DEFINATION OF HIGH RISE

BUILDING
The word skyscraper originally was a nautical term referring to a small triangular sail set
above the skysail on a sailing ship. The term was first applied to the buildings in the late 19 th
century as a result of public amazement at the tall buildings being built in Chicago and new
york city. The first skyscraper was for many years thought to be the home insurance building
built in Chicago , Illinois in 1885 . More recent arguments point to new yorks seven floor
equitable life assurance building built in 1870 and it was arguably the first office building
built using a kind of skeletal frame but it depends on what factors are chosen and even the
scholars making the argument find it academic

The structural definition of the world skyscraper was refined later by architectural
historians ,based on engineering development of the 1880s that have enabled construction
of tall multi storey buildings. this definition was based on the steel skeleton as opposed to
construction of load bearing masonary ,which passed their practical limit in 1891 with
Chicagos monadnock building. PHILADELPHIAS City hall ,completed in 1901 ,still holds claim
as the worlds tallest-lload bearing masonary structure at 167 m {548ft} . the steel frame
developed in stages of increasing self sufficiency ,with several in Chicago and new york
advancing the technology that allowed the steel frame to carry a building on its own . Today,
however ,many of the tallest skyscrapers are built almost entirely with reinforced concrete.
pumps and storage tanks maintain water pressure at the top skyscrapers.

A loose convention in the united states and Europe now dras the lower limit of a skyscraper
at a 150 mtrs {500ft }. A skyscraper taller than 300 meters {1000 ft } may be reffered to a
super tall .shorter buildings are still sometimes refered to as skyscrapers if the appear to
dominate their surrounding.

The somewhat arbitrary term skyscraper should not be confused with the also ill-defined
term high rise. The emporia standards committee defines a high rise building as a multi
storey structure between 35-100 metres tall ,or a building of unknown height from 12 39
floors and a skyscraper as a multi-storey building whose architectural height is at least 100
metres .some structural engineers define a high-rise as any vertical construction for which
wind is a more significant load than earthquake or weight.

The word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement .the skyscraper ,in
name and social function,is a modern expression of the age old symbol of the world center
or axis mundi; a pillar that connects earth to heaven and the four compass direction to one
another.

INTRODUCTION
High-rise building are still the essential form of building structure constructed extensively in
urban areas ,in particular ,in the health of the commercial zones of metropolitian citie.on the
other hand scarcity of land supply encourages the construction of high rise building.with a

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population of 6100 people per square kilometer ,HONG KONG has built lots of high rise
residential , industrial and commercial buuildings over the last 40years . residential buildings
of over 40 storey are very common in hong kong and a 70 storey high residential block was
completed in 2002 whres the 80 storey building is under construction.in scheduling the floor
construction cycle , a simple approach is to adapt a constant duration for the construction of
the typical floors. However ,this always induces a false impression to site personnel that the
construction process are simple and coulb be achieved easily.for the

Precast a smart building method

Precast is an industrialized way to build. It means transfer of work from sites

to factories. This improves productivity and quality and shortens construction

time of a building. In short, precast concrete lowers total construction costs

considerably.

Precast also has lower lifetime costs than any other building solution. It is

possible due to consistent high quality of industrially produced products.

Precast minimizes e.g. structural and facade maintenance needs during

years.

With precast, logistics needs are minimal. Precast floors, walls, frames and

foundations are transported to a construction site ready-to-install. Logistics is

arranged with just one delivery vehicle instead of several raw material

transfers back and forth.

All products for a complete building

Precast suits well for any type of building: residential, commercial, industrial,

public to name a few. There is a suitable solution for both indoor and outdoor

production. The smart match can be found for different capacities, end

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product and labor needs. Precast can be made into any shape or color and

finished.

Precast can be used as the only building material, but it can as well be

combined with steel or be utilized as a composite structure only. Use of

precast in a building depends largely on local building traditions and

restrictions.

The most common precast products are:

Faades from sandwich to cladding and gray walls

Floors with hollow-core, half, ribbed or solid slabs

Partition and internal walls from Acotec to solid walls

Foundations with precast concrete piles

Frames with e.g. beams, columns, slabs, etc.

Stairs, shafts and other special products

More resource-efficient and flexible than cast-in-situ

Compared to cast-in-situ, precast uses less of everything less cement, less

water, less steel, and less labor. It produces less waste on the site and in the

factory. This makes CO2 footprint of precast much smaller than in cast-in-situ

construction.

Precast offers a safer and healthier working environment. Material handling is

easier and less scaffolding is needed. Precast technology works in virtually all

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environments cold, hot, moist or dry. Concrete hardens on site basically

throughout the year, in temperatures from -15 to +40C. To avoid too fast or

slow hardening in more hot, moist or dry climates, several curing and

concrete mixing solutions can be applied.

Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a

factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or

sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located.

The term is used to distinguish this process from the more conventional

construction practice of transporting the basic materials to the construction

site where all assembly is carried out.. It is not generally used to refer to

electrical or electronic components of a machine, or mechanical parts such

as pumps, gearboxes and compressors which are usually supplied as

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separate items, but to sections of the body of the machine which in the past

were fabricated with the whole machine.

The process and theory of prefabrication

An example from house-building illustrates the process of prefabrication. The

conventional method of building a house is to transport bricks, timber,

cement, sand, steel and construction aggregate, etc. to the site, and to

construct the house on site from these materials. In prefabricated

construction, only the foundations are constructed in this way, while sections

of walls, floors and roof are prefabricated (assembled) in a factory (possibly

with window and door frames included), transported to the site, lifted into

place by a crane and bolted together.

