Thuc Tap Tot Nghiep

LI CM N
Sau gn 3 nm theo hc v nghin cu ti trng H Cng Nghip, vi s ch

dy tn tnh ca ton th ging vin trong Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc, chng em
tm hiu, hc c rt nhiu nhng chuyn ngnh thuc chuyn mn ca mt k s
ha hc. Vi mc ch cho sinh vin c c hi tip cn vi nhng my mc v
trang thit b thc t lin quan ti kin thc c hc trn gh nh trng, Khoa
kt hp vi Cng ty cho chng em i thc tp ti xng m ca cng ty.
y l ln u tin chng em c tip xc vi thc t, em nhng kin thc

v chuyn ngnh m in c hc vn dng vo thc tin nhm hiu su, hiu
r hn v hc hi thm nhng iu cha bit v kin thc chuyn mn. Qua t
thc tp ny, chng em tm hiu v thc t sn xut, yu cu v mt bng thit k
nn mt xng m, cch b tr my mc v trang thit b ti xng, cch vn hnh
chng, quy trnh sn xut ca xng m, nhng s c thng gp trong qu trnh
sn xut, cch khc phc nhng s c v cch nh gi cht lng ca mt sn
phm. ng thi chng em cn hc tp thm c cch qun l cng nh iu
hnh, b tr nhn s trong mt xng sn xut.
Chng em xin gi li cm n trn thnh ti ton th cc thy c trong Khoa, cc

thy c trong b mn V C, gio vin hng dn v gii thiu: thy Nguyn Minh
Quang, ngi hng dn: anh Phm Nh Phong tn tnh hng dn v to mi
iu kin tt nht cho chng em c th hon thnh t thc tp ny.
Tuy nhin, thi gian thc tp kh ngn nn bi bo co ny ca chng em chc

chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. V vy chng em rt mong c s gp ,
ch bo ca qu thy c v cng ty hon thin tt bo co thc tp.
Nhm thc tp
CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
c lp T do Hnh phc
PHIU NH GI KT QU THC TP
n v thc tp: Cng ty TNHH TM-DV-SX Bch Kim Minh Chu....................
a ch (Cng ty): 450 Trn Hng o, phng 14, qun 5, TP. H Ch Minh.........
in thoi (Cng ty): (08) 3960 7997.............. Fax (Cng ty): ...............................
H tn cn b hng dn: Th.S NGUYN MINH QUANG
H tn sinh vin: Vn Khang Lp: CDHO16A
MSSV: 14016161 Thi gian thc tp: t 26/12/2016 n . 16/1/2017
nh gi kt qu thc tp:
ST XP LOI
NI DUNG NH GI
T Tt Kh TB Km
A THI , CHP HNH K LUT
1 Chp hnh ni quy Cng ty, Nh my
2 Chp hnh thi gian lm vic
3 Thi ng x, giao tip vi CB-CNV
4 thc bo v ti sn Cng ty
5 thc an ton lao ng
B KT QU CNG TC
6 Mc hon thnh cng vic c giao
7 Nng ng, tch cc trong cng vic
C CHUYN MN
8 Tm hiu, hc hi chuyn mn
, ngy thng nm 2017

GIM CCNG HO X HI CH
NGHA VIT NAM
c lp T do Hnh phc
H tn cn b hng dn: ........................................................................................
H tn sinh vin: ................................................................Lp:..............................
MSSV: .........................Thi gian thc tp: t ........................ n ........................
nh gi kt qu thc tp:
ST XP LOI
NI DUNG NH GI
T Tt Kh TB Km
5 thc an ton lao ng
B KT QU CNG TC
C CHUYN MN
, ngy thng nm 2014
GIM CCNG HO X HI CH
NGHA VIT NAM
c lp T do Hnh phc
H tn cn b hng dn: ........................................................................................
H tn sinh vin: ................................................................Lp:..............................
nh gi kt qu thc tp:
ST XP LOI
NI DUNG NH GI
T Tt Kh TB Km
5 thc an ton lao ng
B KT QU CNG TC
C CHUYN MN
, ngy thng nm 2014
GIM CCNG HO X HI CH
NGHA VIT NAM
c lp T do Hnh phc
H tn cn b hng dn: ........................................................................................
H tn sinh vin: ................................................................Lp:..............................
nh gi kt qu thc tp:
ST XP LOI
NI DUNG NH GI
T Tt Kh TB Km
5 thc an ton lao ng
B KT QU CNG TC
C CHUYN MN
, ngy thng nm 2014
GIM CCNG HO X HI CH
NGHA VIT NAM
c lp T do Hnh phc
H tn cn b hng dn: ........................................................................................
H tn sinh vin: ................................................................Lp:..............................
nh gi kt qu thc tp:
ST XP LOI
NI DUNG NH GI
T Tt Kh TB Km
5 thc an ton lao ng
B KT QU CNG TC
C CHUYN MN
, ngy thng nm 2014
GIM C NHN XT CA GIO
VIN HNG DN
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Phn nh gi:
thc thc hin:

Ni dung thc hin:
Hnh thc trnh by:
Tng hp kt qu:
im bng s:..................... im bng ch: ...
TP. H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm 2017
Gio vin hng dn
(K ghi h v tn)
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN
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Phn nh gi:
thc thc hin:

Ni dung thc hin:
Hnh thc trnh by:
Tng hp kt qu:
im bng s:..................... im bng ch: ...
TP. H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm 2017
Gio vin phn bin
(K ghi h v tn)
MC LC
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN CNG TY..............................................................1
1.1 Gii thiu v cng ty....................................................................................1
1.2 Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin...................................................................1
1.3 S t chc cng ty...................................................................................2
1.4 Lnh vc hot ng ca cng ty...................................................................2
1.5 Mc tiu v nh hng pht trin...............................................................3
CHNG 2. CNG NGH M IN...............................................................4
2.1 Cng ngh m in......................................................................................4
2.2 Thit b c bn trong m in......................................................................4
2.3 Phm vi ng dng v mt s sn phm thc t............................................6
CHNG 3. QUY TRNH CNG NGH M TRANG SC............................8
3.1 Mi bng v nh bng................................................................................8
3.2 Ty g.........................................................................................................15
3.3 Ty du......................................................................................................20
3.4 M i n ng.............................................................................................27
3.5 M in niken............................................................................................36
3.6 M in bc................................................................................................54
3.7 M in bch kim.......................................................................................62
3.8 M in vng..............................................................................................64
3.9 M in Rhodi............................................................................................68
CHNG 4. PHNG PHP X L TP CHT TRONG DUNG DCH M

IN. 71
4.1 ngha ca vic lm sch dung dch m:..................................................71
4.2 Phng php loi b tp cht v c ha tan trong dung dch m:..............71
4.3 Phng php loi b tp cht hu c ha tan trong dung dch m:............72
4.4 Phng php loi b tp cht khng ha tan trong dung dch m:.............73
4.5 Phng php loi b tp cht kh ha tan trong dung dch m:..................73
CHNG 5. NHNG NGUYN TC C BN CA VIC PHNG NGA

NG C HA CHT..........................................................................................74
5.1 Bn nguyn tc c bn ca hot ng kim sot........................................74
5.2 Bao che hoc cch ly ngun pht sinh ha cht nguy him........................77
5.3 Thng gi...................................................................................................77
5.4 Phng tin bo v c nhn........................................................................78
5.5 Mt n phng c.......................................................................................79
5.6 Bo v mt.................................................................................................81
5.7 Qun o, gng tay, giy ng.......................................................................82

DANH MC BNG BIU
Bng 3.1 Tc di pht mi, pht nh bng thch hp v cc nguyn liu khc
nhau........................................................................................................................... 9
Bng 3.2 Quan h gia tc quay vi tc di khi ng knh pht khc nhau.
................................................................................................................................. 10
Bng 3.3 Ht mi thng dng................................................................................11
Bng 3.4 Chn ht mi khi mi bng......................................................................12
Bng 3.5 Phn loi, c im v cng dng cao nh bng....................................14
Bng 3.6 Thnh phn v ch lm vic dung dch ty st thp.............................17
Bng 3.7 Cng ngh ch yu ty g st thp............................................................18
Bng 3.8 Thnh phn v ch cng ngh dung dch ty du, g ng thi...........19
Bng 3.9 c im cc phng php ty du..........................................................20
Bng 3.10 c im cc phng php ty du in ha.........................................24
Bng 3.11 Thnh phn dung dch v ch lm vic ty du in phn.................25
Bng 3.12 Nhng khuyt t t trong qu trnh m ng trong dung dch axit, nguyn
nhn v cch khc phc...........................................................................................35
Bng 3.13 dy lp m niken (m) ph thuc vo mt dng IK....................43
Bng 3.14 Mt s dung dch m bc xyanua thng dng........................................56
Bng 3.15 Thi gian m bc (ph)............................................................................56
Bng 3.16. S c, nguyn nhn v cch cha khi m xyanua.................................57

DANH MC HNH NH
Hnh 1.1 S cng ty..............................................................................................2
Hnh 3.1 Quy trnh m trang sc theo cng ngh m in.........................................8
Hnh 3.2 Sn phm m Niken..................................................................................36
Hnh 3.3 Sn phm m bc......................................................................................54
Hnh 3.4 Sn phm m vng....................................................................................65
Hnh 3.5 Sn phm m Rhodi (gi bch kim)..........................................................68
Hnh 5.1 Vic thit k nh xng hp l c th lm tng lng khng kh lu thng

v lm gim nng cc ha cht c hi..............................................................78
Hnh 5.2 Mt n lc bi...........................................................................................80
Hnh 5.3 Mt n lc c loi che na mt...............................................................80
Hnh 5.4 Mt n c b lc hn hp bo gm c b lc bi v b lc kh................81
Hnh 5.5 Knh bo v mt........................................................................................81
Hnh 5.6 Trang b che chn mt mt........................................................................82
Hnh 5.7 Gng tay bo v........................................................................................82
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN CNG TY
1.1 Gii thiu v cng ty
Cng ty TNHH DV-TM SX BCH KIM MINH CHU
a ch: 450 Trn Hng o, Phng 14, Qun 5, Tp.HCM
Chi nhnh-Xng sn xut: 224/8 Mai Xun Thng, P2, Q6, TP.HCM
1.2 Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin
Cng ty TNHH DV-TM SX BCH KIM MINH CHU thnh lp vo nm

2005, giy php DKKD c cp bi s u t TP H CH MINH. n nay di
s lnh o sang sut ca ban lnh o, Cng ty chng ti khng nh c v
th ca mnh trn th trng trong v ngoi nc.
c rn luyn trong mi trng chuyn nghip, pht trin i ln cng vi

nhng kinh nghim hc hi thu thp c trong qu trnh cng tc. Khi thnh lp
Cng ty chng ti xc nh r s pht trin n nh, ly tiu chun cht lng
lm nn mng s mang n s phn thnh n nh.
Nhng kin thc hc c v kinh nghim trong mi trng kinh doanh, s

am hiu v th trng, chng ti to c mng li phn b rng khp trn ton
lnh th Vit Nam. Mc tiu hng ti s l s l cc th trng Nga, c v cc
nc ln cn trong khu vc chu .
Pht trin mnh m t mt nh xng kim hon n nay Cng ty TNHH DV-
TM SX BCH KIM MINH CHU pht trin v cung cp rt nhiu dch v v
lnh vc xi m. Chng ti cam kt cung cp y nhng sn phm, dch v dc
phm v hng tiu dung t tiu chun quc t, nhm phc v tt nht yu cu phc
v ca x hi, cng nh khng ngng gia tng gi tr cho cc nh u t v mi
thnh vin trong Cng ty.
T khi thnh lp Cng ty chng ti khng ngng vn ln hon thin v mt

t chc, cht lng hng ha, cung cp dch v chu o. Vi i ng cn b cng
nhn vin c trnh chuyn mn cao, c o to c bn, chng ti cam kt s
mang li cho qu khch hng sn phm tt nht, cnh tranh nht.
1.3 S t chc cng ty

Hnh 1.1 S cng ty
1.4 Lnh vc hot ng ca cng ty
Chuyn sn xut, gia cng xi m cc sn phm trang sc nh: rhodium,

vng, palladium,
Bo tr nc xi Rhodium.
o to, hng dn dy ngh.
T vn: xi m cng nghip, xi m n trang, xi m phi kim loi
Chuyn giao cng ngh, h tr cng ngh.
Cung cp cc thit b xi m.
1.5 Mc tiu v nh hng pht trin
1.5.1 Mc tiu
Tr thnh Cng ty ln mnh hng u ti Vit Nam, tr thnh mt tp on

ln mnh pht trin bn vng, l la chn s mt i vi ngi tiu dung
cng nh cc i tc nh uy tn v kh nng cung cp sn phm dch v.
Tr thnh nh cung cp chuyn nghip cc sn phm v xi m.
Xy dng Cng ty thnh mt t chc chuyn nghip, to dng cng n vic

lm n nh, mi trng lm vic chuyn nghip, nng ng, thu nhp cao
cho ton b cn b cng nhn vin Cng ty.
1.5.2 nh hng pht trin
Tiu ch ca Cng ty UY TN CHT LNG lm nn mng pht trin.
Cng ty Bch Kim Minh Chu hng ti thnh cng bng vic cung cp cho
khch hng nhng gi sn phm v dch v a dng, hon ho. S hi lng
v li ch ca khch hng l ng lc quan trng nht thc y s pht trin
ca Cng ty.
S dng nhng phng thc qung co a phng tin hiu qu nht

qun b hnh nh v sn phm ca Cng ty n vi ngi tiu dung, i tc.
Gi gn v pht huy tc pht trin ca Cng ty v doanh s, th phn, th

trng, uy tn v trnh nhn lc.
Quan h cht ch, bn vng vi i tc truyn thng v m rng th trng

trong v ngoi nc.
Tng cng o to, pht huy tnh sng to trong i ng cn b cng nhn
vin nhm tng hm lng cng ngh, nng cao hiu qu cng vic.
Cng c, hon thin v m rng mng li tiu th hng ha, xy dn vng

chc cc i l then cht lm nn tng cho s pht trin.
CHNG 2. CNG NGH M IN
2.1 Cng ngh m in
Cng ngh m in l cng ngh ng dng in ha to kt ta trn kim

loi nn mt lp kim loi mng, tng tnh thm m, tng tnh dn in, tng kch
thc, tng cng b mt v kh nng chng s n mn ca sn phm.
Cng ngh m in c nhng c im sau:
Lp m c kt tinh nh, xp nh, cng ty thuc vo vic chn m, c

dy nht nh v bm chc vo kim loi nn.
Kim loi gc (hay cn gi l phi) khng b nung nng do tnh cht c

hc v hnh dng khng b thay i.
Nhng cng ngh ny vn c khuyt im l khi lp m dy th thi gian m

di hn na khi lp m dy th tnh cht ca n km i.
Cng ngh m in ph thuc vo din tch h xi, dung dch xi, phng xi,
dng in mt chiu.
2.2 Thit b c bn trong m in
2.2.1 Ngun in mt chiu
Ngun in mt chiu nh pin, c quy, my pht in mt chiu, b bin i.

