ELEMENTARY COPTIC SAHIDIC) GRAMMAR BY MARGARET ALICE MURRAY (8.4. Soot, FRA, FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON) SECOND EDITION LONDON BERNARD QUARITCH 11 GRAPTON STREET, BOND STREET W. 1927‘to DR. J. H. WALKER IN REMEMBRANCE OF HIS UNFAILING HELP AND KINDNESS Printed by Adolf Holshansen, Vienna (Anstri)PREFACE. HIS Grammar is intended to be merely an "Tivos to tho study of Sahilie Coptic. It is founded on the “Koptische Grammatik” of Professor Georg Steindorff; and those who wish to take up the study of the language seriously, must use his Grammar after working through this. Coptic is the latest form of the ancient Egyptian language, which until Christian times was written in hieroglyphs and their derivatives, hieratie and demotic. But owing to the difficulty of the seript, the Roman and Christian Egyptians wrote the language in Gree: characters, with the addition of seven signs taken from demotie. It is this form of Egyptian which is now known as Coptic, There are several dialects of Coptic, Sahidie is the language of the South, Boheirie of the North, As a the principal being Sahidie and Bohei spoken language, Coptie died out about the 16% century,vi PREFACE but it is in use asa Church language in the Christian churches of Egypt to this day. My warmest thanks are due to Dr. J. H. Walker and to Professor Steindorff for kindly reading over this Grammar, both in manuscript and in proof, and users 1 for their many valuable suggestions. M.A. Mornay. Caaeren UL Cuarren TI Cuapren IV CONTENTS. Introductory Alphabet . Contractions... Grek words: Construct form Pronouns... Personal. Dopendent . . = Independent . . Reflexive... 2. Possessive. Affixed . > Independent «Prefix Demonstrative... Nouns 2... + Gender... ee ee Formation by suffixes . prefixes Number... Genitive 2. Indirect with 7. Indirect Tire Direct 2... eonaoanewnn® 10 rt rt 1 1B 13 18 3 15 a7 aw Ww 7yur Cnaeren V Cuaron VI Cuarren VIL Cuavver VILL Cuapren IX Cuarren X Cnarree XI CONTENTS: Adjectives. . Relative forms suffixes Numerals. . Cardinal Ordinal. Yorbs Infinitive Pronominal form Qualitative . Causative . Imperative ‘The old conjugation... . The passive Gresk verbs Prepositions. . Simple... Compound Gre Adverbs Conjunetions Particles Empbatie. 2... . Negative . . Interrogative Kk propositions. Cnarren XI Cuarren XIU CONTENTS: Conditional ‘Temporal ‘The relative Without particles With particles Relative substantiv Construction and forms of sentences Appendix Exercises Glossary 1x oy 54 st at 60 a or “CHAPTER I. ‘The Coptic alphabet consists of 31 letters, of which 24 are eopied from the Greek alphabet and the re- mainder are formed from the demotie character and express sounds which are not found in the Greek. corte exaLisit cornice eNouisi | aa gx | & b ° 0 (short 0) © g (hard «) nop ~ a por © @ (short «) © os 3 a 7 t He (long 0) zou ° th — ph ‘ i x kh i ® k Y ops | Ad © 0 (ong 0) am woh wos en:2 OMAPTER T cormic ENGLISH | copnic S —h(guttoralh)ffoond | a8 in Bobeitie only) o 2b + ‘The letters, such as © IC. Wp, aro used merely as abbreviations of double letters; @ for T9, x for ne, ® for ng, 3¢ for ng, and y for ne. Ex.: ee for T9e¢ “The manner”; Pob for ngwb “The thing”; Yur for nest “Nine”. e, x and 5 aro generally used only in Greek words though tis somejimes used in Coptic after w instead of n. E.g. am€ for ANK, MoTNE for MOTHT, ‘The letter ¥ can never stand alone (except in Greek words) but must always he compounded with some other vowel as av, ev, oF. The diphthong ov often re- presents the consonant W, especially at the beginning of a word. The letter s usually follows a consonant; when used ‘as an initial or after a vowel it is written ef or The short e, both accented and not accented, is often not written but is expressed by a line over the two con- sonants between which it oceurs. If it is the initial sound, the line is placed over the first consonant, Ex.: thr which is pronounced Tebt, p-noke pronounced Er-nob2, Twor pronounced En-shot, wpwOpy pronounced Shershoref. CHAPTER I 3 ‘The letter w is changed to a before &, a and wt, Ex.: Mnnve for Hire “The heavens”, AmMppe for Hauppe “The bonds”, oNmoeMoc for giiTIHOCMOe “In the world”. x also occasionally changes to p before p, to ‘X before A, to & before &. Ex.: ppome for Hpome “ The men”, equeg AA for eqneo WATHH “He is full of grief”, mea ROoA for nea BOA “The outside”. Metathesis is not uneommon in Coptic: e. g. ait and MAMA:, ONT and OTH, coTH and cont, Words arc written without division as aqger® mpoae “He killed the man”, but a certain arbitrary division has been adopted in which the subject and verb are joined together and the objéet added by means of a hyphen, 0. g. aqgeTB-npoome. ‘The Greek punctuation is employed in printing, though in Coptic itself the full stop and colon only were in use. Certain common Greek words are usually contracted, the contraetion being marked by a line over the whole word, This must be carefully differentiated from the line marking the short vowel which oceurs over one letter only. E.g. fe for rmeowe “Jesus”, Xe for 1 The same occurs in English in compound words: Intolerable bat Impertinent, Conform but Comprehond.CHAPTER I aepreree “Christ”, HX for repand “Israel”, we for nuewma “Spirit”, RE for opie “Lord”, Tham for sepreadnar “Jerusalem”. In the writing of verbs, prepositions, &e., an arbitrary method has been adopted to show at a glance the forms which oceur before a noun or a pronoun. Before a noun, the verb or preposition is written with a single hyphen, @R-, wenT, €; before a pronoun, with a double hyphen, HOAs, Warr, epor. ‘The spelling of Greek words is largely phonetic, which often makes them difficult to recognise. Ex.: gerpamit for etpyyy, enentHave for éxevSoens, ecomTsprom fot atonriipto, TpANTZA for tpdmeta. Certain Greek words were so commonly used as to become part of the language, taking the plural ter- minations like other nouns (see p. MS Some Greek words beginning with @ are used as though the © represented the two letters vg, the T being looked upon as the fem. definite article, Thus eadacca means “The sea”, but in the plural it is written Hgadacea “The seas” ‘THE CONSTRUCT FORM. ‘The Construct Form oeeurs in nouns before another noun, an adjective aud the genitive; in verbs hefore a noun; and in pronouns before a noun, ‘The word is CHAPTER 1 5 contracted to its shortest form, the long vowels are nade short, the short vowels are eliminated and the short 0- (expressed by a line above the consonant) is substituted, If a nonn ends in e, as is constantly the case with fem. noms, the € is likewise omitted. Ex.: of nouns. piitmodse “ Gate of the town” from po “Gate”, paitniae “ Man of Egypt” from poe “Man”, Ex.: of verbs. aifA-npoae “I loosed the man” from HA “To loose”, aqgetE-npose “He killed the man” from goth “To kill”. Bx.: of pronouns, Rre¥ge “In this manner” from tay “This”. ‘The Construct Form is a shortened form of a word due to accentuation. ‘The accent falls always on the ultimate or penultimate syllable, e. g. e6XeA, eReRe, cReang. Compound words are affected by the accent. Thus when two words are brought together having a close relation of sense, the compound word has one accent only on the ultimate or penultimate, according to where it fell in tho original second word. Ex.:ap-dge — Shortlived from wipe Age gor-sice » 9807 auice + Compare the English past tense in such verbs as fell, mot, lit, which are derived from feel, meet, light.6 CHAPTER IT ' worde Ex:et-norge Perfume from eros -ererge painiae Egyptian 4, poe wnitace cegoveAAe Poem gar oveNe In the ease of verbs the construct form is used when the noun is to be emphasised; ex.: Wacoere Maane Mamaroe auataceaue, but when the verb is more important the absolute form is used. The following have no construet for Greek verbs. Foreign verbs. Lato verbs. CHAPTER II. PRONOUNS. ‘The personal pronouns are divided into two classes, (1) the Dependent, (2) the Independent. 1, Dependent pronouns, These cannot stand alone but must be attached to the noun, verb, or preposition to which they belong. Sing. Plar. 1 pers. ‘ Mor it 204 pers, mase, 2" pers. fem. € (often not expressed) | Tit CHAPTER 1 1 Sing. Plur. Be pers. mase. 35 pers. fem. * ¢ or ‘The general uso of the dependent pronouns is after prepositions, and as the subjects and objects of verbs. Ex.: chor wapor “She went to thee”, GgoThy “He kills him”. With some of the auxiliaries the dependent pronoun follows the auxiliary, aqewTM “He heard”, ator “I went”. As possessives, these pronouns are used practically with parts of the body only, and are then always suffixed. Ex.: esata “His eye”, pate “Her foot”. Exonprions. 1. When a word ends in + the suffix of the 1* pers. sing. is omitted. Ex.: par “My foot”. And as the suffixes of the 1" and 2 pers. plur. are indistinguishable, in words ending in + (pata “Our foot”, patTH “Your foot”) the suffix of the 2"! pers. plur. is changed from TH to THOTH. Ex.: par-THOTH “Your foot”, oxT-THETH “Your body”. 2. When a word ends in a vowel, the suffix of the : ss “Thy (fem) 2e1 pers, sing, fem. is omitted. head”, gvH “Thy (fom.) heart”. 3. Before the suffix of the 24 pers. plar. a often8 CHAPTER IT changes to , and © to w. Ex.: gpwtit “Your face” (for gpatH), epoTh “To ye” (for eporit). 2200 “Head” gpa “Face” par “ Foot” Sing. 1" pers, 2.0¥ par pat 2" p.m, aon pan path fae gpe parte 34m, wy pag parg 38, He gpac pate Plor. 1 sont pan pati 2 seri QpaTR patra OS pay patos 2. Independent pronouns, ‘These are used to express the subject of a sentence. ‘They are found both in the fall and in the construet forms (see p. 4). Independent. Construct Sing. 1* pers. anon I au mase. HTOR ‘Thou au fem, ito Thou 3a mase. Tory He 3a fom. iro She Plur. 1 amon Ate or AN We a Hrork Wrerit- You 3a Hroor 2 They CHAPTER 1 9 ‘An idiomatic use is by placing them after a noun to intensify the preeeding made of the independent pronouns possessive pronoun, Ex.: nae@r anon “My father”, the emphasis being on the “My”, tecemaar Wroc “Hor mother”. ‘They are also used in relative sentences to emphasise the personal suffixes. Ex. eto Matog “The place which I am in” (1 I, which I am in it). Ta anton : The place 3, Reflexive pronouns. The reflexive pronouns are formed by the word go or gin: with the suffixes added. Sing. 1* pers. gor (or goa) — Myselé 28 mase, goon Thyself 21 fem. gowTe Thyself Bm mase. guoaey Himself BM fem. geawe” Herself Plar. 1# goon Ourselves au goTTKa Tit Yourselves ae goon ‘Themselves 4, Possessive pronouns, (a) Affixed. ‘The which they belong (ep. the French possessive pronouns). .