The theory behind the method is that time and cost is saved if similar

construction tasks can be grouped, and assembly line techniques can be

employed in prefabrication at a location where skilled labour is available,.so

many skilled workers to the construction site, and. Against these advantages

must be weighed the cost of transporting prefabricated sections and lifting

them into position as they will usually be larger.

The most widely used form of prefabrication in building and civil engineering

is the use of prefabricated concrete and prefabricated steel sections in

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structures where a particular part or form is repeated many times. It can be

difficult to construct the formwork required to mould concrete components on

site, and delivering wet concrete to the site before it starts to set requires

precise time management. Pouring concrete sections in a factory brings the

advantages of being able to re-use moulds and the concrete can be mixed on

the spot without having to be transported to and pumped wet on a congested

construction site. Prefabricating steel sections reduces on-site cutting and

welding costs as well as the associated hazards.

Prefabrication techniques are used in the construction of apartment blocks,

and housing developments with repeated housing units. The quality of

prefabricated housing units had increased to the point that they may not be

distinguishable from traditionally built units to those that live in them. The

technique is also used in office blocks, warehouses and factory buildings.

Prefabricated steel and glass sections are widely used for the exterior of large

buildings.

Advantages and disadvantages of prefabrication

Advantages[1]

1. High capacity- enabling the realization of important projects

2. Factory made products

3. Shorter construction time- less than half of conventional cast in situ

construction

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 4. Independent of adverse weather conditions during construction

5. Continuing erection in winter time until -20 C

6. Quality surveillance system

7. Opportunities for good architecture

8. Healthy buildings

9. Reduced energy consumption

10. Environmentally friendly way of building with optimum use of

materials, recycling of waste products, less noise and dust etc.

11. Cost effective solutions

12. Reduction in construction time

13. Safety in construction

14. Increase in the quality of construction.

15. Reduction of construction waste

Disadvantages

1. Leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.

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2. Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated

sections than for the materials of which they are made, which can often

be packed more efficiently.

3. Large prefabricated sections require heavy-duty cranes and precision

measurement and handling to place in position.

4. Larger groups of buildings from the same type of prefabricated

elements tend to look drab and monotonous.

CONSTRUCTION METHOD FOR PRECAST SYSTEM

The main factor that contributes to the success of a precast building project
is integration of all building professionals. Professionals stated here include
architects, engineers, clients, contractors and sub-contractors. The involvement of
all players at an early stage is critical to a precast project.

The fundamental mindset of all professionals has to be changed to achieve Total

Building Performance. Conventionally, consultants are more concerned with
meeting clients needs, regulatory requirements, design soundness and functionality
while clients are more concerned with cost and the end product. Contractors, on the
other hand, are more concerned with the building process.

Very often, contractors are tasked to convert a traditional cast in-situ

(Architectural and Structural) design to a precast design. The design development
will involve modification to the consultants design intent. As such, it is not
uncommon for the contractor to face strong resistance from the consultant team.
This is to be predicted as any player tends to be defensive if his professional views
are being challenged.

Today, the fragmentation approach towards design and construction among the
professionals within a project is evident in most projects. A shift in paradigm is
crucial to achieve success in any project. This section attempts to provide a guide
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for the construction of a precast project. The reader should refine the contents
by consultation with professionals and precasters.

CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS

The contractor should consider the

following:

All safety issues on site when handling precast elements, especially

so when working within a tight site
The lifting capacity of the crane
used
The working boom-radius of the
crane

The suitability of construction materials for the purpose of use, i.e.

sealant, grouting, shim plate, propping etc
Co-ordination with the precaster and specialist supplier to achieve the
best performance and working method - precaster often provide relevant technical
requirements to the contractor during the design development phase to avoid
discrepancy

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The diagrams below illustrated the sequence of installation for the precast beam-slab
system:

The Procedure

Setting Out

1. Surveyor to set cross reference.

2. Transfer grid and mark wall position on slab.

3. Mark 100mm offset line from rear building

edge.

4. Offset wall position by 200 mm.

5. Secure 2x2 timber to the floor at wall edge to

guide wall.

Wall Positioning

1. The first wall in place has to be the partition wall

at the rear.

2. Mark a line parallel to and 100mm from the

external edge of the wall.

3. Place shim plate @~500 c/c on the floor and

level to wall soffit. Shim plate may also be
placed on Non-shrink mortar bed and allow to
set.

4. Adjust position of the dowel bar.

 Wall Adjustment

1. Position adjacent walls and plumb wall

corners at 200 mm offset

2. Adjust verticality until within +2 or 2 mm

3. Ensure the four faces of every walls

are adjusted

4. Position string 250 mm from face of walls

5. Walls within the same line are to be

adjusted within same tolerance

6. Ensure air-pocket is fully grouted.

Beam Setting Out

1. Cast wall joint.

2. Mark 1 m reference line.

3. Confirm pocket level. Position shim plate

to correct beam soffit level if required.

4. Mark position of beam on floor.

5. Hoist beam in place and check top level.

6. Plumb beam to verify position on floor below.

7. Ensure beam verticality with a spirit level.

8. Wedge beam against pocket and grout

the gap between the beam and the wall.
 Slab Setting Out I

1. Position the slab temporary supports

and adjust the slab soffit level approximately.

2. Raise the height of the supports about 5

mm above slab soffit level

Slab Setting Out II

1. Hoist slab in place on top of beam and

support.

2. Verify level of every plank soffit at four corners

and center.

3. Adjust level of temporary support accordingly.

Staircase

1. Position landing or slab and verify soffit

level at four corners.

2. Adjust level to within tolerance.

3. Position shim plates at staircase support

location to correct level.

4. Verify level difference between pegs on

top and below.

5. Hoist staircase in place.

6. 10mm gap between precast plank and

staircase