Ppvol40 04

POLAR POST
Published quarterly by the POLAR POSTAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN
VOLUME 40, N 4 WHOLE NUMBER 219 December 2008
CONTENTS
Committee; Deadline for next Polar Post; Dates for your diary; Back issues of Polar Post; Note on Copyright 90
PPHSGB AGM & London Spring Meeting - 28 February 2009; Chairmans Message . . . 91
Programme for the PPHSGB Residential Weekend 9 to 11 October 2009 . . . . . 92
Members Sales and Christmas Greetings from our President Harry Evans; Membership News . . 93
54th Russian Antarctic Expedition (cover offer); Essence of Polar Philately; Editorial and Late News . 94
News of the ASPP; The Future of the specialised Falkland Islands Stamp Catalogue and other Matters . 95
1907-1909 British Antarctic Expedition Part 4 . . . . . . . . 96
The Term Bogus An Email to the editor; USCGC Northland . . . . . . 101
Arctic Northern Sea Route and Atomic Icebreakers . . . . . . . 102
Tristan Da Cunha received marks; New Tristan datestamp comes and goes . . . . 104
Special First Day of Use Postmark for German IPY Postal Stationery Item; AAT Anniversaries . . 105
New Issue: South Georgia & SSI Letters Patent Centenary . . . . . . 105
New Issue: AAT International Polar Year . . . . . . . . 107
New Issues: BAT 100 Years of Naval Aviation; New Definitives Ships and Explorers . . . 108
New Issues: BAT Fossil Ferns; Auroras; Penguin III Sheet . . . . . . 110
New Issues: New Zealand - Sir Edmund Hillary; San Marino International Polar Year . . . 112
New Tristan/Polar Postcards - TdC 99: ms. Mowe III; TdC 101 / Pole 34 mv. R.S.A. . . . 112
Judith Faulkner an appreciation . . . . . . . . . 113
Margery Wharton an appreciation . . . . . . . . 114
Betty Biggs an appreciation . . . . . . . . . 115
Update on sending Money to Tristan Da Cunha; Members Displays (Tristan da Cunha) . . . 116
ENCLOSURES
Postal Auction Catalogue Two Calendar Cards

Membership Renewal Form
Booking Form for the Cambridge 2009 Residential Weekend
THE POLAR POSTAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN 2008
COMMITTEE
President: Harry E. J. EVANS

Chairman: Trevor CORNFORD
Secretary: Robert H. HURST
Treasurer: Gordon BUCHAN
Editor of Polar Post: John H. YOULE
Membership Secretary: Robert F. McMILLAN
Librarian: Gerald MARRINER
Auction Manager and
Exchange Packet Bill TILBURY
Superintendent:
NON-COMMITTEE FUNCTIONS
Accounts Examiner: Martin B. EVANS F.R.P.S, L

Distributor of Polar Post: Herbert LEALMAN MBE
HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS
Harry. E.J. Evans; Ray Garbutt; Herbert Lealman MBE; Gerry Pearce
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The deadline for submitting contributions for publication in the March 2009 issue of Polar Post is:-
15th January 2009

Please help the editor by sending your contributions as soon as possible.
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DATES FOR YOUR DIARY
1 January 2009 Subscriptions due for 2009
31 January 2009 Closing date for receipt of Postal Auction Bids
28 February 2009 Annual General Meeting and London Spring Meeting at Philatex, see Page 91
9-11 October 2009 PPHSGB Residential Weekend in Cambridge
7 November 2009 London Autumn Meeting, Room 22 at Philatex 3-5 pm
6 May 2010 Special Meeting at Philatex Extra, 3 to 5 pm; further details in due course
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BACK ISSUES OF POLAR POST are available from Herbert Lealman. Issues numbered 76-155 are 50p
each; issues 156 to date (blue covers) are 1 each. Numbers NOT available are:- 87, 89, 90, 92, 94-100,
104, 107, 108, 111, 115, 116, 119, 120, 123, 124, 127, 128, 133, 137, 140, 159, 160, 166, 168, and 171. The
special Golden Jubilee Issue N 195 (Gold/Yellow cover) costs 2.
Please make cheques payable to Herbert Lealman and NOT the PPHSGB. PLEASE NOTE THAT
POSTAGE IS EXTRA.
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NOTE ON COPYRIGHT:- Contributors should remember that material should be original or, if not,
should be accompanied by authority from the holder of the copyright. This is particularly important for il-
lustrations of covers and postcards. It is essential for the Editor and for the Society that the laws of copyright
are observed. If direct use is made of previously published material, permission to print must be obtained.
Polar Post N 219, December 2008 90

P.P.H.S. of GB Annual General Meeting & London Spring Meeting
Room 22 at PHILATEX, London, Saturday 28 February 2009 from 3 to 5 p.m.
The Secretary, Robert Hurst, announces that The Polar Postal History Society will hold its Annual General Meeting
in Room 22 at PHILATEX, Horticultural Hall, Greycoat Street & Elverton Street, London, SW1. The meeting
will be held at 3 p.m. on 28 February 2009.
All members of the Society are encouraged to attend and are entitled to vote as necessary. Any items
for inclusion in the agenda should be sent to the Secretary, Robert H. HURST by 10 February 2009.
We would like to see as many members as possible at the AGM. The Society needs your ideas and comments. If you
wish yourself to be put forward or nominate another member for the committee please apply to the Secretary for a
nomination form which must be completed and returned by 10 February. Please note that you must have the consent
of the member to be nominated and the nominated member must be seconded by another member of the Society.
Following the AGM, there will be a short time for a Bring

& Buy. Following this, there will be time for displays.
Please bring material along with you for display, even
a few sheets. Please inform Robert Hurst in advance if
you intend to bring a display with you. Please note that
The Society ONLY has this room for 2 Hours from
3 p.m. to 5 p.m.
Provisional Agenda for the AGM
1. Apologies for Absence
2.. Minutes of Previous AGM held 23 February 2008
3. Matters Arising
4. Reports of Society Officers for 2008
5. Election of Committee
6. Subscription Rates for 2010
7. Any Other Business
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Chairmans Message from Trevor Cornford
It is a sad day as I write my message this time, as Robert Hurst and I on behalf of the PPHS of GB returned
from the funeral and memorial service of our stalwart member Margery Wharton, to hear that Judith Faulkner
who also contributed much to the Society died on Sunday 12th October. Full tributes are published in this
issue on pages 113 to 115. Both Margery and Judith are a great loss to their family, friends and philately.
Happier news comes in the shape of great achievements by two members Exhibition triumphs - Serge Kahn
won the Show Grand Award at Philadelphia USA, only the second time by Polar Philately ever. Serge also
won the ASPP Grand Award, APS research and Postal History Society best postal history, exhibit awards.
Also, a new member for us, Lesley Marley, stepped up with a Gold Medal at WIPA for her first effort at 7
frames with A Whales Tale in the International Thematic Class in Vienna, Austria this September.
Margery would have been especially pleased to see the ladies carrying the flag in this Class - you can see
the display by booking for the PPHSGB Cambridge Residential Weekend 2009.
Supporting my view that our hobby may show signs of being recession proof here were strong prices for
scarce or Classic Polar Postal History in Zurich, Melbourne and London, from the Gauss used PPC to mint
Andre balloon flight items. By the time you get this, the big autumn Grosvenor sale will support or not
this view.
All in all, we can but hope to enjoy Seasons Greetings from our friends and the Society and respite in the
New Year from some of the worldly woes.
Please do not forget to write/email me with your ideas, and send John Youle your articles for Polar Post.
91 Polar Post N 219, December 2008

POLAR POSTAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GB - 2009 RESIDENTIAL WEEKEND
9 to 11 OCTOBER 2009 - ROYAL CAMBRIDGE HOTEL
Main weekend Theme ANTARCTIC & POLAR WHALING MAILS
(NOTE - This does not exclude other Postal History - or even a few stamps)
PROGRAMME
Friday 9 October 2009
6 pm Welcome by the Chairman, drinks reception and Introductions

7 pm Dinner
9 pm Approx. Introduction to the Weekend by Wilf Vevers
The History of South Georgia through the Mails
South Georgia was of course a major Whaling base and thus rich in whale mail.
10.15 pm Approx. Close after viewing and Questions, the bar is available to continue debate.
Saturday 10 October 2009
7.30 - 9.15 am Breakfast

9.30 - 10.00 am Gerald Marriner: Modern British Antarctic Postal History, 1948 2005
A general look at Bases, cancels and registered mail.
10.05 - 10.40 am Serge Kahn: Charcot the Second French Antarctic Expedition 1908-10
Part of Serges Grand Show Award Winning Display.
10.45 am Coffee Break [The auction Lots will be organised for viewing]
10.55 am Auction Preview - time to get your bids prioritised!
11.35 am Society Auction with Bil Tilbury presiding.
1.00 pm Approx. Lunch Interval [Time depends on auction finish. Lunch is not part of the package.]
2.30 pm Approx. EITHER - visit the Scott Polar Research Institute - possible talk with librarian,
Museum open OR a visit to another place of interest [subject to discussion at present.]
4.00 pm Approx. Members Bourse - Bring, buy and sell your spare material.
IF anyone wants a large table, please see Robert Hurst , or any Committee member.
Saturday continues with Free Time until Dinner. Rest, chit chat, shop in Cambridge, get ready for the Members
Evening Show.
7 pm Dinner
9 pm Approx. Members Entertain Themselves
Bring an interesting item of special interest, theme etc. on Any Subject.
Share your enthusiasm. e.g. Show your best buy, Internet find, latest addition etc.
PLEASE NOTE - due to pressure on time, and as it is most popular, you may be limited
to 9 Sheets, and 5 minutes chat.
10.30 pm Close - Bar Time
Sunday 11 October 2009
8.00 - 9.15 am Breakfast