¢ agree in gender and number with the nouns to10 Sing. 1 pers. on CHAPTER IT Mase. Ta mase, Ten- fom. nov- mase, neg- fom. nee- nent neni ner macrote “My parents”. (b) Independent. ‘These agree in gender and number with the ante- cedent noun, as in Freneh, Le mi Sing. 1 pers. 22 mase. a8 fem. Be mase. 34 fem. Plar. 18 get ge Mase. nor Tor no Tog noc non Mott Moor Fem, Ta. Ten- Tov- Teq- Tee Ten rer Ter Fem. Tor Ton Te TOY Toe Ton TOTH TOOT Plur. nae nen- Nov- neq: nee- nen- MeTite ner- » be, Plar. nowt HoTR nov norg, nove nom NOsTH NoToT My ‘Thy Thy i Her Oar Your Their : Macon “My brother”, tacome “My sister”, Mine Thine Thine His Hers Ours Yours ‘Theirs CHAPTER It i (e) Possessive prefix. Another possessive pronoun is used only before nouns, and has the meaning “Belonging to”. Sing. mase, ma: He of » fem Ta She of Plur, ma They of Ex: Ma-nmoste “He of God”, ma-megeror “He of his father”, Ta-Tne “She of heaven” (i.e. the heavenly), wa-oTnoAre “They of a town” (i.e. the townspeople). 5, Demonstrative pronouns. Independent Construct Form (see p. 4) Sing. mase. nek Thi > fem. ret This Plur. nay nei ‘These Ex: Marne nacoma “This is my body”, Tercone “This sister” Independent Sing. mase. ma That > fom TH — That Plur. wit Those The construet form of this pronoun is not usual and the cireumlocution ebaakeer “Which is thero” is substituted. €7 May12 CHAPTER IL Ex.: mpome eraaav “That man” (lit: The man who is there). ‘The definite article. The construct forms of WH, TH, HH are used as the definite article. Sing. mase. m+ or me The » fem, torte The Plur. i or we The Ex.: poate “The man”, THe “The heaven”, HgNpAA “The servants”. ‘When the noun begins with a double consonant the form with ¢ is used. Teegrme “The woman”, newsTUEpe “The wonders”. ‘The indefinite article. ‘The indefinite article is the same for both genders, and is used in both singular and plural (ep. the French de and des). Sin, Plur.: gen- Tt always preecdes the noun. Ex.: oppoate “A man”, genpoame “Mon”, ovegrne “A woman”, genegsae “Women”. bstract nouns generally take the indefinite article Ex.: ovate “Truth”, omaiitpMaao “Wealth”, ov nane “Darkness”. CHAPTER 11 13 CHAPTER IIL. NOUNS. There are two genders, Masculine and Feminine. ‘Tho usual ending of feminine nouns is in € or ina Jong vowel, but many masculine nouns also end in the same way. Formation by suffixes. A few are formed from nouns or verbs by the addition of the suffix of the third person sing, masculine or feminine according to gender. Ex.: naghey “Yoko” from nagh “Yoke”, woX “Booty” from woh “To rob”. Formation by prefixes. Many substantives are formed from verbs and other substantives by means of prefixes. (a) peg before an infinitive makes the noun of the agent. Ex.: peyt “Giver” from 4 “To give”, peq- cont “Creator” from cont “To create”, pey-geri- poate “Murderer” from get&-posae “To murder” (lit: To kill a man). - (b) p&- (the construct form of pome) before another ILM noun gives the idea of “Belonging to”. Ex.: “An Egyptian” (lit: Man of Egypt), paiinocaoe “Layman” (lit: Man of world), piteogse “Peasant”14 CHAPTER UL Man of fields). With place names the it is omitted, papanote “An Alexandrian”, (c) ea- before other nouns gives the idea of the agent, Ex.: eattag “Butcher” (lit.: Man of flesh), catigoaitt ith” (lit.: Man of copper), earwyacse “Ora- “ Copper tor” (lit: Man of words). (@ ar- (or before a double consonant are-) is placed before an infinitive or a noun to form a negative adjective’, Ex.: atecmot “Formless” from eMoT “Form”, aTwofe “Sinless” from nobe “Sin”. This prefix ean also bo joined to compound verbs, to make one word where we should have to employ three or four. Ex.: atmegT-ertog “ Without shedding blood”, amHar-epog “Unseen” (lit.: Without seeing him). (e) Mitt before a noun forms abstract nouns’, which are always feminine, Ex.: anreswt “Fatherhood ” from rot “Father”, aditgXNo “Old age” from gAQo “Old man” (8) Sie before an infinitive makes a noun of action which is always feminine, Ex.: cimovas “Eating” from ormm “To eat”, cimewTe “Hearing” from cwra *To hear”. + Compare the English suffix “ less", sinless, bloodless * Compare the English suféx “hood”, fatherhood, and the suffix “ment”, contentment. CHAPTER IIT 1b (g) Ma Ty, or Ma H (lit.: Place of) before an infinitive makes a noun of place which is always masculine. Ex.: aaiiewong “Prison” (lit: Place of binding) from cond “To bind or fetter”, manwywne “Habitation” (lit.: Place of being) from yywne “To be”, Mangatit “The West” (lit.: Place of setting) from gwtik “To set” Number. In Coptic the singular and plural are found, the dual-form ‘occurring very rarely. The plural of a noun is generally indicated by the use of the plural definite or indefinite article before it; ex.: Hpome “The man”, Hpoae “The men”, o7POME “A man”, genpoe “ Mon”; Tyseepe “The daughter ”, Tweepe “The daughters”, ovwyeepe “A daughter”, genujeepe “Daughters”, There are however certain nouns which have a special ending for the plural; these take the plural definite and indefinite articles in the same way as the nouns that undergo no change. Masculine Nouns: Ending ino form the plural in = ow > we >» » 9 » Seo and eer » » T (preceded by a long vowel) ate16 CHAPTER UL Feminine Nouns: Ending in form the plural in oove Pa cove > on mw my BBE “Door”, pl poor “Bank”, pl. pao “Net”, ph upwee “Enemy”, pl: masceer “Twin”, ph gatpeer “Bird”, pl gadare fem, Mpwo “Haven”, pl Mpoore out “Road”, pl. groove prc “Soul”, pl rqoore me “Heaven”, pl. nHve Excertios. The broken plural occurs with masculine nouns: (1) when © follows the second consonant it becomes wo in tho plural. Ex.: ghoe “Clothing”, pl. ghowe; spos “Seed”, pl. paws: (2) when a is the middle vowel it changes ‘to aw in the plural, Ex.:, away “Oath”, pl amavys. A few aro ivregular, Ex.: mase, sepus “Hunter”, pl Sepase, Fem. grae “Woman”, pl. proome or groae; sso “Wall”, pl. ean. CHAPTER 1V WW CHAPTER IV. ‘THE GENITIVE. There are two forms of the Genitive, (1) the Direct and (2) the Indirect. (1) The Direct Genitive is not common; it is formed by placing two nouns together, the governing noun before the governed; the governing noun being in the construct form (see p. 4). Ex.: qyhp-oagad “Fellow-servant” from yhap “Companion” and ghgad “Servant”, govsuce “Birthday” (lit: Day of birth) from goor “Day” and suce “Birth”. _ 2) (a) The Indirect Genitive is commonly used, In this form, the genitive particle W (or &t) is placed between the governing and governed nouns. Bx.; naccedoc omovre “The angel of God”, nennerma Npog “The breath of his mouth”, Noadate une “The birds of heaven”. (b) Another form of the Indirect Genitive is by means of the particle Wire-, or, before a pronoun, Wrar. It is used: (1) When the governing noun bas the indefinite article, Ex.: ovmmesma Hrennorre “A spirit of God”, oveon Wrag “A brother of him”. (2) When the governing noun is a proper name. Ex.: panote nrenuae “Alexandria of Egypt”. 218 CHAPTER Y (8) As the second genitive when there are two, Ex.: Nearuce Haare Hrennowe “The psalm of David of the Dispersal ”, (4) When the governing noun is followed by an ad- jective or attributive phrase. Ex.: eryye Mr itre- Tmounpoc “All bitterness of wiekedness”, Recooy Hravewpa Wrenn MnAA “The sheep which went astray of the house of Israel” (HTavewpM They which did go astray). Excurrions. After the adjective THp: the genitive is always in i, Ex.: Mauttepwor THpo Mmnocaoc “All the Kingdoms of the world”. CHAPTER Y, 5 ADIECTIVES. Adjectives are expressed in three ways, 1. By the adjective following the noun directly, the noun is thon generally in the construct form (see p. 4). Ex. et norge “A good smell”, wyp-Bown “A bad child”. With wa “Every, all” the noun always remains in the full form. Ex.: gosh mia “Everything”, pome aust “All men”, There are comparatively few true adjectives in Coptic; those which occur are generally indeclinable. Ex.: faoeort “Bad”, WH “Little”, mos’ “Great”, But adjectives CHAPTER V 19 ending in € make the feminine in 4. Ex. an f “Last”, cage m., cai £ “Wise”, naste m., rast f. “Black”, Nors. 0 mase. beeomes > fem. “Great”. 2, By means of the genitive placed between the gae m, noun and the adjective. In this form the noun may either precede or follow its adjective, Ex.: ovnos Fiore “A great fear”, ompome Howk “A weak man”, Nequynpe HoroT “His only son”, TwWeepe Feaku “The wise daughter”. 3, By means of a relative clause. B “Phe holy name” (lit: The name whieh [is] holy), MOOT eTQOAT “Swoet water”, Moo eTMog “Salt npan erovaah water”. Aajectives with suffiaes, There are some adjectives which are followed by the suffixed pronouns and aro thus made to agree in person, number and gender‘with the nouns or pronouns to which they belong. The three principal ones are THp: “AIL”, ovaa- “Only, alone”, mavaa: “Alone, self”. Sing. . itp. THPT ovaAT MATAaAT at, THPR TAA MaTAAR 34, me THPY = OTART MATAR 34 £ THpe — oTAAc maraac a20 OMAPTER V Plar. 1% pp. THpPH ovaTit MaATAaIL 24, THPTE OTAAT-THOTH | MATAAT-THOTHE 38, THPOT ovATOT mavaas Ex.: nnocatoe THpg “All the world”, anon THpIt “All we”, iron ovAaK “Thon alone”, epoor ov- aos “To them alone”, neqowaar mavaag “His own salvation”. ‘The adjective ne- “Other” is irregular in its use. Tt always precedes the noun and has no absolute form. 1. Where the indefinite article is used in English (Auoth ticle. Ex.: ne-pome “Another man”, ne-egrate “Another woman”. In the plural, the indefinite article is used and invariably precedes ne-. Ex.: gerne poate “Other ), it is expressed in the singular without an ar- men”, genne-eprae “Other women”. 2. ne-ora “Another one” and Ke-Aaaw “Another” (lit. definite article. 3. Tho definite article precedes ne-. Ex.: nne-ova “The other” (lit.: The other ono). 4, But when a noun is expressed the usage is peculiar. Ex: mre-ova Npome “The other man” (lit: The other one of men), TRE-over Regime “The other Another some-one) are also used without the in- woman” (lit.; The other one of women). CHAPTER VI at 5. When ne- with the definite article is followed by its noun without any connective it has the meaning “Also”. Ex.: nrepome “Tho man also”, TRe-cgite “The woman also”, 6. The demonstrative pronoun mat, Tas, war is sometimes used in the construct form before ne- to express the definite article. Ex.: meme-ova “The other”. 