Eretria

Not to be confused with Eritrea.

Eretria (/ritri/; Greek: , Eretria, literally

city of the rowers) is a town in Euboea, Greece, fac-
ing the coast of Attica across the narrow South Euboean
Gulf. It was an important Greek polis in the 6th/5th cen-
tury BC, mentioned by many famous writers and actively
involved in signicant historical events. Excavations of
the ancient city began in the 1890s and have been con-
ducted since 1964 by the Greek Archaeological Service
The ancient theatre of Eretria.
(11th Ephorate of Antiquities) and the Swiss School of
[2]
Archaeology in Greece.
to Eretria.
The earliest surviving mention of Eretria was by Homer
1 History (Iliad 2.537), who listed Eretria as one of the Greek cities
which sent ships to the Trojan War. In the 8th century
1.1 Prehistory BC, Eretria and her near neighbour and rival, Chalcis,
were both powerful and prosperous trading cities. Eretria
The rst evidence for human activity in the area of Ere- controlled the Aegean islands of Andros, Tenos and Ceos.
tria are pottery shards and stone artefacts from the late They also held territory in Boeotia on the Greek main-
Neolithic period (3500-3000 BC) found on the acropolis land. Eretria was also involved in the Greek colonisation
as well as in the plain. No permanent structures have yet and founded the colonies of Pithekoussai and Cumae in
been found. It is therefore unclear whether a permanent Italy together with Chalcis.
settlement existed at that time.
The rst known settlement from the Early Helladic period
(3000-2000 BC) was located in the plain. A granary and
several other buildings as well as a pottery kiln have been
found so far. This settlement was moved to the top of
the Acropolis in the Middle Helladic period (2000-1600
BC), because the plain was ooded by the nearby lagoon.
In the Late Helladic period (1600-1100 BC), the popula-
tion dwindled and the remains found so far have been in-
terpreted as an observation post. The site was abandoned
during the Greek Dark Ages. Coin of Eretria, 500-490 BC. Silver obol. Obverse: Facing head
of cow. Reverse: Octopus in incuse square.

1.2 Archaic to Roman period At the end of the 8th century BC, however, Eretria and
Chalcis fought a prolonged war (known mainly from the
The oldest archaeological nds date the foundation of the account in Thucydides as the Lelantine War) for control
city to the 9th century BC. It was probably founded as the of the fertile Lelantine plain. Little is known of the details
harbour of Lefkandi, which is located 15 km to the west. of this war, but it is clear that Eretria was defeated. The
The name comes from the Greek , erts, rower, city was destroyed and Eretria lost her lands in Boeotia
and the verb /, erssein/erttein, to row, and her Aegean dependencies. Neither Eretria nor Chal-
which makes Eretria the City of the Rowers. Eretrias cis ever again counted for much in Greek politics. As a
population and importance increased at the same time as result of this defeat, Eretria turned to colonisation. She
Lefkandi began to decline in importance from c. 825 BC planted colonies in the northern Aegean, on the coast of
onwards. The natural superiority of Eretrias harbour and Macedon, in Italy and Sicily.
the importance of trade to the Euboeans is one explana- The Eretrians were Ionians and were thus natural allies of
tion for this gradual population migration from Lefkandi Athens. When the Ionian Greeks in Asia Minor rebelled