9.30 - 10.30 am Lesley Marley: A Whales Tale - A Gold Medal Winning Thematic Display
10.35 - 10.50 am Coffee Break
10.55 - 12.00 Approx. Robert McMillan: Norwegian Whaling Activities in the Antarctic
A wide ranging look at Postal History and the industry.
12.05 pm Round Up and Bon Voyage: Closing review, thanks and thoughts for next time.
Lunch is available at your own choice. [Lunch is not part of the package.]
Agenda & Venue organised by Trevor Cornford. Especial thanks to our contributors in all areas.
Please note that the auction is both live and postal. Due to the time available, the number of lots may have to be
limited. Thus please send in your better material to Bil Tilbury in good time. further details should be contained in
the Auction Catalogue being sent out with this issue of Polar Post.
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Members Sales and Christmas Greetings from our President Harry Evans
The editor has received a letter from our President, Harry Evans, dated 8 October 2008. Harry reports that he is
keeping quite well physically and reasonably fit mentally subject to medication.
Harry sends Christmas Greetings to all members of the Society and wishes to draw to your attention that he has
decided to dispose of the modern part of his collection from 1950 to 2008. This comprises covers from most
countries and wants lists are acceptable.
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Membership News from Robert McMillan
New Members
William De Midowitz
Stuart Leggatt
Cameron Treleaven
Seamus Taaffe
Carolyn Wharton
New Address
Arne E.Lindgren
John OKeefe
Deceased
Margery G.Wharton
Mrs. Judith E.Faulkner
Appreciations of the contribution made to the Society and philately in general by Margery and Judith are to be
found on pages 113 to 115 of this issue.
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Membership Subscriptions are now due for 2009
Your Membership Subscription for 2009 is due on 1 January 2009. Despite the loss in 2007 and the
continually increasing printing and postage costs, the Committee supported by those attending the AGM
last February decided to hold the subscription for 2009 at 10 for the UK and Europe and 15 for the
Rest of the World. Please help the Society and Robert McMillan in particular by paying your subscription
promptly.

54th Russian Antarctic Expedition (RAE) a cover offer from Max Koesling
Max Koesling is offering a set of six covers from the 54th RAE which will take place during the 2008/2009 southern
summer season on board the Akademik Fedorov. The six covers together cost 20 and there is no need to send in
SAEs. Orders with payment should be sent urgently to:-
Max Koesling, Postfach 150702, D-10669 Berlin, Germany
The absolute final date for receipt of orders is 31st December 2008.
It is expected that the covers will be despatched under cover at the beginning of June 2009.
Do not forget to send Max your address!
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Important Announcement from the American Society of Polar Philatelists ASPP
ESSENCE OF POLAR PHILATELY

An Encyclopaedia of Polar Philately by Hal Vogel; 206 pages, illustrated with b&w and colour images including 300
GEMS of Polar Philately, perfect bound, soft covers, 8 by 11 inches. Ordering information/price to be announced.
Another version with all images in b&w will be available.
Pricing and shipping and handling information will be available shortly. Production of the printed book was expected
to begin in October 2008.
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Editorial and Late News
I try to avoid taking up precious space in Polar Post to include an editorial, particularly in the December issue which
is the easiest of the four issues to fill, thanks to the Antarctic summer season and the accompanying new issues.
This year BAT has gone over the top with not only a new definitive set and a further penguins sheetlet but also three
commemorative issues. On top of that there are South Georgia & SSI and AAT new issues to report. The IPY is now
drawing to a close. However, still to report is the IPY issue from Portugal in July 2008 which included a set of four
and a souvenir sheet. I still await decent illustrations.
To keep to the 28 pages the Society can currently afford it proved necessary to make some last minute changes to the
content of this issue. The 2nd part of the article on Charcots Second French Antarctic Expedition which runs to five
pages has been deferred to 2009, I hope to the March issue. It was also necessary to defer nearly six pages of A4 text
relating to the new definitive issue and the 100 Years of Naval Aviation issue.
This resulted in a better balance of content and I have been able to include something from the north Polar Regions
in the form of John Spicers Russian Atomic Icebreaker article and contributions on Tristan Da Cunha from the now
retired Mike Faulds, both regular contributors to Polar Post.
I am pleased to report that our sister society, the ASPP, has Ice Cap News back on schedule and three issues have
already appeared this year (possibly four by the time you get this issue of Polar Post).
Late news just in is that our member Terry Lay is (or I should say was) the Antarctic Postman for the 2008/2009
Season on board the James Clark Ross. All the new issues except the Penguins III sheetlet, for which there is no
official FDC, were due for release at Signy around 16 to 18 November 2008, thus repeating the timetable of last year.
The Penguins III sheetlet is likely to be first used at Port Lockroy at the beginning of November.
Finally I would like to refer you to the appreciations of Margery Wharton, Judith Faulkner and Betty Biggs published
in this issue on pages 113 to 115. The passing of Margery and Judith at a relatively early age is a tragedy for our
Society. They both did so much for philately and regularly attended our meetings and weekends. Our thoughts are
with their families.
Best wishes to you all for Christmas and the New Year at this difficult economic time, John H. Youle

News of the American Society of Polar Philatelists from Alan Warren
The American Society of Polar Philatelists held its 2008 convention in conjunction with one of the countrys national
shows, the Philadelphia National Stamp Exhibition. Although member attendance was rather low, we were pleased
that ASPP member Serge Kahn came from France with his Charcot in the Antarctic exhibit.
Serge was as surprised as all of us were when he won not only

the ASPP Grand Award but also the show Grand Award! These
in addition to his gold medal, the Postal History Society award,
and the American Philatelic Society research medal. The ASPP
Reserve Grand went to past president J. Edgar Williams for his
Scott and Shackleton in the Antarctic.
ASPP members in Denmark and New Zealand also entered
exhibits in this show, so we added a truly international flavour
to the exhibition.
The illustrations show Serge with his ASPP Grand Award of a penguin sculpture signed by the artist, and accepting
the show Grand Awarda large crystal vasefrom the show chairman Chip Blumberg.
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The Future of the specialised Falkland Islands Stamp Catalogue and other Matters from Stefan Heijtz
It has been brought to my attention that a lot of members of the PPHSGB are of the totally wrong impression that
now that I have sold my Falkland Islands and Dependencies exhibition collection, I am no longer interested in the
Falklands in general and its philately in particular. They also wonder if I will stop producing the Specialised Falkland
Islands and Dependencies Stamp Catalogue.
Nothing could be further from the truth! My interest is as great as ever and now that I am semi-retired, having sold
the main part of the Nova auction business, I will be able to dig deeper into the postal history research. As a matter
of fact, I am now planning to spend some three months in the Falklands in late 2009, which will include a three week
visit to South Georgia, and the rest of the time will be spent mainly in the archives in Stanley, and the family will join
me over Christmas and New Year.
All of this will lead to two further publications on F I postal history in due course. And the sixth edition of the F I
catalogue is planned for 2011/2012. I also still have a substantial collection of Falkland Islands and Dependencies
stamps as well as postal markings, postal stationery, forgeries, fiscal usage, phone cards, etc. etc., which I have no
intention of selling. I also have a large collection of non-philatelic books about the Falklands and the Dependencies
in general, as well as a substantial collection of antique maps from that area.
As long as I find material, and consigners submit items, I will continue with the annual Falklands and Dependencies
auctions. The next one will take place in late January 2009 (moved from November 2008 not to compete with
Malcolm Bartons material at Grosvenor).
I will also continue to be a regular participator at the FIPSG annual weekends; I have been present at every weekend
since 1985 or 1986!
I hope this will make it clear to everybody that my dedication to this part of the world is deep and true, and that it is
something which I will keep for as long as I live!
1907-1909 British Antarctic Expedition Part 4 by John Youle
Attainment of the South Magnetic Pole and a Farthest South
During the Antarctic winter 1908 the Expedition prepared for the two major sledging expeditions, both of which
are tales of endurance and survival against all odds under dreadful weather conditions. One, the Southern Party,
led by Ernest Shackleton would be an attempt on the Geographical South Pole; the other, the Northern Party led by
Australian Professor Edgeworth David would attempt to reach the then current position of the South Magnetic Pole.
The Northern Party consisting of naturalised Australians Professor Tannatt William Edgeworth David (aged 50, born
in Wales) together with his student Douglas Mawson (aged 26, born in Bradford, England) accompanied by Scottish
Naval Surgeon Alistair Mackay (aged 30) left first on 26th September 1908. They had no ponies or dogs and the
motor sledge gave up the ghost after only a couple of kilometres of what would be a nearly 1000 km walk to the
point where their compass needle would stand vertically. Afterwards they would have to walk back. They were on
short rations by 5th November and thus by the time they reached the South Magnetic Pole on 16th January 1909 at
a measured position of 72 25 S; 155 16 E they were exhausted. The photograph taken at the spot with the Union
Jack is imprinted on our minds, thanks to postcard Wharton GA-7 and several postage stamps and labels.
David and Mackay planted a flag pole at the spot. The three men then bared their heads, hoisted the Union Jack and
posed in front of the camera which David triggered with a string.
David then said:-
I hereby take possession of this area now containing the Magnetic Pole for the British Empire
and they gave three cheers for His Majesty King Edward VII.
Modern reports question whether the party achieved the real position of the Magnetic South Pole on the date in
question. Some modern calculations place the position on 16 January 1909 as 71 36 S; 152 0 E.
Of interest is the artistic licence used on the 5d AAT definitive stamp. The
Union Jack is blowing in the wrong direction when compared with that on the
postcard.
The return walk for the three men was hell. On 5th February 1909 they were
picked up by the Nimrod 1.6 km from their Drygalski Depot. They had travelled
2028 km (1200 miles) with no dogs or ponies in the coldest place on earth.
Edgeworth David died in 1934 and was honoured with a state funeral in Australia. Douglas Mawson died on 14th
October 1958 after completing a number of further Antarctic Expeditions, for which he was awarded a knighthood.
Alistair Mackay died in 1913 when he was a ships doctor on the ill-fated Karluk Arctic expedition. After the Karluk
was stranded, crushed, and sunk by pack ice, Mackay and three other members of the crew died of exposure while
struggling across the Arctic ice to reach Wrangel Island or Herald Island.
The Southern Party consisted of Jameson Boyd Adams (1880-1962), the expeditions meteorologist, and second in
command, Dr Eric Marshall (1879-1963) the ships surgeon aboard Nimrod and the cartographer responsible for
mapping detail on the inland expedition, John Robert Francis Wild known as Frank (1873 - 1939) and Lieutenant
Ernest Shackleton (1874 1922). Following the establishment of several depots using the dog sledges the Southern
Party left Cape Royds at 10 am on 29th October 1908 with four ponies to assist them - Grisi, Socks, Quan and
Chinaman. They also encountered dreadful weather conditions. They passed the previous furthest south set by
Scott, Wilson and Shackleton in 1902 after 29 days on 26th November. Socks was the last pony to die, escaping the
revolver by disappearing down a deep crevasse on 7th December. By 9th January 1909 all four men were very weak
and the decision was taken to turn back that day.
They first made a dash south taking only the Union Jack given to them by Queen Alexandra, a brass cylinder containing
a sheet of the King Edward VII stamps and documents to mark their furthest south, camera, glasses and a compass.
They reached 88 23 S; 162 E just 97 nautical miles short of the Geographical South Pole. The event is recorded
for posterity on Postcard Wharton GA-9. Margery Wharton states that the postcard shows left to right Adams, Wild
and Shackleton. It was taken by Eric Marshall. Did they not have any string and was their condition so bad that Eric
Marshall could not have appeared in a photograph?
Only three years later both Amundsen and Scott would reach the Geographical South Pole.
Southern Dept Party