7. When re is used as a noun it takes a plural noove, E: noove “The others”. gennoorve “Others”, Hroove or Mer CHAPTER VIL NUMERALS, Canpivat. Nosmens up to thirty are declinable and agree with their noun in gender. Mase. Fem. Const. form ova over One enay entre Two WoT WomrTe WUT yur Three qroor roe qrov- or gres- Four tor te Five coor coe cer. Six cay, cawge Seven WaoTN —wMoTHE Bight22 CHAPTER VI Mase. Fem, — Const. form ast (or se) aire Nine AUT autre | AUT Ten MitTOTE Mitrover Eleven auirenoore suitrenooree Twelve ovoT(orRoveVT) wovaTe sosT- Twenty saab maake ‘Thirty The other numerals are: gae 40, Taio 50, ce 60, wae 70, gaene 80', neraior 00, ye 100, ujsT 200, wo 1,000, Tha 10,000, ‘The units have a special form which is used with the tens, and which, with the oxeoption of enas, is indeclinable. Ex.: aittace “Sixteen”, gate ove “ Forty- one”: ove One enoore mase., cnoorce fem. Two woarte Three agre TH Five ace cawge Seven wave On the analogy of Mitt- and 2ovt- all the’ other tens take at before aqre and ace. Ex.: madtaqre “Thirty-four”, gmetace “Forty-six”, wyerace “Seventy-six”, » Besides qatene there is also the form 4rox-ncorer, lit: Four ios (cp. the Fronch Quatre vingts). CHAPTER VI 23 When TH “Five” follows either of the two numerals which ond in v, the two 1's coalesce, Ex.: 200TH « corm To know coosp cevg- — coosg- coovg —-To assemble cgar cep. cage et To write on en- on wm To reckon Wout weer waaT- waar — To slay maowpe seep. oop. xoope To destroy26 CHAPTER VIL Some verbs take a suffixed tt in the pronominal form, and a few in the construct form also, Ex Abs Constr. Pronom. Qual. mice ect acts To raise eme it ints - To bring ome one Outs . To find os ae ait Wy To take ey ro qt: guy To carry coite — cBre- eBrot: chro — To prepare ‘The infinitive of transitive verbs may be used for either active or passive. Ex.: ove “To open” or “To be opencd”, sxmpm “To defile” or “To bo defiled”. With intransitive ‘verbs, the infiniti expresses (J) an action without a direct object, and (2) the begin- ning of a condition or a cireumstance. Ex.: (1) yume “To become”, (2) naoa “To become black”. The pronominal form. 1. The suffix of the 1 pers. sing.: (a) The suffix s ending in 6, @, and ov, Ex.: Tagoi “Place me”, Mectoot “Hate me”, snovi “Ask me” used only with y 3 These are generally derived from those Bgyptian verbs whose infitives end in 7. CHAPTER VIL a7 (b) After verbs, whose pronominal forms end in a, Taat “Give me”, aaT the suffix T is used, Ex, “Make mo”, naat “Lay me”. (c) After consonants the suffix 7 is used. Hx.: goheT “Clothe me”, When the pronominal form ends in 7, the T stands also for the suffix. Ex.: it “Bring me”. 2, The suffix of the 2° pers. sing. fem.: (a) With verbs ending in 0, ©, and ov the suffix is omitted. Ex.: wto “Turn thee”. (b) Verbs ending in a take the suffi raarte “Give thee”. (©) Verbs ending in a consonant, take the suffix e, Ex.: wagae “Save thee”, Hire “Bring thee”. 3. The suffix of the 2 pers. plu (a) Verbs ending in © change the o into « and take the suffix TH. Ex.: TagwTH “Place you”. (b), All other verbs take the pronominal suffix THOTH, x Te, Ex. the verb being in the construct form. 4, Tho suffix of the 3% pers, plur.: (a) With verbs ending in a, the ov is combined with the a, Ex.: Taav “Give them”. (b) Oceasionally ee or cor are used, Ex.: Tintoorce or THMteoTeoy “Send them”. Tun Quatrrarive, The Qualitative expresses the e verbs it shows ive or intransitive. With intransi28 CHAPTER VIT the duration of a condition, It is also used as the predicate in Compound Nominal Sentences (p. 65), and is compounded with certain auxiliary verbs. With many transitive vorbs the Qualitative is used instead of the Infinitive. It usually follows the relative evepe. ‘Tae Cavsartve, There aro two forms of the eausativé both formed by means of a prefix, ¢ and 7. The vowel following is always shortened. : 1. The prefix ¢ is comparatively rare. Ex.: came “To establish” from mown “To remain”. Refore a verb beginning with 2s the eausative ¢ changes to Wy. Ex.: wasce “To converse” from 2.0 “ To speak”. ‘The prefix 7 is the usual form of the causative, and here again the vowel is shortened or changed. Ex. thgo “To set alight” from nog “To burn”, TANS “To multiply” from wawye- “To be numerous”. When a verb begins with wy the T combines with it to form as, Ex.; 2-70 “To lay down” from wsro, samo “To genorate” from wyeorte, 2:50 “To disgrace” from yyine, CONTUGATION. ‘The usual form of conjugation is by means of auxi- liary verbs; the order of words then is (1) auxiliary, (2) subject, whether noun or pronoun, (3) verb: CHAPTER VII 29 There are twenty-two tenses formed in this way: 1. 1 Present 2. 2" Present 3. Praesens Consuetudinis 4. 1* Future 5. 2-4 Future 6. 3¢ Future 7 1 Perfect 8, 24 Perfect 9. Imperfect 10. Future imperfect 11, Optative 12. Conjunetive 13. Causative infinitive 14. Finalis 15. Conjunetive with wa 16. ‘Temporal 17. Relative 18. Conditional 19. Negative of Praesens Consuetudinis 20, Negative of 3% Future 21, Negative of 1+ Perfect 22, Negative of Temporal The 1* present is formed by placing the subject, cither noun or pronoun, before the verb, which may30 CHAPTER VI be in the infinitive or qualitative, Ex.: (with noun) Tore coorit AMON “God knows thee”, (with pro- noun) FewrR “He hears”. 2, The 2 present is formed by placing the au bofore the subject, the verb being either in the infi or qualitative. With a noun as subject, the auxiliar is epe. Ex.: eqare Mace “Ho saying [it]”, evoroyy emana Mag “They wishing to lead him astray epe-nmosre cote epor “God hears thee”. "The 2? present is generally used in a secondary clause, and can often be translated by “When” or “While”. (For other uses, see pp. 54, 64, 65.) 3, The praesens consuetudinis or present of custom is formed by the prefix wja (before nouns wyape). eustomed to hear”, Wape- iary e Ex.: waqeaTa “He Hpome goke “Man is wont to be clothed”, ‘The praesens consuetudinis, as its name implies, denotes custom, and is translated by “Accustomed to” or “Wont to”. 4, The 1 future is formed in the same way as the 1 present but with the auxiliary wa between the, sub- ject and the verb, Ex.: YwacoTM “TI shall hear”, Morte MacwTM “God will hear”. 5. The 2% future follows the form of the 24 present with the auxiliary 1a after the subject. Ex.: eenabon CHAPTER VIL BL eboR “She being about to go forth”, epe-npome MacoTA “The man being about to hear”, The 2" futuro is used in the same way as the 2% prosent but with a future meaning. 6. The 3% future is formed by the ausiliary e before and after the subject (with a noun, epe before, and € after, the subject). Ex.: eneraie-nenesot “Thou shalt honour thy father”, epe-npwme eewT “The man shall hear”, The 3" future is an emphatic form, and is much used for commands. 7. The 1% perfect is formed by the ausi iary & before the subject, whether noun or pronoun. Ex.: aqewTat “He heard”, avzeme- orgXNo “They did ask an elder”, a-Nppo caTM “The king heard”. The 1 perfect is the tense commonly used in narrative, 8. The 2" perfect is formed by the auxiliary KTA before the subject, whether noun or pronoun, Ex,: TerameoTM aner “We have heard and we came”, Hita-nay yyone “These things happened”. ‘The 2" perfect expresses the finished action. 9, The imperfect is formed by the auxil ary we be- fore a pronoun, xepe before a noun, Ex.: mepe- TeXapic MimovTe woon HMMAyG “The grace of32 “CHAPTER VII God was “For they were at enmity”. ith him”, KETWOOM TAP HHOTMATAAXE ‘Tho imperfect expresses the unfinished action. 10. The imperfect future is formed by the imperfect joined to the verb ma. Ex.: megracoTal “He was about to hear”, nepenpome nacoTa “The man was about to hear”. 11. The optative is formed by the auxiliary Mape before the subject, whether noun or pronoun. E aapenenpar ovor “May thy name be holy renaitepo wapecer “The kingdom, may it come”. 12, The eonjunetive is formed by the prefix it* before a pronoun, Rre before a noun, Ex: amos MEAT “Come and see”. ‘The conjunetive, as its name implies, is used to join two sentences together. Tt has no tense but carries on the tense of the verb of the preceding sentence. It is ‘commonly used after an imperative. 13, The causative infinitive is formed by the auxiliary ‘pe before the subject, whether noun or pronoun. It is always joined with some other tense. Ex.: agTpeqong “Fe caused him to live”, twarpereTip-macere “1 shall eanse you to remember”. "pho origioal fom ia ire, derived from tho ancient Egyptian. CHAPTER VII 33 14. The finalis is formed by the auxiliary tape | + before the subject, whether noun or pronoun, It is tranélated by “In order that”. Ex.: Tape-TomoMent Tupe ere “In order that the whole world may know”. 15, The conjunetive n7e preceded by the preposition wa “To, until” is used in a temporal sense, and is translated by “Until”, Ex.: wanretayrapor wone “Until all these [things] come to pass”, wyanTger “Until he come”. 16. The temporal is formed by the word Hrepe “When” before the subject, whether noun or pronoun. Ex.: Hrepey-er eho “When he came forth”, Wrepe- TAAIMON Ae COTM May “When the devil heard these things”. 17. The relative is formed by the word et before the pronoun. It is compounded with other auxiliaries. Exs.: nai efem7™ enay evhunrg “This one of whom Thear these things”, mag e{narcagor epog “The land which I shall show thee”, Note, With the imperfect the form ernepe or emne becomes enepe or ene by assimilation of the T to the x. 18. The conditional is formed by the auxiliary € before, and the particle wat after, the pronoun. Be- fore a noun-subject the form is epyyax. Ex: ex- 3Bt CHAPTER VIL WauTRSRTOM? esw Tinerma, THMABON enema “If we are not able to remain in this place, we will go to another place”, eqiyarnas epos, wager Hee Hovadon “If he sees me he comes like a child”, epwar-ora xe waace maastTH “Now if one speaks with you”. 19, The negative of the praesens consuetudinis is formed by the word ae before pronouns, stepe before nouns. Ex.: Mepe MHOFTE COTM epeyp-ohe “God is not wont to hear sinners”. 20. The negative of the 3° future is formed by the auxiliary tie before the subject, whether noun or pronoun. Ex.: Wwen2rove “Thou shalt not steal”. 21. The negative of the 1" perfect is formed by the auxiliary Mne before the subject whether noun or pronoun. Ex.: Mnere@Tm “I did not hear”, AMOTAUE “They did not fight”, Mmre-mew>Qupa prne “Their widows did not weep”. 