Ngy nay c dng ph bin nht l b bin i. B bin i cho qu trnh in
phn c in p ra thp. Ty theo yu cu k thut m chn in p ra cho ph hp.
Mt b bin i c th ly ra mt s in p cn thit cho mt s quy trnh.
2.2.2 Ant
Ant l in cc ni vi cc dng ca ngun in mt chiu. Trc khi in

phn ant cn phi nh sch du m, lp g
Ant dng trong m in c hai loi: ant ha tan v ant khng ha tan. Ant
ha tan c dng trong cc trng hp m niken, m ng, m km, m thic,
Trong qu trnh in phn ant tan vo dung dch m.
Cc cation kim loi tan vo dung dch in phn v i n catt. Phn ng

in ha ant l phn ng oxi ha
Ant khng ha tan dng trong trng hp m crm, m vng, m bc.
Kh thot ra ant trong qu trnh in phn thng chnh l O2 hay Cl2
2.2.3 Catt
Catt l in cc ni vi cc m ca ngun in mt chiu. Trong m in

catt l vt m. Trn b mt vt m lun din ra phn ng kh cc ion kim loi m.
ng thi vi ion kim loi b kh, H3O+ cng b kh gii phng ra kh H2.
Kh H2 thot ra trn b mt catt c kh nng thm su vo mng tinh th kim

loi m v cc kim loi nn, lm gim bn c hc ca kim loi (kh H 2 khi gp
nhit cao gin n mnh gy ra gn nt, gin kim loi). Ngi ta gi hin tng
ny l hin tng gin kim loi.
kim loi m bm cht vo b mt kim loi nn ng thi cho lp m ng

u, bng sng hp dn, trc khi m ta cn phi gia cng cho b mt chi tit bng
phng, bng v sch cc cht du m, mng oxt.
Catt vt m cn phi nhng ngp vo dung dch, thng ngp di mt nc

8-15 cm v cch y b khong 15cm. Cc ch ni phi m bo tip xc tht tt,
khng gy ra hin tng phng in trong cc cht in phn. Tuyt i khng
chm trc tip gia ant v catt khi ni mch in.
2.2.4 Dung dch cht in phn
Dung dch cht in phn: dung dch cht in phn dng m thng c hai
thnh phn:
Thnh phn c bn: gm mui v hp cht cha ion ca kim loi m v mt
s ha cht thit yu khc, nu thiu ha cht ny th dung dch khng th
dng m c.
Thnh phn th hai: bao gm cc cht ph gia.
Cht lm bng lp m.
Cht m gi cho pH ca dung dch n nh.
Cht gim sc cng ni ti m bo lp m khong bong nt.
Cht lm tng dn in lm cho lp m ng u hn.
Cht chng th ng ha catt nhm n nh m
Mt s c im ca dung dch m:
Dung dch m cn phi c dn in cao. dn in ca dung dch khng

nhng ch gim c tn tht in trong qu trnh m m cn lm cho lp
m ng u hn.
Mi dung dch cho lp m c cht lng trong mt khong pH nht nh.
Mi dung dch cho lp m cht lng cao trong mt khong nhit nht
nh, nhng nhit dung dch khng c vt qu nhit si ca dung
dch.
Mi dung dch c mt khong mt dng catt thch hp.
Dung dch cha mui phc ca kim loi thng cho lp m cht lng tt
hn lp m t chnh kim loi thu c t mui n.
2.2.5 B in phn
B in phn: lm t vt liu cch in, bn ha hc v bn nhit. Thnh v

mt trong ca b thng c lt bng cht do c bn ha hc v nhit cao.
Lp cht do lt phi kn tuyt i, nc khng thm qua c. Mt ngoi sn
nhiu lp chng g. B m thng c dn hnh ch nht, iu ny gip cho lp m
c phn b u hn.
2.3 Phm vi ng dng v mt s sn phm thc t
Cc sn phm ca cng ngh m in c mt trong nhiu ngnh trong nn

kinh t gi vai tr quan trng trong mt s ngnh cng nghip khc nhau
Trong lnh vc xy dng: m ng nc, ng st, cc thit b ngoi tri, m

cc thit b chu lc, m km cho tn,
Trong sn xut dn dng: lm trang sc, l ng, huy chng, bt a, vi

nc,
Trong ngnh k thut cao: sn xut robot, tn la,
Trong cng nghip ng tu: thng m mt lp km ln b mt v tu.
Trong cc cng trnh thy li.
Trong cc trang sc, vt m c m tng sng bng, tng tnh

thm m
Trong cc lnh vc khc: m vng in thoi, xe hi, laptop,.

CHNG 3. QUY TRNH CNG NGH M TRANG
SC
Ty thuc vo tnh cht vt liu phi m c quy trnh m c th. Sau y l

quy trnh m trang sc c phi c nn bng thp:
Hnh 3.2 Quy trnh m trang sc theo cng ngh m in

3.1 Mi bng v nh bng
3.1.1 Khi nim
Mi bng l qu trnh gia cng b mt chi tit bng pht mi bng (hoc dy
ai). Mi bng c th loi b khi b mt chi tit lp oxy ha, lp g, vt sc, vt
hn, bavialm bng phng chi tit. Ngoi nhng chi tit yu cu cht lng
khng cao c th mi bng mt ln, thng thng phi mi bng nhiu ln bng
nhng ht mi c kch thc nh dn. Cht lng mi bng quyt nh bi ht mi,
nguyn liu ht mi, tnh cht ca pht mi, tc mi. Cho thm cht bi trn
(nh thuc nh bng) trn pht mi bng c th mi tinh. th b mt (Ra) ca
chi tit sau khi mi bng c th t n 94m.
nh bng l qu trnh gia cng b mt chi tit bng pht nh bng c thuc
nh bng. nh bng tin hnh trn b mt tng i bng phng, lm gim
nhm b mt, c b mt nhn bng.
Khi nh bng kim loi nn t b tiu hao, nh bng sau khi m kim loi nn
tiu hao bng 5% - 20% dy lp m.
Cn c vo nguyn liu khc nhau m chn tc mi bng v nh bng

thch hp (xem bng 3.1).
Khi ng knh, pht mi, pht nh bng v tc quay khc nhau, tc

di ca pht mi, pht nh bng (xem bng 3.2).
Bng 3.1 Tc di pht mi, pht nh bng thch hp v cc nguyn liu khc
nhau.
Tc di thch hp (m/s)
Nguyn liu mi
Mi bng nh bng
St thp: Chi tit hnh dng
phc tp 18- 30 20 25
Chi tit hnh dng 18 - 30 30 35

n gin
Thp c, niken, crom 18- 30 30 35
ng v hp kim ng, bc 14 18 20 30
Nhm, ch, km, thic v hp
10 14 18- 25
kim
Cht do 10 - 15 10 - 15
Bng 3.2 Quan h gia tc quay vi tc di khi ng knh pht khc nhau.
ng knh
Tc pht
(mm) 20
100 300 400 500 600 700 800
di (m/s) 0
Tc quay
(vng/pht)
800 4,2 8,4 12,6 16,7 20,9 25,1 29,3 33,5
10,
1000 5,2 15,7 20,9 26,2 31,4 36,6 41,9
4
12,
1200 6,3 18,8 25,1 31,4 37,7 44 50,3
6
14,
1400 7,3 22 29,3 36,6 44 51,3 58,6
7
16,
1600 8,4 25,1 33,5 41,9 50,3 58,6 67
8
18,
1800 9,4 28,3 37,7 47,7 56,5 65,9 75,4
8
20,
2000 10,4 31,4 41,9 52,3 62,8 73,3 83,8
9
2200 11,5 23 34,5 46,1 57,6 69,1 80,6 92,2
25, 100,
2400 12,6 37,7 50,2 62,8 75,4 87,9
1 5
27, 108,
2600 13,6 40,8 54,4 68 81,7 95,2
2 9
29, 102, 117,
2800 14,7 44 58,6 73,3 88
3 6 3
31, 109, 125,
3000 15,7 47,1 62,8 78,5 94,2
4 9 7
3.1.2 Mi bng
Kch thc ht mi khi phn b trn mt phng nht nh c quan h vi tnh

cht pht (bao gm nguyn liu v cch khu) v hiu qu nh bng. Khi ht mi
to b mt kim loi c lng ct gt ln dng pht cng, b mt kim loi mu v
lng ct gt nh dng pht mm, pht vi c tnh mm tt nht.
3.1.2.1 Ht mi
Chn ht mi cn c vo vt liu gia cng khc nhau v cht lng gia cng
b mt, s c k hiu t 1 n 3 c s dng nhiu. Ht mi thng dng xem
bng sau:
Bng 3.3 Ht mi thng dng
Thn
Hnh
S h
Tnh dng ht B
T Tn phn cn Cng dng
do kt (mm) ngoi
T ch g
cu
yu
Dng
mi bng
kim loi c
cng
thp (ng,
km, ng
Gi thic,
Carboru Mu
n, 0,75 ~ nhm) kim
1 n nhn SiC 9,2 Sc en
d 0,013 loi cng
to bng
v nhng gin
(thp c,
thp
cacbon,
thp c
cng
cao).
Dng
mi bng
thp c
Mu cng
Corun
0,75 ~ trng cao c tnh
2 nhn Al2O3 9,0 Do Trn
0,05 hoc do nht
to
tro nh (nh
thp ti,
thp c
rn).
Al2O3 Mu
Carboru 7 Tr 0,75 ~ Mi bng
3 Fe2O Do
n dun 8 trn 0,065 kim loi.
3 en
Mi bng,
Mu
Ct nh bng
0,75 ~ trng
4 thch SiO2 7 Do Trn hoc phun
0,013 hoc
anh ct, quay
vng
bng.
ht ca ht mi xem bng sau:
Bng 3.4 Chn ht mi khi mi bng
Phn loi ht (mm) Cng dng