with Dogs
(Wharton GA-11)
Farthest South,
Queens Flag Hoisted
Lat. 88 23 S.,
Long. 162 E.
(Wharton GA-9)

The journey back was equally exhausting and it is a miracle that all four survived. They found the Bluff depot on 23rd
February and on 27th February Shackleton decided to leave Marshall and Adams behind on the ice shelf while he and
Wild pushed ahead to Hut Point. Here they found a letter from Edgeworth David saying that Nimrod now under the
command of Captain Frederick Pryce Evans had picked up the Northern Party and would shelter under the nearby
glacier tongue until 26th February. It was now 28th February. Had they missed the boat? Shackleton and Wild both
extremely weak attempted to send a signal by setting fire to an old hut but it would not burn. They then rested for the
night without sleeping bags. The next day 1st March Nimrod appeared out of the mist to land the wintering party.
We had almost overlooked the fact that we were in the Land of surprises; wrote Harbord, Nimrods second officer,
but we were reminded of it very forcibly when we saw two men on Hut Point waving a flag.
After only three hours rest on Nimrod, Shackleton insisted on setting out with a rescue party to collect Marshall
and Adams. They had no dogs; these were still at Cape Royds. The rescue was successful and the party returned to
Hut Point on 3rd March. Nimrod had sailed round to Cape Royds to pick up the dogs and men against Shackletons
expressed instructions for the ship to remain at the barrier to save him the long tramp around the bay. However, the
party was able to set off a home-made flare at Hut Point which was seen from ship and by 1 am on 4th March all
members of the Expedition were on board Nimrod. In view of the deteriorating ice conditions in McMurdo Sound,
Shackleton gave the order for Nimrod to sail immediately for New Zealand, leaving stores and baggage at Cape
Royds. This baggage clearly did not include the postal canceller, remaining stamps and mail.
The Return of the

Southern Party
Left to Right
Frank Wild
Ernest Shackleton
Eric Marshall
Jameson Boyd Adams
(Wharton GA-12)
The Dash for

the South Pole
(Wharton GI-1-a)
These two scans were

provided by
Margery Wharton

The final date set in the postal canceller was MR 4 09 and no doubt many stamps and postal items were cancelled
with this date during the long voyage back to New Zealand. On 23rd March at Stewart Island, off New Zealand,
Shackleton returned to civilisation.
Nimrod called at Sydney for repairs from 20 April until 8 May 1909 en route to England and this led to the production
of postcards by James Francis Hurley; see the article by Margery Wharton published in Polar Post, March 2007,
Page 10.
Shackleton was given a heros welcome by the general public on his return to England in June 1909. In July he was
awarded the CVO (Commander of the Royal Victorian Order) and in the Birthday Honours list of November 1909
he received a knighthood. In the same month Shackletons book of the Expedition The Heart of the Antarctic was
published and named The best book of the season by the London Times.
The Expedition left Shackleton in serious debt and he would spend several years on the lecture tour circuit raising
funds to pay off creditors. Even the exact position of his farthest South was questioned and of course Robert Falcon
Scott was most unhappy about Shackletons broken promise concerning the use of McMurdo Sound.
Philately has not treated this expedition very well, overshadowed as it was by the South Pole Expeditions of Amundsen
and Scott in 1910-1912 and Shackletons heroic expedition on board the Endurance from 1914-1916. For the few
AAT stamps commemorating the Attainment of the South Magnetic Pole we have to thank the fact that Mawson
and Edgeworth David were naturalised Australians. (Stop Press - The Ross Dependency has just announced a set
dedicated to the expedition with release date 5 November 2008 - details will be published in the March 2009 issue
of Polar Post.)
There are four known mail dates applied to postal items or mint postage stamps with the Expedition canceller:
JA 15 08 3 FE 08 FE 27 08 MR 4 09
FE 27 08 2.30.PM MR 4 09
Blocks of four overprinted stamps cancelled in black - Scans provided by Peter Cranwell
All cancels are in black with the exception of some items cancelled FE 27 08 where the colour of the cancel is light
bluish-green. Two further dates 27 DE 07 and JA 7 09 have been reported applied to memo slips in black together
with the Expedition Seal. All cancels I have seen with the exception of those dated FE 27 08 also bear the time
2.30.PM. The FE 27 08 cancels bear no time. Hal Vogel also reports seeing in an exhibition an overprinted KEVII
Land Stamp bearing the postmark date 1 JA 08.
In addition to the use of the King Edward VII Land overprinted stamps, some postal items were franked with 1d
Universals without overprint.
Envelope Posted at winter quarters B.A.E. 1907 Endorsement by Shackleton of Plasmon
self addressed to J. J. Kinsey. biscuits which appears on the reverse of
The stamp is cancelled 2.30.PM MR 4 09 some series of the Wharton GA Postcards
All the scans on this page were provided by Peter Cranwell
Souvenir produced by W. M. Boyes and

published by the New Zealand Times
on the return of Shackleton from the
Antarctic.
The front cover incorrectly shows a
picture of Discovery in Winter Quarters
(Wharton DE-2).
Nimrod did not winter over in the
Antarctic.
The photos on the other page show:-
Majestic Mount Erebus
Nimrods Arrival - Lyttelton
South Pole Penguin
and Esquimaux Dogs
References:
USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
Wikipedia
Robert J Duns New Zealand Antarctic Postal History to 1941 published by Philatelic Foundation, Christchurch
1997 ISBN 0473043149
Roland Huntford: Shackleton published by Hodder & Stoughton, London 1985 ISBN 0 340 25007 0
Beau Riffenburgh: Nimrod published by Bloomsbury Publishing, London 2005 ISBN 0 7475 7253 4
Margery Wharton: Postcards of Antarctic Expeditions A Catalogue 1898-1958, revised and updated edition
2007; pages 129 to 171, published privately by Margery Wharton ISBN 0 9533074 0 9
Bagshawe and Goldrup: The Postage History of the Antarctic, 1904-49; Polar Record, N 41, January 1951, pages
48-50.
Dr J. H. Harvey Pirie F.R.P.S.L: Antarctic Posts; Harry Hayes Philatelic Studies N17, 1975, first published in Stamp
Collecting.
Website of Peter Cranwell: http://www.petespolarplace.com
The Term Bogus An Email to the Editor from Hal Vogel
I just got the latest Polar Post (September 2008) which again presents a wealth of diverse articles and information. In
skimming its contents before settling in later for a more satisfying read, I took notice of the description on page 69 of
the lower right figure as a bogus inward mail. I wonder if we should revisit that declaration.
All the markings seem to be bona fide on that mail and, with the exception of its addressing to somebody who did not
exist there, the item is quite genuine. This would seem to be a variant of what used to be poste restante mail, where a
collector would address something to himself in order to get a cancellation at a distant post office without enclosing
another stamped envelope or card for that purpose. It would be return to the sender, since the addressee was unknown
there. In the process, the post office would receipt or transit mark the returned mail with the cancellation the sender
had been seeking. The collector got his marking, while only having to pay for one-way service.
The example shown on page 69 as bogus would seem to be similar. It did get the very nice BAE 3 FE 08 cancellation
as a back stamp (transit mark), before being returned to the sender, since the person named in the address was
unknown at Shackletons camp.
Using the term bogus for this mail (and all similar items) would suggest that there is something forged or counterfeit
with it. All its markings seem fine. It just is untoward in how the clever collector got them to be impressed.
Today we might applaud such a person for having been able to obtain a difficult cancellation to which he otherwise
would have been deprived. Others might call such a collector intrusive, devious or sly. But the result of his machinations
was not bogus.
Editors Comment:- Yes -, everything Hal says is correct. The item is a genuine postal item. The only thing about it
which is bogus, in the sense of fictitious, is the addressee. For further information on how much of this kind of
inward mail was sent to the Expedition, members may like to refer back to the article Postmaster of Antarctica was
Keen Wit republished in the Golden Jubilee Issue of Polar Post N 195 , December 2002, page 121.
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USCGC Northland from Hal Vogel