22, The negative of the temporal is formed by the word Mmare before the subject, whether noun or pronoun. It is translated by “Not yot” or “Before”. Ex.: MMATger “Ho has not yet come”, MMATE-NPase cota “The man has not yet heard”, Amate-ova- 1 For the ute of ris as a negative, 100 p. 4. CHAPTER VIE 38 AeRTOP MOTTE, RMAATapita Maod Hyaitrcoson “Before a cock has crowed (lit.: Not yet has a cock erowed), thou shalt deny me thrice” ‘There are a few other tenses of the verb which are not formed by auxiliaries. . ‘The imperative is usually the infinitive. Ex.: cot “Hear”, mepe-nacoere “Love the Lord”. But with a few verbs an a is placed before the infinitive, Bx: anav “See, look”, arse “Say, speak”, A few imperatives are quite irregular. m AMOT £ AM AMHEITIE Come May (NAD ao Manet Take xt Ad- with suff: aver: Give, Bring Ma Give anne Bring apspe Do Causatives inv often make the imperative with ma. Ex.: matito “Purify”, massnovg “Ask him”. ‘The negative imperative is Mnp- “Do not”, Ex.: FinPeata “Do not hear”, AMPITe epowN emmpa- ‘moe “Do not lead us into temptation”. ‘The participle, when joined with a aoun or infinitive, expresses a characteristic (occasionally a trade). Tt is formed with the vowel a after the first letter, Ex.: 3e36 CHAPTER VIT cav-upit “Wine-dcinker” (from c “To drink”), eagi-ghooe “ Cloth-weaver” (from eoge “To weave”), gads-gur “To be mild” (from ghos “To be sweet”), Mareoot “Glory-loving” (from we “To love”). THE OLD CONJUGATION. ‘A few verbs are conjugated in the present and the past without the help of auxiliaries. ‘These take the subject after the verb. The irregular verb as “To say, or speak” may be conjugated (1) in the usual way with ausiliaries, or (2) may have the subject suffixed. In the second ease the verb changes to measa- before a pronoa, neaxe- bofore a noun. Ex.: neaacf “He said”, nexenpome “The man said”. ‘The verbs which precede their subject are: Before noun Before pronoun Waa “To be large” 7 Mae manor “TS be good” Manos: Nrgce- “To be beautiful” recs wae: “To be numerous” Hayo= nese: “To be hateful” nese: egiia “To wish” gar Bx: wanovy “He is good”, wece-regime “The woman is beautiful”. CHAPTER VIL 37 ‘The auxiliary of the imperfect can sometimes be used with this form. Ex,: ne-nanovg “He was good”. IMPERSONAL VERBS. The verb owit “There is”, and its negative aut “There is not” precede their subjeet. In the pronominal form they take the syllable itra: before the pronoun; in the form before a noun the syllable is WTe-; the two w's however become assimilated together. In this form they are translated as the verbs “To have” and “To have not”. Ex.: ovitre-nugnpe “The son has”, autre- nennerma “The spirit has not”, otTay “I have”, mitra Ma iiperT-reqanme “He has not a place to lay his head”. THE PASSIVE. ‘There is no true passive form in Coptic. Itis expressed by the infinitive or qualitative of transitive verbs, but the usual method is by the third person plaral of an active verb, Ex.: ATROAAZE AMog gITA-Mppo “He was punished by the King” (lit: They punished him by the hand of the King), av2eooe “It was said” (lit.: They said it), avgorhiy “He was killed ” (lit: They killed him). GREEK VERBS. Greek verbs are used in a form consonant with the Imperative of the Active Voice. Ex.: mpmte for xpivety,38 CHAPTER VIL WAaita for mhavdy, MeTanor for petavoety, MaCTI- cor for paor:yoty. Verbs in it aro treated like contracted verbs, Ex.: evngiera for cuvtetdvat, Hapaaraom for mapa BeBdvat. And the same form is also used for the Inf. Medi, Ex.: arcoane for atoBdvecBar, WAana for mhavoBat, nice for nelGecBat, ‘Phere are besides certain irregular forms. Ex.: pHa for dpveteBat, pa as well as nespage for meipatery, spe for xphoBat Greek verbs always take H+ or MM@o- before the object (see p. 39). CHAPTER VIII. PREPOSITIONS. ‘The prepositions are divided into (A) Simple and (B) Compound. A. Simple. prepositions. Almost all the simple prepositions have a pronominal form, to be used before a suffix, as well as the form used before a noun. 1. e+, pronominal form epo:, “To, into, for, from, more than”. Ex.: emi “Into the house”, epory “For him”, foraah enecitoy “I am pure from the blood”, CHAPTER VII 39 MATOPROT eHARAZE “Save me from my enemies”, egeoTh epor “He is preferred (lit.: chosen) more than thee”, 2. He (or M-), pronominal form wae “To”. Ex.: neaaq “ai “He said tome”, aqt man “He gave'to thee”, 3. H+ (or M-), pronominal form Mato-, “Tn, to, at, on (of time), from, by means of”, Ex.: Heron “To Zion”, Xmekaa “To this place”, Mmegoor “On the day”, Ao Mneima “To retreat from this place”, irengqe “With (ky means of) the sword”, It occasionally has a genitive meaning. Ex.: grtagoe Raog “Behind him” (lit: At the back of him). The combination Naum AMO: Serves to strengthen the per- sonal and possessive pronouns. Ex.: TAWOgCH MAC My own soul”. It is often used to denote the object after a verb in the absolute form or after any Greek yerb, Bx.: eqas@ Matoe “He said it”. 4, gr, pronominal form gros (or grou) “ Upon, in, under (the reign of), with”, Ex,: gimacor “Upon the ship”, grveps “Upon the road”, gmaacre “ In the desert”, THY grenye “ Mixed with gall”, retary40 CHAPTER VUE 5. ga, pronominal form gapos, “Under, with, for, instead of”. Ex.: gamuyant “Under the tree”, Tnevor-Aaat ganegertog “They shall not eat anything with its blood”. : 6. sO, pronominal form meaa: (also wate) “With, and”, Ex.: % neman “I [am] with thee”, mgo iitme atimnag “The face of heaven and earth”. 7. was, pronominal form wapo-, “Until, unto”. Ex.: qya-enteg “Unto eternity”, 8. gut- (This has only the pronominal form), some- times HgHT: “Before, against” (lit.: In front of). Ex.: err uty “To tremble before him”. 9. gH- (or 9M-), pronominal form Hgnt-, “In, at (of time) by means of”. Ex.: gitrme “In heaven”, gntewnoy “At the hour”. It is sometimes compounded with ppai. Ex.: gpa giivegin “On the way”, gpai gm mopit Kebor “On the first month”. ‘When compounded with e&oA it means “Out from, out of". Ex.: ager ehoA oitrpr “He went out from the cell”, ova ehoA IgnTor “One of them” (lit: One ont of them), CHAPTER VIII 41 B. Compound prepositions. Compound prepositions are formed by the com bination of a simple preposition with a noun. Most of the compound prepositions have a pronominal form, 1, Ma@ag “Before” (Eg.: In the presence of), Ex.: Maag narcese “Before the Lord”, 2 Hea, pronominal form Hea, “Behind, besides” (Bg.: At the back of). Ex.: Mnpnaat Hean “Do not leave me behind thee”, Mamar engo Waar Hpome Hea mapyenenrenonoe “I did not see the face of any man besides the archbishop”. 8. Hite-, pronominal form Fira: “With”, 4. HTH- or HTM-, pronominal form Hroor-, “From, away from” (Hg.: from the hand of). Ex.: aqqoog root enmooy “He did throw himself away from us into the water”. 5. erhe-, pronominal form eras, “On account of, concerning” (Eg.: In order to reward). Ex.: evhe- mar “On account of this”, ameqey enecut erhunrit “He did not come down on aecount of thee”, avz.00e ethe-ana gwp “They said concerning father Hor”. 6. exit: or ex Mt, pronominal form ex.a-, “Upon” (Bg.: On the head of). Ex.: wape-oraeroc er ene- ‘the noun is only recognisablo in anciont Egyptian.42 . CHAPTER VII ent exit-te-npoctpopa “An eagle is wont to come down upon the sacred clements”, 7. gatie or gaTM-, pronominal form gators, “With, at” (Eg.: Under the hand of, Ex.: aqnoy Rnequiupe patit-neovepure MngAAo “Ho laid his son at the feet of the patriarch”. ” 8, QagTH: or gagTA-, pronominal form gagTH: or gamit, “With” (Bg.: Under the heart of). Ex.: epe- THEH AON QAgTHR “The well of life is with thee”. 9. gyTit- or grTM-,pronominal form grtoot, “Through (of place), by means of” (Hig.: Upon the hand of). Ex.: Boon egorn gitv-THaAH “Go in through the door”, QITACTtpant Mnasoere “Through the name of the Lord”, gITit- is often compounded with eHoA but without change of meaning. Ex.: ehoA grt nove “Through God”. Tt denotes the agent after a passive verb, “by”. Ex.: avceg NOME gITooTy “The book was written by him”. 10. gist or grasM-, pronominal form giao, “Upon” (Bg.: On the head of). Ex.: gissit Teqame “Upon his head”, gi M mag “Upon the earth”. 11. acsit-, pronominal form agswr-, “Without”. This is often used without either the definite or indefinite article, Ex.: aacit-esqT “Without nails”. CHAPTER IX 43 12, asm “From, sineo”, Ex,: acan-neovepnre waterane “From tho fect to their head”, acsn- Hywoph “Since the beginning”. GREEK PREPOSITIONS. A certain number of Greek prepositions are used in Coptic. Of these the commonest are: 1. mara- (xatd), pronominal form Ratapo:, “Ac- cording to, after”. Ex.: nataee “After the manner”, naTapog “According to him”, 2. mapa: (mapa), pronominal form napapo-, “More than”, Ex.: napa mys “More than the measure”, This is often used in the form mapa. Ex.: eco Rneprepcoe Mnapa necpoae THpos “She being active more than all her people”. 3. Qewpre (Ywpis) “Without”, Ex: ovatoom-ne ovxar XKwopre neeHibro ignt “It is impossible to be saved without humility”. 4. gee (@g) “As”, is used with nouns without an article, Bx.: goe pose “As a man” CHAPTER IX. ° ADVERBS. ‘There is no true adverbial form, but substantives or infinitives, either (1) with a preposition or (2) absolute, are used as adverbs.44 CHAPTER IX 4. With a proposition. Kovoeny, “Once” (lit: At a time) Maate “Only” Horgan emarte “Very” eRoR, “Forth from” gknoor or Mnooy “Today” (lit. In the day) 2. Absolute, goon “Within” Bon “Ont” magos “Behind” mame “Truly” wenger! “Perhaps” apie “Perhaps” Miitewe “ Afterwards” Ex.: aqghor hovoeny wanapx Kemrenomtoc “He once wont to the archbishop”, ager ehoA giiTpr “He went forth from the cell”, HET MMog Matt MItOOT “Give it to us today”. Instead of sn adverb a prepositional phrase is often used, the preposition being git and the noun always taking the indefinite article, Ex.: gtowme “Trly” (lit.: In a truth), gkovoenn “Hurriedly” (lit: In a hurry). * Originally a verb and therefore takes the pronominal suffixes; ex.s Mewar, Aewad. CHAPTER X 45 CHAPTER X. CONJUNCTIONS. 1, ase-, This is the most common of all the eon- junctions. It is derived from the verb 20 “To say, or speak”, and has several meanings. (a) It introduces direct discourse: Ex.: neae-mgXNo Mag 2e-TooTHE nENOT “The old man said to him, ‘Rise and flee’, (b) It introduces indireet discourse, particularly after verbs of speaking and fecling. It is then translated by “That”. Ex: ammove erhe-ana gp axe- KmeqaiooA enteg “They said about Father Hor that he never told lies”, ATesMe epoy xe-orpome Te re-mmorte “They knew him that he was a man of Goa”, (c) It is occasionally used for “Because, since, as”. Ex.: MNPAOR Wapog xe-oTenreeTHe-Me “Do not go to him beeause he is a deceiver”. (a) When followed by the 2" future or 3" fiture it expresses the intention and is translated by “In order that”. Ex.: “We have worked” ace-imengpouy eora Maori “in order that we shall not trouble one of you”.46 CHAPTER X 2, ebod axe-, or ethe axe “ Because”, Ex.: eho me-anmorace ehod Hnengonon “Because we have thrown away our weapons”. 