Lng ct gt ln, loi b lp m, lp
1,700 0,850
g dy
Mi th
Lng ct gt, loi b lp oxit, r,
0,750 0,425
bavia b mt mi th.
Lng ct gt trung bnh, loi b vt
Mi trung 0,300 0,191
mi sau khi mi th.
bnh
0,150 0,101 Lng ct gt nh, chun b mi tinh.
Lng ct gt nh, b mt tng i
0,090 0,063
bng.
Mi tinh
Lng ct gt nh, b mt bng nh
0,050 0,025
gng.
3.1.2.2 Pht mi
Pht mi c lm bng vi bng, giy c bit, vi, nilong hoc daCc

ming mi c ct thnh hnh trn xp li, c p dnh hoc khu, bao bn ngoi
lp da. Da vo nguyn liu lm pht khc nhau m phn thnh 2 loi pht cng v
pht mm. Mi bng nhng chi tit n gin, nguyn liu cng dng pht cng,
mi bng nhng chi tit phc tp, nguyn liu mm dng pht mm.
Khi mi bng phi nm vng cch pha ch keo v thao tc gn ct. Nng
ca keo ph thuc vo tng loi ct, mc ht cng ln th nng keo cng cao,
ht cng nh th keo cng long.
V d: gn ct c ht 0,795 0,495 mm th s dng keo c nng 50%,

gn ct c ht 0,086 0,050 mm th s dng keo c nng 23 30%.
Keo c nhiu loi nh: keo thy tinh, keo da tru. Keo thy tinh c t trng
1,4 1,45 c th thao tc nhit thng. Khi pha ch keo da tru, em lng
keo cn thit ngm vo nc lnh cho n ra, sau gia nhit cch thy (khng c
gia nhit trc tip).
Quy trnh thao tc khi gn ct nh sau:
Gia nhit keo (nu l keo da tru) v sy pht nhit khong 60 -80oC.
Qut ln mt pht lp keo th nht, sau khi kh qut lp th hai v tin hnh
ln ct, cn phi ln cht v u.
Sy nhit 60oC, cng c th sy nhit thng trong 24h.
3.1.3 nh bng
nh bng bao gm cng on nh bng th, nh bng trung bnh v nh

bng tinh. nh bng th dng pht cng nh bng b mt qua mi bng hoc
cha mi bng, c tc dng mi ct nht nh vi kim loi nn, loi b vt mi th.
nh bng trung bnh dng pht tng i cng nh bng b mt qua nh
bng th; loi b vt khi nh bng th, b mt tng i bng. nh bng tinh l
cng ngh sau cng khi nh bng, dng pht mm, b mt bng nh gng.
3.1.3.1 Pht nh bng
Pht nh bng c lm t vi bc, vi bng, vi mcPht c nhiu loi

khc nhau:
Pht khu: pht lm t vi, pht khu theo dng ng tm hoc ng xon
c t tm pht ra. Mun c pht cng cc ng khu cch nhau 5- 10mm,
pht mm hn ng khu cch nhau 15 20mm. Nhng pht ny dng
nh bng th.
Pht khng khu: pht ch khu gia trung tm, l loi pht mm dng
nh bng tinh.
Pht gp: Pht to thnh bi tm vi trn, gp hai hoc gp ba thnh dng

ti, sau gp p ln nhau. Pht c th gi thuc nh bng c n hi
tt.
Pht nhn: Pht to thnh do cun vi thnh gc 45 o, khu lin tc, p dp

thnh cun nhng cun ny bao quanh vng trn c rnh, thnh dng nhn.
Trung tm pht c tm giy cng, c th lp vi trc my. Pht ny c tnh
tn nhit tt, c th nh bng nhng chi tit ln tc cao.
3.1.3.2 Thuc nh bng
Cao nh bng
Cao nh bng gm cc vt liu mi v cht kt dnh (stearic, parapin), c

bn th trng. c im v cng dng ca chng xem bng sau:
Bng 3.5 Phn loi, c im v cng dng cao nh bng
Phn loi c im Cng dng

Thnh phn gm c
nh bng kim loi
CaO, MgO v cht
Cao nh bng mm (nhm, ng),
kt dnh, ht nh,
trng cht do, nh bng
khng sc, lu b
tinh.
bin cht.
Thnh phn gm c
nh bng st thp,
Fe2O3, Al2O3 v cht
Cao nh bng nh bng th nhm,
kt dnh, cng
ng
trung bnh.
Thnh phn gm c
nh bng thp hp
Cao nh bng Cr2O3, Al2O3 v cht
kim, m crom, thp
xanh kt dnh, lc ct gt
khng g.
ln.
Dung dch nh bng
Dung dch nh bng ging nh cao nh bng nhng dng dung dch hoc
nh tng (kh chy), dng thay th cao nh bng.
Dung dch nh bng c phun vo pht nh bng qua h

thng thng nguyn liu tng p hoc bm i vo vi phun. ln
p sut thng nguyn liu, hoc cng sut bm ph thuc vo
nht, lng cung cpca dung dch nh bng.
Do dung dch nh bng c cung cp lin tc, v th lm

gim s mi mn pht. B mt chi tit khng dnh nhiu thuc
nh bng, c th nng cao nng sut lao ng.
3.1.4 Mi bng v nh bng cht do
B mt cht do ni chung tng i nhn bng, khng cn phi mi bng

nh bng. Nhng chi tit yu cu cht lng cao hoc cn loi b bavia, nh
hng m quan mi cn nh bng. Khi thao tc cn ch cht do c cng
thp, chu nhit km, lc gia cng nh, tc thp.
Khi loi b bavia tin hnh mi bng bng dy ai ht mi l SiC. Ht SiC

tun t nh dn. Khi dng pht my bng tc phi thp.
Khi nh bng dng cao nh bng trng hoc dung dch nh bng c ht
nh,mm. Khi nh bng dng lc nh, tc thp (10 15m/giy), phng qu
nhit.
3.2 Ty g
3.2.1 Khi nim
Ty g bao gm ty g thng thng, ty bng, ty nh.

Ty g thng thng dng loi b lp n mn v lp oxi ha mng, loi b
bn n mn trn b mt chi tit, l ra t chc kt tinh ca kim loi nn, nng cao
bng chi tit. Ty nh tin hnh trc khi m, ty i lp mng oxy ha mng, trung
ha kim cn ng li trn b mt chi tit. lm cho b mt hot ha, nng cao
bm ca lp m vi kim loi nn. Ngoi ty g ha hc cn c ty g in ha.
3.2.2 Cht ty g thng dng.
3.2.2.1 H2SO4
nhit thng, s ha tan lp oxy kim loi trong dung dch H 2SO4 yu.
Nng cao nng dung dch cng khng nng cao r rt kh nng n mn ca
H2SO4. Khi nng H2SO4 trn 40%; kh nng ha tan ca st oxyt gim i r rt,
khi nng ln hn 60% lp oxyt hu nh khng ha tan. Kh nng n mn nn
st thp ca H2SO4 nng mnh, bc i c lp oxyt dy. Nhng nhit cao qu
gy n mn kim loi nn, gy gin hydro. V th ch gia nhit 50 60 oC, khng
vt qu 75 oC, ng thi phi cho thm cht lm chm. Chi tit st thp ty nng
H2SO4 10 20% (th tch), nhit 40 oC. Khi nng FeSO4 t n 215g/l
(hm lng Fe khng vt qu 80g/l/0 phi thay th dung dch mi.
Dung dch H2SO4 dng ty st thp, ng v hp kim ng. Hn hp

H2SO4 v HNO3 nng cao bng v lm gim tc n mn ca HNO 3 vi nn
ng, nn st.
3.2.2.2 HCl
nhit thng s ha tan lp oxyt kim loi trong dung dch HCl mnh,
nhng ha tan lp kim loi nn yu. Ty trong axit HCl gy t n mn kim loi nn
v gim gin hydro. nhit thng ty c nhiu kim loi trong axit HCl. Khi
nng v nhit thch hp, tc n mn trong HCl cao gp 1,5 2 ln trong
H2SO4. nhit thng, ty trong HCl c nng 20 80%, c khi ty trong
HCl c.
HCl bc hi rt mnh, v vy d n mn thit b, nhim mi trng, phi c

thit b ht c tt.
3.2.2.3 HNO3
HNO3 l thnh phn quan trng trong dung dch n mn bng. Hn hp HNO 3
v HF ty lp oxyt trn ch, thp khng g, hp kim nn niken, nn st, nn
cobanHn hp HNO3 v H2SO4 ty bng ng v hp kim ng.
3.2.2.4 HF
HF c th ha tan hp cht c silic, ha tan lp oxyt ca nhm, crom. V vy

HF dng ty chi tit vt c, thp khng g, vt liu c bitNhng HF rt c,
bay hi mnh, khi dng phi cn thn, khng tip xc vi da.
3.2.2.5 H3PO4
H3PO4 c tc dng n mn km, v vy tng cng n mn, cn phi tng

nhit. u im ca ty trong H3PO4 l khi cn dnh mt t dung dch H3PO4 trn b
mt chi tit, to thnh lp mng bo v mui photphat khng ha tan, H 3PO4 dng
ty lp g mi hn, cu kin trc khi sn.
3.2.3 Cht lm chm.
Dung dch ty g cho thm cht lm chm, c th phng nga kim loi nn b
n mn nhiu, trnh hin tng gin hydro. Nhng cht lm chm to mng mng
trn b mt, v vy phi ra sch nu khng bm chc khng tt.
Cht lm chm thng l cht hu c, a s l hp cht hu c c nit hoc

lu qunh trong thnh phn cu to. V d nh thioure, upotropin
3.2.4 Thnh phn v ch lm vic ca dung dch ty thng thng.
Thp chu nhit v thp khng g qua dp mng, hn hoc nhit luyn sinh ra
lp oxy ha kn kht, kh tan, ty lp oxy ha v phng kim loi nn n mn,
ty thp chu nhit v thp khng g bao gm cc cng ngh lm b lp oxy, ty,
lm sch mn. Thnh phn v ch cng ngh dung dch ty thp chu nhit v
thp khng g xem bng sau:
Bng 3.6 Thnh phn v ch lm vic dung dch ty st thp.

Dung dch 1(g/l)
Dung dch 2(g/l)
Dung dch 3(g/l)
Dung dch 4(g/l)
Dung dch 5(g/l)
Dung dch 6(g/l)
Dung dch 7(g/l)
Dung dch 8(g/l)
Dung dch 9(g/l)
Dung dch
Dung dch
Tn
10(g/l)
11(g/l)
120 100 150 600 5-
30- 75
H2SO4 - - - - 10
50 %
250 200 250 800 %
100 150
5-
HCl - -
15
200 360
800
400
-
HNO3 -
120
600
0
25
HF
%
200
80-
H3PO4 -
120
300
CrO3
50 -
NaOH
100
100
NaCl -
200
Cht lm 0,3- 0-
chm 0,5 0,5
Thng
Thng
Thng
Thng
Nhit 50 - 40- 40- 70- 70 -

(oC) 70 60 60 45 50 85 80
Thi gian 5- 5- 3- 3- 5-
1-5 2-5
(pht) 60 20 20 10 10 15
Mt (an
0,5
dng in ot)
-2
(A/dm2) 2-5
Bng 3.7 Cng ngh ch yu ty g st thp
Thnh
Thnh
phn Thnh
phn
Thnh phn dung phn Thnh
dung
dung dch dch dung phn dung
dch ty
Loi chi tit ty g thng ty dch dch X l
g bng
thng (g/l) mn ty khc
hoc ty
n nh
g mnh
mn
Chi tit
Chi tit b
7 hoc dp c th
mt bng g 3 11
10 qu 5 hoc
t
6
Thp
cacbon thp 1 hoc 2, 4 5 hoc 6 11
c lp oxyt
Thp
cacbon cao,
trung bnh
2 hoc 3 6 10 11
hoc thp
hp kim c
lp oxyt
Chi tit c 7 hoc
5 hoc 6 11
lp oxyt dy 10
C th lp
li cng
Chi tit chu ngh 3 10,
lc hoc l chi tit nh
3 10 11
xo c lp c th
oxyt quay bng
thay th
10
Thnh
Thnh
phn Thnh
phn
Thnh phn dung phn Thnh
dung
dung dch dch dung phn dung
dch ty
Loi chi tit ty g thng ty dch dch X l
g bng
thng (g/l) mn ty khc
hoc ty
n nh
g mnh
mn
Thi gian
cn rt
L xo c lp
7 hoc ngn cho
ng trn 3 11
10 thm 6
b mt
10 g/l
urotropin
Trc khi
ty cn
Chi tit c 9 10 11
phun hoc
quay bng
3.2.5 Ty du, ty g ng thi
Khi chi tit c du khng nhiu n gin cng ngh, gim thit b, c th
ty du, g. Pha thm vo cht ty cht nh ha mnh ( v d nh cht nh ha
OP10), nh vy c th t c mc ch ty du, ty g ng thi.
Thnh phn v ch cng ngh dung dch ty du, g ng thi xem bng
sau:
Bng 3.8 Thnh phn v ch cng ngh dung dch ty du, g ng thi
Thnh Thnh Thnh

Thnh phn
Thnh phn phn pha phn pha phn pha
pha ch
& ch ch loi ch loi ch loi
loi 4(g/l)
1(g/l) 2(g/l) 3(g/l)
HCl (1,18) 300 950 960 185
H2SO4 (1,84) 100 35 45 250 300
Cht nh ha
20 12 5 7,5 9 10
OP
Thioure 5
Thnh Thnh Thnh
Thnh phn
Thnh phn phn pha phn pha phn pha
pha ch
& ch ch loi ch loi ch loi
loi 4(g/l)
1(g/l) 2(g/l) 3(g/l)
C12H25SO4Na 30 35 5
Nhit (oC) 10 40 80 95 50 60 60 65
Ty n Ty n
Thi gian (pht) 5 10 Ty n ht
ht ht
3.3 Ty du
3.3.1 Khi nim
Phng php ty du thng dng: Ty du dung mi hu c, ty du ha

hc, ty du in ha, ty du trong thng quay, ty du th cng. c im ca cc
phng php ty du xem bng sau:
Bng 3.9 c im cc phng php ty du
Phng php ty
c im Phm vi ng dng
du
Du m x phng Chi tit nh c hnh
ha v khng x dng phc tp,
phng ha c th nhng chi tit kim
ha tan, khng n loi mu c nhiu
mn chi tit. Ty du du, chi tit b kim
Ty du dung mi
nhanh nhng khng n mn cn ty s
hu c
trit , cn phi ty b.
du b sung ha hc
hoc in ha. Dung
mi d chy, c,
gi thnh cao.
Phng php thun

tin, thit b n Ty du chi tit
Ty du ha hc
gin, thi gian ty thng thng.
du di.
Phng php ty
c im Phm vi ng dng
du
Ty du in ha Hiu sut ty du Ty du chi tit
cao, ty du sch, thng thng hoc
ty du catot d ty du anot.
thm hydro, kh ty
du trong l cn
ngun in mt
chiu.
Thao tc thun li Nhng chi tit ln
khng hn ch kch trung bnh v nhng
thc chi tit, cng chi tit ty du
Ty du th cng
lao ng cao , bng phng php
nng sut thp. khc khng thch
hp.
Hiu sut cao, cht Nhng chi tit nh
lng tt, khng chnh xc khng
Ty du quay thch hp nhng chi cao.
tit ln, d bin
hnh.
n mn t hiu sut Ty du nhng chi
cao, lm sch tt. tit phc tp.
Ty du siu m Ty du trit
nhng chi tit phc
tp, c l, gc bin
3.3.2 Ty du dung mi hu c
Dung mi hu c thng: dng xng, du ha, axeton, xilen, triclo etylen