It was quite nice to read John Spicers capsulation of USCGC Northlands Arctic service history (Polar Post, December
2007, page 100). It certainly was an important ship in the Arctic during its time and deserved the additional attention
brought to it by Johns article with its nice covers from its pre-war service.
Although generally the coverage sufficiently touched the

highlights of Northlands service, it might be worthwhile
also to relook at a few of the notations to possibly
understand more of its history in context:
There were official USA vessels eventually assigned to
the USA 1939 (to 1941) Antarctic expedition, but it was
not Northland. The expedition was curtailed by WWII,
but not cancelled. Those USA vessels serving the U.S.
Antarctic Service Expedition (led by Admiral Byrd)
were North Star (from the Interior Department) and Bear
(recalled to federal service as a US Navy vessel).
Bear and Northland later would serve what would be called the Greenland Patrol. It began as the North Greenland
and South Greenland Patrols. They had several notable engagements during WWII before merging and after becoming
the united Greenland Patrol in waters surrounding Greenland.
Although Bear spent most of its war assigned to the Greenland Patrol, Northland only was active in this theatre
during its preparation phases. It conducted a very important site survey in 1940 for eventual establishment of US Army
Air Force (not USAF, as stated in the article. The USAF was not established as a separate US military entity until
after WWII) Greenland air bases, emergency landing fields, weather stations and navigation/communication sites.
The accompanying illustration is mail from the onboard medical officer, cancelled at Ivigtut, Greenland (probably 10
October 1940), as it was departing from that place during this site survey cruise.
This would have been more than a year before the USA would formally enter WWII (7 December 1941) and two
years before Northland had been issued an onboard post office. It also was well before the USA military would be
granted the free frank privilege (March 1942).
Arctic - Northern Sea Route and Atomic Icebreakers by John Spicer
The Northern Sea Route or Northeast Passage is a route between the Russian port of Murmansk on the Kola Peninsula
and various ports on the Siberian coast and also Petropavlovsk and Vladivostok on the Russian Pacific coast. The
Northeast Passage was a route explored by the Russians seeking a seaway to its various northern settlements since
the 11th century and various European countries looking for an alternative route to the Far East.
During the course of these various voyages by a number of Russians the limits had been pushed further east and finally
resulted in reaching the Pacific and the knowledge that Asia and North America were two separate continents.
It was however A. E. Nordenskild who made the first west-east voyage on the 300 ton Vega expedition in 1878. The
First east-west voyage was not made until 1913-15 by a Russian icebreaker.
The 20th century resulted in developments to shipping, communications and navigational aids and made possible the
exploitation of the Northern Sea Route. In the early 1930s Soviet expeditions led by Professor Otto Schmidt resulted
in the official opening and the establishment of Glavsevmorput, the Administration of the Northern Sea Route.
Russia has always maintained the worlds largest fleet of icebreaking ships which increased to about thirty vessels
between 1940 and 1970. These vessels were built in Finland and Russia and eventually resulted in the first nuclear
powered icebreakers in the world.
Lenin
The Lenin was the worlds first nuclear powered icebreaker,
entering Service in 1959. With a displacement of 16,000
tons, and a Speed of 18 knots, the vessel was significantly
larger than her predecessors, four times as powerful and
with a much greater endurance and marked a major step
forward in Polar navigation. The vessel, perhaps being a
first, suffered several nuclear accidents during her career.
These incidents were kept secret by the Soviet regime and
the vessel was withdrawn from service in 1989 due to
other problems. The icebreaker now lies at Murmansk as
a museum ship. The commemorative cover celebrates the
vessels 20th year in service.
The Arktika was at one time named the Leonid Brezhnev, but I believe the political climate may have resulted in a
change of name. This vessel was the second nuclear icebreaker built. Launched in 1975, sixteen years after the Lenin
and was the largest and strongest icebreaker in the world when built. She was the first of a series of nuclear powered
icebreakers with similar characteristics but increasing in efficiency over the years.
This vessel was the first surface vessel to reach the North Pole on August 17, 1977, but is no longer operational.
Details: Length: 148 m. Width: 30 m,; Displacement: 23,000 - 25,000 tons; Speed: 18 - 22 knots; Crew: 140 200.
The Sovetskiy Soyuz entered service in 1990 and was used for tourist excursions to the North Pole in addition to her
ice-breaking commercial activities. The PPC of the vessel bears a cachet of the North Pole with the date of 12 July
1997.
Arktika Sovetskiy Soyuz

The correspondent writing this card mentions one intrepid explorer, Will Steger, who left the vessel at the North
Pole and walking south to Canada. This explorer had already carried out various Arctic treks including the first
unsupported dog sled expedition to the North Pole and written articles for the National Geographic Magazine. On
this occasion he encountered thick fog and unsafe ice conditions and had to be rescued.
Sibir Rossiya
The Sibir was built in 1977 and withdrawn from service in 1993. The illustrated air postcard shows Sibir leading a
convoy of ships, with a globe showing the Northern Sea Route from Murmansk to the eastern Russian ports in the
Pacific and a commemorative postmark, incorporating in the design the older Soviet icebreaker Kuda and dated 17.
12. 82 at Murmansk. The printed postage also celebrates Soviet Northern Fleet operations 1932 - 1982.
The Rossiya built in 1985 and employed on the occasional expedition and equipped to operate two helicopters, is
recorded at the North Pole on 8th August 1990. The cover on view displays a 5 year commemorative postmark.
Yamal
The Yamal is the latest version of nuclear icebreakers, and
named after the Yamal peninsula in northwest Siberia,
meaning End of Land. She was built in St Petersburg
Vaygach in 1993. Since 1991, she and her sister ship Sovetskiy
Soyuz have been employed on annual tourist cruises to
This vessel also spelled Vaigach is a shallow draft nuclear
the North Pole. The vessel can carry 100 passengers in
icebreaker, built in Finland and fitted in Russia with its
addition to her crew of 160 officers and men.
nuclear power unit. With a displacement of 20,000 tons
and speed of 18 knots, she is the second of her class of One correspondent on the vessel described embarking on
Taimyr icebreakers. These vessels are used mainly for the vessel at Longyearbyen. The vessel was positioned just
clearing rivers and estuaries of ice for winter navigation. outside territorial waters, as the Norwegian authorities do
An example being the River Denisey to Dikson on the not allow nuclear powered ships into their waters. He later
Kara Sea to enable cargo ships to collect timber from described reaching the North Pole as offering little more
Igarka and ore from the mines at Dudinka. than watching the GPS registering latitude 90 north with
no longitude reading. These voyages organised by a well
The commemorative cover depicts the head of Otto known travel company operate mainly from Murmansk.
Schmidt the leader of the early expeditions to open up the
The cover on display carries various postmarks and
Northern Seaway in the 1930s.
cachets. The vessel is recorded at the North Pole on 21st
References:- July, 8th August & 30th August 1993.
The Arctic A History by R Vaughan; Arktika by O. Walston; Ships Monthly; www.wikipedia/icebreakers.
Tristan da Cunha received marks by Mike Faulds
Following on from Geoffrey Barbers article in the September 2008 issue of Polar Post, I found I have two earlier
covers which also bear received marks in my collection. The oldest is dated 24 Jan 96 (Figure 1), and is on a cover
I sent to Tristan to meet up with Robin Taylor who was travelling there on the RMS St. Helena. The cover appears
to have travelled to Tristan along with Robin as the 24 January was the date the RMS St. Helena arrived there.
Unfortunately, weather conditions allowed landings on only one of the two days the RMS St. Helena was anchored
off Tristan.
The other cover has a Tristan date of 07 Feb 2004 (Figure 2), and has received written by hand inside the strike.
This cover was from Robin Taylor to the Tristan Post Office. You will note the envelope took almost three months
just to reach Tristan.
Figure 1 Figure 2
Two further inward covers to Tristan Da Cunha

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New Tristan datestamp comes and goes - by Mike Faulds
A new datestamp was introduced apparently in mid-November 2006, but has already been withdrawn from use. It
has the date reversed from the normal, i.e. year, month, day.
Dates seen so far are:

2006-11-16 2006-11-30 2006-12-1
2007-04-20 2007-7-3
I would be pleased to hear from anyone who has
additional dates.
My email is: mdfaulds@btopenworld.com