3, azenac “That, in order that”, followed by the 2" future or 3° future. Hx.: xenac Hneredihe Kaof Horiipoae “In order that men: shall not afflict me”. 4. avo “And”. Used generally to join sentences, yery rarely to join nouns. Ex.: mexag maq xe TOOTH NEROR ebod. avo TrevKoT aqroomt “He said to him, ‘Riso and go forth’. And at once he arose” 5. @ “Further, moreover, then, therefore”. It is an enelitic, and stands after the first accented word in asentence. Ex.: 9Apeg-se epatit enenpapat “Guard yourselves then from murmuring”. 6, ow “Agein, on the other hand”. Ex.: 1éAaToe om agovouh “Pilate again, he answered”. 7, Hog “On tho contrary, rather”. Ex.: MMpprne nai, prime iroq wHTH “Weep not for me, weep rather for yourselves”. 8. geo “On the other hand, but”, Ex.: ne-oit- tai gowy Hovaaas “I had, on the other hand, a mother”. CHAPTER XI 47 GREEK CONJUNCTIONS, Many Greek conjunctions are used, Ex.: sane (Hijmos) and amore (yijmote) “That not”, gue (@s) “As if”, gwere (Gore) “So that”, gonwe (80g) “That”, CHAPTER XI. PARTICLES. Emphatie, Negative, Interrogative, Conditional, Temporal. I. Emphatic, 1. ere “Behold, lo” omphasises (a) the subject in a compound nominal sentence. Rix.: ere-nenygupe 10- cap ier Wapor “Behold, thy son Joseph comes to thee”, (b) and also a part of a sentence, Ex. e1c- ovacceRoe ager “Lo, an angel cams” (lit.: Lo, an angel, he came). 2. ese-guure, This is merely a stronger form of ere and is used in the same way. Bx.: ere-gnure NoTppo nus He “Behold, thy king comes to thee”, ‘The form ere-guume also occurs. 3. NOi- “Namely” is always placed before the subject of a sentence when the senteneo begins with a verb and Pronoun. Ex.: Aqasooe HGs-oTgNAo “He said, namely an old man”, nexaq ve nag Hor-nppo “He said to him, namely the King”,48 CHAPTER XI II. Negative. 1. (a) The usual negative is by the particles it... Nj it before, and ast after, the subject and verb pas). (b) It is used in compound nominal sentences. If the subject is a noun it must be preceded by the definite article or the possessive pronoun. Ex.: MMAQHT MAp- gote ax “My heart shall not fear”, Ngpawe art “He rejoices not” (ep. the French ne (c) It is used in nominal sentences with the particles ne, Te, me; the noun of the predicate then coming between the i and the aN. Ex.: opAe HovoTwN AIL-Te oTAE HoTg00y art-ne “Neither was it night, nor was it day”. amt is used without it: (a) in nominal sentences, Ex.: ant-ovpome ait “Tam not a man”. (b) with the 2"4 perfect. Ex.: Hrafer tap aM gd- por Mavaart “For I did not come of myself”. 2. The negative TM is used: (a) before the infinitive and causative infinitive. Ex. eTCONe eTATPEYhoR egown eneorarpor “They praying that he. should not enter into the theatre” (lit: To’ not cause that he enter). CHAPTER XI 49 (b) with the conjunctive, Ex.: Ruawpwopos We tTMnoTOy “Thou shalt destroy them and not build them”. (e) with verbs of which nrepe- is the auxiliary, Ex.: Titeportmge epoor “When they found them not”. (d) In conditional sentences with epygart (p. 5: III. Interrogative. Though the interrogation was often expressed merely by the tone of the voiee, there are certain particles which are used for asking questions. 1. aw “Who? what? which?” This stands at the beginning of the sentence, and is often joined to the noun by H. Ex.: agy Tenegrae re “Who is thy wife?” Sus Hpaw “Which name?” 2. wu “Who? what?” This'is used in the same way as aw. Ex.: wiat-me nenpan “What is thy name?” 3. ov “What?” This particle mest be placed at the beginning or end of the sentence. If a verb is used, it is asa rule in one of the “second” tenses (2 present, 2° future, 2" perfect). Ex.: (without a verb) ov-re tae “What is truth?” (with a. verb) Masmaroc Ae Hragqp-o7 “Now what did the righteous man?” (lit.: The righteous man now he did what?). 450 CHAPTER XI 4. Tem “Where?” tex is used with the 2" present and is followed direetly by the noun, Ex.: eqront mposae “Where is the man?” (lit.: He being where, the man?). ecTom Tpr hana Manaproe “Where is the cell of father Makarios?” (lit.: Tt being whore, the cell?). 5. erhe-ov “Why?” (lit: On account of what?) stands usually at the beginning of a sentence and is followed by the compound nominal sentence, when the 1 present or 1* perfect are commonly used. E erhe-om Haeamon auuge Matt “Why do the devils fight with us?” (lit: On account of what the devils fight?) ethe-ov Mnenygite Hea mtoste “Why hast thou not sought God?” 6, appo: “Why” asks a question of a person, and has the personal pronoun suffixed. Ex.: agpon “Why [dost] thou?” agpoos “Why [do] they?” 7. ovup “How much? How many?” is used like an adjective or a substantive. Ex.: ovHp tpoane “Eow many years?” 8. en-, or ene-, is used with a nominal sentence or with the 1* perfect; with a pronoun the 24 present can be used. Ex: ene-nai-ne managcopitne “Is this the hermit?” enencoomn Mantroveentm “ Knowest thou Greek?” CHAPTER Xt bt 9. eese-, or eie-, introduces a question to which no definite answer is required. It,is like the Greck &pa which is sometimes used in its stead. Ex.: efe-wntran aay iwANP HonToy “Then hast thou no friend among them?” (lit.: Then there is not to thee any friend among them?). Apa-nanoT-MATAMAAT “Is the thing then of my mother good?” 10. suc (Gr. wx}) is used in a question to which a negative answer is expected (ep. Latin mum,). Ex.: 44 ovit-Meeve noATMer HAMAR “Is there not a'thought fighting with thee?” But when followed by a negative sentence an aftir- MAL TITOR alt-me mative answer is reqaired. Bx. meXé “Art thou not the Christ?” 11, osif-, or acen- (in bad MSS sem) “Or”, anit Moot “Or not, in double questions, the frst part of the sentence will then contain no interrogative particle. Ex.: enxo mart itreimapahoAn xen-en2ce MMoc eovon wat “Sayest thou tl thou it to everyone?” parable to us or sayest 12. An Ex.: itcoomn an 2e-frarnaag Tom “I know not where they have laid him” (lit: I know not that they did lay him where). et question is introduced by mx rr52 CHAPTER XI ‘The indirect double question is constructed with a2e- (or cene-) and oxen-, Ex: Mapenscoor tray ALEMETMEPES TORE ATEGMA aeu-AMON “Let us send and see whether the lance has penetrated into its place or not?* IY. Conditional. ‘The conditional clause stands as a rule before the main sentence, which is sometimes introduced by the particle eese (or e¥e) “Then”. Some of the auxiliaries are often used to express a condition without the addition of a particl tion not uncommon in English. (a) The 2 present occurs in both affirmative and negative sentences. Ex.t ereriies everimawAwr, Aupwone Hee nnerg- vmonputHe “When you come and pray, be not like theso hypocrites” (lit.: You coming, you being about to pr: entaeo Yuagor&en “If thou drinkest not, Iwill kill thee” (lit: Thou not drinking). (>) The Imperfect wepe- with prefixed e- (enepe also expresses the conditional; it is followed in the sueceeding clause by the Imperfect Future, Ex.: enen- MiteiMa, Mepe-tacon Namor-aiene “IE thou hadst been here, my brother had not died” (lit.: Hadst thow (been] in this place, my brother will not have died). 5 a construc: , be not of the manner of these hypocrites), CHAPTER XI 53 ene-wape-neyyroove Hiipome euy-er eboA me... Mepe-MRoeMoe HAMOT Me “Were the souls of men able to go forth... the world would die”, ene- oMNpotpuTHe-ne nai, negMacsne “Were this [man] a prophet, he would have known”. The conditional particles are: 1. wan preceded by the ausiliary of the 2% present. Following the conjugation of the 2 present the form before a noun is epeyyan (contracted to epyyan). In the succeeding clause, the Praesens Consuetudinis, 1* Future, or Imperative, are used, Ex.: equannar epol, wacer hee HovaNoT “If he sees me, he comes like a child”. epyatorva Ae ware WAU, azcie “If one speaks with you, say”, ‘The negative is formed with T™. Ex.: enwyanTM-oM- GoM eT MneiMa, THtadoR enema “If we are not able to remain in this place, we will goto another place”. 2. eywone “If” (contracted from ecujone “It hap- pening”). It is used preferably with nominal sentences. Ex.: ewone orpMmiorte-ne ora, avw eyerpe Mneqovouw, WaqeaTM epog “If one is a man’ of God, and does His will, He is wont to hear him”. EWOHE OTI-OTMEACE WoHe, Wape-aLMEoe TH- por Wore whaag “If a member is sick, all the members are sick with it”,Bt CHAPTER XI ' eqjome is also used to strengthen the 2” present when used in a conditional sense. Ex.: eqone evan Wa, Mape-TeTHespANH ef egpay exwor “IE they are worthy, let your peace come upon them”. B. eqyace occurs generally in nominal sentences or with the 1* present, but it can be used with other tenses also, Ex. ewrce-itron-me mex, arte watt “TE thou art Christ, tell us”. ew2ee-geTitme-ce Hie- epontoe MimMeErprte. maraie-rehy thrones and diadems... then honour wisdom”. ewjrce- TTayP-yMHpe AuteTca.... Mapowerme “If they have wondered at their beauty...let them know”. ua “If ye love Y. Temporal. ‘The 2" present and the 2% future ean be used, without any special particle, to express a temporal clause of which the action is the same as the main sen- tence. It stands indifferently either before or after the main sentence, As in the ease of conditional clauses, the meaning is made equally clear in English by tran: lating the two tenses literally, Ex.: epe-mmanapioc eppem o HyHpe wHa, aquar evpacos “When the blessed Ephrem was a ¢ , he saw a vision” (lit: The blessed Ephrem being a child). aewwone xe eumadon ewAHA “Now it happened when we went | CHAPTER XI 8 to pray” (lit: Now it happened we keing about to go to pray). ‘The temporal pa ‘les are: 1. Wrepe “When”. This is unchanged before a noun or a pronoun, and is used like an auxiliary. The tem- poral clause with irepe stands before Ex.: Hrepe-naatmon Ae corm emai, nexay “Now when the demon heard these things he said”. fivepeger eho wpe epoor “When he had come forth and had found them”. 1e main sentence. The verb following irepe is translated in the past. 2. am “Since”, is used with the 24 present and the 2" perfeet. With the latter 2201-1 to ama. Ex.: seneravaenoy “Since I was born”, (Ta is contracted 3. Mitiea- “After, afterwards” is used with the infinitive, Ex.: aiiiea-Tpahon ema “After T had gone there”, Mititea-Tpe-newropTp Ao “After the tumult had ceased”. 