WORK HOLDING DEVICES.

Work Holding Devices

1. Drill Press Vise
Used to hold round, square or odd-shaped rectangular pieces
Clamp vise to table for stability

2. The Bench Vice

The Bench Vice, which is sometimes called the Parallel Vice, is used to clamp or hold
workpieces. The body is screwed to the workbench to provide secure holding. If you are
installing a Bench Vice there are a few points that you should take into consideration.
The top of the vice should be at the same height as the users elbow.
The Fixed Jaw should protrude slightly over the edge of the bench to allow for
long workpieces.

The body and jaws of the Bench Vices found in the school workshop are usually made
out of Cast Iron, which is strong in compression but brittle under shock. As a result they
should not be hammered. There are also steel vices available but they are more
expensive. The screw thread that a Bench Vice uses is called a Buttress Thread. This Type
of thread withstands heavy thrust in one direction yet unscrews easily in the opposite
direction.
 The Jaws Faces of the vice are made from
hardened steel. There are also serrated which is a criss-cross pattern which provides a
firmer grip on the workpiece. The Jaws Faces are screwed to the Sliding Jaw and the
Fixed Jaw so that if they are damaged they can be replaced.

HAND VICE
The Hand Vice
The Hand Vice, which you can see to the left, is

especially useful when working on the drilling machine, or working with small parts that
need to be clamped together.

PIN VICE

The Pin Vice

To the right

you can see a chuck type Pin Vice, and to the left is an open jaw type Pin Vice. Both
types are used to hold small pieces. The chuck type pin vice is better when you are
working with round bar. The vice to the right is holding a drill bit. The open jaw type pin
 vice is used more appropriatly with small flat work pieces. Both types are hollow in the
middle to allow you to work with material of any length.

V-blocks
Made of cast iron or hardened steel
Used in pairs to support round work for drilling
To prevent the shaft from bending under cutting pressure a V-block and screw jack can be
used to support the shaft.

Angle plate
Angle plate is used in layout work and in setting up the work piece for drilling or milling
at a 90 degree to the table.
CUTTING TOOLS
FILE
Files are used to square ends, file rounded corners, remove burrs from metal,
straighten uneven edges, file holes and slots, smooth rough edges, etc. Files have
three distinguishing features, and are classified by these features:
Length, (measured without the Tang)
Cross-section or Shape
Grade of Cut
You can discover more about these features below.

Grade of Cut
Files are usually made in two types of cuts, Single Cut and Double Cut. The Single
Cut File has a single row of teeth extending across the face at an angle of 65 to 85 for
the length of the file. The Double Cut File has two rows of teeth which cross each other.
For general work, the angle of the first row is 40 to 45, and the angle of the second row
can be anywhere between 30 and 87.

Single Cut Double Cut

Files are also classified by the coarseness of the teeth. The bigger the teeth the rougher
the feel of the File, and the quicker the File will remove material when you are using it.
 There are four main levels of coarseness that you may come across in the metalwork
room and they are :
Rough
Bastard
Smooth
Very Smooth

THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF FILLING WHICH ARE : . Cross filling; Straight

filing and draw filling

Cross Filing
Before attempting to use a file, make sure their is an undamaged handle on the tang of the
file. This is essential for proper guiding and safe use. In order to Crossfile, (the usual
method of filing), grasp the handle so that its end fits into and against the fleshy part of
your palm with the thumb lying along the top of the handle in a lengthwise direction.
Grasp the end of the file between the thumb and first two fingers. To prevent undue wear
to the file, remove the pressure during the return stroke.

Draw Filing
A file is sometimes used by grasping it at each end, crosswise to the work, (as you can
see below), then moving it lengthwise with the work. When done properly, work can be
finished much smoother cross-filing with the same file. You can use this method of filing
to remove slight scratch marks left by cross-filing. To get a very smooth finish, apply
some water or oil, depending on the material you are filing, to the work and continue to
drawfile.

The Hacksaw
The Hacksaw is used for cutting materials, and for cuttign away waste parts of the work.
Most Hacksaws are made from Low Tungsten Steel or Carbon Steel, however the more
expensive blades are made from High Speed Steel.

Frame : There are two types of Hacksaw Frame, a fixed and an adjustable. The fixed
frame can only take one length of Blade, but is more rigid that the adjustable type, which
can take Blades of different lengths.

Blade : There are also two main types of Blades, but in the case of both, the teeth on the
Blade are facing away from the Handle towards the front of the hacksaw.

The first type of Blade is the All Hard Blade which has been hardened throughout. As a
result there is more efficient cutting but the blade tends to break more easily.

The second type of Blade is the Flexible Blade which has headened teeth but the
remainder of the body remains soft. The Blade, as a result, is more flexible and breaks
less easily. It is an ideal blade for the school workshop as it will take rougher treatment.

When fitting a new blade to a hacksaw, point the teeth forward, (away from the handle).
Tighten the wing nut to remove the slack and then as a general rule tighten three turns. It
is important to have the correct tension on the blade, if it is too loose then the blade will
buckel and not cut straight, and if it is too tight damage to the blade ends or the frame
may result.

Hacksawing Method
You should hold the work in the vice so that as many teeth as possible are in contact with
the surface. This generally means that the widest edge of the work is facing up in the
vice. You should also orientate the work so that you are cuttign vertically toward the
floor.

Cor Incor
rect rect