Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Laboratory Management and Safety
Laboratory Management and Safety
1. INTRODUCTION
Improper utilization of laboratory equipment and chemicals has been observed in most of our
senior secondary schools and laboratory running sectors. The equipment and chemicals have
not been organized and stored to their respective places. In addition, pictures, charts and
collections of plant and animal specimens are not organized properly.
Inventory of chemicals and equipment have several advantage in checking the loss and
misplacement of items used up and /or lost etc. but inventory is not a common phenomenon in
most of our school laboratories. Many of the laboratory assistants in our schools are not in a
position of preparing reagents, handling instruments, performing activities by themselves.
Careless behavior in the laboratory can result in serious injury, health hazard and damage to
property. Recognizing potential hazards and to avoid accidents from happening and to abide
by the rules of the laboratory expected from the users of the labs, every person is expected to
do their part to ensure a safe laboratory environment for themselves and others in the
laboratory.
GOALS:
1. Provide the services of a general lab, with basic equipment and chemicals for standard
analytical and biological tests.
2. Ensure access to basic and safe working spaces for all users of the laboratory facility.
3. Provide access to workplace/desk space to researchers that need them.
4. Provide the services of a library.
5. Facilitate the tools and services required by the researchers to do their studies.
Electrical Hazard
This symbol indicates the area or materials which can cause electric
shock.
Combustible Materials
3.
No Open Flames
This is the symbol which express a material which cannot create flame.
4.
Corrosive Materials
5. or
Flammable Symbol
Chemicals (solid, liquid or gas) and materials which can be flammable if burnt.
Fire Extinguisher
7.
Toxic Chemical
Non-potable water
Environment Hazard
10.
Eyewash Sign
Indicates the position of eye wash where to wash eye while the contamination
of eye with chemicals occurred.
Recycling Sign
12.
13.
Radioactive Sign
15.
Biohazard Sign
1. Read all directions for an experiment and follow the directions exactly as they are
written. If in doubt, ask the teacher.
1. Always wear goggles anytime sharp instruments or chemicals are used in the
laboratory.
2. Tie back long hair and loose clothing when performing laboratory experiments
involving open flames.
3. Remove jewelry before lab activities.
4. Always wear closed-toed shoes in the laboratory.
First Aid:
Chemical Safety:
1. Never touch, taste, or smell, any questionable chemicals in the laboratory without the
teachers permission.
Electrical Safety:
2. LABORATORY MANAGEMENT
The Science Laboratory is a place where classroom teaching is further strengthened. The new
facts and ideas lectured in the class will be confirmed in the laboratory through the use of
equipment, chemicals and specimens. It provides an opportunity to study organisms closely
and to examine the various structures, processes, relationships, etc. which are characteristics
of these organisms. It is here, therefore, that students develop skills, abilities and attitudes
through the practical activities they carry out. Therefore, all laboratory facility should have
to be managed to strengthen the classroom teaching.
The science teacher should make certain that the theoretical lesson is supplemented with the
necessary practical work. Otherwise, the work is considered to be done partially, because the
knowledge students are expected to gain along with the development of the required skills and
Some schools have separate laboratories for biology, chemistry and physics. Others have two
labs for the three subjects. And there are still others that have only one laboratory. Variations
also exist in water and electricity services, material distribution and storage facilities. This is
partly because the schools have been constructed and equipped under different projects, public
contribution and government budget. Being aware of these differences, which could only be
solved step by step in the process of development, teachers have to put much effort and be
creative enough to effectively use the resources at hand.
1. Environmental protection is one objective of the labs. For this reason, a complete
treatment of chemical wastes and biological wastes are required when possible. The
Lab manager/assistant should know about chemical management, disposal and storage.
Fungal and bacterial cultures should be autoclaved before they are disposed.
2. Turn off the lights and equipments when they are not in use including the extractor
hoods.
3. When working in the lab, goggles and lab coats must be used. Gloves and masks
appropriate for procedure must be used when necessary (i.e. Acid resistant gloves or
asbestos gloves for hot objects).Vapor hoods, with the air extraction on, are to be used
when working with hazardous volatile materials with the fume shield partially closed
to protect against splashes. Safety goggles must always be used when working in the
vapor hood. All safety materials (goggles and masks) should be provided for the Lab.