4. of (lit: is used for “When, while”. The causative infinitive “In”) followed by the causative infinitive, is usually preceded by the masculine definite article n. Ex.: QMNTpe-TAPM RCH OAH, AMPRaar Heow “If my soul transgress, forsake me not”, gMMmUTpequs- ‘AWA “While he prayed”.56 CHAPTER XII 5. Certain Greck conjunctions are used for the ex- pression of time. _ (@) we (os) “While, so long as”. (b) gocon or etpocon (Ba0v, &y" Sov) “So long: as”, These are generally used to strengthen the 2h present when used conditionally, but they also occur in nominal sentences and with the 1* present. Ex: 9@¢ eqgone “While he was ill”, gocor mepoor ne “While it is day”. () gotan (tay) “When, if” is used in conditional sentences with epwan, Ex.: qyamegoor ervey goTan eiwaneooy “Until that day when I drink it”, CHAPTER XII. ‘THE RELATIVE. The use of the relative in Coptie is varied and extensive. It is often used instead of an adjective or deseriptive participle (p. 19), Ex.: ovpome eqpoor “A bad man” (lit.: A man, he being bad). @ Teemea, Vanueroe avw eTsoome “O unbelieving and perverse generation” (lit: O unbelieving generation and which is perverse). The relative can be expressed either without or with a particle. : CHAPTER XII aT I. Without particles. When a noun has no article or merely the indefinite article, a special verb-form resembling the 2*4 present, 2m! future, or any of the auxiliaries and inflections beginning with € is used. Ex.: ovgXQo equyone “An old man who was ill” (lit: An old maa, he being ill). ovweAeer earmepe-necea “A bride whose beauty: I loved” (lit: A bride, I having loved her beauty). ‘The relative clause follows immediately after the noun to which it belongs, but it ean sometines be divided from iis noun by a genitival, adverbial, or prepositional phrase, Ex; ova Ae HpHToY evaTTWAM-ne gN- meqbioe “One of them who was unpolluted in his life”. II. With particles. 1, ent. of Hit- is chiefly used with the 1* perfect. Ex.: MenewnT entan-tassoom “Thy creations which thou didst-create”. Hronoe enTanson epoor “The places to which thou didst go” (lit.: The places which thou didst go to them). Note. iTa- oeeasionally changes to eTa- which is the common form in Boheirie. When it- is used with the praesens consuetudinis the is absorbed in the yy and leaves only it. Ex.:58 CHAPTER XIT Hoe Hwapeorpoore Move “In the manner which ‘a straw is wont to burn”. 2. er-. (a) In nominal sentences, whose subject is the same as the antecedent, i.e. when the relative can be translated into English by “Who”, er- is used. Ex.: nenerot er-giimnuve “Our Father, who [art] in the heavens”. If the subject of the relative nominal sentence is a personal pronoun and divided from the word to which the relative sentence belongs, the pronominal forms of the 1 presont are suffixed to et- (see table). Ex.: mag efna-teaion epog “The land which I shall show thee” (b) With verbs er- is prefixed to the forms of the iaries. Before the old conjugation and also to the ausil imperfect and the praesens consnetudinis the 7 is ab- sorbed, and the relative of the imperfect becomes en- epe- and ene:, of the praesens consuetudinis ewape and ea:. Ex.: Ta¥ enepe-meceon ARZApoe Wore “She whose brother Lazarus was sick”. Note, etepe usually occurs with the Qualitative, is used before auxiliary negatives with indefinite antecedent, . ere (a) With negative sentenees. CHAPTER XI eve- is used in all relative sentences where it... att is the negative. Sometimes ete-it becomes reduced to en-. Ex.: moxarhene ere-Homywe an-me, War eTe- Tatorg arene Hecoos “The hireling, who is not a shepherd, whose own the sheep are not”. mar ent: Ramya ane igs AneqTooTe “This one as to whom I am not worthy to bear his shoes”. It also occurs with the negative auxiliaries Ane- and Mepe-, when the noun is defined. Ex.: ovom wrat eTeamosnscrere erate “Everyone who did not believe the truth”. Tua eTe-mepe-peqariore gem epogy “The place to which a thief approaches not”. and aut, Es, “Tho man in whom (b) With the impersonal verbs owt. TpoOme eveMi poy ign there is not deceit”. (c) In_nominal sentences with ne, Te, we. Ex. THICK MMOOT eTe-RCOMANE MiMCEMOG AMIO- ere “The well of water whieh [is] the Body and Blood of the Lord”. When a nominal sentence ending in the demons- trative Ke, Te, or ute, is followed by a beginning with et- or ere-, the relative particle is lative sentence joined with the demonstrative and becomes net- or nerve This form can, however, be clearly distinguished from the relative substantive; it is geaerally used to60 CHAPTER XIT emphasise the pronominal subject of a sentence, or in questions, Ex.: HT@TH neta Mace “Ye are they who say it” (for we eT). om netna-aag “What shall I do?” (for me e%). Msat TeNTAGHTH ereiaa- “Who is it who did bring thee to th me-entaghti). In Coptic every relative sentence co-ordinate with the antecedent takes a pronoun referring back to the antecedent. Ex.: ovacne ea AaaT cooviataoc “A language which no-one knows” (lit.: A language place?” (for which there is not anyone knows it). Excurrioss. The pronoun is omitted: (1) When the relative form is used as an adjective or deseriptive participle, (2) When the word, to which the relative clause belongs, is an adverbial expression of time, place, and manner. Ex.: MenoTouy Mapeqwone iee ereggutne “Thy will, may it be in the manner which it [is] in heaven”. Relative substantives. | Every relative sentence formed by a relative partiele can be made into a noun by means of the definite ar- ticle. Relative nouns can be used like other nouns, as the subject or object of a sentence, in the genitive, or with a preposition, Ex.: eTMawon epog HoryH- CHAPTER XI 61 Pe WH HiTeipe ... equon AiMoy epoy “He who little child in this manner receives me”. Certain relative substantives have become by use so completely fused into single words that they take before them another definite article or a possessive pronoun. Ex.: mmetoraah “The holy one”, nennerovaads “Thy holy ones”, nmeTnanosg “The good”. receives OHAPTER XIIL CONSTRUCTION AND FORMS OF SENTENCES, ‘There are two forms of sentences in Coptic, (1) the Verbal, and (2) the Nominal. The verbal, as its name implies, contains a verb; but in the true nominal sentence there is no verb, the principsl word in the sentence being a noun. There is no construction equivalent to the nominal sentence in English, I. Verbal Sentence. 1. Theusual order of words is: (1) The auxiliary, (2) the subject, (3) the verb, (4) the direet object, (5) the indirect object, (6) the prepositional phrase. If it is a sentence without an ausiliary (e.g. with the 1 present), the subject comes first and the ordersemains the same, Ex.: tepay Mawoe writ “I write it to you”. aataoee TAMIO62 CHAPTER XUL NoenyrTat Kyaap Nara “God made clothes of skin for Adam”, aquro XmMaak gar Hfapyere- peve “He returned the thirty [pieces] of silver to the high-priests” Excurrions. 1, If the direet object is j verb by a preposition, and if the indirect object or the prepositional phrase take a suffixed pronoun, then the direct object is put last. Ex.: Gwaerpe wan Kova “He shall show merey to thee” (lit: He shall do to thee a merey). aqazo epog Angok “He told him of ed to the the matter 7 2. When a verb is constructed with an adverb (e.g. orang ebod “To “show forth”) the direct object is placed (a) before the adverb when a pronoun; (b) after the adverb when a noun, the noun then takes the comecting preposition #, Ex.: {wahere ehoA Mncont tHpgy “I will blot out the whole creation”. annovae ehod Hnengowon “We have thrown away our weapons”. s2enac eqesoAT nat eho Mnevgak “In order that he shall show their works forth to me”, 3. When the subject of a sentence is to be em- phasised, it is placed at the beginning and then resumed by a pronoua, The emphasised word is generally followed by Ge, xe, or tap. Ex.: mpdo ve CHAPTER XIIL 63 Agro “Now the old man arose” (lit: The old man now, he did rise). Teegrme Ae acnagre “Now the woman prostrated herself”. se¥eeoor exyyoor Matt “These sheep belong to us”. Nroy we Nexay way “Now he, he said to them”. IL, Nominal Sentence, snirue axv comvounn, 1. The Suprm Nowiwan Seyrence consists of two parts, (1) the subject whieh is either a noun or a-per- sonal pronoun, (2) the predicate, which is a noun (substantive, adjective, infinitive), or a prepositional phrase, or’ an adverb, (a) When the personal pronoun (either 1 or 2% per- son) is the subjeet, it is with very rare exceptions in the construct form, ant instead of Anon. The predicate, when a substantive, takes the definite or indefinite le or a possessive pronoun; when en adjecti it takes the indefinite, article, either singular or plural. Ex.: 1TR-TAgeAMIe “Thou [art] my helper”. Wrerit- gettMaARaproe HApApome THpOT “Ye [are] blessed more than all men”. When e&oA git- is used as an adjective, the eon- struction remains the same. Ex.: WrerH-genebod gMiinocaoe “Ye [are] from this world",64 CHAPTER XIIL ‘The absolute form of the personal pronoun is some- times used to emphasise the subject. Ex.: WTwTH Tirerit-penehod paMMAag, Aton ANT-oF-ehoA onTHE “Yo [are] from the earth, I [am] from heaven”, ~ (b) When the predicate is a prepositional phrase and the subject personal pronoun, the pronoun is in the form used in the 1* present. This is sometimes streng- thened by the use of the absolute form, as in other forms of the nominal sentence. Ex.: }-9macseot “J [am] in my father”, AMOR Ae T-OLMAR MOTO wat “I [am] with thee at every time”, The nominal sentence with prepositional predicate is offen introduced hy the e: (epe-) of the 2** present. Bx.: eweantit “I [am] with you”, (c) When the subject is the pronoun of the 3 per- gular or plural, (he, she, it; they), and the pre- dicate a noun or pronoun, the demonstrative pronoun Me, Te, or te is used instead of the personal pronoun and added enclitieally to the predicate, though some- times particles such as tap, 6@ can be introduced be- tween the predicate and the copula. ‘The copula agrees in number and gender with the noun to which it is joined. Ex.: Teygnnpe ap Te “For the wonder it is” ovpome ne Hrennovte “A man he is, of God”, maciot-ne “He is my father”. Tar-Te Tacgime son, CHAPTER XUT 65 “This is my wife” (lit: This one is she, my wife). o¥- Ne neigoh “What is it, this work?” mat-ne Rhaan- HE ATH MEM-ME Hecooy “Who are they, the goats? and who are they, the sheep?” npan Atnasoere- Me veygeAmie “The namo of the Lord, it is his help” When the subject of the sentoneo is to be emphasised, itis placed at the beginning of the senteree and resumed. by the copula, me, Te, me, later, Ex: may ova: meme iitemmorte “This one, a of Goa”. enemy he . Compounn Noman Sexrrxor. The compound nominal sentence is introduced by one of the ausiliaries or by the impersonal verbs ovit- and sun. es, (a) With auxiliar 2m present. Secondary clauses are introduced by the e= (epe-) of the 2°" present, Ex.: “Thou wilt drink from me” e-anG-ovegsme HeamapiTHe “T (being! a woman of Samaria”, Imperfect, wte- or ene-. With this atxiliary the eo- pula is used, it then has the meaning of a preterite, Bx.: hapakbac xe ne-orcoone me “Now, Barabbas a robber he was”.66 CHAPTER XU (b) With the impersonal verbs. When the subject takes either the indefinite article or none at all, the sentence is introduced by the verb vit; if in the negative, by aie, Ex.t ovit-oom Kamo “There is strength in me”, Mi-OM ALMOTIE “There is not strength in you”. ‘The auxiliary we- can be used with ovi- with a preterite meaning. Ex.: ne-ovi-ora ginuae “There was one in Egypt”. APPENDIX. ON THE CHANGE OF THE YOWEL SOUNDS. In Coptic the vowel is long or short according to whether the syllable, in which it occurs, is open or closed, In a closed syllable, i.e, one which ends with a consonant, the vowel is short,, e.g. com. In an open syllable, i.e, one which has no consonant at the end, the vowel is long, e.g. cw. Thus in the absolute infinitive the form is eM, but in the pronominal form the vowel is short, eoT-g. 5 5*EXERCISES. 