Xng r nhng c, c s dng nhiu, d chy, ngm ty, xoa ty nhit
thng.
Tricloetylen, tetraclorua cacbon ty du hiu sut cao, khng chy, c th s

dng nhit cao. C th ngm ty, xoa ty, ty du bay hi.
Thit b ty du chuyn dng triclo etylen, dung mi c th s dng tun hon

ti sinh. Thit b gm 3 thng.
Thng th nht ngm gia nhit, ha tan phn ln du. Thng ngui th hai
sch ty i cht bn hoc du m cn li thng th nht. Cui cng tin hnh ty
du bay hi trong thng th ba. Cng c th dn sng siu m vo y thng ngm,
lm tng hiu qu ty du, c th ty c thuc nh bng dnh vo chi tit.
Cng c th dt thm thit b phun, lm sch bi, ht bnbm vo chi tit.
Khi ty du bng dung mi hu c cn ch nhng im sau:
Dung mi hu c bay hi rt c (c bit l tricloetylen), nn khng

c kh lt ra, c bin php an ton phng chng chy, n, thng gi.
Lng cht bn trong dung mi hu c chim 25 30% (phn trm th tch),

phi thay th dung mi mi trnh lm bn chi tit.
Tricloetylen b phn hy bi tia t ngoi to thnh cht HCl n mn mnh,

rt c. V th khng mang nc vo trong thng, trnh b chiu sng bi
nh nng mt tri. Nhng chi tit bng nhm, magie khng dng tricloetylen
ty du.
3.3.3 Ty du ha hc
Ty du ha hc l qu trnh tc dng x phng ha v nh ha ca dung dch

kim nng i vi du ty i lp du, m. Tc ng nh ha ca cht hot ng
b mt ty lp du, m khng b x phng ha.
3.3.3.1 Ty du dung dch kim nhit cao
Ty du dung dch kim qun l,s dng rng ri. Hm lng NaOH trong
dung dch kim khng cao. Ty du st tho hm lng NaOH nh hn 100g/l, ty
du ng v hp kim ng hm lng NaOH nh hn 20g/l. Ty du km, thic,
ch, nhm v hp kim ca chng, khng ty du dung dch kim c m dng mui
kim nh Na2CO3, Na3PO4Ty du dung dch kim c th ty du m thc vt c
th x phng ha, cho thm mt s cht hot ng b mt nh thy tinh lng, bt x
phng, cht nh ha OPc th ty c du m khong vt.
Thy tinh lng l cht nh ha mnh, c nng lc x phng ha, c tc dng
lm chm i vi ch, kmNhng n cng kh ra sch d hnh thnh keo thy
tinh kh ho tan khi sang cng on khc, nh hng n bm chc.
3.3.3.2 Ty du axit
Ty du axit c th ng thi ty du v lp oxyt mng trn b mt chi tit.

N c to thnh bi hn hp axit v c hoc hu c v cht hot ng b mt. V
d hn hp H2SO4 (1,84): 100ml/l, cht nh ha OP 25g/l dng ty du cho
ng, hn hp H2SO4 (1,84): 150 200ml/l, cht nh ha OP 5 10g/l, Thioure
5g/l dng ty du cho st thp. Hn hp K2Cr2O7 15g, H2SO4 (1,84): 300ml/l;
H2O 20ml dng ty du cho cht do.
3.3.3.3 Ty du dung dch kim, nhit thp.
Ty du dung dch kim nhit cao hiu sut ty du thp, nhit kim cao
(65 90oC), tiu hao nng lng ln, nhim mi trng, x l nc thi tn
kmTy du dung dch kim nhit thp khc phc c nhng nhc im
trn. C nhiu loi dung dch ty du.
Cn c chn lc pha ch dung dch ty du
Nghin cu pha ch v chn lc dung dch ty du cn cn c vo nguyn liu

nn, chng loi du v phng php c kh khi ty du (ngm, quay, phun, siu
m) m quyt nh.
Chn thnh phn cht ty du
Cht ty du nhit thp bao gm hp cht tnh kim v cht hot ng b

mt. Hp cht tnh kim chim 75%, ngoi ra cn c cht tng tc ty v cht
lm chm
a) Hp cht tnh kim
Hp cht tnh kim bao gm hydroxyt kim loi, cc loi mui cacbonat, mui
photphatThnh phn ch yu gm c NaOH, Na 3PO4, Na4P2O7 cn Na2CO3 v
Na5P3O10 ch c tc dng c hn.
NaOH: c tc dng x phng ha vi du m thc vt to thnh Natri stearat
(x phng) tan trong nc. Nhng NaOH tnh kim mnh c kh nng n
nht ca NaOH ln, kh ra sch, cho Na5P3O10 ci thin kh nng ra.
Cc hp cht tnh kim khc u l mui kim mnh, axit yu chng c th

ha tan trong nc to thnh OH- gi l cht x phng ha v cht h tr ra.
Na3PO4 c tc dng c bit, ngoi vic nh ha ty du lm mm nc, khi

cht hot ng b mt chim trn 5% hiu qu ty du rt tt.
Na5P3O10 c tc dng lm mm nc rt tt, n c th to phc vo mt s

ion kim loi, phng kt ta, ng cc trong qu trnh ra.
b) Cht hot ng b mt:
Cht hot ng b mt thng dng l cht hot ng b mt khng c ion, c

cng thc [R O -(CH2CH2O)n - H].
Cht hot ng b mt ion m nh R - COONa, R - OSO 3Na, R

- SO3Na, R -OP3Na2
3.3.4 Ty du in ha.
3.3.4.1 c im ty du in ha.
Ty du in ha bao gm ty du catot, ty du anot, ty du phi hp catot,

anot. c im ca phng php ty du in ha c trnh by bng sau. Ty
du in ha l cng ngh cui cng ca ty du.
Bng 3.10 c im cc phng php ty du in ha
Phng
php ty c im Phm vi ng dng
du
Ty du Th tch kh H2 thot ra trn Thch hp ty kim loi
catot catot ln gp i th tch O 2 mu nh nhm, km,
thot ra trn anot. V th ty thic, ch, ng v hp
du catot hiu sut cao hn kim ca chng.
so vi anot, kim loi khng n
mn nhng d thm H2. Tp
cht kim loi d bm vo b
mt chi tit nh hng n
bm chc.
Kim loi nn khng b gin Thp cacbon c
hydro, c th ty sch mn cng cao, chi tit n
v mng mng im loi nh hi nh l xo, vng
km, thic, ch, crombm m n hidng
Ty du
trn b mt. Hiu sut ty phng php ty du
anot
du anot thp, n mn kim anot. Nhm, km v
loi mu. hp kim ca chng
khng dng phng
php ny.
Phng
php ty c im Phm vi ng dng
du
Ty du phi hp anot, catot Ty du st, thp,
pht huy u im tng loi, khng c yu cu c
l phng php ty du c bit.
Ty du
hiu qu nht. Cn c vo
phc hp
nguyn liu c th chn u
anot,
tin ty du catot sau ty
catot
du anot thi gian ngn hoc
u tin ty du anot sau
ty du catot thi gian ngn.
3.3.4.2 Thnh phn dung dch v ch lm vic.
Thnh phn dunh dch ty du in ha ging nh thnh phn dung dch ty

du ha hc, ch khc l long mt cht v khng s dng cht hot ng b mt c
bt. V nu s dng cht hot ng n mt c bt hai ca c kh H 2 v O2 thot ra,
lm cho bt ni ln trn, thot ra ngoi thng. Khi in cc tip xc khng tt s
nh in gy n.
Thnh phn dung dch v ch lm vic ty du in phn xem bng sau:
Bng 3.11 Thnh phn dung dch v ch lm vic ty du in phn
Hm lng Pha
ch
1 2 3 4
(g/l)
Tn
NaOH 40 60 10 20
Na2CO3 60 20 30 20 40 25 30
Na3PO412H2O 15 30 20 30 20 40 25 30
Na2SiO3 35 35
Nhit (oC) 70 80 70 80 70 80 70 80
Mt dng in
25 5 10 25 25
(A/dm2)
Hm lng Pha
ch
1 2 3 4
(g/l)
Tn
Thi gian ty du
5 10 13 13
catot (pht)
Thi gian ty du
5 10 0,2 0,5
anot (pht)
Ch :
Pha ch 1 dng ty chi tit st thp thng thng v chi tit chu lc
cng cao.
Pha ch 2 dng ty chi tit khng chu lc hnh dng phc tp.
Pha ch 3, 4 dng ty chi tit ng, nhm, magie, km v hp kim ca

chng.
3.3.5 Ty du th cng v ty du trong thng quay
Ty du th cng tin hnh ty tng lot nh nhng chi tit khng th ty du

ha hc v ty du in phn c. V d nhng chi tit ln, nhng chi tit m
crom, ngi ta dng bn chi, gi, vi mn thm dung dch ty du lau. u im
l thun li, n gin, linh hot, chi tit vn m bo bng, khng b n mn.
Ty du trong thng quay l phng php c kh ty du. C th cho vo

thng quay mn ca dung dch kim yu ty du. Tc quay 60 100
vng/pht. Nu chi tit c hnh dng phc tp th khng cho mn ca m cho dung
dch ty du vo trong thng quay.
3.3.6 Ty du siu m.
Ty du siu m l phng php dng sng siu m sinh ra rt nhiu bt kh

trong dung dch ty du, nhng bt kh sinh ra ln ln gy khuy ng c kh mnh
lm cho du m v cht bn bm trn b mt chi tit c tch ra, do ty ra s
nhanh hn v sch hn rt nhiu.
Sng siu m c th p dng ty du dung mi, ty du ha hc, ty du

in ha, ty axit, c hiu qu cao ty g. Nhit v nng ty du siu m
u thp hn ty du thng thng tng ng. Bi v nhit v nng cao u
cn tr truyn sng siu m, lm gim kh nng ty du. Dng sng siu m ty du
nhit v nng thp, tit kim nng lng, nguyn liu, bo v kim loi khi
n mn, chng s thm H2 khi ty du catot. Nhng khng phi dng dung dch
long m phi dng dung dch c thnh phn v t l pha ch thch hp, chn tn s
v cng sng siu m thch hp.
Dng sng siu m ty nhng chi tit phc tp, c l, ren, c yu cu k
thut caoNhng chi tit nh phc tp dng sng siu m c tn s cao, chi tit c
b mt ln dng sng siu m c tn s cao, chi tit c b mt ln dng sng siu
m c tn s thp (15 30kHz).
3.4 M i n ng
3.4.1 Tinh cht v ng dng lp m ng
ng tinh khit l kim loi mu , d dt mng, ti ch gy c mu hng.

ng kim loi dn i n, dn nhi t tt ch ng sau bc. Khi lng ring ca ng
d=8,9g/cm3. ng nng chy 1083oC. trong khng kh ng khng n nh, d b
kh m, kh CO2, kh SO2 to thnh mng oxt, hp cht sunfua v ng cacbonat
tnh kim, trong cc hp cht ha hc ng thng c s oxyha +1 v +2. Trong
dy i n th ng thu c kim loi c i n th dng (i n th tiu chun ca ng
0
Cu = +0,34).