4. Classify your garbage (glass, paper, plastic bottles and aluminum cans) and put it in
the proper containers located outside the lab.
5. All solutions and samples should be labeled with the identification of their nature.
6. Balances, pH-meters are calibrated every day by the lab assistants.
7. Refrigerator and freezer space is provided to store solutions or samples. All solutions
and samples must be properly labeled. Solutions must be stored in their own
containers, not in lab glassware. Stored material that is not properly labeled can be
discarded without warning.
Laboratory equipment and chemicals are sent to schools in accordance with the curriculum
demand. They are part of the essentials to fulfill the specific objectives of each portion in the
course. Hence, they have to be used at the right time. The timely use of these materials
however, can only be possible if there is a systematic approach to their arrangement and
storage in the laboratory. Keeping materials according to their use and nature is time saving
and is essential for safety and guarantees their prolonged use.
The arrangement and storage of chemicals should be done based on the nature of
the substances.
Certain chemicals react when placed close to each other. Glycerin and nitric acid,
potassium chloride and organic compounds, cyanides and acids, etc. are among such
chemicals.
Combustible and dangerous materials such as poisons should be securely locked in
metal cabinets.
Acids, strong bases and substances like chloroform, ether, iodine and hormones should
be stored in facilities, which can be locked.
Large storage bottles of acids, alkalies and other dangerous chemicals, if on shelves,
are to be no more than two feet above the floor. If possible, they should be kept on
the floor.
If there are metallic sodium, potassium, and calcium and calcium carbide in the lab,
they should not be kept near or above containers containing water or water solution.
Metallic sodium and potassium, after the original container has been opened, must
thereafter be kept under kerosene.
The containers of chemicals that absorb moisture and change their chemical nature
should never be left open. For example, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Carbonate and
Sodium bicarbonate are hygroscopic. They absorb water from the atmosphere; as a
result, their volume increases. The nature of the chemicals also changes.
Charts
NB. Strong paper should be used for labels because glacial acetic acid tends to soften the
paper.
A. Your responsibility includes keeping your workstation properly. You will use
equipment and parts stored in trays or drawers in an orderly fashion. Keep it in that
order, for your own convenience.
The idea of assigning a lab assistant originate from the need to effectively utilize the
laboratory and facilitate conditions, so that teachers and students can carry out all the
compulsory practical activities which are necessary to attain the defined objectives of the
lesson.
After a certain lab session, equipments and other materials may be found scattered in the
laboratory. Plant specimens, soil samples and the like, brought to the laboratory by
students, may be left to cover and spoil the benches and the floor. Used glasswares may be
found unwashed and need cleaning. Apparatus set up for experimentation need to be
dismantled. Students may leave forgetting to return equipment and chemicals to their
shelves. These and similar others, which affect the neatness and the readiness of the
laboratory for next session, should be given careful attention by the laboratory assistant.
Sometimes the teacher may not have enough time to collect all the necessary materials and
set-up an apparatus for an experiment or demonstration. The practical activity he wanted to
perform may also require materials that need to be prepared ahead of time. For instance, if
the teacher wants germinating seeds, he asks him to germinate seeds for him. He should get
seeds soaked in water 4 to 8 days before the laboratory session. A reagent that can be prepared
in the laboratory may also be needed for a particular experiment. This should be made ready
for use whenever needed. Occasionally, equipment necessary to carry out an experiment may
not be available in the laboratory. Under this condition, alternative method and
improvisation will be found to be highly essential. The laboratory assistant in collaboration
with the teachers is therefore expected to deal with the above and other related cases.
With this in mind, the following points are some of the duties and responsibilities of a
laboratory assistant:-
For efficient and smooth functioning of the laboratory, good understanding and close
cooperation between teachers and the lab assistant is essential.
They (teachers) are expected to brief him on the use and handling of chemicals and sensitive
instruments. Under no condition should the lab assistant be ordered to mix or treat chemicals
he does not know. A planned and programmed utilization of the lab will be necessary for
maximum efficiency. Depending on the number of teachers and sections that make use of the
lab, teachers along with the lab assistant should arrange a convenient timetable and work
according it. This time table, which should enable each section to use the lab at least once in a
week; helps avoid program clashing and ensures that all teachers using the laboratory.