Special First Day of Use Postmark for German IPY Postal Stationery Item
Contrary to the information given on page 78 of Polar Post N 218, September 2008, there
was a special first day of use postmark for the German Postal Stationery item relating to the
IPY issued on 8 May 2008. I am indebted to Hans Helfenbein for providing the illustration.
There was no corresponding postmark used in Berlin for this issue, only the Bonn postmark
illustrated here.
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20th Anniversary of the Sinking of the MS Nella Dan 60th Anniversary of Macquarie Island Base
60th Anniversary of Operation Sinbad

Thanks go to Peter Cranwell for providing the above four illustrations and the following text. It is printed on the
reverse of the illustrated 60th Anniversary of Operation Sinbad covers.
On July 4 1948 Charles Scoble, diesel engineer at ANARE Station, Macquarie Island, died in a tragic skiing accident.
The RAAF was asked to fly a replacement engineer to the Island. On August 4 1948 at 0513 ASST a PBY-5A
(amphibian) Catalina N A24-704 took off from Hobart for Macquarie Island. On board were a crew of 7, (Sqn Ldr
R.H.S. Gray Flight OIC; Flt Lt A.E. Delahunty Flight Captain), the replacement engineer, T.F. Keating, and a quantity
(100 lbs) of philatelic and other mail. The Catalina touched down in Buckles Bay at 1250 AEST and taxied close
to a sandy beach. With the aid of two anchors and running engines the aircraft was held into the wind while Gray,
Keating and the mail were unloaded into a waiting boat. After Gray returned with, mail from expeditioners and some
of the philatelic covers cancelled with the Macquarie Is. Postmark the aircraft took of at 1430 AEST with the aid of
JATO rockets. Because of strong westerly winds there was insufficient fuel for the aircraft to reach Hobart so it was
diverted to RNZAF Base Wigram where it arrived after a flight of 8 hours. The Catalina left Wigram at 0847 NZST
on 6 August and flew direct to RAAF Base Rathmines, NSW, where it arrived after a flight of 13 hours 15 minutes.
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New Issue - South Georgia & SSI - Letters Patent Centenary 30 November 2008
British Letters Patent, literally open letters, are Royal Proclamations not involving the consent of Parliament.
Several Letters Patent have been issued for British territories in the South Atlantic, but those of 21 July 1908
formally defined South Georgia as part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies for the first time since Captain James
Cook claimed the island for the British Crown in 1775.
The Letters Patent set out the geographical extent of the Falkland Islands Dependencies. They comprised South
Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands, the South Orkney Islands, the South Shetland Islands and Grahams Land (now
the Antarctic Peninsula). Responsibility for administrating the Dependencies lay with a Governor.
As a matter of administrative convenience, he was the same person as the Governor of the Falkland Islands, but the
two territories have no formal constitutional links. Since 1985, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have
been a UK Overseas Territory administered by a Commissioner.
27p - H.M.S. Sappho:- On 31 January 1906, the Apollo class cruiser, H.M.S. Sappho (3,600 tons), commanded by
Captain Michael Hodges, anchored in Grytviken. Hodges promptly renamed the bay King Edward Cove.
When the Norwegian Carl Anton Larsen established a whaling station at Grytviken in 1904, there had been some
dispute about the legality of his action. Sappho, which was part of the South Atlantic Squadron under the command
of Commodore Sir Alfred Paget, was detached to report on Larsens activities. The vessel asserted British authority
and good relations were established with Larsen who took Hodges on a cruise along the coast to inspect anchorages,
visit penguin and seal colonies and hunt a whale. Sappho left South Georgia on 4 February after completing a
hydrographic survey of King Edward Cove.
H.M.S. Sappho served as a minelayer in World War I and was scrapped in 1921.
65p - Magistrates Residence:- When James Innes Wilson arrived at Grytviken, C.A. Larsen accommodated him
in a small house (still standing) next to the Managers Villa. The domestic link with the whaling company was
considered inappropriate and, in 1912, a prefabricated building was sent from Norway and erected on King Edward
Point. Initially, it also housed a Customs Officer and a Police Constable.
In 1925, the magistrate moved into a new building and a third residence was built in 1963. None of these buildings
survives.
A Customs Shed (still standing) was built next to the Magistrates Residence in 1913. Cells were added in 1914 to
make part of the building a Common Gaol.
90p - James Innes Wilson, Magistrate 1909-1914:- The first resident Stipendiary Magistrate of South Georgia,
James Innes Wilson, was appointed on 20 November 1909 and held the post until 19 October 1914. A former
schoolmaster, Wilsons principal functions were to be a symbol of British administration and uphold the authority
of the Government. Overseeing the regulation of the whaling and sealing industries was his most important task. He
also had the administrative duties of Registrar, Postmaster and Coroner. He carried out the first census of the island,
prepared maps of the island, officiated in labour disputes at the whaling stations and reported to the Governor on the
whaling and sealing industries.
The last Stipendiary Magistrate left the island in 1969. The current magistrate is the Base Commander of the British
Antarctic Survey research station at King Edward Point. Oversight of fishing and tourist industry activities in South
Georgia is now the responsibility of a Government Officer.
1.10p - S.S. Coronda:- The Magistrate arrived at South Georgia on 30 November 1909, aboard S.S. Coronda on
her first voyage to the island. Coronda, 2733 tons, (ex Manica) had been bought by Christian Salvesen & Co., as a
transport ship in 1908. She is shown here at the Salvesen whaling station in Leith Harbour where she delivered coal,
stores and barrels, before returning to the Port of Liverpool with the barrels filled with whale oil. She could carry
10,000 barrels, stacked six tiers high on the decks.
Coronda was sunk by enemy action in 1917. She was replaced by Coronda II (ex Politician) in 1923.
Text provided by Robert Burton, South Georgia Association.
Technical Details
Designer: Andrew Robinson; Printer: BDT International; Process: Stochastic lithography;
Perforation: 14 per 2cms; Stamp size: 28.45 x 42.58 mm; Sheet Layout: 50 (2x25);
Production Co-ordination: Creative Direction (Worldwide) Ltd.
HMS Sappho reproduced courtesy of the National Maritime Museum.
SS Coronda reproduced courtesy of Christian Salvesen and Edinburgh University.
First Magistrate and Residence reproduced from the photographs of James Innes Wilson, courtesy of his grandson,
George Wilson.
The complete text is from a Pobjoy Mint Press Release received 8 October 2008.

Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT) International Polar Year 16 September 2008
Part of the Australian Antarctic Territory stamp programme, this issue marks the International Polar Year 2007-08.
Postal administrations from around the world have released stamp issues over the last 18 months or so to commemorate
this global polar research effort. We join this philatelic endeavour with an issue of four stamps and a miniature sheet
representing Australias contribution to IPY 2007-08.
This stamp issue represents four Australian-led research projects, which function as touchstones for the science
disciplines they represent: astronomy, glaciology, oceanography and marine biology.
Astronomy (55c): The Astropoles project - also known as Astronomy from the Polar Plateaus - quantifies the conditions
on the Antarctic Plateau in order to determine the potential for establishing a future astronomical observatory at the
very best terrestrial site for viewing the cosmos. The extremely cold, dry, stable conditions of the region make it an
ideal place for an observatory. The AASTINO observatory is the dark capsule featured in the strip at the bottom of
the stamp design. It is located at Dome C and represents key technology used in the experiment. The telescope shown
was deployed in the South Pole prior to the AASTINO. Its infrared camera was used to create the background image
of the cosmos. This image shows emission from organic molecules in space, illustrating aspects of galactic ecology
at work - a star nursery illuminating a cloud of molecular gas from which it was born.
Glaciology (55c): The Sea Ice Physics and Ecosystem Experiment aims to increase understanding of the relationship
between the physical sea-ice environment and the structure of the Southern Ocean ecosystem. Observations of sea
ice thickness, snow cover and environmental properties are made by scientists working on ice floes accessed through
an ice-breaking ship - for example, by drilling through the ice, as shown in the stamp design. This IPY project also
investigates the impact of ocean currents and wind on the sea-ice environment, the distribution of algae and krill
populations under the ice, and habitat transformation through climate change.
Marine Biology ($1.10): The Census of Antarctic Marine Life project forms part of a broader, ongoing study of
marine life, known as COML. This major IPY project looks at the evolution of marine life in Antarctic waters -
mapping biodiversity, abundance and distribution at various ocean depths and environments. The project will establish
a baseline against which the impact of climate change on marine species can be measured. The stamp design shows a
pteropod, a pelagic snail (Limacina helicina), and an Emperor Penguin diving beneath the ice sheet, just two species
that will be mapped during the life of the project. The pteropod has been photographed through a light microscope.
Oceanography ($1.10): The Climate of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean project aims to extend existing knowledge
of the Southern Ocean and the geophysical environment to learn how Antarctica drives and responds to climate
variation and change. Ocean circulation and water-mass Formation in the Southern Ocean regulate the storage and
transportation of heat, fresh water and carbon dioxide throughout the worlds oceans, so changes to the polar currents
and sea ice environment can affect global climate. Observations undertaken during this project will allow scientists
to model the data to understand future climates. Among the technologies for observing ocean phenomena is the
CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) probe shown in the stamp design. This is the workhorse of oceanographers
studying the physical characteristics of the ocean. Lowered over a ships side to the sea floor, it measures temperature,
salinity and Oxygen concentrations. Other Instruments also measure ocean currents, carbon dioxide concentrations,
nutrients and phytoplankton abundance.
Technical Details
Denominations: 2 x 55c, 2 x $1.10
Stamp design: Chris Shurey
Product design: John White, Australia Post Design Studio
Printer: Energi Print
Paper (gummed): Tullis Russell
Printing process: Lithography
Stamp size: 37.5mm x 26mm
Minisheet size: 130mm x 90mm
Perforations: 13.86 x 14.6
Sheet layout: 50 The text is Copyright Australia Post
New Issues - British Antarctic Territory - November 2008
100 Years of Naval Aviation
Paintings: Tim OBrien Design: CASCO Studio FDC Photograph: British Antarctic Territory
Printer: Joh Enschede Security Printers BV Process: Four colour process lithography
Stamp Size: 28.45 x 42.58mm Miniature Sheet Size: 70 x 110 mm
Sheet Format:
8 stamps plus one central label illustrative sheet borders bear technical illustrations of the featured aircraft
Watermark: CASCO watermarked paper Perforation: 13 per 2cms approx
All products bear the official Fly Navy Logo
New Definitive Series - Ships and Explorers
Paintings & Drawings: Mike Skidmore Design: CASCO Studio