1
2 2 SITE MONUMENTS

against Persia in 499 BC, Eretria joined Athens in send- 1.2.2 Roman Period
ing aid to the rebels, because Miletus supported Eretria
in the Lelantine War. As a result, Darius made a point of In 198 BC in the Second Macedonian War Eretria was
punishing Eretria during his invasion of Greece. In 490 plundered by the Romans. The admiral Lucius Quinc-
BC the city was sacked and burned by the Persians un- tius Flamininus was joined by the allied eets of Attalus
der the admiral Datis and the population was deported to I of Pergamon and of Rhodes, and used them in besieging
Mesopotamia. The temple of Apollo, built around 510 Eretria. He eventually took the town during a night-time
BC, was destroyed by the Persians. Parts of a pediment assault during which the citizens surrendered. Flamini-
were found in 1900, including the torso of an Athena nus came away with a large collection of art works as his
statue. share of the booty.[9]
Eretria was rebuilt shortly afterwards and took part with Eretria became an object of contention between the Ro-
600 hoplites in the Battle of Plataea (479 BC). The mans and Macedonians, but was given partial indepen-
ancient writer Plutarch mentions a woman of Eretria, dence and experienced a new period of prosperity. Un-
who was kept by Artabanus at the Persian court of der the Romans, athletic contests for children and youths
Artaxerxes, who facilitated the audience that Themisto- called the Romaia were held.
cles obtained with the Persian king.[3] During the fth In 87 BC it was nally destroyed in the First Mithridatic
century BC the whole of Euboea became part of the War and gradually declined further.
Delian League, which later became the Athenian Empire.
Eretria and other cities of Euboea rebelled unsuccess-
fully against Athens in 446 BC. During the Peloponnesian
War Eretria was an Athenian ally against her Dorian ri-
vals Sparta and Corinth. But soon the Eretrians, along
with the rest of the Empire, found Athenian domination
oppressive. When the Spartans defeated the Athenians
at the Battle of Eretria in 411 BC, the Euboean cities all
rebelled.
After her eventual defeat by Sparta in 404 BC, Athens
soon recovered and re-established her hegemony over Eu-
boea, which was an essential source of grain for the ur-
ban population. The Eretrians rebelled again in 349 BC
and this time the Athenians could not recover control. In
Ancient polygonal city walls on acropolis
343 BC supporters of Philip II of Macedon gained control
of the city, but the Athenians under Demosthenes recap-
tured it in 341 BC.
2 Site monuments