1. ON THE PRONOUNS. His heart. Her mouth, My hand. Your brothers. ‘Thy father and (ait) thy mother, This sister. That man, ‘These men. These women, The cup. The heavens and (ait) the earth. My Lord and my God. You yourselves. MWMPE ATWEEpe, TAMART. MaMocToAoc. 209. Teqeone, Mecbad nenni, MAWNpe. Ta Aut Neima, ant-ne (it is) cabpmd. Ha-MMOTTE, ¢ (it is) Macoma. NQMQAr. Reecon. Melerore. War. Il, ON THE NOUNS AND GENITIVE. ‘The giver of (3) the place. The fellow soldier. The gates of (i) the city. The souls in (git) the heavens ‘A son of his father. A cup of wine, In (git) a likeness of an angel of the light. One of the brethren. ‘The daughter of the old man. Bi HQMQAA NimovTe. Menpo weadacea. Npart Tipome. Teawe NMgAAo. eo HTP. Mp EXERCISE I 1V 69 Rane, movre Free. maoor RMONy. Tye: epe Hiregine, TNS Hitgadare, Teowe Aye, Maurrepoor AitRoEMoe, AMATOY AIPpo. MeFeovA Hitacaie. Tenge Mitacoere, ML ON THE ADJECTIVE. A golden ring. A bad man, The little boy. His holy name. ‘The other child of the woman, Another ne of the brethren, The strong lion of the deserts. A crowd of wicked men. A humble heart, An honoured old age. This other man, MEMoad Goon, Teoh manorg. nosh ner- Qooy. MMeeve eToTAAd. mocaoe TAPS. Ta- Manapioe Heror. mencon Hows. memterma eTovaak Mrmorre. nelanoT MMooT eTgOAS. eahacca eTmeg (whieh is full) Amoor eTMOAS. 1V. ON THE NUMERALS, The ninth hour. The hundred and first psalm. ‘Three sons of the blessed patriarch (gXAo). The second commandment. Six thousand seven hundred and forty-one. Twenty-five men and seventeen women. a ox z asi-womre. qrovwe taior SAE, Er enar. TMegeawy itppo. TwegeenTe Rweepe, weraior WoMAET, AuNTeHOoTe KPoaue.70 EXERCISE V. VI V, ON THE VERB. (a) ‘They said about Father Hor. I shall see him. Thou - shalt not kill, He said to them, Come and see, Do not believe every word, They call her Thekla (praes. eons.). If thou dost not drink, I will kill thee, Do not go to the town. 1 know thee (MMon). We will raise our voices (Nac). He destroyed it, ‘The old man said to him, (ee) Rise and ran away. They know him, Behold, thy (fem.) king comes, Do not say this to any one. He shall show merey upon thee (lit.: He shall do to theo a merey [Kovna]). We have thrown away our weapons (ganAon). He was punished (RoNage) and killed. It is written that I am troubled. Vi. ON THE VERB. (b) And they said, saying, Come and let us take counsel. Hear me, 0 Lord, and hearken to the voice of my justification. ‘Thy kingdom come. He said to those- who sold doves, Take these forth from this place. Now the one had a beard, but the beard of the other was beginning. ‘The patriarch called to the lord of the property, he said to him, Why does this old woman weep? The mother of the sailor saw her son coming from the shore. I, Jacob, the miserable wreteb, I pray, T entreat, I spread out my request and my prayer EXERCISE VIL. 71 before the throne of God Almighty. O seven archangels who stand before God, smite thou them (enanaracce) with thy sword of fame, smite Mary, and Tatoré, and Andrew quickly, Amen. I shall go into my garden today, and eat my bread [and] my honey, When the mate of the dove dies, she does nct marry (pester wea-pas) another time, but she betakes (qe) herselé (praes. cons.) to the wilderness and mourns until the day of her death. For [the] unrighteousness (amoasa) shall make the earth [a] desert (pl.), and [the] sin shall destroy (yspusp) the thrones of the rulers (AwWACTHE). VIL ON THE PREPOSITIONS. Hearken to me, Go to the house. Save me (imperative with sta) from my enemies. Do not stay in this place. Thon shalt not eat anything with its blood. For ever and ever, Amen. I fear God and the king (lit.: before God and before the king). He came out of the house. Forsake me not (lit: Do not leave me behind thee). He laid him at (gatit-) the feet of the old man, He laid him at his feet, The well of life is in (gagtH-) God. The well of life is in thee. Go in through the door. He did not speak without (opie) necessity. gree2 EXEROISE VIL IX. X YVIIL, ON THE CONJUNCTIONS. ‘They know [him] that he wasaman of God. The demons _ strive with us beeause we have thrown away our weapons, ‘They prayed to God in order that they shonld know this thing. But beware of [the] murmuring, Do not weep for me, weep rather for yourselves. For they shall see and not perceive, But thou shalt destroy (wsopysp) them and not build them, Lest I thirstagain (munore with conjunctive). IX, CONDITIONAL AND INTERROGATIVE ON THE NOMINAL SENTENCES. ‘Thou art my hupe. The Lord is in his temple. Now I, Tam with you always. He is a man of God. Tam Theo- dosius, the king, Who are the goats and who are sheep? He (lit: This) is an enemy of God. They are all wild (genacpioc). But what did the rightoous-man (nas nasoc) do? O woman, why weopest thou? Why dost thou not seek God? How many years? What is truth? Where hast thou been, my brother, or (1) in what place? IE speak, they shall give heod. If we are not (7M) able to remain in this place, we shall go to another place. x Arxove eThE ATA QWP Ze MITG|REATON eneo, OFAC ANGopR, OFA AMJeagoy HPOAE WIA, OPAC AGRO NOpre aMAcK. Hiroe Ae Aci EXERCISE X 3 TOPTP eXAMYare, avo neemonnh Race we OF AY Munte Me nefacnacatoc: Mere MATTEAGE uae se Mnpp-gste Mapra. Mnprpe neriignr WTOPTP: wWereve enmoste, avo itTeTHMeTeTe epoi, oT gag MATWONE QANHT ANACOT, ATO on exgganion eefire oma MIT fiUH ont TARE THOTT WaPo, wenAc TMA Aron etaaog eTeT- NaghOne QOTTHTTH AMAT, ATO TA AMOK EFS epog TeTHeoown Maoy ava TeTKesovit Kregin. Hexe SOMAC HAY we, Naoee KreTieooTH Att ace ena eTon, Haty Hye TeTua ew coor TegI. Mexag nag Hot FE se anon re Tepit ATO THE are Ton.a GLOSSARY. ‘The words aro to be looked for in order of the consonants, no account being taken of the vowels; the Greek words are treated in the samo way as the Coptic. Grook words are distinguished by an astoriss, The construct, pronominal and qualitative forms fare given after those verbs in which they occur. a | fapner Lo begin & (ausiliary of 1 porf.:) | "AeMacaoe m, Greoting Did avo And *accehoe m. Angel aug What? *acproc Wild age epat: ‘To stand *ANAa But appa: Why? Fanacnn f e ee fon (Qual: ann) To go *amoasa Unrighteous “ fad m. Eyo ama m. Father, abbot . pcthen Sbbet | saasace a. Goat anigershoc m. Apostle | gente” amor m. Cup *apcaccedoe m. Arch: te angel Feap For GLOssaRY 1% ~ xe But, and *xemon m. Demon *arnactHe m. Ruler € cfs m, Honey eBoA ave Because efsun Miserable *enroAn f.Commandment eneg Evor wa eneg Heneg For | ever and ever epo (ppo) m. King - epujan- If (see p. 33) ecoor m. Sheep erhe About, concornit on account of erovaak Holy egownt In exit, exo Upon, on ac- count of KH *u Or wr m, House api m. Wine ° *eadacea f. The sea *eponoe m. Throne e es To come es-e&oX To come forth ereovA m. Hart, stag expe (B-, Aas, 0) To do, make exe Behold eso m, Father esore m. Parents ® KR Thou, thee (m.) ne Other, again, also RO (a+, Kaa, 1H) To lay, place RO Hea- (Hew-) To | forsake | *woage To punish *numoe m, Garden po #2. Shore, bank Rpeapat m, Murmuring *noemoe m. World16 GLOssaRY neovp m. Ring ROT (RET, no To build *wrHata m, Property, nag m. Earth RET) nN ‘Aac m. Tongue, voice Aaaz Anyone, anything rN Ma m. Place Ma Imperative (seo p.35) ae f, Truth mor (Qual: Moov) ‘To die Mow m. Death Movs m. Lion MORALE (ALTA, aie MoTn:, MiLMoTR) To consider *manaproc Blessed MOTAD (Qual.: MOND) To bo salt Mao: Accusative before & pronoun (see p, 39) MMav There Mit (ema) And, with Ait There is not | *sem Moreover, now aunte f. Manner, kind Muitepo f. Kingdom Mitrenoore Twelve AUtTeawy Seventeen MiiTgNAO Ff. Old age Mantyyoonte m, Habitation MnemTo ebod Before, in the presence of Mnoor Today mop? j. Beard Morte To call Mato¥ m, Soldier Maar f. Mother Moor m. Water, seere m, Thought auntie m. Crowd, mule titude auyye To fight, strive Morg (Qual: sg or Meg) To fill Megentar m, Seeond GLOSSARY 17 Megeente f. Second Rrorit You Megeatyg Seventh | Hrepe: When x | Frog Rather, on the He The (pl.) other hand i OF | rog He Asoueative nav ce. € To see an Not nev Their ma My (pl) neq- His (pl,) Mam. Merey, pity | Need m. Sailor NOT (tae, a8) To Novxe ebod (Qual: eometee | au) Throw away wor Thy (f, pl.) ; Noi Namely novh m. Gold $ oo Pye | vein m. Bread Ma (ste¥) These . | on Again nor To know, perceive wen- Thy (m, pl.) | n nia All, every se The (m.) wa, Who? ma: My (m.) nen- Our (pl.) ma: He of anor: Good, beautiful | me It is | | nee: Her (pl.) me f. (pl. nvve) Heaven novre m, God | mH That (m.) hre- Of nov Thy (4) nerit Your *nren / Well, Spring8 GLOSSARY GLOssaRY i) This ( poe m, Man COOTH- (COTH-, COTUM, | Ta¥ (rei) This (A) men- Thy (m.) poame f. Year corm) To know | Taso (Tare, Taso, *nodse f. Town, city part m. Name *ex ma m. Likeness tam) To honour wen- Our (m.) pre m, Temple coe f. Field som Fifty *ymevata (Tita) m.Spirit | Ppo (epo) m. King cawy Seven ne Thy pegt m, f. Giver *nanronpatop m. Al: | mighty 7 | © enge f. Sword epar (ceg-, cage, eng) Tano (TARE, TAMO:, anny) To destroy | | | *mapanader To entreat | = She, her To write *raReemopoe Wretched mee- Her ce They, them comme f, Woman Tm Not (p. 48) *ypooest f. Soul cor They, them cagor (cgorp,, | Tmaro m. Justification *ipadaoc