Printer: Joh Enschede Security Printers BV Process: Four colour process lithography
Stamp Size: 28.45 x 42.58mm Sheet Format: 20 (2 x 10)
NVI (Airmail Letter) Miniature Sheet Size: 80 x 110mm
Watermark: CASCO watermarked paper Perforation: 13 per 2cms approx
Values & Designs:

1p - James Weddell 1787-1834 Jane & Beaufoy - Exploration 1822-24.
2p - Sir James Clark Ross 1800-1862 Erebus & Terror - British Antarctic Expedition 1840-43.
5p - Neil Alison Mackintosh 1900-1974 Discovery II - Discovery Investigations 1925-39.
27p - Sir Douglas Mawson 1882-1958 Discovery - BANZARE 1929-31.
55p - Captain James Cook 1728-1779 Resolution (Adventure in background) - Exploration 1772-75.
65p - Capt Robert Falcon Scott 1868-1912 Discovery - British National Antarctic Expedition 1901-04.
65p - Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink 1864-1934 - Southern Cross - Ship in heavy pack ice in the Ross Sea.
65p - Sir Ernest Shackleton 1874-1922 Endurance - British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1914-16.
65p - Dr William Speirs Bruce 1867-1921 - Scotia - Scottish National Antarctic Expedition 1902-04.
1.10 - John Riddoch Rymill 1905-1968 Penola - British Graham Land Expedition 1934-37.
2.50 - Captain Victor Marchesi 1914-2006 - William Scoresby - Operation Tabarin 1943-45.
5.00 - Sir Vivian Fuchs 1908-1999 - Magga Dan (Theron in background) - Commonwealth TAE 1955-58.
NVI m/s - The four 65p stamps featuring expeditions of The Heroic Age are repeated in a small miniature sheet.
The three first day cover envelopes feature:

1) The Williams commanded by Edward Bransfield and map of the principal features of her cruise.
2) Nimrod and the polar party (Shackleton, Wild & Adams) at Farthest South 9 January 1909.
3) Terra Nova Expedition 1910-13 and Oats, Scott, Evans, Bowers & Wilson.
Note:- The illustrations of the definitive Stamps were provided by Vicky Jones of CASCO prior to the printing
of the stamps. The spelling error Spiers for Speirs which appears on the illustration of the 65p William
Speirs Bruce stamp was corrected prior to printing.

10p Westland Lynx 10p Fairey Seafox 90p Westland Wasp 90p Supermarine Walrus
2 m/s HMA No. 1 Mayfly

Definitive Series - Ships and Explorers
NVI (Airmail Letter) Miniature Sheet
Definitive Series - Ships and Explorers - Set of 12

Fossil Ferns
Designer: CASCO Studio Photographs: British Antarctic Survey
Printer: BDT International Security Printing Ltd Process: Lithography
Stamp Size: 28.45 x 42.58 mm Sheet Format: 20 (2 x 10)
Watermark: CA Spiral Perforation: 14 per 2 cm
Values & Designs:
55p Lophosoria cupulatus, Cantrill Snow Island 65p - cf Cladophlebis oblonga, Halle Alexander Island
1.10 - Aculea acicularis, Cantrill Alexander Island 1.10 - Pachypteris indica Snow Island
Antarctica is extremely important to the science of geology because it formed the centre of an ancient supercontinent
called Gondwana which also included South America, Africa, India, Australia and New Zealand. The study of
Antarctic rocks and fossils therefore helps geologists to understand the geological histories of all the southern
continents.
Gondwana started to break up 180 million years ago and the separate continents drifted apart on different tectonic
plates over the next 150 million years. Geologists are still uncertain exactly how the break up took place and some
suggest it was caused by abnormally hot upwellings of magma, or mantle plumes from deep below the Earths
surface.
The British Antarctic Survey holds an extensive collection of Antarctic Fossils and those featured on this set of
postage stamps are Pteridophyta (ferns).
Snow Island is part of the South Shetlands archipelago, a chain of islands extending over 500km, separated from the
nearby Antarctic Peninsula by the Bransfield Strait and from South America by the Drake Passage. Both fossil ferns
featured on stamps were found at President Head on Snow Island.
Many important fossil finds have been made at Alexander Island, both our featured fossils were discovered at Coal
Nunatak.
The first day cover design features Two Step Cliffs on the mid-eastern side of Alexander Island the location of a long-
term research site.
Go to www.antarctica.ac.uk/fossils to browse more fossils in the BAS collection.
Auroras
Designer: CASCO Studio Photographs: Courtesy British Antarctic Survey
Printer: BDT International Security Printing Ltd Process: Lithography
Stamp Size: 28.45 x 42.58 mm Sheet Format: 20 (2 x 10)
Watermark: CA Spiral Perforation: 14 per 2 cm
Values & Designs: 5 x 65p stamps in se-tenant strips showing different blue, green and red auroras
FDC Aurora over Halley
Antarctica is the only place in the world to see the aurora australis (or southern lights) in all its glory.
These wonderful glowing curtains and sheets of blue, green and reddish light rippling across the night sky are the
result of the solar wind, a stream of ions and electrons, coming from the Sun, colliding with hydrogen and oxygen
atoms in the Earths upper atmosphere.