1.2.1 Macedonian Period Many remains of the ancient city can be seen today in-
cluding:
The Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC, in which Philip de-
Parts of the city walls and gates (of 4km length)
feated the combined armies of the Greeks, marked the
end of the Greek cities as independent states. However, The Theatre
under Macedonian rule Eretria experienced a new period
of prosperity which lasted until the 3rd century as attested Palaces I and II
by many inscriptions, by extensions to the west and south Upper and Lower Gymnasiums
sections of the walls and by many other private and public
new buildings including the circus. House of the mosaics
From 318-312BC King Cassander lived at Eretria[4] and The Baths
commissioned the painter Philoxenus of Eretria to paint
Temple of Apollo Daphnephoros
the battle of Issus,[5][6] of which the famous Alexander
Mosaic[7] in the Naples museum is a copy[8] and the wall Temple of Artemis
paintings in Phillips tomb at Vergina are connected.
Temple of Isis
From 304BC Demetrius I granted the city partial au-
tonomy. During this time the city was governed by Temple of Dionysos
Menedemos who founded the Eretrian school of philos-
The Acropolis
ophy. After the Chremonidean War (267-262BC) a per-
manent Macedonian garrison was installed. Macedonian tomb
2.2 The ancient theatre of Eretria
2.1 Temple of Apollo Daphnephoros
Temple of Apollo Daphnephoros
temple of Apollo pediment sculptures
The temple of Apollo Daphnephoros is the most impor-
tant and wider known monument of Eretria, featuring
sparkling and sharp sculptures on the pediments, their
postures well in advance of experiments in Athens of
the time.[10] Together with its enclosure it constituted the
sacred temenos of Apollo, a religious centre and fun-
damental place of worship within the core of the an-
cient city, to the north of the Agora. According to the
Homeric hymn to Apollo, when the god was seeking for
a location to found its oracle, he arrived to the Lelantine
plain. The rst temple is dated to the Geometric period
and was situated probably near the harbour, as the sea
then reached the area of the Agora. The hecatompedon
(hundred-footer) apsidal edice is the earliest in its type
among those mentioned by Homer, and slightly after the
hecatompedon temple of Hera on the island of Samos. It
was anked to the south by another apsidal building which
also came to light: the so-called Daphniforio or space
with laurels (7.5 x 11.5m) is the most ancient edice in
Eretria, related to the early cult of Apollo in Delphi. At
the centre of this edice were preserved the clay bases
supporting the laurel trunks that propped up the roof. In
the early sixteenth century a second hecatompedon tem-
ple was erected through earth lls upon its Geometric pre-
decessor, on a solid articial terrace. This temple had
wooden columns (six at the narrow sides and nineteen
at the longer sides), and was subsequently covered with
earth in order to build the later and most renowned of all
temples in the city.
Construction started at the late sixth century BC (520-
490 BC) and the temple was perhaps still unnished when
the Persians razed the city in 490 BC. Poros stone and
marble were the materials used for this Doric peristyle
3
(surrounded by colonnades) temple (6 x 14 columns). It
had a prodomos (anteroom) and an opisthodomos (back
section) arranged with two columns in antis; the cella (in
Greek sek?s) was divided into three naves by two inte-
rior colonnades. After the destruction of the city by the
Persians, the temple was repaired and remained in use;
yet in 198 BC it was destroyed again, this time by the
Romans, a fact which initiated the gradual abandonment
and dilapidation of the monument until the rst century
BC. Some important sculptures were found and are dis-
played in the Chalcis museum. One of the Amazons was
salvaged in antiquity and carried o to Rome. Unfortu-
nately, the majority of architectural parts from this tem-
ple and other sanctuaries of the city were re-used as con-
struction material; only a few (column) drums together
with fragmented capitals and triglyphs remain from the
superstructure of the monument.
Of the sumptuous sculptural decoration survive only parts
of the west pediment featuring in relief the ght of
the Amazons (or Amazonomachy, a usual motif for the
iconography at the time). The centre was occupied by
Athena and is partially preserved, depicting her trunk
with the Gorgoneion on the thorax; a superb work of art
is the complex of Theseus and Antiope marked by sensi-
tivity and softness of the form, internal force and clarity,
despite the ornamental tendency obvious in the coiures
and the folds of their clothes. These sculptures are im-
pregnated by the rules of archaic plasticity; the analogies
are rendered in an innovative manner, a precursor to the
idealization and the force of the classical art. The en-
tire composition supposedly featured chariots to Athenas
right and left, one chariot presumably carrying Theseus
and Antiope, while Hercules might ride the other, and the
picture could be complemented by ghting Amazons and
a dead warrior. The east pediment possibly narrated the
Gigantomachy (ght of the Giants). The details of the
faces and the clothes were coloured, thus rendering the
depiction more vivid. Fragmented sculptures that may be
part of the temple after the destruction by the Persians
(warrior, Amazon and Athenas trunk) have been located
in Rome. Today are visible only the foundations of the
Post-Archaic temple, as well as remains of the Geomet-
ric temples uncovered in lower deposits.
The temples in the temenos of Apollo Daphniforos were
excavated between 1899 and 1910 by . Kourouniotis.
Further investigations were conducted by Mrs. I. Kon-
stantinou and by the Swiss Archaeological School.
2.2 The ancient theatre of Eretria
The most impressive monument of ancient Eretria, one
of the oldest known theatres, lies in the western section
of town, between the western gate, the stadium and the
upper gymnasium; the temple of Dionysos was found at
its south-west end. As indicated by the architectural re-
mains of the scene, the initial construction phase followed
the invasion by the Persians and the reconstruction of the
4 2 SITE MONUMENTS