m. Psalm | eo (ce- coo) To drink cgov@p,, egovop?) | rex Cur (f) yer Nine | coare (cBre, eBrer, To curse | vig m. Wing *ruetere To believe cot) To prepare | ° | ren Where? mot To go away, run | *eama m. Body t The (f) | THD: All nerit- Your con (plenny)m.Brother ta My (f) | ‘ree- Her *nartacce To smite, strike | cone f. Sister Ta: She of Terit, THETH You, ney Their | enas m. ente f. Two te It is | your éf) neq: His enog m. Blood ‘TH That | ger- Theit (f) meg To spead out | eon m, Time HT | foo Five neace- (Meaa:) Said cone m, Prayer FAs Tae, 70) To give | TwoTH (THOT) To rise Pp | come (cene-, com Febod To sell Tey: His Probe m. To mourn | come) To pray Egrie To give heed ebro (offre, efidro-) Porte ce.itgnT- To fear | cate f. Flame, fire tov- Thy (f.) To be humble po m. Mouth, gate | et (coTM:) To hear, THT m. Fish | TOT ce, € (TOTRE-, pine To weep | hearken ‘TehD m, Prayer, request | Tovaeo:,tovacitn)Tosave80 GLOSSARY or ov A o> They, them ov What? ova One oraah Holy, To be etovaak Holy (relative used as adj.) ovoent m, Light ovoeny m. Time ovoenty 11M Always OTH To eat ovit Thero is an ovnp How much? How many? ovepure f. Foot © Ong m, Life ; vere: Wve wpit To swear w W- (ew) To be able wa Until we Hundred we To go wo Thousand wanp m. Companion, fellow WAHA To pray win Little woah Three Wore (Qual.: woo) To be, happen weepe f. Daughter wpe m. Son, boy, child wopit First (m.) wopne First (/) wWopWP (wpUP Wop, WPWOp) To destroy WropTp (wTPTP, WTPTOp, WrPTOp) ‘To trouble wage m, Wilderness axe m. Word, saying yore (otne-, 2209) To take counsel 5 ¢f He, him Yroor Four wp GLOSSARY 81 2 ge f. Manner, way gai m, Mate, husband gue f. Way, road gXAo m, Old man gXXo f. Old woman *geAnse f, Hope gadur m. Bird dor (QoAS) To besweet gate Forty peatee Mit-gat To marry gaged m, Servant Qi (9M-) In, with *gonAon Weapon gpoor m. Voice gapes ce. e To beware QAT m, Heart gore f. Fear (see f-poTe) gor (gork, gork. git Through, by means of gortieTit Yourselves goor m. Day goo To be evil eTgoov Wicked, evil gag Many gar, pagTHe Tn ES oer (286, aeeTs, 2H) To take ssretoA To take away 28-50N To tell. lies 2.0 (24, 2200+) To speak, say 2x0 Head 2eo¥ m, Ship * aie m, Desert score m, Lord , szenac In order that ott. f. Hour aesce (cect, aacr:, ssoce) To raise sconet Twenty mane m, Enemy s Gt To remain, stay Soh Weak GON m. Lie (see 285-59A)82 GLossaRy som f. Strength, power gam m, Garden SMTOM To be able A A, an ov. Able, To be ewomoom About ethe Again ne-, oW All wa, TH: Almighty *nawron- parop m Also ne Always ovoergiy MHA And are, wit, Ae Angel *accedoe m. Anyone NAAT Anything Many, ‘Apostle *SISES*Ke m, Arehangel *apxeacce: Doe m. At parit- B Bad Soon Bank, shore «po m | genn Hurry, haste | cpoomne f. Dove | otos f. Hand | Be, To wone Beard mopT f. | Beautiful manor, nece- Because eboN € Before Mmeato eboA | Begin, To *apnces Behold ere Believe, ‘To *mrcrere Boware, To gapeg ce. € Bird gadur m. | Blessed *Manaproc m. Blood eno m. Body *eoma m. Bread oem m. Brother cows m. (pl. eH) Build, To wor (nT, Kor, RAT) But *aNda *x€ e Call, To mowre | Child wpe m. GLOSSARY 83 City *nodte f. Come, To wom (1a) Come forth, To er eboX Commandment * enstoX f. Companion yup m, Coneerning ethe Consider, To Monat Crowd suutuye m. Cup anor m, Curse, To eagor D Daughter weepe f. Day goor m. Death mov m, Demon *xeaon m, Desert axave m. Destroy, To Tano, wopmup Die, To mow Do, To espe (B-, aas, 0) Dove spooante /. Drink, To co (ce-, €00:) B Earth nag m, Eat, To groan Enemy aazce m, | Entreat, To *mapanader Bver eneg For ever and ever wraenteg ieneg Every 1 Evil goor Bye Bad m. F Father (parent) eset m Father (title) ama m. Fear gore f. | Fear, To p-gore ce, git Fellow, companion wap, Field couse Fifty tatos | Fight, To sue Fill, To omg (Qual.: atng) | Fire cate | First qyopit m., wopme /. Fish 1B m. Five tou Flame eate f. Foot ovepnte For *cap , PAT m, Forsake no» Hea- (ico)84 GLOSSARY Forty gate Heart gut m. Four qroor Heaven me (pl. mstve) f. G Heed, To give Y-pTn: Garden *nuutoc, sos m, | Her (poss.) nee-, Tee-, nec- Gate po m. Her (ace,) & Give, To + Him § Give heed, To } Giver pegt m., f. Go, To Bar, nor, we Goat Saaame m. Go away, To HoT God nowre m, Gold wowk m. Good nancy: Greeting *acracaoe m. H Habitation Matwyone m. Hand ois. f. Happen, To wyone Hart; stag ereoxA m. He q, tog He of ma Head 220 Hear, To ewrat Hearken, To cwra His meg., reg, weg: Holy erovaad Honey efs> m. Honour, To tai Hope *geAnre f. Hour ait f. House n¥ m, How Haw itpe How many? o7Hp Humble, To be eff10 Hundred ye Hurry cers | Husband gai m. I T anton, ant, I (before a verb) 4- Tt epusan (p. 33) In git (pM-), QAQTH (gagTie), egort GLOSSARY 85 In order that sxenac | Manner ame f. ge fi In the presence of Anes- | Many gag To eho Marry, To peace suit-gat It is ne, Te | Mato gai m. J Mer” Justification tMaio m. | Morey wa m. K Miserable edsvat Kill, To gewrk Moreover *ext Kind, sort aunse f. Mother maar 7. King epo, Bpo m. Mourn, To p-gba Kingdom anrepo /. Mouth po m, Know, To *mor, coovit | Multitude sumnyye m, L Murmaring npeapm m. Lay, To no My ma, Ta, tae Leave, To no | N Lie GON m. | Name pan m, Lies, To tell a¢1-c0X. | Name, To aovre Life ong m. | Namely ites Light ovoent m. Necessity *anacnn f. Likeness *exewaa m. | Nine yr Lion Movi m. | Not tan, TM (p. 48) Little wan Now *men, tae~Ae Lord seeere m, I. 0 M OF i, five Make, To expe (p-, aa-,0) | Of what manner? haw Man pome m, fige86 GLOSSARY Old age mirgAAo fF. | Remain, To oto Old man gRAo m. | Request T2&9 m. Old woman gXAw f. Ring neovp m. Onaccountofexem-,erhe xe | Rise, To THOT On the other hand Tog | Road orm f. One ova Ruler *a-mnactHe m. Or « | Run, To nor Other ne | 8 Our men, rere, wer — | Said ease. (mexa-) P Sailor needy m. Parents esore m, Salt, To be oop Perceive, To * Wor | Salutation *aenacatoe m, Pity wa m. Save Towa ce, € Place wa. | Say, To 20 Place, To xo Saying wase m. Power som f. Sea, The *oadacea fi” Pray, To cwne, WAWA — | Second Megenar m. Prayer cone m. To8S m | egeenre f. Prepare, To cofre See, To nar ec. € Property *THMa m. Sell, To Reker Psalm *Yadaoc m. Servant gaigad m. Punish, To *nodage Seven cae 2 R Seventh mepeawy Raise, To x3ce Seventeen MHTCAW | ren Rather iro | She © GLossaRy 87 She of ta Sheep ecooy m, Ship aeo¥ m Shore npo Sin wobe Sister cane f, Smite, To *matacce Soldier ator m. Son usnpe m. Soul “pagent /. Speak aso Spirit *nnevma m. Spread out, To nog Spring, well * nen f. Stag ereowA m., Stand, To age epart: Stay, To ow Strength som f. Strike, To *natacce Strive, To sue Swear, To wpa Sweet, To be gdox Sword enge f. . Take, To oer Take away, To aerebod ‘Take counsel, To wyoos.ne (nor) Tell lies, To ae1-50 ‘Temple pre m, That nu, 7H The 1, tite Thee nm. Their nex, tev-, nev- Them oy There Maar These nav (ey) They ov, ee- They are ne This mai (nex), vax (rei) Those wx, Thou Rm. Thought were m, Thousand wo Three woatitr ‘Throne eportoe m, | Through gsti- Throw away, To wowace eBoA (Qual: nna) i Thy men-, rer, wen- m,88 GLOSSARY Thy nov-, Tor, wos f. | Well, spring *nren f. Time con m. ovoesuy m. | What? ays, ov To e, epor When Wrepe- (followed Today Anoor by past tense) ‘Tongue Nac m. | Where? Taw Town *nodse f. Who? seat Trouble, To Topp Why? agpos ‘Truth we f. Wicked etgoov Twelve wirenoove Wild *acproe Twenty 2030 Wilderness wage m. Two etax m, care f | Wine wpit m. tr | Wing Tit9 With sat (ata), git- World nocaoe m. Unrighteous *Anoaa Until wa Upon exit-, exces Word wasce m. y Woman epsste j Voiee Rae m, peor m, | Wreteled *raeemnopoe vw Write, To epas Y Year pomne /. Water Moov 1 Way, manner ge f. Way, road or f. Weak coh You retit-, THOTH- Weapon *gonQon Your werit-, TeTHt-, We Woop, To pine Yourselves goTTHTTi 4, 1. 16, Lu 1.23, 1 24, 1 6. 1 18, La L 3, 1.10, L 9 1 21, 12, Li For ERRATA. see p. 14 onrge eTMMAT Taegeaupe on nece- Fe-mpocspopa parit nrevnoy ST Ne-, Te, or He cage amoero-Noc read seo p. 15 norge eTA MAT, TMEgcage oR nece- ‘Termpoe*popa gate remnoy Teotpra Mee, Te, or me- cate aAntocTodocTABLE OF AUXILIARIES 1 PRESENT (p. 29) PRESENT (p. 30) PRAESENS, ; CONSUETUDINIS (p. 30) [NEGATIVE OF PRARSENS ‘CONSURTUDINIS (p, 34) I We | + Th a en war quae Thou(m) — |e = en eI wan = ? You rerit ererit warerit Thou (f) Te epe wape He eg ja‘ e They) 3 ce 2 ev et war She ce ec wae | With noun-sudjeet, epe- With nown-subject, wape- To wee: oe FUT wi NEGATIVE OF | PUTURE (p80 2 FOTURE (p.%9) | 84 FUTURE (81) a porcen ae T We | tua THA ema. ena fe ene Hina (or water) Maree Thou (m.) Rita 7 enna - ene 2 a Jaren ees You TeTMMA eTeTHA eTeTHe = MMETH Thou (f) Tena (ortepa) epena epe fone He Gna eg, eqe Hitec = z ‘They! 3 cea ‘s ema ‘si eve we ier She | Sra, ecm ece iinee | With noun-subject, epewta | With noun-subject, epe-e | With noun-eubject, Wne- | NEGATIVE OF | PEREEET (30 PERFECT (p. 31) IMPERFECT (0-82) | yw PEREEOT (p30 a TP , = — se —_ = I We | ai ant j Har Fran net wert aut Thou (m.) an S iran = Ss men = ae ve You arerit = Trarerit neterit Auetit ‘Thou (f.) ape iirape nepe He a Ta = neq = 5 They| “4 av rag iiras ‘s ner nov She jac irae nee | wien noun-sunjoct, a= Wits moursunjoc, fire | WH nowmeshjos, Mepes | With nomenbjest, e- Ne with wa rl F ! p NI E anate 7 Se CONTUNGTIVE with wa | FUTURE BIPEREEOT |” THE NWGATIV | 83) | (. 82) Le @. 84) I We | itra(orta) iT wana (or ugar) wawrit | mein Merata amnat MaaTit Thou (m) ne aa wanten = | wena, I MMATR = - e You | = irerit bs wanrerit wererna | materi "Thou (f.) | Hire wante | Mepena. Mnate i | . | ae He w 5 aur mega, Rnarg They| “2 iiee MONTY wanros | “4 neva ANATY Rnaror She ne wane meena Xmaté | With nouembject, Here: | With noun-subject, JAMTE- | With noun-subjeet,Mepeta | With nounsubject, MATE: +. oan = 3 IMPERSONAL VERB. NEGATIVE IMPERSONAL OPTATLVE (p. 82) FINALIS (p- 98) aaa wEas ie I We |aapr | apt | raps TApR ovital omiitit art ATE ‘Thou (m.) Mapen — | taper = ovat meres Parca ee Yon | Maperit | ‘raperit ES ovirert | OT -aiTerit ‘Thou (f.) Mape | Tape oviire j autre He Mapes Tapey © | omirg = | wiry =, ee PSL) rapor WT opiror | “RL Gere She Mapec Tapec ovnre | aiere With nounsubject, Mape- | With nouns With noun-subject, ovHtTe- | With nounubject, wiitTe- GAUSATIVE INFINITIVE ibjoct, TApe- RELATIVE (p. 83) ‘TEMPORAL (p. 33) CONDITIONAL (p. 88) (8) Tp Tpen et em Frreper rep | ean enya y TpeTh or ~ x | ee (RT | ork a frepen _ 4 engian : . Tpererit ereTit S itreperit ereTitgart ape | eve Tirepe epewan Tpeq. | erg itreper =! equgant eee Hrepes sscpor (EME cyan, Tpec | ere irepec ecwyant With nounsubject, Tpe- With nounabjoot, Tepe: With noun-subject, epyyan-