The sun radiates all visible colours, which is why sunlight appears white. The spectrum of visible light associated
with the aurora is much narrower dependent on which gas is being excited. Oxygen emits green or a red light, nitrogen
generally blue. Yellow and orange auroras have been seen, and the rarest and ultimate colour of all is purple.
Auroras occur between 100 and 320km above the Earths surface and in an oval-shaped ring about 14,000km in
circumference centred around the geomagnetic pole in each polar region. Auroras are concentrated at the poles
because the Earths magnetic field funnels the solar wind particles along magnetic field lines into these regions.
Antarctica therefore provides an excellent observing platform to study the southern lights.
This research is important as auroras can tell us a great deal about space weather, particularly magnetic storms
which can disrupt modern satellite communication systems and cause power blackouts. The British Antarctic Survey
scientists stationed at Halley Research Station are aware of Antarcticas importance in the study of geospace and are
ideally situated to view the aurora during the 105 days when the sun does not rise above the horizon.
Penguins III
Designer: CASCO Studio
Photographs: Bryan & Cherry Alexander Photography except:
Ann Hawthorne (middle row left hand stamp)
Wayne Lynch (tumbling Adelies on sheet border)
Printer: BDT International Security Printing Ltd Process: Lithography Sheet Format: 12
Stamp Size: 25.73 x 21 mm (small postcard size stamps) Watermark: CA Spiral Perforation: 14 per 2 cm
Values & Designs:
12 x Airmail Postcard rate stamps featuring Adlie, Chinstrap, Emperor, Gentoo and Macaroni penguins
There is no FDC accompanying this sheet.
There is also an official BAT Post Office product comprising an Antarctic Memory Commemorative Stamp Pack,
which will be sold exclusively to visitors to Port Lockroy, including the Penguins III Sheetlet, price US$20. The
pack has a space for a cancellation with the date of the visit and space to personalise an intriguing memento of a trip
of a lifetime. [This item is going to prove difficult to obtain by collectors who do not intend to visit Port Lockroy!]
The PPHSGB thanks Vicky Jones and CASCO for their cooperation in providing the illustrations of all the BAT new
issues well in advance of the closing date for this issue.
New Issue - New Zealand - Sir Edmund Percival Hillary, KG, ONZ, KBE
5th November 2008
New Zealand has issued a set of five stamps commemorating the life of Sir Edmund Hillary.
Only one of the stamps relates to his polar activities.
$1.50 Trans-Antarctic Expedition
Sir Eds explorations didnt end with Everest. He climbed 10 other peaks in the Himalayas
between 1956 and 1965, and in 1958 led a New Zealand group taking part in the British
Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Sir Edmund Hillarys group was the first to reach the South Pole
overland since Amundsen in 1911 and Scott in 1912, and the first to use motor vehicles.
The remaining four values are entitled Sir Edmund Hillary (50c); Mount Everest ($1.00),
The Himalayan Trust ($2.00) and Knight of the Garter ($2.50)
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Stop Press - New Issue - San Marino - International Polar Year - 18 November 2008
*************************************************************************************
New Tristan / Polar Postcards from the Revd. Father M. N. W. Edwards,
16 Ridley Close, Holbury, Southampton, Hants, SO45 2NR, UK
TdC 99: ms. Mowe III TdC 101 / Pole34: mv. R.S.A.
TdC 99: ms. Mowe III:- The ms. Mowe III was built in 1956 by Alfred Haggelstein, Mach.u.Schiffswerft - Travemnde
Yard, Lubeck for Partenreederei, Lubeck. She was a single-screw motor vessel of 999 tons, and capable of 12 kts. She
was managed by Reederei Kapt. H. Krohn, GmbH.
She called at Tristan da Cunha on April 30, 1959 to bring relief Chaplain Fr. Percy Clough, who was Rector of St.
Lukes Parish Salt River, Cape Town, whilst Fr. Bell was on leave in the U.K. She also disembarked at Tristan Sister
Mackinlay, the Meyer Family, and embarked the Watts Family.
The Mowe III then proceeded to Gough Island to disembark a relief team:- Messrs Potgieter, O. Dawson, B. v.d.
Riet, G. Klopper & M. Viljoen. She embarked the returning team:- Messrs. D. Bonnema, D. Mynhard, M.C. Swart,
T. Thorburn, & R. Hofert. Six Islanders also travelled on the vessel to help unload the supplies at Gough Island. The
Mowe III returned to Tristan on May 11th from Gough Island and departed for Marion Island. She then returned to
Cape Town. Soon after her visit the owners changed her name briefly, changing it back again to Mowe III. Later she
was sold out of the fleet.
[Editors note:- The first copy of Tdc 99 sent to the editor was lost in the post and thus this card has been published
out of sequence after TdC 100.]
TdC 101 / Pole 34: mv. R S. A.: In 1959 the local scientific interest in Antarctica reached a climax, when the First
South African National Antarctic Expedition [SANAE], was formed to take over the research work done by Danish
scientists. As a consequence, early in 1960 the first S.A. Expedition left for Antarctica in a Danish chartered vessel
Polarbjorn. (Allan Crawford was part of that Expedition). In early 1961 a second was sent to relieve the first Expedition.
Again a Danish vessel was chartered; this time the Polarhav was used. The S.A. Government then realized that it
would be cheaper to build its own Antarctic ship.
The R.S.A. was built by Fujingata S.B. & Engineering Co., Osaka, for the S.A. Government in 1961. She was a single-
screw motor vessel of 1,573 tons and capable of 11 knots. She was specifically designed for work in Antarctica.
She arrived in Table Bay at 23.00 hrs on 30 December 1961, entering the harbour at first light the next morning.
Captain K.T. McNish was given command of the vessel. He had served briefly in the S.A. Navy. She was stored and
crewed and 6 days later she set sail on her maiden voyage to SANAE and also to the weather stations on Gough &
Marion Islands. An Ice Pilot for the Expedition was Commander Jack Netterberg, DSC, from the S.A. Navy, who
had learned the dangerous art of ice navigation during the first expedition. For 17 years R.S.A. carried out this relief
work, until she was replaced in January 1978 by the S.A. Agulhas. As she began so she ended with relieving SANAE,
Gough and Marion Islands.
In March 1980 her name was removed, she was given a pennant No. A331 and it was decided to use her to train
sailors.
I am very grateful to Mr. Robert Pabst for graciously permitting me to use a copy of his photograph.
All Post Cards now cost 40p each irrespective of the number ordered. Overseas orders will be sent surface mail, if
remittance is not sufficient.
Postage & Packing (UK) 1-5 cards:- 60p; 6-15 cards:- 1; 16-30 cards:- 2.10; 31+ cards:- 30% of the order.
Postage & Packing (Overseas) 1-30 cards:- 3; 31+ cards:- 30% of the order.
PAYMENT WITH ORDER in Sterling or IMO or Bank Draft. Postage stamps are NOT accepted in lieu of payment.
I regret that I cannot accept payment in any other currency due to the high bank charges.
*****************************************************************************************************
Judith Faulkner - 12 October 2008
Sadly the Society learnt of the death of a further active
lady member, Judith Faulkner, only two days after the
funeral of Margery Wharton.
Judith joined the PPHSGB in 1993 and soon became
a regular at the London Meetings and Cambridge
Residential Weekends. Judith always provided a nine
sheet display on an interesting topic and presented it with
extreme modesty and most importantly with a smile on
her face. In 1998 Judith took over from Trevor Cornford
as Society Auctioneer, a task which she carried out until
September 2004.
Judiths interests in the southern hemisphere were not
restricted to stamp collecting. She was a member of the
Friends of the Scott Polar Research Institute, the James
Caird Society and the Falkland Islands Association.
Judith also visited the Falkland Islands on one of Ronnie
Spaffords Falklands Experience Tours and travelled
south on at least one Antarctic Cruise.
In recent years she helped produce the newsletter of the Falkland Islands Association and wrote several articles
relating to the philately of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies. In early 2007 she became a committee member.
Judith was also a member of several other philatelic Societies including the FIPSG, and the Kenley and Redhill
Philatelic Societies. She was granted life membership of the Redhill Society and elected to the position of chairperson
for 2008.
The Society expresses its condolences and heartfelt sympathy to Judiths husband Robin and sons Kevin and Neil.
Margery Glover Wharton ne Davies - 3 September 1939 to 17 September 2008
Margery was born in St Helens, Lancashire where she was educated before reading for an Honours Degree
in Mathematics at Leeds University, followed by a one year Post Graduate Certificate in Education at Oxford
University.
With breaks for marriage and two children, she continued
teaching until 1991 when she took early retirement. She did
not let go of Mathematics completely and continued until
quite recently to mark examination papers to supplement
her pension and help fund her Falklands and Antarctica
postcard collection and trips to the Southern Ocean.
Margery will be remembered by philatelists for her
considerable contribution to the Falkland Islands Philatelic
Study Group (FIPSG), the Polar Postal History Society
of Great Britain (PPHSGB), and to Polar Postal History
in general by virtue of her excellent book Postcards of
Antarctic Expeditions A Catalogue 1898-1958.
Margery joined the PPHSGB in 1971 and the FIPSG prior to 1973. She became editor of Upland Goose in September
1987, a post which she held until September 2004. Margery even edited Polar Post as well for a time producing
16 issues from 1993 to 1996. She brought a high degree of professionalism to both Journals and they won several
medals at Stampex and other Exhibitions under her leadership. It was very rare, almost unheard of, that either Journal
appeared containing typing, spelling, grammatical, presentational or factual errors.
Margery also won a number of awards and medals in her own right including a Bronze-Silver (thematic) at Stampex
in 1973, and Large Silver (thematic) at Stamp World 1990 and Genoa 1992 (for Of Ice and Men). She also won
the Link House Challenge Cup at the BPE 1974 (for Antarctic Exploration) and Stampex 1984, and the Omniphil
Trophy at the BPE 1984. Margery was able to put all this experience to good use when she was appointed a Nationally
Accredited Judge for both Thematic and Melville Junior Competitions.
Margery was not content to sit back and simply write about the areas of the Southern Ocean. From 21st January to
8th February 1992 she participated in a cruise on board the Ocean Princess to the Falkland Islands and the Antarctic
Peninsula and took time to service covers for the PPHSGB at Stanley and the Chilean Base Marsh. During January
1993 Margery was back in the Falkland Islands and in December 1993 participated in a Cape to Cape cruise on the
MS Marco Polo visiting Tristan Da Cunha and South Georgia. The typically bad weather at Tristan prevented most
passengers from getting ashore but Margery, resourceful as ever, managed to give some postcards on behalf of the
PPHSGB to the Post Office Staff who went on board and these together with postal items from King Edward Point
were offered to members in Polar Post, Autumn 1995.
Having ticked off the Antarctic Peninsula area, Margerys next trip was an Expedition Cruise in January 1998 from
New Zealand to McMurdo Station, Scott Base and Macquarie Island on the icebreaker Kapitan Khlebnikov. The
visit to McMurdo Sound naturally took in trips to the Historic Huts located in the area. A report of the cruise was
published in Polar Post N 177, Volume 30, N 2, Summer 1998, pages 55 to 59. Margerys final journey south was
for a Circumnavigation Cruise of South Georgia on board the MS Explorer in November 2000.
Margery gave numerous lectures on her Falkland and Antarctic experiences and also visited Philatelic Societies and
WI Meetings with her display Of Ice and Men: Antarctic Exploration, the title borrowed in part from the title of
Sir Vivian Fuchs book first published in 1982. This display, together with her displays Red is For Dan-ger The
Lauritzen Line Antarctic Supply Ships and Postcards of Antarctic Expeditions 1898 1958, was presented at the
Royal Philatelic Society of London on 6th February 2003 as part of the PPHSGB 50th Anniversary Display.
Margerys greatest achievement and the one for which she will be remembered by polar philatelists is her book on
Postcards of Antarctic Expeditions A Catalogue 1898 1958. This was an amazing effort which required years of
research. The book was finally published privately in 1998 with all 500 copies being taken up within a year. Margery
bemoaned the fact that the book made dealers more aware of Antarctic Expedition Postcards and thus resulted in an
increase in prices. As a result of the publication, Margery received further information from collectors throughout the
world including scans and copies of postcards not mentioned in the book. Thus almost ten years on Margery privately
published a much extended revised edition in a larger format but with a reduced print run. Publication was fraught
with difficulties and the printed copies were not finally delivered until December 2007. It is a magnificent work,
showing true dedication to her chosen hobby.
Margery was awarded Honorary Life Membership of the PPHSGB during their AGM at Philatex in February 2008
and of the FIPSG at their AGM in Faringdon, Oxfordshire, in March 2008. These were sadly the last opportunities
that most members had to meet her. Margery remained a Committee Member of the PPHSGB until February 2008
and continued to produce the New Issues section of Upland Goose until shortly before her death. Amazingly during
2008 Margery also produced an excellent supplement to Heyburns Postcards of the Falkland Islands extending the
end of the period of coverage from 1950 to 1982. The Monograph N 9, in full colour thanks to a generous bequest
by Frances Heyburn in memory of her late husband, was distributed to members of the FIPSG in September 2008.
When she died Margery was working on an article for Polar Post on Trade Cards. Sadly she was unable to complete
the article.
Margery was a person who kept her private life to herself. She hated having her photograph taken and her successor
as editor of Polar Post received several heated emails concerning the publication of this or that terrible photograph
of her! Thus the photograph shown here is that which Margery chose to illustrate on the rear cover of the revised
edition of her postcard book. Although she lived in retirement in Bexhill-on-Sea near Hastings on the South Coast of
England, Margery remained a Northerner in body and soul and fervently supported St Helens Rugby League Football
Club, happily managing to see, albeit on television, the cup final win against Hull RLFC on Saturday 30 August
2008.
Margery is survived by her ex-husband Colin, son David, daughter Carolyn and a number of grandchildren, to all of
whom we offer our heartfelt condolences. A further grandchild was born a week after she died and thus Margerys
wish to survive long enough to see the new addition to the family was not to be fulfilled.
J.H.Y.; R.Mc.; G.B.
*****************************************************************************************************
Betty Josephine Biggs ne Rowlands 29 August 1929 to 17 September 2008