Trong khng kh ng khng n nh, d b kh m, kh CO 2, kh SO2 to

thnh mng oxt, hp cht sunfua v ng cacbonat tnh kim.
ng v hp kim ca ng d dng ha tan trong axit nitric mi nng v

cng d dng ha tan trong axit H2SO4 c nng, tan ch m
trong axit cromic.
ng l m t trong 7 kim loi tin s c bit t thi k thng c.
M t thi i trong lch s nhn loi c gi l thi k ng. Ngy nay

ng nguyn cht ch dng lm dy dn i n v cc bn cc ant trong m ng,
sn xut cc hp cht ng dng trong sn xut, th nghi m nh sunfat ng CuSO4,
xyanua ng CuCN, clorua ng CuCl2, oxyt ng CuO, Cu2O.
ng to hp kim vi km (Zn) l thau. Thau mu vng cha 69% ng v

31% km.
ng thanh hay cn gi l hong ng l hp kim gia ng vi thic (Sn),
ng vi nhm (Al), ng vi silic (Si), ng vi Beri (Be), ng vi ch (Pb). Cc
hp kim ng thau hay ng thanh c s dng ngy cng nhiu, ln t c ng
nguyn cht v tnh cng v bn hn ng. ng to hp kim vi niken gi l
monen (65-70% Ni, 25-30% ng, cn li l Fe, Mn, Si), c chu mi mn cao,
bn trong nhiu mi trng, c dng trong cng nghi p ch to my, cng
nghi p ha hc, ng tu, k thu t i n.
Lp m ng trn thp l lp m catode, khng c tc dng bo v i n ha

thp chng n mn. Lp m ng t bn trong khng kh, d dng b oxyha, nht l
khi b un nng.
Di tc dng ca oxyt cacbonic ho c hp cht clo trong khng kh, b m t

lp m ng lun b ph cc hp cht baz cacbonat Cu(OH) 2.CuCO3 mu lc sn,
do lp m ng khng c dng lm lp m trang tr.
Lp m ng trong a s cc trng hp l lp m trung gian trn thp ho c

trn hp kim km-nhm (Zn-Al) trc khi m tip lp Niken, crm, bc, vng.
Lp m ng cn c dung lm lp m trung gian trong lp m 3 lp bo

v , trang tr : ng-niken-crm. Lp m bo v trang tr 3 lp nh th t xp hn
lp m 2 lp niken-crm, ng thi tit ki m c niken l kim loi qu hn ng.
Lp m ng cn c s dng bo v chi tit khng b thm cacbon, thm

nit, thm bo v cc qu trnh khuch tn khc khi gia nhi t.
M ng cn dng trong k thu t c i n tch bn sao kim loi t cc tc

phm iu khc cng nh to hnh cc chi tit phc tp.
To cc bn kim loi 2 ho c 3 lp trong k thu t in offset ( bn km-ng-

crm hay thp-ng-crm, ho c bn kim loi 2 lp ng-crm, c dy 0,17-0,2
mm, cng nhng rt do)
3.4.2 Cc loi dung dch dng m ng
m bng ng ngi ta thng s dng 2 loi dung dch: dung dch kim
v dung dch axit.
Dung dch kim thng c s dng nht l xyanua, cn dung dch axit
thng c s dng nht l dung dch sulfat ng. Trong quy trnh m lt ng ti
cc nh my hi n nay th dung dch sulfat ng l dung dch m c s dng ch
yu. Trong phn ny ta ch nghin cu v tnh cht v cch pha ch ca dung dch
m ng sulfat.
3.4.3 Dung dch sulfat m ng
Dung dch sulfat m ng c thnh phn n gin, bn v gi thnh thp.

Dung dch ny c kh nng phn b kim loi thp v khng th dng m ng
trc tip ln thp, ln cc v t c hnh th phc tp, khng m trc tip c ln
km (Zn), gang, nhm hay hp kim ZnAl.
3.4.3.1 Dung dch sulfat m ng m
Thnh phn:
Sulfat ng CuSO4.5H2O 200-250g/l
Axit sunfuric H2SO4 (d=1,84) 30-75g/l
Nhi t lm vi c 20-40oC
M t dng catt Ik=0,5-10A/dm2
Khi i n phn khng cn khuy tr n dung dch
Dung dch ny dng m m t lp ng dy trn lp m ng mng ban u

nhng chi tit n gin nh m t phng hnh tr. Nu dng catt hnh tr quay th
c th dng IK ln hn.
3.4.3.2 Dung dch Sulfat m bng ng ( Bright
copper solution)
Thnh phn c bn ca dung dch ny tng t nh dung dch cho lp m m.

Ngoi thnh phn c bn l CuSO4 v H2SO4, cn c cc cht ph gia lm bng
ng, cht thm t, cht hot ng b m t.
Sulfat ng CuSO4.5H2O.
CuSO4.5H2O l cht kt dnh mu xanh m, d tan trong nc.
Nng CuSO4.5H2O trong dung dch dao ng t 100-270g/l. Nng

sulfat ng ln, s dng m t dng catt ln to thu n li thu lp m c cht
lng tt. tan ca CuSO4 ph thu c vo nng axit H2SO4. Tng nng axit
H2SO4 s lm gim tan ca sulfat ng.
tan ca CuSO4 s tng cng vi s tng nhi t . Nhi t tng nh

hng khng c li cho qu trnh m ng, lm cho lp m c cu to th. Trong
thc t m ng axit thng tin hnh nhi t 20-30 oC. cn phi lu , trong
mi trng hp khng c s dung nng CuSO4 bo ha.
Axit sunfuric
Nng axit H2SO4 c nh hng cn bn ln qu trnh m ng:
Lm tng dn i n ca dung dch
Ngn cn s thy phn ca Cu 2SO4. Trong dung dch axit yu, Cu2SO4 thy
phn cho oxyt ng Cu2O, ng kt ta ln catt lm cho lp m gin, xp,
x x.
To thu n li cho lp m kt tinh mn ht.
Nng cao c m t dng catt. S thm m t lng kh ln H2SO4 vo

dung dch CuSO4 cng khng gy ra qu trnh thot kh hydro. Tuy nhin s
tng H2SO4 qu ln s lm gim tan ca CuSO4, nn trong thc t thng
s dng nng axit H2SO4 khong 35-70g/l (18-36 ml).
Trong dung dch khuy tr n thng dng nng axit H2SO4 cao hn trong
dung dch khng khuy tr n.
Cht phu gia
Trong dung dch sulfat m ng, cht ph gia bao gm: cht to bng, cht
san bng, cht chng gin, cht thm t. Thc t cho thy, lng cht ph gia
dng cng nhiu th vi c phn tch kim tra cng g p nhiu kh khn.
Hu ht cc Patent v cht ph gia lm bng trong dung dch sulfat ng u

c p n nhm chc =NCS- hay =NCSN=. Cht n gin cha nhm chc ny
c dng ph bin l thiour CS(NH 2)2. S thm cht thiour to c lp m
ng bng, nhng gin v bm km. Lng dng thiour gii hn trong khong t
0,005 n 0,04 g/l.
Ngoi thiour, ngi ta cong dng m t s cht to bng khc nh dexstrin

vng, lng t 1-2g/lt, axit disulfonaphtalen C 10H6(SO3H)2, lng dng t 0,5 1
g/lt, clohydrat anilin C6H5NH2.HCl, lng dng ti a 0,03g/lt.
S lng cht ph gia lm bng lp m ng axit c m t trong cc ti

li u l rt ln. Tuy nhin cht ph gi s dng c trong phm vi cng nghi p th
rt t. Thnh phn ca cc cht ph gia tng hp l t p hp m t s cht m thnh
phn, nh tnh, nh lng u c gi kn, khng cng b.
Cht ph gia c nhiu nc bit v s dng l cht ph gia lm bng

UBAC do hng EFCO (Anh) sn xut. S dng cht ph gia UBAC s thu c lp
m ng bng, bng phng, do v mn ht, bm tt.
3.4.3.3 Mt vi dung dch sulfat m bng ng.
Thnh phn v tham s i n phn ca dung dch m ng axt c s tham gia

ca UBAC nh sau:
Sulfat ng CuSO4.5H2O 225g/lt
Axit sulfuric (d= 1,84) 53g/lt
Cht ph gia UBAC-1 2-6ml/lt

Lng ion Cl- tnh ra gam 0,03-0,08g/lt
Nhi t i n phn 24-43oC
M t dng catt IK=3,0-6,0A/dm2
Khuy dung dch bng khng kh nn lc sch. Lc lin tc dung dch bng
than hot tnh. Khuy tr n bng khng kh nn, sch.
Cht ph gia UBAC c b sung vi lng 560ml khi lng i n tiu th

2.000 Ampe.gi (A.h). Thng thng sau 24 gi lm vi c nn b sung 2-5g cht
ph gia cho 1 lt dung dch. Cn s dng ant ng c cha m t lng nh phtpho
(0,02-0,07%P).
Cht i n gii bn, n nh.
Nu s dng m t dng catt IK=5A/dm2, tc m c th t 1 m/pht.
Lp m thu c t dung dch UBAC do, rt d nh bng thu c

bng gng. Cht i n gii UBAC c dng r ng ri trong cng nghi p sn xut
t.
Trong iu ki n sn xut hi n nay, chng ta c th dng cht i n gii sau

m ng dy:
Sulfat ng CuSO4.5H2O 220-240g/lt
Axit sulfuaric H2SO4(d=1,84) 55-70g/lt
Dexstrin vng 2g/lt
Nhi t i n phn 25-40oC
M t dng catt IK=3-15A/dm2
Dung dch cn khuy bng khng kh nn, sch.
T trng dung dch thng l 18-25 Bme.

Cht i n gii sulfat ng t nhy vi cc ion kim loi khc. Cc hp cht
antimon (Sb) v asen (As) c m t trong dung dch ngay nng rt nh
(0,01g/lt) thng to nn nhng vt ti trn lp m.
S c m t nhng cht hu c thng lm lp m b gin, d bong. Cn lc

dung dch thng xuyn bng than hot tnh.
Ch : nu khi i n phn khng khuy, m t dng catt ch nn dng

2A/dm2.
3.4.3.4 Pha ch dung dch m ng bng.
Ha tan lng sulfat ng tng nc ct hay nc ma, nc tinh khit.
Tip theo thm t t lng axit H2SO4.
Cho tip cc thnh phn khc theo ng cng thc nh pha.
Dung nng 40-50 oC, lc dung dch qua than hot tnh vi lng 1-3g/lt trong
sut 24 gi bng phng php n gin l gi than hot tnh vo ci bn axit (vi
clin) thnh nhiu gi ri ng p chm vo trong dung dch, nn khuy lin tc.
Xc nh lng clo. i n phn dung dch m t dng catt KI=0,2A/dm2 v mi
lt dung dch cn m t lng i n l 0,5-1A.h.
Cui cng cho cht to bng theo ng liu lng.
i vi dexstrin: cn ng lng cn dng, cho vo nc, un cch thy

khong 70-80 oC, khuy lin tc cho tan hon toan, thu c dung dch ng nht,
rri cho vo dung dch pha sn.
Khuyt t t lp m, nguyn nhn v cch sa cha trnh by bng 24.
Ch :
Trong trng hp i n phn khng khuy tr n nn dng m t dng

catt IK=2A/dm2. Khi khuy tr n mnh c th dng m t IK=10A/dm2.
Trong dung dch sulfat ng, vi s c m t ant ng, lun c cc phn ng

ph:
Cu2+ + Cu 2Cu+ (1)
Ion Cu+ b oxy ha tip bi oxy khng kh:
Cu2SO4 +1/2O2 + H2SO4 = 2CuSO4 + H2O (2)
ng thi Cu2SO4 b thy phn:
Cu2SO4 + H2O = Cu2O + H2SO4 (3)
Phn ng ph lm cho lng axit H 2SO4 b gim. Khng c lng axit

H2SO4 di 25g/lt.
S khuy tr n khng kh nn sch c li l cung cp m t lng oxy (O2) y

chuyn hon ton Cu+ thnh Cu2+, bo m cht lng lp m khng bong,
trc, khng xp do Cu2O gy ra.
Trong trng hp b m ngh di ngy, nn rt ng dng cc ra khi b ra

sch, y np b.
3.4.3.5 Ant ng (ban ng dng cc)
Ant ng thng l nhng tm bn ng dy5-12mm t nguyn cht

99,7% n 99,99%. Cc kim loi nh thic (Sn), niken(Ni), ch (Pb) c nh hng
khng tt n hot ng ca ant.
Trong dung dch axit, ng ha tan dng Cu 2+, ng thi c to m t lng

Cu+ theo phn ng:
Cu + Cu2+ = 2Cu+ (4)
Lng Cu+ tng lm cho cht lng lp m xp, bi v mui Cu 2SO4 b thy
phn to ra Cu2O cng kt ta ln cat vi kim loi ng:
Cu2SO4 + H2O = Cu2O + H2SO4 (5)
lm cho ant hot ng tt trong dung dch axit, ngi ta thng thm vo
dng cc ng m t lng photpho (P) t 0,02-0,07%. S c m t ca P s oxy ha
ng Cu v Cu+ thnh Cu2+, lm gim ti a s to thnh Cu+ trong dung dch.
M t dng ant trong cc dung dch axit khng nn vt qu 3A/dm2.
3.4.3.6 Hoa tan lp m ng khng t yu cu.
Lp m ng c th c ha tan bng phng php ha hc hay i n ha hc.
Phng phap hoa hoc
Ha tan lp m ng trn thp tin hnh trong dung dch:
200-300g/l CrO3
50-100g/l (NH4)2SO4
Ho c trong dung dch:
120g/l CrO3
1,5g/l H2SO4 (d=1,84)
Ni chung cht i n ly dng m crm c th dng ha tan lp m ng

trn thp, tin hnh ngay nhi t thng.
Phng phap in hoa.
Ch dng dung dch a trn, ant l chi tit c lp m ng cn ty xa. Catt

l tm ch. M t dng ant 8-10A/dm2; i n th 6-12V.
Cng c th s dng dung dch:
20-90g/l natri xyanua NaCN
10-15g/l xt NaOH.
i n th 2-6V. Catt l tm thp cacbon, tin hnh nhi t thng.
3.4.4 Nhng khuyt t t trong qu trnh m ng trong dung dch axit,

nguyn nhn v cch khc phc.
Sau qu trnh gia cng c hc, ty g cng nh ty du m khng k, ho c