city in the fth century BC, whereas the fourth century probably built in the fourth century BC and was sur-
BC marked the sites peak. rounded by other edices and auxiliary spaces. The initi-
A striking fact is the construction of the cavea (gr.: koilo, ation to the cult of Isis and the Egyptian deities occurred
auditorium) on an articial hill surrounded by numer- during the Hellenistic period by Greek merchants who
ous retaining walls, instead of taking advantage of the came to Greece from Egypt after the unication of the
citadels slopes. During the rst building phase, the scene then known world by Alexander the Great. Their wor-
looked like a palace, disposed of ve adjacent rectan- ship in Eretria has also been attested by inscriptions, of
gle rooms and found itself at the same level as the cir- which the most important is set on a limestone block to
the left of the prodomos (anteroom) before the cella.
cular orchestra, leading to it via three entrances. At its
peak (fourth century BC), the theatre suered transfor- The temple of Isis was initially simple and oriented to the
mations and was shaped to a large extent in its present east, with a prodomos that was distyle (two-columned) in
form. The cavea comprised eleven tiers divided by ten antis. The ceremonial clay statue of the goddess stood on
staircases. The circular orchestra was transferred for 8m a base within the cella. In front of the temple was the al-
to the north, and was lowered by 3m. The scene was tar and nearby a small drain tank. The temple was recon-
amplied by two backstages connected through a portico structed after the destruction of the city by the Romans
with an Ionic faade, thus raising above the orchestra. in 198 BC: it then acquired a larger external prodomos
This dierence in heights was evened up by a vaulted un- on ameliorated foundations and was surrounded by por-
derground gallery, leading through the scene to the centre ticoes on three sides (north, south and west). Only the
of the orchestra; this was in all probability the charonian south-west end of the portico was covered by a roof. The
stairway (stairs of Hades) allowing actors impersonating columns were later replaced by a parapet. At the centre
chthonic deities and the dead to appear and perform at of the east forecourt was a portal facing the entrance of
the orchestra. Local poros stone was used for the founda- the sanctuary. Fifteen more edices and auxiliary spaces
tion and limestone for the parodoi (passageways), which lied to the north, considered by the excavators as places
sloped to the orchestra in order to diminish the dierence of purication. Among them was a courtyard and an an-
in height with the cavea. The theatre seated 6,300 specta- dren (dining hall for male residents), while one room of
tors and is reminiscent in form to the Theatre of Dionysos the complex had a superb mosaic oor featuring lozenges.
in Athens, after transformation of the latter in 330 BC. Excavations at the temenos sacred to Isis and other Egyp-
Following the destruction of Eretria by the Romans in tian deities were conducted in 1917 by the then Ephor
198 BC, it was rebuilt with lower quality materials and of Antiquities for the island of Evia (Euboea), . Pa-
the rooms to the south of the parodos were then appar-
padakis. In recent years, the Archaeological Service of
ently decorated with colour mortars of the rst Pompeian the Ministry of Culture undertook further excavations in
style.
the wider area of the temple, which brought to light an ad-
Unfortunately, most benches have been looted. There ditional complex of courtyards and rooms directly related
are still the impressive remains of the scene, especially to the sanctuary.
the vaulted underground passage leading to the orches-
tra centre. Excavation of the monument was undertaken
by the American Archaeological School, while the local 2.4 House with the mosaics
Ephorate of Antiquities strived greatly for its restoration.

2.3 Temple of Isis

Temple of Isis at Eretria

Among the most interesting monuments of ancient Ere-

tria is the Iseion, a temple sacred to the goddess Isis
and other Egyptian deities. Situated to the south of the
town, between the baths and the Lower Gymnasium or
the palaistra (wrestling area), it extends behind the small
harbour, a detail that correlates the temenos with mer-
chants who had their interests in Eretria. According to
excavation and inscription testimonies, the temple was
house of the mosaics
This splendid house was built in ca. 370 B.C. and re-
mained in use for about a century. It is distinguished
by its oors, covered with elegant pebble mosaics rep-
resenting mythological scenes: Nereids on the back of
a seahorse, legendary battles between Arimaspians and
 5

grins, sphinxes and panthers. The building is a repre- cular bothros has also survived at the centre of the mon-
sentative specimen of the Classical and Hellenistic do- ument.
mestic architecture.
In the rst century BC a funerary monument with a mas-
sive rectangular peribolos was erected over the ruins of
the house.
The monument was excavated between 1975 and 1980.