By a strange and sad coincidence Betty Biggs died on the same day as Margery Wharton. Betty was well-known
in Stanley and to the philatelic fraternity, having spent over twenty years dealing with requests from collectors and
dealers in Stanley Post Office and Philatelic Bureau from the early 1970s to 30 June 1993.
Betty was born in Stanley and married Basil William Biggs in 1947. In 1954 Basil was appointed policeman and
handyman for South Georgia. The whole family including Betty and three children Janet (Jan Cheek), Coleen and
Peter moved to King Edward Point where the family would live for 16 years.
Most participants in Ronnie Spaffords Falklands Experience tours have visited Betty in her house in Stanley,
conspicuous by virtue of the large Union Jack painted on its roof. Visitors were told of her life on South Georgia and
the unusual location of the birth of her youngest child Pauline *Lynx Biggs, all with the help of her collection of
photographs from South Georgia, newspaper cuttings and philatelic mementos.
A detailed biography of Betty written by her daughter Jan Cheek can be found in the recently published Dictionary of
Falklands Biography, pages 79 and 80. There is no mention of Betty having been postmistress or deputy postmistress
on South Georgia. However, following the Falklands Conflict in 1982, Betty would travel to the island to release new
stamp issues there.
Betty Biggs is survived by her four children, grandchildren and great grandchildren, to all of whom the Society
expresses its condolences. Bettys husband Basil died in 1987.
***************
*Extract from Navy News 1975 - Navy News 1975
Ship-born Baby Pauline Lynx Biggs received a double birthday Bonus when H.M.S. Endurance called seven-and-
a-half years after the happy event in the Falkland Islands. On June 28, 1967, Mrs. Betty Biggs gave birth to Pauline
while being rushed to hospital at Port Stanley aboard H.M.S. Lynx - hence Paulines middle name.
Since then a close link has been maintained between the ship and the Biggs family and on June 28 last year, when
the Lynx arrived in Rosyth for refit and reduction to reserve, it was decided to present Pauline with a replica of the
ships bell. The ice patrol ship Endurance was asked to take the gift to her and it was handed over by the commanding
officer, Captain Noel Bearne. Pauline also received a splendid iced cake from PO Cook Philpott, on behalf of the
Endurances cooks.
*****************************************************************************************************
Polar Post is printed by
Quacks the Printers, 7 Grape Lane, Petergate, York, Y01 7HU, Tel. (01904) 635967
Update on sending Money to Tristan da Cunha - by Mike Faulds
Recently I needed to top up my account with the Tristan da Cunha Post Office, so I set out to try using the scheme
suggested on the Tristan da Cunha Government website.
I went along to my local Bank of Scotland where they told me it would cost 25 to make a money transfer to the
Tristan Post Office account via the Crown Agents bank account. Being a Scot, I didnt feel inclined to pay such a
punitive fee, especially as I knew Crown Agents would make a 5 charge as well for processing the deposit and
notifying Tristan. But the young lady had another idea. She suggested that I go to one of the HSBC branches in
Edinburgh, pay in cash and have it credited straight to the Crown Agents, which she said should incur no charge as
the Crown Agents is a customer of HSBC.
But I thought, I have internet banking access, so I tried to transfer the money that way, which again should only incur
CA charges. Unfortunately, the system limits your reference to 16 characters, and the reference needed by Crown
Agents and Tristan Post Office ran off into the twenties. I gave up and sought out the HSBC branches in Edinburgh.
I went to one of the branches, who of course sent me to the other. Again, there was a very helpful young lady. After
consulting a colleague, she was confident I could pay in cash, and they could make the transfer. At least she said I
could withdraw the cash from their cash machine, incurring no charge.
I filled in a form, and took my turn in the queue. In time, another young lady attempted to do what I had tried from
home, and fell foul of the same problem. The system only allows 16 characters to be entered whether directed from
home, or from the bank itself.
On returning home, I posted a cheque to the Crown Agents, with the appropriate, lengthy reference details, and
astonishingly, within 48 hours, I received an email from Iris on Tristan saying my account had been credited with my
deposit, minus the 5 handling charge.
I spoke to Iris at the Tristan Post Office, and Richard Grundy webmaster of the Tristan website about the problem.
They discussed it, and spoke to the Crown Agents, and have now come up with a shortened reference which should
allow electronic transfers. Of course, Crown Agents will still take their 5 cut, but if it now works, at least it will be
even faster than my cheque through the post.
Those who have dealt with Tristan in the past will wonder why I am concerned about 48 hours delay. In the past it
could take over a year for a cheque to get to Tristan, back to the UK, be cashed and credited to your account, and for
Tristan to get to know about it and let you know it was now credited!
I have to admit that I have not yet tested the new shorter reference. The new reference is shown on the Tristan website
Post Office section and the new shorter reference is:
TPO33870050 plus your account number, or your initial and the first 4 letters of your surname.
I can heartily recommend the Tristan Government website to any Tristan collector. It runs to 135 pages currently. It
is updated very frequently I know because I proof-read the pages for Richard. You can find it at
www.tristandc.com
********************************************************************************************
Members Displays
Godfrey Mellor will be giving the following display at several philatelic societies in Winter/Spring 2009 and extends
an invitation to any members who would like to attend:-
Tristan Da Cunha including my visit to the island in 2006
The locations are as follows:-
Hull:- Tuesday 20 January 2009; Wakefield:- Wednesday 4 February 2009;
Derby:- Thursday 2 April 2009; Bolton:- Thursday 16 April 2009.
Anyone who would like to attend should contact the secretary of the society concerned (see ABPS Handbook) or
Godfrey Mellor for details of the exact location and time.
********************************************************************************************
Polar Post is published in The United Kingdom by The Polar Postal History Society of Great Britain
If undelivered please return to the Membership Secretary:-
Robert McMillan, 46 New Village Road, Cottingham, East Yorkshire HU16 4NA, UK

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POLAR POST

Published quarterly by the POLAR POSTAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN

VOLUME 40, N 4 WHOLE NUMBER 219 December 2008

Postal Auction Catalogue Two Calendar Cards

President: Harry E. J. EVANS

Accounts Examiner: Martin B. EVANS F.R.P.S, L

HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS

15th January 2009

Polar Post N 219, December 2008 90

Following the AGM, there will be a short time for a Bring

91 Polar Post N 219, December 2008

Friday 9 October 2009

6 pm Welcome by the Chairman, drinks reception and Introductions

Saturday 10 October 2009

7.30 - 9.15 am Breakfast

8.00 - 9.15 am Breakfast

93 Polar Post N 219, December 2008

Max Koesling, Postfach 150702, D-10669 Berlin, Germany

ESSENCE OF POLAR PHILATELY

Polar Post N 219, December 2008 94

Serge was as surprised as all of us were when he won not only

Southern Dept Party

97 Polar Post N 219, December 2008

The Return of the

The Dash for

These two scans were

Polar Post N 219, December 2008 98

Souvenir produced by W. M. Boyes and

USCGC Northland from Hal Vogel

Although generally the coverage sufficiently touched the

Arktika Sovetskiy Soyuz

Two further inward covers to Tristan Da Cunha

Dates seen so far are:

Polar Post N 219, December 2008 104

60th Anniversary of Operation Sinbad

Polar Post N 219, December 2008 106

New Definitive Series - Ships and Explorers

Paintings & Drawings: Mike Skidmore Design: CASCO Studio

Values & Designs:

The three first day cover envelopes feature:

Polar Post N 219, December 2008 108

2 m/s HMA No. 1 Mayfly

Definitive Series - Ships and Explorers - Set of 12

Polar Post N 219, December 2008 110

Betty Josephine Biggs ne Rowlands 29 August 1929 to 17 September 2008

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