trong qu trnh m c sai xt cng gy nn nhng khuyt t t trn mu m. Cc
khuyt t t c trnh by trong bn sau:
Bng 3.12 Nhng khuyt t t trong qu trnh m ng trong dung dch axit, nguyn
nhn v cch khc phc.
Cc khuyt t t Nguyn nhn Cch khc phc
Lp m qu mm Nng axit H2SO4 qu Tng nng axit H2SO4.
cao. Gim nhi t i n phn
i n phn nhi t qu xung.
cao.
Lp m qu cng Dung dch b nhim bn Lc qua than hot tnh,
bi cht hu c, cht keo. dng cht oxy ha H2O2
kh b tp cht.
Lp m x x Dung dch nhim bn cc Lc
bi rn khng tan. Gim m t catt
M t dng IK qu ln Oxy ha cc cht hu c
Dung dch c cc cht hu bng H2O2.
c c i vi dung dch Lc, thm N
Dung dch c cc ht kch Nng cao nhi t ln 25-
thc b, xut pht t ant. 30oC
Dung dch qu lnh.
Lp m gin Dung dch nhim bn cht X l bng than hot tnh

hu c 0,5g/l
M t dng catot qu ln Gim IK

Lp m bm yu Chun b b m t khng k Chun b k b m t
Lp m th, trn ant c Nng CuSO4 ln n Pha long, b xung axit
kt ta CuSO4 290-300g/l H2SO4
Lp m sm cnh gc M t dng catt IK qu Gim IK
hay kt tinh dng nhnh cao
cy( dendryt)
Ch lm, lp m xp, g Nng axit H2SO4 thp Thm axit H2SO4
gh, tinh th to
M t dng IK thp Tng IK
3.5 M in niken
3.5.1 Gii thiu chung v niken v lp m niken
Niken tn Latinh l Nicoolum nguyn t ha hc nhm VIII, h thng tun

hon Mendeleev. S th t 28, khi lng nguyn t 58, 70, k hiu ha hc Ni.
Niken c tm thy nm 1751 do nh khong vt Thy in Gronstest. Mt

thi gian di, n 1837 Bird ngi Anh thu c Niken bng con ng in
phn.
Niken l mt kim
loi mu trng bc, d rn,
d cn mng, d nh
bng. Niken b nam chm
ht nh st (Fe). Khi
lng ring niken l
9,8g/cm3 200C. Nhit
nng chy 1.452
1.4550 C, dn nhit, dn in tng i tt, ng lng nhit ha 1,0947g/A.h.
rn t vi HV 150 650 kg/mm2.
in th tiu chun oNi 2+

/Ni = -0.23V.
Niken khng tan trong kim v phn ln cc axit. Niken d tan trong axit
nitric HNO3. Khi un nng niken tc dng d dng vi cc halogen v lu hunh.
Trong cc hp cht ha hc niken c s oxy ha 2 +, ngi ta cng tm thy

nhng hp cht ha hc m niken c s oxy ha 1+, 3+, 4+.
c bit, niken to c vi kh oxyt cacbon CO hp cht nikencacbonyl

(Ni(CO)4), l hp cht lng, d bay hi nh te, khng bn nhng c. Khi un
nng Ni(CO)4 phn hy to niken c tinh khit cao.
Khong 80% niken sn xut trn th gii dung cho luyn kim. Niken to c
nhng hp kim quan trng dng trong k ngh ha hc, trong hng khng, v tr.
Niken cn lm xc tc cho nhiu phn ng ha hc hu c. Khong 15 20%
lng niken trn th gii sn xut hng nm c dng cho k ngh m.
in th tiu chun ca niken dng hn st, nn lp m niken trn thp l lp

m catt. Lp m niken bo v c hiu qu kim loi nn st, gang, thp nu nh lp
m c dy cn thit (thng 20 - 25m), khng xp, khng bong, nt, khng
to khe rnh nc thm qua lp m. Vo nhng nm 1866 1869 xut hin
nhng Patent u tin M v k thut m niken, nhng cht lng lp m thp,
dung dch khng n nh. Mi n nm 1916,Watt cng b dung dch m niken bao
gm sulfat NiSO4, niken clorua NiCl2 v axit boric H3BO3. Dung dch ny n nh
nhng cho lp m niken m. trang tr cn nh bng lp m niken. Giai on
tip theo ngi ta tp trung nghin cu cc cht ph gia to bng, lm cho lp m
c cu to mn, khng xp, khng bong, khng gin,cng nhng do ng thi
vi s khm ph ra nhng cht ph gia mi c cht lng ngy cng cao, ngi ta
cng hon thin dn phng php m, s dng thit b c kh, bn t ng ri t
ng ha ton b qu trnh m niken.
Hnh 3.3 Sn phm m Niken K ngh m niken l
k ngh m quan trng bc nht, ng thi cng l ph bin nht hin nay, c
hu ht cc trung tm nghin cu m trn th gii khng ngng tp trung nghin
cu.
Lp m in niken c dng nh lp m trang tr v lp m trang tr - bo

v. nng cao hiu qu bo v - trang tr, ngi ta thng m 2 lp nh niken
crm hay 3 lp nh ng niken crm. Ngoi ra lp m in niken cn c
dng trong k thut m c in ch to khun mu.
3.5.2 Cc dung dch dng m niken
Dung dch m niken ty thuc vo thnh phn c chia thnh cc nhm sau:
Dung dch c thnh phn c bn nh dung dch Watts.
Dung dch niken clorua NiCl2.
Dung dch niken floborat Ni(BF4)2.
Dung dch mui niken ca axit aminosulfonic Ni(SO3NH2)2.
Dung dch m niken en.
3.5.2.1 .Dung dch Watts hay con gi l dung dch niken

sulfat.
Dung dch Watts c 3 thnh phn ch yu :
Niken sulfat NiSO4.7H2O
Niken clorua NiCl2.6H2O
Axit boric H3BO3
Cc thnh phn ca cht in phn Watts thay i trong mt gii hn rng ty

thuc vo nhit in phn, pH ca dung dch v hiu sut dng Nguyn tc
chung l tng nng ion Ni2+ trong dung dch th c th in phn vi mt
dng ln.
Cht in phn Watts cho lp m m, n c th to ra lp m bng trong

trng hp c cc cht ph gia to bng, thm t v san bng.
3.5.2.2 Dung dch niken clorua
Dung dch niken clorua c thnh phn :
Niken clorua NiCl2.7H2O

Axit clohydric HCl
Lp m niken thu c rn, kt ta mn ht, nhng tnh do km.
Dung dch ny ch yu to ra lp m niken s cp trn thp khng g (inox)

trc khi m tip lp niken bng hay lp ng, bc, vng,
3.5.2.3 Dung dch mui niken ca axit floboric HBF4 l

Ni(BF4)2
Thnh phn c bn c :
Niken floborat Ni(BF4)2
Axit boric H3BO3 v niken clorua NiCl2
Lp m thu c do v c kh nng m c nhng vt c hnh th phc tp.

Dung dch ny ch yu dng trong k thut c in.
3.5.2.4 Dung dch mui niken ca axit aminosulfonic

Ni(NH2SO3)2
Thnh phn ch yu c : Ni(NH 2SO3)2, axit boric H3BO3, niken clorua NiCl2,
Lp m thu c c tnh dn in cao, mn ht, do, sc cng ni nh v

cng cao. Dung dch ny ch yu dng trong k thut c in ch to khun mu
v m nhng chi tit my c bit.
3.5.2.5 Dung dch m niken en
Thnh phn ch yu: Niken amonisulfat NiSO4.(NH4)2SO4, km sulfat ZnSO4

v mt s cht quan trng khc nh KSCN hay NaSCN.
Dung dch dng m lp niken mu en mng, c tnh cht tranng tr.

3.5.3 Thnh phn dung dch Watts m niken
3.5.3.1 Niken sulfat NiSO4.7H2O,
Thnh phn c cha 21% niken, l cht kt tinh mu xanh m, d tan trong
nc v phn ly hon ton:
Ni = Ni2+ + SO42- (6)
Dung dch niken sulfat c mu xanh trong. Trong dung dch Watts, niken
sulfat l cht cung cp chnh Ni2+ phng in trn catt (cc m) to lp m
niken:
Ni2+ + 2e Ni (7)
Th gii phng ca niken l -0,64V, c ngha th in cc catt lch v pha

m n -0,64V th niken bt u phng in. Khi pH nh hn 4 in th -0,64V
th ion H+ cng phng in, gii phng H2 :
2H+ + 2e = H2 (8)
Nu tng pH th nng H+ s gim, kh nng phng in ca H+ cng s

gim, cn kh nng phng in ca Ni2+ s tng, v th hiu sut ca dng catt s
tng.
3.5.3.2 Niken clorua NiCl2.6H2O,
Thnh phn c niken chim 22%, l cht kt tinh mu xanh l m, d tan

trong nc v phn ly hon ton.
NiCl2 = Ni2+ + 2Cl (9)
Trong dung dch Watts, niken clorua c vai tr :
Cung cp ion Ni2+
Lm tng dn in ca dung dch, tng kh nng phn b kim loi ca lp

m.
Ngoi ra ion Cl c tc dng lm cho ant niken tan bnh thng, khng b
th ng ha (thiu ion Cl th ant b th ng ha, qu trnh in phn s
b ri lon).
in th phng in ca ion Cl trn ant l +1,39V, cn th thot oxy l

+1,49V. Khi xut hin th ng ant mt phn (th ant lch v pha dng) th
phn ng phng in ca ion Cl s tng, lm thot kh Cl2 trn ant :
2Cl 2e Cl2 (10)
Khi b mt ant th ng hon ton, th ant lch v pha dng n +1,5V

th oxy cng bt u thot ra theo phn ng :
4OH 4e O2 + 2H2O (11)
Vi mc ch ngn nga th ng ha ant, ngoi niken clorua ngi ta cn

dng natri clorua NaCl hay kali clorua KCl, i khi cn b sung thm vo b m
natri florua NaF.
3.5.3.3 Axit boric H3BO3
Axit boric l cht m ca dung dch m niken, n c vai tr gi cho pH n

nh trong gii hn 4,1 5,5, l khong pH thu c lp m c cht lng tt
nht.
Axit boric H3BO3 l cht kt tinh mn nh tinh bt, tan chm trong nc, phn
ly mt phn :
H3BO3 = H+ + H3BO3 (12)
Hng s phn ly Kpl = 6.10-19
Trong dung dch m c axit boric b polime ha to thnh axit tetraboric

H2B4O7. Axit ny mnh hn axit H 2BO3 v phn ly mt phn, hng s phn ly K pl =
10-4 :
H2B4O7 = H+ + HB4O7 (13)

Khi nng axit boric H 3BO3 0,5M (khong 30g/l) 200C v c mt cc
anion gc axit mnh, pH ca dung dch l 4,1. Nu pH cao hn 5,5, tc nng H +
nh hn 10-5,5 th cn bng (3.13) dch v pha to ra ion H +, lm gim pH xung.
Nu pH<4, tc nng H+ ln hn 10-4, cn bng chuyn dch sang pha to thnh
HB4O7, tc pha lm gim nng H+, lm tng pH.
Trong trng hp nng axit H3BO3 nh di 30g/l th pH ca dung dich

thng khng n nh, cn kim tra v b sung H3BO3 vo b m.
Ngoi tnh cht m pH, axit boric cn c tc dng nng cao tnh do bn ca
lp m niken.
3.5.3.4 Mui ca kim loi kim
Trong dung dch m niken, thng b sung cc mui ca kim loi kim nh
kali clorua KCl hay natri clorua NaCl, magi clorua MgCl 2, natri sunfat Na2SO4,
magi sunfat MgSO4, natri florua NaF hay kali florua KF. Cc mui ca kim loi
kim c vai tr :
Lm tng dn in ca dung dch, tc lm tng kh nng phn b kim loi

ca dung dch.
Cc ion Cl ngoi kh nng lm tng nng dn in, cn c tc dng lm

tng tc tan ca ant, chng th ng ha ant.
Cc ion Na+, K+ c tc dng n nh lp dung dch st catt. Cc ion kim loi

kim (tr mui sulfat), c nh hng tt ln qu trnh catt, nh ion Cl nh
hng ln qu trnh ant.
3.5.4 M niken m
Thnh phn v tham s dung dch :
Niken sulfat NiSO4.7H2O 250g/l
Niken clorua NiCl2.6H2O 60g/l
Axit boric H3BO3 30g/l

Natri sunfat Na2SO4 40g/l
Cch pha ch dung dch ny xem phn k tip.
pH = 4 5
Nhit in phn 50 700C.
Mt catt IK = 4 5A/dm2. Khng khuy trn nn dng IK = 4A/dm2; khuy

trn dung dch c th dng I K = 5A/dm2. Nu in phn lin tc hng tun cn lc
dung dch 1 2 ln.
Trong phm vi cng nghip, khuy trn dung dch bng khng kh nn, lc
sch dung dch bng my lc lin tc, c cng sut lc 1 gi c khong 2 ln th
tch dung dch.
Nu m nh ti nh khng cn khuy. Khi dung dch khng cn trong sut nn

lc qua bng gn. Phi m bo dung dch m niken bao gi cng trong sut.
Nng niken sulfat NiSO4.7H2O hay niken clorua NiCl2.6H2O c th tng

hay gim so vi gi tr trnh by trn. T trng dung dch trn trong khong 20
240B nhit bnh thng. Trong qu trnh in phn nhit 60 70 0C nc
bc hi, t trng c th ln ti 25 30 0B ( nhit thng), cn dng nc ct
hay nc ma, nc sch b sung vo b m.
Nhit c nh hng cn bn n cht lng lp m v iu kin in phn.