2.5 Macedonian tomb of Erotes

The so-called "tomb of Erotes" lies on a hill to the north-
west of Eretria city and counts among the most signi-
cant monuments of Evia island. Based on the ndings,
it is dated to the fourth century BC, the time when these
characteristic burial monuments of the Macedonian type Upper Gymnasium
make their appearance in southern Greece after the de-
scent of the Macedons. More Macedonian tombs were
found in the wider area around Eretria, namely in the set-
tlements of Kotroni and Amarynthos.
The tomb of Erotes consists of a single vaulted chamber
and a dromos (entrance passageway) of stone and bricks.
The burial chamber is reminiscent of a residential room;
it is built of poros stone plastered with white mortar. Dur-
ing the excavation were found two replicas of painted
stone thrones bearing relief decoration. At the rear cor-
ners of the burial chamber were two marble bed-shaped
sarcophagi. The tomb had been pillaged. Among the
ndings today exhibited in the New York Metropolitan
Museum, are bronze vases and clay statuettes of Erotes
(Amors), which inspired the tombs conventional name.
Above the tomb was uncovered a stone-built construc-
tion, probably the basis of a sepulchre.
The monument was excavated in 1897 and is well pre-
served to date.

Statue of a youth found in the gymnasium

Tholos
3 Eretria today
The modern town of Eretria is now a popular beachside
2.6 Tholos
resort. The historic and archaeological nds from Eretria
Excavations carried out by the Greek Archaeological Ser- and Lefkandi are displayed in the Eretria Museum, estab-
vice have revealed the limestone foundations and crepis lished by the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece.
of a circular building. It was erected in the fth century The town can be reached from Skala Oropou, Attica by
BC in the Agora of the city, and underwent several mod- ferry or via Halkida by road. Its an important station on
ications in the fourth and the third centuries BC. A cir- the way to the south of the island. It has many taverns and
6 10 EXTERNAL LINKS

[3] Plutarchs Lives, Volume 1, The Dryden translation, ISBN

0-375-75676-0, p. 165

[4] Eretria, Ministry of Culture, ISBN 960-214-136-0

[5] Pliny: Natural History xxxv. 10, 36

[6] Kleiner, Fred S. (2008). Gardners Art Through the Ages:

A Global History. Cengage Learning. p. 142. ISBN 0-
495-11549-5.

[7] Alexander Mosaic by Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven

Zucker, Smarthistory, 2013

[8] Pliny the Elder, XXXV, 110

The oce of the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece at Ere-
[9] Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biogra-
tria.
phy and Mythology, Vol II (1867)

[10] Greek Sculpture, the Archaic Period, John Boardman,

a long beach promenade. The archaeological excavations ISBN 0 500 18166 7
are located on the northern edge of the modern town.
[11] Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (Greek)

[12] Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and av-
4 Municipality erage elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical
Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on
The municipality Eretria was formed at the 2011 local 2015-09-21.
government reform by the merger of the following two
former municipalities, that became municipal units:[11]
9 Further reading
Amarynthos
ESAG, Eretria. A guide to the ancient city, Infolio
Eretria ditions, Gollion, 2004. ISBN 2-88474-112-7

The municipality has an area of 168.557 km2 , the mu- ESAG, ERETRIA Series, Excavations and re-
nicipal unit 58.648 km2 .[12] searches
Keith G. Walker, Archaic Eretria. A Political and
Social History from the Earliest Times to 490 BC,
5 Historical population Routledge, London, 2004.

6 Notable people
10 External links
Achaeus, tragic playwright
ESAG - Eretria The Swiss School Website of the
Menedemus (345/4-261/0 BC), Greek philosopher excavations at Eretria

Philoxenus (4th century BC), painter Perseus Eretria Links to resources about ancient
Eretria

Greek Ministry of Culture

7 See also
Eretria Ferry boats
List of traditional Greek place names
Eretria Dream island beach photo

Eretria photo by night

8 References
Photos of Eretria
[1] " - 2011. Ministry of Culture and Sports
" (in Greek). Hellenic
Statistical Authority.

[2] http://www.unil.ch/esag ESAG

 7

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