible is the vomer bone.
___________
Incisive foramen>>>>> Pear shaped opening in bone located at the midline of the anterior
hard palate, behind the central incisors. Appears radiolucent on maxillary incisor periapical
radiographs.

Class 1 is min displaced and u treat by closed reduction

Class 2 moderyly displaced open or closed
severy displaced
U treat by open

So if u retured bk u do it by closed reduction

SOME DESIRABLE QUALITIES OF IMPRESSION MATERIALS

1. DIMENSIONAL STABILITY

2. ACCURACY IN CLINICAL USED

3. ELASTIC PROPERTIES

4. PLEASANT ODOR/TASTE
5. ABSENCE OF TOXIC OR IRRITANT CONSTITUENTS

________________

NAME THE NON ELASTIC IMPRESSION MATERIAL

1. PLASTER

2. IMPRESSION COMPOUND

3. ZINC OXIDE-EUGENOL

____

NAME THE 2 KINDS OF ELASTIC IMPRESSION MATERIAL 1.

HYDROCOLLOIDS

2. NON-AQUEOUS ELASTOMERS

____

ELASTIC HYDROCOLLOIDS MATERIAL INCLUDES

1. AGAR

2. ALGINATE

________________________

ELASTIC NON-AQUEOUS ELASTOMERS INCLUDES

1. POLYSULFIDES

2. SILICONES

3. POLYETHER

__________________

ELASTIC NON-AQUEOUS W/ CONDENSATION AND ADDITIONAL (VINYL)

1. SILICONE

___________________

A NON ELASTIC OF PARIS RARELY USED AS AN IMPRESSION MATERIAL AND IS

RIGID AND WILL BREAK IF BENDED

1. PLASTER

________________________________
PLASTER IS COMPOSED OF

1. CALCIUM SULFATE HEMIHYDRATE

________________________

ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL IS USED AS??????????

1. IMPRESSION MATERIAL FOR DENTURES ON EDENTULOUS RIDGES W/

MINOR OR NOR UNDERCUT

2. BITE REGISTRATION

3. WASH IMPRession over compund

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MESSINESS AND VARIABLE SETTING TIME IS DUE TO

1. TEMPERATURE

2. HUMIDITY

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PART OF ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL THAT IS IRRITATING TO SOFT TISSUES AND

MAY FRACTURE IF UNDERCUT ARE PRESENT????

1. EUGENOL

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A HYDROCOLLOID THAT REQUIRE CAREFUL CONTROL AND MODERATELY

EXPENSIVE APPARATUS: ITS DIMENSIONALLY UNSTABLE ??????/

1. REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID- AGAR

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Addition silicon

sets by linking of molecules in long chains but produces no by-product.

Addition silicones are commoly known as polyvinyl siloxanes and are the
most popular materials for crown and bridge procedures because of their
accuracy, dimensional stability, and ease of use.

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Polyether >>>>>>>
A rubber impression material with ether functional groups. It has high
accuracy and is popular for crown and bridge procedures.

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Impression compound

An impression material composed of resin and wax with fillers added to make
it stronger and more stable than wax.THEIR PROBLEM IS >> HIGH WARPAGE

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Zinc oxide eugenol

A hard and brittle impression material used in complete denture

procedures.WHEN ? >> FLAT rdge

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Alginate impression material Can be immersed in an appropriate disinifectant

for up to 30 minutes without distorting

Agar hydrocolloid Works well in a moist field

An irreversible hydrocolloid Cannot reverse from a gel to a sol because a

chemical reaction prevents it

Polyvinyl impression materials are of the class known as Elastomers

Polysulfide impression materials Have excellent tear strength

What is an elastomer that will imbibe water when immersed in it and swell?
Polyethers

What material produces alcohol as a by-product of its setting reaction and is

subject to distortion as it evaporates? Condensation silicone

The following statement is TRUE about the addition silicones. They are very
dimensionally stable

The most rigid of the elastic impression materials is >>> Polyether

The least accurate of the elastic impression materials is Alginate

Which elastomers do NOT need to be poured with gypsum material within a

few hours after the impression is made? Addition silicone and Polyether

Dental compound impression material can change from a solid to a soft

material by heating it. Its greatest use today is for which procedure? Border
molding custom trays for denture impressions

What material is used for denture impressions, that is broken into pieces to
remove it from the mouth and reassembled in the laboratory to pour the
impression? Impression plaster

Zinc oxide eugenol impression material is Used alone in a custom acrylic

resin impression tray as a wash material

Disinfecting of impressions Must be done for all impressions