Tng nhit c kh nng s dng mt dng catt ln, tng tc to thnh lp
m ng thi lm tng dn in ca dung dch, lm gim cng v lm tng
tnh do ca lp m.
Dung dch trn thng lm vic pH = 4 4,5. Trong khong pH ny lp m

thu c do, cng km. pH khng nn nh di 4, hydro s thot mnh, tc
m s gim, kh nng gin hyro s tng, tc tan ant ln.
Cc tham s trong cng thc dung dch m trn c tc gi kim tra

nhiu ln, cht lng lp m sng bc, mt, bm tt, do.
Trn bng 3.13 trnh by dy lp m Ni (m) ph thuc mt dng catt
v thi gian hiu sut catt 95,5%.
Bng 3.13 dy lp m niken (m) ph thuc vo mt dng IK
v thi gian (pht), hiu sut catt 95,5%
Trng
B
lng
d Thi gian (pht) t lng p m mt dng
n v Yu cu in
y (A/dm3) cho bit
din
m
tch
A.ph
Ah/dm
m g/dm 2
2
t/d 0,5 1 15 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12
m 2
2 0,18 0,17 10 20 10 6,8 5,1 3,4 2,6 2,0 1,7 1,3 1,0 0,9
4 0,36 0,34 20 41 20 14 10 6,8 5,1 4,1 3,4 2,6 2,0 1,7
6 0,53 0,51 31 61 31 20 15 10 7,7 6,1 5,1 3,8 3,1 2,6
8 0,71 0,68 41 82 41 27 20 14 10 8,2 6,8 5,1 4,1 3,4
10 0,89 0,85 51 100 51 34 26 17 13 10 8,5 6,4 5,1 4,3
12 1,1 1,0 61 120 61 41 31 20 15 12 10 7,7 6,1 5,1
14 1,2 1,2 71 140 71 48 36 24 18 14 12 8,9 7,1 6,0
16 1,4 1,4 82 160 82 54 41 27 20 16 14 10 8,2 6,8
18 1,6 1,5 92 180 92 61 46 31 23 18 15 11 9,2 7,7
20 1,8 1,7 100 200 100 68 51 34 26 20 17 13 10 8,5
14
40 3,6 3,4 200 410 200 100 68 51 41 34 26 20 17
0
20 10
60 5,3 5,1 310 610 310 150 77 61 51 38 31 26
0 0
3.5.5 M niken bng (Bright nickel solutions)
Lp m niken bng c s dng rng ri vi mc ch to lp m bo v

trang tr niken crm.
Dung dch m niken bng khc vi cc loi dung dch m niken, khc
ch, ngoi thnh phn c bn, cn thm vo dung dch cc cht ph gia v c cng
nh hu c, hoc ng thi c 2 loi. C th chia dung dch m niken bng lm 2
nhm thnh phn :
1. Thnh phn c bn, ging nh thnh phn dung dch Watts thu lp m
niken m.
2. Thnh phn cht ph gia :
Cht lng lp m ph thuc ch yu vo thnh phn nh tnh, nh lng

cc cht ph gia. Tt c cc dung dch m niken bng hin dng trong cng nghip
c cha cc cht ph gia to bng. Cht to bng bn trn th trng th gii l tp
hp nhiu cht, thnh phn ca n c m bo bi cc bng pht minh (patent).
Nhng hu ht cc patent v cht to bng u thiu cc d liu c th v

thnh phn. Ch mt s khng ln cht to bng c th s dng trong phm vi cng
nghip m niken bng. Hin nay c khong 30 dung dch m niken bng dng trong
phm vi cng nghip trn ton th gii.
nc ta, ti cc tr s m niken bng, s ph gia to bng c dng c

khc nhau, tu trung c 2 nhm :
Nhm cc cht to bng da trn c s butyldiol 1,4 trng thi rn :
OH-CH2-CC-CH2-OH
Nhm cht to bng da trn c s 2,6-(2,7)-mui natri ca axit

sulfonaphtalen. c cc c s m thnh ph H Ch Minh sn xut v s
dng.
C 2 nhm cht ph gia to bng khi mua v pha ch, cn phi gia gim
thm mt s thnh phn khc mi t c cht lng mong mun.
Cht ph gia to bng ca Nht Bn, c, M, i Loan d s dng v c

cht lng tt ang bn ph bin trn th trng c nc.
3.5.6 Nhng cht ph gia hin i dng trong dung dch m niken bng
Trong cc dung dch m niken bng hin i c s dng cc nhm ph gia sau
y :
Cc cht to bng hoc tng bng ca lp m.
Cc cht thm t, ngn nga hin tng chm kim (Pitting) hoc hin
tng lp m khng lin tc.
Cht lm gim sc cng ni ca lp m niken.
Cht san bng c tc dng lm cho bng phng ca lp m cn cao hn

bng phng ca kim loi nn.
Cht to hp cht kt ta vi cc kim loi c hi, nhng khng lm cho qu

trnh in phn ri lon.
3.5.6.1 Cc cht to bng
Cc cht to bng dng trong m niken chia lm 2 nhm : cc cht to bng

loi 1 v cc cht to bng loi 2.
Cc cht to bng loi 1 cho bng rt cao, nhng thng dng vi nng
nh. Nu dng vi nng ln thng lm tng sc cng ni ca lp m, biu hin
ch lp m gin, nt, bong trc.
Cc cht to bng loi 2 khng cho bng cao, nhng thng c tc dng
lm gim sc cng ni, lp m do hn.
lp m c bng cao, t cht lng tt cn thit phi s dng ng thi

2 loi cht lm bng.
Cht to bng loi 1 :
C th gm nhng mui sulfat kim loi c qu th hydro cao nh km (Zn),

cadimi (Cd), thy ngn (Hg), ch (Pb), coban(Co). Trong thc t c hiu qu nht l
dng cadimi sulfat CdSO4 hay cadimi clorua CdCl2. Cc mui cadimi ny l nhng
cht kt tinh trng, d tan trong nc. Cn chn loi mui cadimi tinh khit (loi
PA).
Nhng cht hu c c cc lin kt cha bo ha nh thioure (NH 2)2CS v cc

dn xut ca n, kumarin, 1 4 butyldiol, cng thuc cht to bng loi 1.
Nhng cht to bng loi 2:
Cho lp m bng nh, nhng c tc dng lm gim sc cng ni ca lp m.

Cc cht hu c nh naphtalen, toluen, xylen, disulfonaphtalen, axit sulfonic,
saccarin (ng ha hc). Mui natri ca axit 2,6-(2,7)-disulfonaphtalen v saccarin
c dng ph bin nht.
Cht to bng tng hp hin i (tp hp nhiu cht) thng cho lp m c

bng gng, do, cng, bm tt, d dng, t gy ri lon khi gia gim. C ch qu
trnh to bng khi in phn cha c gii thch r rng. Ch c th tha nhn lp
m niken bng, tinh th c kch thc ht khong 0,8m v c s nh hng ph
hp ca cc tinh th.
3.5.6.2 Nhng cht thm t
Nhim v ca nhng cht thm t trong dung dch m niken l lm gim sc

cng b mt n mt gi tr ngn nga hin tng pitting (chm kim). gi tr
sc cng b mt (khong 30 40 dyn/cm), cc bt kh H 2 rt d ri b mt catt,
bng cch loi tr c cc l chn kim do bt kh hydro bm, lm cho niken
khng kt ta c.
Ngoi ra cht thm t c tnh cht nh ha cc vt du, m cn st li trn b

mt catt, m bo lp m bm tt, lin tc v ng nht. Cht thm t cn lm
tng tnh do ca lp m. Cc cht thm dng cho m niken thng l ru bc
nht cha 8 18 nguyn t cacbon c sulfonic ha, c dng ph bin l
laurilsulfat natri. Theo nhiu tc gi, hin tng pitting khng to ra trong cc dung
dch c cc cht to bng l cc aldehyt.
3.5.6.3 Cht lm giam sc cng ni lp m
Sc cng ni lp m cao thng gy ra bong trc, nt v lp m, gim

bm, gim tnh do, gim bn chng n mn ca lp m niken. Mt s cht to
bng loi 2, cha nhm chc =CS=O lm gim sc cng ni lp m niken.
Nguyn nhn gy tng sc cng ni c th l :
S tng gi tr pH. Nu y l nguyn nhn duy nht th ta c th khc phc

bng cch gim pH v gi tr ti u.
Sc cng ni tng do s nhim bn cc cht hu c, ta c th lc dung dch

qua than hot tnh.
Nu nhim bn bi kim loi nng l nguyn nhn tng sc cng ni th c th

loi chng qua in phn mt dng catt b. Cht in phn m niken
bng i hi c mt tp hp cc cht ph gia c tc dng lm gim sc cng
ni ca lp m. C ch hnh thnh sc cng ni lp m in vn cha c
gii thch chnh xc.
3.5.6.4 Cht san bng
Cc cht ph gia san bng c thm vo dung dch to lp m niken

phng hn kim loi nn.
Nhng cht nng cao s phn cc catt ng thi l nhng cht san bng. S
c mt cc cht ph gia tt c th lm dch chuyn th in cc catt v pha m
hn gn 100mV. Trong nhiu trng hp s san bng tt l kt qu tc dng tng
hp ca tt c cc cht ph gia to bng.
S san bng t kt qu tt do c mt cc hp cht trong dung dch nh

kumarin, thioure, dn xut ca axetylen ca ru glycol, pirydin, chinolin, 1,4
butydiol; formalin,
3.5.6.5 Cc cht phu gia khc
C mt s cht hu c cng nh v c khi thm vo dung dch m niken bng

c kh nng lin kt vi cc ion kim loi nng thnh cc hp cht phc bn, khng
cn gy ri lon qu trnh in phn; hoc chng kt hp vi cc ion kim loi c
hi trong qu trnh in phn thnh cht kt ta kh tan. Sau y l mt s v d :
Khi thm etylendiamintetraaxtic (EDTA) vi nng 1g/l, c th ngn

nga c tc dng xu ca ion ng, ion km c mt trong dung dch.
Khi thm vo dung dch floborat natri 2g/l th n c th lin kt thnh phc
bn vi st; cng c th loi canxi (Ca2+) khi dung dch bng natri clorua
(NaF).
3.5.7 Cng thc, cch pha ch dung dch m niken bng v cc quy trnh k
thut.
3.5.7.1 Thnh phn dung dch
Dung dch di y c nghin cu y v c cht lng tt :
1. Niken sulfat NiSO4.7H2O 250g/l

2. Niken clorua NiCl2.6H2O 60g/l
3. Axit boric H3BO3 40g/l
4. Natri sulfat (khan) Na2SO4 0 30g/l
5. Natri florua NaF 0 4g/l
6. Natri laurinsulfat 0,1g/l
7. Mui natri ca axit 2,6-(2,7)-disulfonaphtalen 2 5g/l
8. Saccarin 1 3g/l
9. Cadimi sulfat CdSO4.1H2O 0,1 1g/l
pH = 4,5 5,5
Nhit in phn 55 700C. Tt nht 600C.
Mt dng catt 5A/dm2.
T trng dung dch 20 240B nhit thng.
M nh ti nh khng cn khuy.
Dung dch trong sut.
Lp m thu c c bng cao, mu sng hi xanh, do, bm tt, kh

nng phn b kim loi cao.
Tc m trung bnh t 0,8m/pht. (4)

Trong trng hp khng c mui natri ca axit 2,6-(2,7)-disulfonaphtalen th
c th thay bng 1,4-butydiol 4 5g/l, cn cc thnh phn khc vn gi nguyn.
Cht lng lp m vn tt.
3.5.7.2 Cch pha ch dung dch
B m c ra sch, thnh b thm t u (khng cn vt nc ng li).