The laboratory assistant may prepare different kinds of formats to help him in his work. Some
of the formats, if they are properly documented, serve as a source of information and give
necessary data accurately. Among such formats, the following three are recommended to be
used.
1. Requisition Format
Sometimes a teacher wants to take a model, chart or a specimen from the laboratory to show
his students in the classroom. Another teacher may ask for certain equipment and chemicals
for a class demonstration. It is part of the duty of the lab assistant to supply them with the
needed materials. It is also his responsibility to see that the materials have been returned.
In entertaining such cases, using requisition formats will be of much help. It allows safe and
timely return of materials borrowed from the lab.
Sample
Date_______________
Teachers Name_________________
Unit_____________
Type of Activity_______________
________________________________ _____________
One of the reasons why teachers refrain from effectively using the laboratory is the fear
associated with the losing and breaking of the materials. Materials are kept in the lab to be
used whenever needed. In fact, they may be lost for broken while in use. The important
thing is to use them carefully. In case the materials are lost or broken while using them, the
case should be immediately reported to the person who is in charge (the lab assistant or any
other person assigned).
A form should always be ready to register the item lost or broken. The condition should be
specified this then should be reported to the concerned committee for decision.
The committee is usually formed from people representing the administration, the laboratory
assistant and teachers representative. Such a procedure allows avoiding the unnecessary
arguments that arise between teachers and store keepers at the end of the academic year.
Sample
In this form, experiments and demonstrations done are recorded along with the materials used.
From among the compulsory experiments, those that cannot be done are also indicated and the
reasons f Type equation here . or not doing are also specified.
An experiment might have been omitted due to lack of materials. Another might have been
found to be difficult to perform. A teacher might have also neglected an experiment which he
thought was irrelevant to the subject matter. Whatever the reason may be, the teacher is
expected to state it clearly in the form. This enables to know how many of the compulsory
practical activities have been carried out in the year and how many of them have not been
conducted. The reasons stated (for not performing some of the experiments) also enable
teachers to be in a position to give constructive comments on the use of the laboratory, the
practical activities listed in the lab manuals and the curriculum as a whole.
Sample
Sig.
Material Used
Section
Remark
Date
Unit
Topic Of Reason In
Practical Case Not
Activity Performed
2.5. INVENTORY
The word inventory refers to the counting and listing of materials in the school store,
laboratory etc. available, broken or lost. A properly carried out yearly inventory enables:-
For the proper handling and use of materials, the yearly inventory is very essential. The
following points may be considered when carrying out the counting.
2. LABORATORY SAFETY
Careless behavior in the laboratory can result in serious injury, health hazards and damage to
property. Learn to recognize potential hazards, to avoid accidents from happening and to abide
by the rules of the laboratory. Every person is expected to do their part to ensure a safe
laboratory environment for themselves and others in the laboratory.
Some of the main rules that all individuals using the laboratory must abide by are:-
Disposable laboratory gloves are not to be worn in communal areas. Door handles,
telephones, computer keyboards (except in clearly labeled circumstances), lift buttons, etc. are
not to be touched with gloves. If needle, wear one glove and use the un-gloved hand to open
doors, operate lift etc.
Laboratory gowns or lab coats must always be worn in laboratories, and they must be
removed before entering clean areas, e.g. the tea room, stores, toilets, library, office areas,
etc. The gowns or coats must be of sufficient length to protect the worker (i.e. down to about
the wearers knees). They must close at the back or, if front-closing, have enough overlap at
the front to prevent gaping.
Clothing and footwear must be suitable for laboratory conditions, i.e. clothing must not
present any hazards by being too loose, accessories must not present a hazard during
laboratory work, etc. and footwear must be fully enclosed. If you want to wear other shoes to
and from work, etc. you might want to keep a pair of fully enclosed shoes at work to wear in
the lab. Thongs, or barebacked sandals or shoes, or very high heels must not be worn in the
laboratory. Bare feet are also prohibited. Long hair must be tied back to avoid contact with
microorganisms and equipment.
Full-face shields must be worn for all work involving corrosive or toxic liquids, ultra-violet
light.
The best protection to ingesting microorganisms is not to put them in mouth. Pencils and pens
must not be placed in the mouth. Chewing of fingernails, playing with hair, applying lipstick,
drinking, etc. are not allowed. Wash your hands when leaving the laboratory to go to lunch,
etc.
