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EG1109M 2 Particles
EG1109M 2 Particles
EG1109M 2 Particles
2.2 Forces on a Particle & Equilibrium Equations Forces passing through a single point (or particle) are called concurrent
The large structure such as Eiffel Tower can be replaced by a single forces.
point (or a particle) with all forces acting on it. The resultant force may be obtained by polygon rule (graphically) or by
the addition of scalar component of forces.
n
y
y n Rx Fx ,i
F2 F2 R Fi R Rx2 R y2 i 1
2D
Fn i 1 n
Fn R y Fy ,i 3D
F1 F1 i 1
n
y
Rz Fz ,i
o y
F2 R
x i 1
x Fn
z
z F1 R Rx2 R y2 Rz2
o o
Eiffel Tower Eiffel Tower as a particle x x
z z
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 9 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 10
n
Rz Fz ,i 0 2) For a frictionless pulley and cable, tensions in the cable (T1 and T2)
i 1 are related as _____ .
External and Internal Forces Construct a FBD for the object shown
W
W
(a) W
(b)
Two smooth pipes, each weighting W, are supported by the forks of tractor as
Construct a 3D FBD for the object shown shown in the Figure. Draw FBDs for each pipe and for both pipes.
A 450-N load is suspended from the hook shown in Fig. (a). The load is supported Effect of B
R acting on A
by two cables and a spring having a stiffness 8 kN/m. 30o
A
FBD of pipe A
B
B A
The weight of a body is an external
force and its effect is shown as a 30o
single resultant force acting W P
(a) Spring-cable system to support (b) Free body diagram of spring-cable 30o 30o
vertically down through the bodys 30o 30o
450 N load. Cable AD lies in x-y plane system. The connection at A is chosen center of gravity. R T
W P F
and cable AC lies in x-z plane. for the equilibrium analysis. W
FBD of pipe B FBD of both pipes
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 17 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 18
30 A
40
1000 N 1000 N
1000 N
100 N
(A) (B) (C)
1) Assuming you know the geometry of the ropes, you cannot determine the F1 F2
forces in the cables in which system above? A) A B)
30 40
2) Why? 100 N
A
A) The weight is too heavy. F1 F2
F
B) The cables are too thin. C) D) 30 40
30
A
C) There are more unknowns than equations. A
D) There are too few cables for a 1000 N weight. 100 N 100 N
Attention Quiz 2 Example 2.1 Draw the free body diagram of a moving trolley
system as shown in the figure.
Using this FBD of point C, the sum of F2
forces in the x-direction ( Fx) is ___ .
20 N 50
Use a sign convention of + . C Idealized Model
A) F2 sin 50 20 = 0 F1 x x
B) F2 cos 50 20 = 0
C) F2 sin 50 F1 = 0
D) F2 cos 50 + 20 = 0
P
Solution. Example 2.2 The figure below shows a floating crane in operation.
Isolate the trolley system from the supporting beam. Draw a free body diagram of the crane boom. Assume frictionless
pulley.
x x x x
Since the problem is
symmetrical, the
two reaction forces
Ry Ry will be the same.
Crane boom
P P
On the supporting beam, the reaction forces point in the
opposite direction.
Ry Ry
www.shipspotting.com
From the idealized model, we can start by isolating the load Finally, the reaction forces of the T1 T2 T1
and the cables attached to the lifted weight. pinned connection. Ry
T2 T1
W W
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 25 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 26
Example 2.3 Draw a free body diagram of the crane boom and Solution.
main body of the mobile crane. Use the idealized model given and Idealized Model Crane boom FBD
assume a frictionless pulley.
T1
Wcrane W Ry T2
T1
Idealized Model
Rx
N
Crane main body FBD
Load to cable FBD T1 Ry
T2
T1
Wcrane Rx
W
N
Example 2.4 A car is making turn with a constant speed. Draw the Solution.
free body diagram of the car. R (Turn radius)
Additional Information e
1
The turning road is not horizontal. In
e = super elevation
road design, the gentle slope is called Top View Section View
super elevation.
