(NOx)

(SO2)
(VOCs)

1
http://www.epa.gov/ord/ca/quick-finder/particulate-matter-image.htm

smog = smoke + fog
= +

2

17
1952: 4000



SO2

20
: , 1940
, , ,
, , , ,



-- ,

:
()
(VOCs)

4
 (VOCs)
H/C +
+

( )
(. )

2 (1015 molecules/cm-2), 11/10/2004

: University of Heidelberg's Institute for Environmental Physics

5
 http://www.gse-promote.org/gallery/NO2/no2text.html

1.


2.
3.

(....)
1991
180

7
 - 2011

3 - 2011

: 2011

8
 - 2011
180 mg/m3

: 2001

9
 .

4.000

, 1952

C.A. Pope III (2007). Inhalation Toxicology, 19(Suppl.), 33-38.

10
 WHO (1995)


1 . ,
50-200 g/m3
3 :
12
18

British Medical Journal (1995), 311, 1246

.
2000
105
0,2-0,5
1 g/m3 2,5
1,5-3,5 ( 12 g/m3)
10% ,
1

: R. Maynard (2004), Key airborne pollutants-the impact on health

Science of the Total Environment 334-335, pp. 9-13.

11


.. (WHO): < 100 ppb 3 .

: U.S. EPA

, 21/2/2005

12


13

1850
(Angus Smith)
1950
: , ,

pH: 2,4 - 1974,

,

CO2 (g) + H2O (aq)
H2CO3 (aq)

H2CO3 (aq)
H+ + HCO3- ( )

: pH=5,6

pH !

14

:
NOx
SO2
:
H2SO4:
HNO3:
:

SO2

15



: ,
:
CaCO3 + 2H+ -> H2CO3 -> Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O

16


CaCO3 +CO2 +H2O -> Ca2+(HCO3)22-

CaCO3 +SO2 +O2 -> Ca2+SO2-4 + CO2
CaCO3 +2NO +O2 -> Ca2+(NO3)2-2 + CO2

17



.


,
( ).

,

.

:

CaCO3 +SO2 +O2 -> CaSO422+ CO2

,

.

18
 E

,



.
,

.

19