7. Pipetting
Do not pipette by mouth. The use of pipettes with cotton plugs to reduce contamination is
preferable place pipettes in disinfectant solution tip-first to minimize aerosol production.
Submerge for 18-24 hours. Residual volumes from pipettes create aerosols; use mechanical
devices that are calibrated to deliver.
Restrict the use of sharps to a minimum. Avoid using syringes to mix infectious liquids (if
essential, hold the tip of the needle under the surface of the fluid and avoid excessive force).
Discard used syringes and needles into an approved container.
Hazards chemical and biological spills and blood spills on floors, benches or equipment
should be cleaned up immediately. Special treatment is required for spills of a bio hazardous
nature.
Hands should be washed after completing each task and always before leaving the laboratory.
Any faulty equipment should be removed from service for repair or disposal.
Petri dish cultures of fungi should be sealed and incubated with the lid uppermost to prevent
the dispersal of fungal spores. Recognize fungi as potential pathogens and be aware of the
ability of some species to produce mycotoxins.
Take care when handling petri dishes that contain condensate. This may contain viable
microorganisms that can be spread via droplets or aerosols when the plates are opened or
dropped.
1. Personal Safety
The highest priority in the laboratory is personal safety. Therefore you must be sure to:
Although you may not be working with pathogenic organisms, you should be aware of safety
procedures in dealing with biological agents in general.
All persons working with biological agents must observe the following rules:
Wear a lab coat. Clothing coming in contact with biological agents should
be removed and washed.
Keep the laboratory doors closed.
Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the
laboratory.
Place any non-sharp implements that you used to handle biological agents
into appropriatecontainers.
Place all used microscope slides in disinfectant.
Never place cell culture vessels close to the edge of the lab bench and in
areas where they could be knocked over.
Never leave cultures open to the air: keep them covered at all times. Many
biological agents can become airborne and inhalated.
No mouth pipetting at any time.
No smoking, eating or drinking in the laboratory.
A lab coat must be worn whenever work involving biological material is
being carried out and must be taken off before visiting non-laboratory
areas (coffee rooms, shops, libraries, etc.).
All contaminated glassware must be disinfected before being placed for
washing up.
Potential Causes:
Biological safety cabinets have been installed in some laboratories for two reasons:
For maximum safety and experimental success, use the biological safety cabinet as much as
possible when using biological media.
B. Centrifuge
1. The components remove at extremely high speeds and if they are not
balanced, there is a possibility for a mechanical hazard.
2. Usually the centrifuge is used for potentially bio-hazardous media, so care
must be taken to avoid spillage of the media. If spillage occurs, proper
decontamination must take place.
Individuals responsible for autoclaving glassware and other lab ware will be responsible for
preparing the materials for sterilization.
E.Pipetting
Chemical/Biological spill kits are to be used only for very small spill. Clean up kits should be
in every lab.
Fire Safety
General Housekeeping
The best way to avoid accidents is to develop good housekeeping. Keep your
workplace clean and tidy. Clean up spills, broken equipment, floods and general clutter
promptly.
WASTE DISPOSAL
A.BIOLOGICAL WASTE
Biological waste includes:
Liquids such as used cell culturing media, supernatant, blood or blood fractions
(serum),etc. which contain viable biological agents;
Materials considered pathological, any part of the human body, tissues and bodily
fluids.
Any part of an animal infected [or suspected to be infected] with a communicable
disease;
Non-sharp, solid laboratory waste (empty plastic cell culture flasks and petri dishes,
empty plastic tube, gloves, wrappers, absorbent tissues, etc.) which may be, or is
known to be, contaminated with viable biological agents;
All sharp and pointed items used in medical care, diagnosis, and research, including
the manipulation and care of laboratory animals, which should be considered
potentially infectious;
Laboratory glassware, which is known or suspected to be contaminated with
hazardous biological agents.