It helps to overcome the centrifugal Isolate the car and identify all acting forces,
force for a moving car. W mg
Wv 2
The super elevation design is based on Centrifugal Force
the cars free body diagram, assuming gR
a constant design turning speed. W
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 29 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 30
2.4 Procedures for Problem Solving Example 2.5 In a ship-unloading operation, a 3500-N automobile is
1. Particle in Equilibrium supported by a cable. A rope is tied to the cable and pulled to center
Under coplanar forces (2D), there are two independent relations among these
forces Fx 0 , Fy 0 the automobile over its intended position. What is the tension in the
Use these to determine 2 unknowns such as magnitude and direction of 1 force rope?
or magnitude of 2 forces.
If more than 2 unknowns, then 1 or more additional relations must be provided.
2. Drawing FBD
First step in solution process. It is a key to solve the problems. No problem can
be solved without drawing FBD correctly.
Diagram shows particle & all forces (know & unknown) acting on it.
Indicate dimensions or angles (convenience).
3. Case 1: If only 3 forces are involved
Best to draw these forces in tip-to-tail fashion to form a force triangle.
Triangle can be solved by trigonometry.
4. Case 2: If more than 3 forces are involved
Best to use an analytic approach.
Select x and y axes and resolve each force in x and y components.
Apply equations of equilibrium to obtain 2 unknowns
3500 N
W = 20 (9.81) N
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 33 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 34
Draw FBD at point C. Example 2.7 Determine the mass of each of the two cylinders if
they cause a sag of s 0.5 m when suspended from the rings at A
y and B. Note that s = 0 when the cylinders are removed.
FAC
4 5 FCD =340 N
3
C x
FBC
45
Solution: Since the spring system is symmetric, we only consider Example 2.8 A 100 kg tank is to be lifted using a rope and pulley
the FBD at point A. Next, we compute the tension in AC, using system as shown below. You are given one 2-meter rope to be
the given geometry. attached to two lifting points. Decide which lifting points to use in
order to minimize the rope force (A-B or C-D). Also, determine the
The tension in AC is given by
magnitude of the rope force. (assume a frictionless pulley)
TAC 100 N/m( 2.828 2.5) 32.84 N
The pulley is located
Equilibrium condition at point A exactly above the tanks
C.G.
Fy 0 : 32.84 sin 45o m(9.81) 0
m 2.37 kg 0.3 m
D
0.3 m A B
y 2m
TAC C
45o TAB 2.5 m 2m
A x 1.5 m 2.828 m
45o
0.6 m 0.6 m
2m
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 37 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 38
Solution:
Solution strategy
Fx 0 : T cos left T cos right 0
Note that for a frictionless pulley, the rope forces on either side are W
equal. Therefore, by applying Fx 0 we will prove that the angle Fy 0 : W T sin left T sin right 0
must be the same on both sides.
W Next, we can apply Fy 0 to obtain the Solving the equations, we obtain
relationship between T and .
right
left right
T=? left
W
T
We can obtain for each lifting configurations T T 2 sin
and check their corresponding T.
Free body diagram
T T
Free body diagram
0 .3
arccos 72.54
o
1
(100)( 9.81) C 0.3 m 0.3 m D
T 514.2 N
2 sin 72.54 o 25 kg
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 41 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 42
B
Total length of cable ABC is 2.5 meters, 25 kg
x (1.5 x) 1.5 m 1.5-x 1.5-x
2.5
cos cos
0.3 m A x C
1.5
cos B
2.5 53.13
53.13 25 kg
0 .3
tan 53.13 o
1.333
( 25)(9.81) 1. 5 2 x
Therefore, T 153.3 153 N
2 sin 53.13o x 0.638 m
25 kg
Example 2.10 A 450 N load is suspended from the block shown Solution: The stretch of the spring can be determined once the force
in the Figure. If the load is supported by two cables and a spring in the spring is determined.
having a stiffness k = 8 kN/m, determine the force in the cables Draw FBD. The connection at A is chosen for the
and the stretch of the spring for equilibrium. Cable AD lies in x-y equilibrium analysis since the cables forces are concurrent at this
plane and cable AC lies in x-z plane. point. The FBD is shown in the figure below.
Equation of equilibrium. By inspection, each force can easily
resolved into its x, y, z components, and hence the 3 scalar equations
can be used. Considering components
directed along each positive axis as
positive, we have
F z 0 (3 / 5) FC 450 N 0 (3)
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 45
Solving Eq. (3) for FC then Eq. (1) for FD and finally Eq. (2) for FB ,
we get
FC 750 N 0.75 kN
FD 1200 N 1.2 kN
FB 1039.2 N 1.04 kN