Packaging and Treatment
Non-sharp, solid laboratory waste (empty plastic cell culture flasks and
petridishes, empty plastic tubes, gloves, wrappers, absorbent tissues, etc.)
which may be, or is known to be, contaminated with viable biological
agents should be collected in autoclavable bags. These plastic bags
display the biohazard-warning symbol.
a. Failing to label a waste bottle. If the contents of the bottle are not listed, the
next person to use the bottle could accidentally combine incompatible
chemicals, causing a fire and explosion. All bottles of chemical waste must
have information on it.
b. If something isnt really waste, dont pit the word waste on the bottle.
c. Scratching out the former label of the bottle and writing waste on the
bottle. You must remove or totally deface the old so there is no confusion
over the contents.
a. Storing acids and bases in the same cabinet. Leaking containers or a spill
could cause a violent reaction, which would release large quantities of
toxic gases.
b. Storing acids and organic waste in the same cabinet. In the event of
accidental mixing, a catastrophic fire or explosion could result.
c. Mixing incompatible chemicals in a waste container. For example, nitric
acid and ethanol can form an explosive mixture.
a. Using metal cans for waste. Even near neutral pH, solids and liquids can
easily corrode through metal cans in a surprisingly short period of time.
Use only glass or polyethylene containers for waste.
b. Storing waste bottles in or near a sink or floor drain. This could allow
toxic chemicals to enter the sewer.
o All waste containers must have a proper hazardous waste label with start
HAZARDOUS WASTE
date heres an example:
ACCUMULATION
There are many types of emergencies that could occur in a laboratory, including fires,
chemical/biological contaminants spills, injuries, accidents, explosions and others.
1. Fire
1. Individuals are not required to fight fires; but that those who choose to do so may fight
small, incipient stage fires ( No bigger than a waste paper basket) as long as have been
trained in theproper use of fire extinguishers.
If you have been trained in the use of a fire extinguisher, fight the fire from
a position where you can escape, only if you are confident that you will be
successful.
A fire contained in a small vessel can usually be suffocated by covering the
vessel with a lid of some sort.
2. If your clothing catches fire, drop to the floor and roll to smother the fire. If a co-
workers clothing catches fire, knock the person to the floor and roll him or her to
smother the flames. Use a safety shower immediately thereafter.
3. If the fire is larger or spreading inform the building occupants by fire alarm or notify
the building occupants verbally of the need to evacuate. If possible, shut down any
equipment, which may add fuel to the fire. Close the door behind you to prevent the
fires spread.
2. Chemical Exposures
Immediately flush with water for no less than 15 minutes. For larger spills, the safety shower
should be used.
Close containers, open windows or otherwise increase ventilation, and move to fresh air.
Wash the area with soap and water and seek medical attention.
Avoid inhaling any airborne material by holding your breath and leaving the
laboratory
Close the door to the laboratory and warn others in the area go to a wash or
change room area. Wash all potentially contaminated area as well as the
arms, face, and hands.Shower if facilities are available
If clothing is known or suspected to be contaminated, remove the clothing
with care, folding the contaminated area inward. Discard the clothing into a
bag or autoclave
Reentry into the laboratory should be delayed for a period of 30 minutes to
allow reduction of the aerosol generated by the spill.
The telephone numbers and address of the following should be prominently displayed near all
telephones:
Emergency equipment
1. The laboratory should be separated from the areas that are open to unrestricted
traffic flow within the building. Additional separation may be achieved by placing
the laboratory at the blind end of a corridor
2. Access to the laboratory area must be designed to prevent entrance of arthropods
and other vermin.
3. Access doors must be self-closing and lockable.
4. The surface of walls, floors and ceilings should be water-resistant and easy to
clean. Opening in these surface (e.g. for service pipes) should be sealed to
facilitate decontamination of the room(s).
5. A foot-or elbowoperated hand-washbasin should be provided near to each exit
door.
6. Exhaust air form the laboratory must be discharged directly to the outside of the
building so that it is dispersed away from occupied buildings and air intakes. It is
recommended that this air is discharged through high-efficiency particulate air
(HEPA) filters.
Definition:
A potentially hazardous biological specimen may be any one type or combination of the
following types of specimens, when such a specimen consists of live, frozen or lyophilized
material that may possess the potential to produce an infection or genetic alternation in
humans, animals or plants.
Potentially hazardous biological specimens do not include live animals that are healthy and
pressure to be non-infectious, but do include unhealthyanimals that are known or suspected to
be infectious.
Biological specimens are not considered to be potentially hazardous when the specimens have
been chemically, thermally, or otherwise treated to render the specimens, or component
Hazards in bio labs are principally due to infections. Additional Hazards Include:
Chemical
Mechanical
Fire
Electrical
Radiation
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