C th dng cht ty ra tng hp ra, k c bng bn chi, ra sch li
bng nc, dng dung dch axit H 2SO4 5% ra li, cui cng ra bng nc
my sch.
Nc dng pha ch : tt nht dng nc ma thu t mi ngi lc sch

bi ct, nc ct, nc tinh khit hoc nc my tt (khng cha vi, st g).
Khng nn dng nc ging, nc sui, nc ao h pha. C th dng cc
ha cht loi cng nghip nhp t cc nc.
Cht 2,6-(2,7)-disulfonaphtalen thng dng mui natri (c tn

naphtalendisulfonat natri C10H6(SO3Na)2). Mui ny c th thu c bng
cch sulfo ha naphtalen bng axit H 2SO4 60% trong bnh bng ch (Pb) nu
cch ct 1600C trong vng 4 6 gi vi t l 1kg naphtalen, 4kg axit
sulfuric H2SO4. Sau trung ha bng dung dch xt. Ch y np v
naphtalen rt d b thng hoa.
Cht 1,4-butydiol, nn dng loi hng nhp ngoi.
Dung dch kumarin c chun b nh sau : ly 450ml axit axetic m c

(axit axetic ng bng) pha long n 550ml bng nc ct, thm tip 150g
niken cacbonat (NiCO3), khuy cho tan ht sau cho tip 125g kumarin.
Kumarin hu nh khng tan trong nc, tan rt chm trong cn.
Cc ha cht saccarin, cadimin sulfat CdSO 4 khi b sung cn ha tan trc

vo nc ri mi rt vo dung dch, trnh cho trc tip vo b m.
Pha ch dung dch

Rt nc ct vo 2/3 b c lm sch, un nng n 70 800C.
Thng un bng ng in tr hay bng nc nng qua ng xon truyn nhit

t y b.
Khuy dung dch lin tc bng my khuy hay bng khng kh nn sch, c
th khuy bng tay nh mi cho bng nha, inox,
Cho ln lt niken sulfat, niken clorua, axit boric, natri sulfat, natri florua theo
lng tnh trc. Khuy mnh cho tan hon ton thnh mt dung dch trong xanh,
nu cn c th cn khuy tip.
Dung dch xt 3% (Pa hay P) iu chnh dung dch n pH = 5 5,5. Gi

dung dch 50 600C, thm vo dung dch kali permanganat (KMnO 4) vi lng
1g/l. Khuy dung dch c mu ng nht ca thuc tm. Sau cho vo dung
dch 5 6g/l than hot tnh (loi nhp ngoi). Khuy mnh lin tc 2 3 gi i vi
b m ln. i vi b m nh vi chc lt sn xut ti gia, khuy khong 30 pht.
Dung dch vn cn mu ca thuc tm. Nu dung dch khng c mu , cn b
sung thuc tm cho ton b dung dch c mu . yn khong 5 8 gi hoc
lu hn, n khi dung dch khng cn mu , tr nn xanh trong. Lc loi b cn
en y b, than hot tnh Ta thu c dung dch mu xanh trong sut (nn pha
mt b ph).
Pha thm nc vo dung dch cho n gn mc quy nh.
Dng dung dch axit sulfuric H2SO4 3% (loi PA) thm vo dung dch, khuy
u n khi pH t khong 3,5.
in phn vi catt l tm thp cacbon, ant l 2 tm niken. Ant, catt cn

phi c nh sch nh trong qu trnh m.
in phn 600C, mt dng catt IK = 0,2 0,3A/dm2 trong khong 3 5

gi. a pH n 4,5 bng dung dch xt 3%. Ta c th kim tra kt qu pha ch
dung dch bng 2 cch :
Cch 1: in phn vi catt thp cacbon hay mt ming ng hoc thau
c x l b mt nh trong qu trnh m. in phn 60 0C, IK = 4
5A/dm2. Nu lp m sng bc, ng nht th dung dch c chun b t
yu cu.Ta c th cn c vo cc s c, nguyn nhn v cch khc phc ghi
bng 27 sa cha cho t yu cu ca lp m niken m.
Cch 2: C th dng phng php Gilmont Hull kim tra dung dch : nu
trn tm thp catt m c mt khong sng ng nht mu niken th ta c th
khng nh dung dch chun b t yu cu.Sau khi dung dch m niken m
c chun b, ta ln lt thm cc cht cn li nh natri laurilsulfat,
saccarin,iu chnh pH = 4,5 5,5. T trng dung dch 20 24 0B, nhit
thng. Mu dung dch phi trong xanh.in phn 60 0C, IK = 5A/dm2
v cn c vo cc s c, nguyn nhn v cch khc phc ghi bng 28
iu chnh dung dch cho t yu cu.
3.5.7.3 Nhng iu cn ch duy tr cht lng lp

m niken bng
Duy tr thnh phn dung dch ph hp vi cng thc pha ch. Kim tra t
trng hng ngy, m bo trong khong 20 240B, tt nht nn duy tr
220B. Nu thp di 200B, cn thm niken sulfat, cho tng lng nh, khuy
mnh nhit 60 700C. Khng nn t trng xung thp qu mi pha
thm niken sulfat m phi o hng ngy nhit phng, trc khi un
nng.
Kim tra pH thng xuyn, nht l mi khi lp m c bin chuyn theo

hng xu, a pH v gi tr ti u l 5.
Duy tr nhit thch hp i vi dung dch ny l 60 0C. Khng nn nhit

xung thp di 500C v cao qu 700C.
Cn phi chun b k b mt cc chi tit trc khi m.

Cn phi xem xt k v tn gi, cht lng, thnh phn, ni sn xut tt c
cc cht b sung vo dung dch. Tt nht cn th mu trc khi thm vo b
m ln. Phi gi cho dung dch trng thi thun khit cao.
Tt c cc hp cht crm, cc hp cht nitrat, nitrit u rt c hi i vi

dung dch m niken. S nhim bn nhng cht ny vi lng nh th lm
gim cht lng lp m, vi lng ln hn lm h hng dung dch rt kh
hi phc.
y np b m, cn lc lin tc dung dch loi b bi, ct, cht hu c,
Din tch ant SA thng ln hn din tch catt SK t 1,5 n 2 ln.
3.5.7.4 Mt s quy trnh k thut m niken bng
M niken bng trc tip ln thp cacbon, gang, ng, thau trc khi m lp
crm trang sc ngoi cng.
Cc chi tit ln, t phc tp, mi hay c u tin hnh : mi ph (nu cn),
mi tinh, nh bng, ty du m bng phng php thch hp, ra k, nhng
vo b in phn, m khong 20 30 pht, ra k, m trc tip trong b m
crm, ra tht sch, sy kh 2000C trong vi gi.
i vi cc chi tit c m cn mi ph sch ton b lp m c, mi tinh,

nh bng ri thc hin tip cc giai on nh trn
Cc chi tit bng thp cacbon, c hnh dng phc tp, chng hn nh r
qut hoc cc chi tit nh nh c vt cn tin hnh ty du m, ra, ty
g trong dung dch axit HCl 10% c thm 7g/l urotropin (CH 2)6N4 (cht c
ch) hay trong dung dch axit H 2SO4 10 20%, cho n khi ht lp g, ra
k, em quay bng, mi trng quay bng l dung dch xt 5 7% v cc
vin thp, s, mi, thi gian t 1 gi n 8 gi ty theo yu cu
bng. Trc khi m cn ra sch xt, trung ha v ty li trong dung dch
axit H2SO4 20% trong khong 5 10 pht, ra k, em m, quay t 30 pht
n vi gi, ty thuc dy cn thit. Sau khi m niken bng, ra k, em
m trc tip trong dung dch m crm trang tr. Khng nn lp m niken
qu lu ngoi khng kh hay trong nc trc khi m crm (s d bong lp
crm). Nu v l do no m phi lu, cn phi ty li v hot ha lp
m niken trong dung dch axit H2SO4 20% t 1 3 pht, ra k ri mi m
crm, sy kh 2000C trong vi gi.
i vi cc chi tit nh bng ng, thau nh cc loi trang sc gi c

th tin hnh ty du m, ty g ng thi lm bng trong thng quay bng.
Mi trng l dung dch axit H 2SO4 5% c thm t bt cy hoc tri b kt
rang vng, hay cht ty ra tng hp ri tin hnh tip nh trn trnh by.
Sau khi kt thc giai on m niken bng cc n trang gi lm t ng,

thau trong b m quay, ra sch, ch cn th ng lp m niken bng bng
cch nhng vo dung dch m crm trong khong 1 pht, ra k cho vo
my ly tm lm kh, sau cho cc chi tit vo bt tru xay ht m, ng
gi.
m niken ln hp kim Zn Al, cn m lt ng, lp tip theo mi l

niken bng crm
M niken phc hi cc chi tit hnh tr (thanh ni, pitton, ng lt, trc
truyn,), thc hin catt quay vi tc 10 12 vng/pht, mt dng
catt 3 5A/dm2. Dung dch c thnh phn NiSO4.7H2O 400g/l, axit boric
H3BO3 30g/l, nhit 500C, pH dung dch 2 3, m dy, d mi, d nh
bng trc khi m crm cng.
3.5.8 M niken trong dung dch niken floborat Ni(BF4)2
3.5.8.1 Thnh phn dung dch v iu kin in phn
Niken floborat Ni(BF4)2 300g/l
pH = 2,7 3,5
Nhit dung dch 35 700C
Mt dng catt 4 6A/dm2
Lp m niken thu c do, rn, bm tt nhng l lp m khng bng (lp m

m).
Lp m d tch khi kim loi nn nn c dng m c.
Dung dch trn c th dng m quay hay m nhng.
xm thc ca dung dch niken floborat rt ln, ngay c ch cng khng bn

trong dung dch ny.
Dung dch niken floborat t c s dng.
3.5.9 M niken trong dung dch aminosulfonic Ni(SO3NH2)2 (dung dch

sulfaminat)
3.5.9.1 Thnh phn dung dch v iu kin in phn
Mui niken ca axit aminosulfonic Ni(SO3NH2)2 300g/l
Mui natri ca axit 2,6-(2,7)-disulfonaphtalen 2 5 g/l
pH 3,5 4,5
Nhit in phn 35 700C
Mt dng catt IK = 14A/dm2
Lc lin tc, khuy bng khng kh nn sch.
Lp m thu c do ngay dy rt ln, sc cng ni thp.
Lp m c kh nng dn in cao, tinh th mn, rn cao (575 645

KG/mm2 HV)
Lp m d tch khi kim loi nn, thng c s dng trong k ngh m c

in.
Cch pha ch dung dch ny tng t nh pha ch dung dich Watts
3.5.9.2 Nhng yu t am bao dung dch lm vic tt
B m phi lt bng cao su cng hay compozit.
Dung dch ny khng nn tip xc vi ch.
un nng dung dch bng nc nng vi ng dn xon bng thp silic. Nhit
cn phi u khp b m.
Ant phi c bc bng vi ch t si tng hp c x l trong dung dch

axit H2SO4 5%.
Khuy bng khng kh nn, ng dn kh ch bng nha PVC. Khng kh cn

phi sch bui, ct, ha cht,
Cn gi pH ti u l 4, nng clo (Cl ) v mt dng IK cn phi gi n

nh.
3.6 M in bc
3.6.1 Tinh cht v ng dng lp m bc
Bc, k hiu Ag, l kim loi cht do, trng lng nguyn t 107,88 , in th
tiu chun ca bc bng +0,81V , bc t hot ng, bn trong khng kh, nhng d
tc dng vi kh H2S v b m, en. Bc d tc dng vi HNO 3, t tc dng vi
H2SO4, hu nh khng tc dng vi HCl v NaOH. Bc ha tan rt d dng trong
xyanua. Bc d nh bng v c kh nng phn x nh sng rt cao.
Hnh 3.4 Sn phm m bc
M bc dng tng dn in b mt, gim in tr tip xc cho cc im;

m cho cc dng c dng n ung (v bc khng c); m cho cc mt hng m
ngh, kim hon v cc dng c phn quang.
Chiu dy lp m bc trn cc vt lm vic iu kin
n mn nh l ln hn hoc bng 5m.
n mn va l ln hn hoc bng 10m.
n mn mnh l ln hn hoc bng 20m.
3.6.2 M bc trong dung dch xyanua
M bc cho cc vt bng ng, ng thau, thp m lt ng thng tin

hnh trong dung dch xyanua, tng gn bm ca lp bc vi nn trc khi m
(sau ty nh) phi hn hng ha hay m lt mt lp bc mng trong dung dch c
bit ri mi m bc tip theo.
Hn hng ha bng cch nhng cc vt cn m vo mt trong cc dung dch

sau t 3-5s nhit phng:
HgCl2 7,5 g/l; NH4Cl 4 g/l

HgO 75 g/l; NaCl 60 g/l
K2Hg(CN)4 5-10 g/l; KCN 10-20 g/l
Hg(NO3)2 4 g/l
M lt lp bc mng trong dung dch c bit cho cc vt bng ng v hp

kim ng, c nng Ag+ nh v nng CN- ln nh sau:
AgCN 3,7-5,1 g/l
KCN 75-90 g/l
Nhit dung dch 20-300C
Mt dng in 1,6-1,7 A/dm2
Thi gian 15-25s
Anot thp hay kn
in th ngun <6V
Sau m bc tip t chiu dy mong mun t mt trong cc dung dch

k bng 3.14 sau:
Bng 3.14 Mt s dung dch m bc xyanua thng dng
Thnh phn (g/l) Dung dch Dung dch Dung dch Dung dch
v ch m 1 2 3 4
AgCN 36 105 22-45 20-30
KCN 60 113 33-45 20-40
K2CO3 45 15-113 25-45 20-30
NaOH _ 30 _ _
KNO3 _ _ 45-150 _
Sunfua cacbon 0,00075 _ 0,00075 _
Nhit , 0C Phng 43-54 27-52 Phng

Mt dng A/dm2 0,5-1,6 6,5-16 0,5-1,6 0,3-1,5
Hiu sut dng H, % 100 100 100 100
T l Sa/Sc 1/1 2/1 1/1 1/1
Anot: Bc
Khuy cho dung dch 1 v 3
Lc lin tc cho dung dch 2
in th ngun mt chiu: 6V
Dung dch 1 v 3 cho lp m bng, c th dng cht bng khc nh natri

tiosunfat (1g/l), tioure (45g/l)Cho lp m dy t 2,5 n 33 m trn lp m bc
lt. Dng m trang sc, bo v cho hng m ngh, kim hon, m cc tip im,
m cc dng c n ung, dng trong nh.
Dung dch 2 cho lp m dy 1,5 m, m phc v cng nghip nh cc pittong

trtc th m bng nu dng thm cht amon tiosufat v cht chng r H2O2.
Dung dch 4 m tip sau lp m bc lt cho n khi t chiu dy quy nh,

lp m m, m cc mt hng gia dng.
Bng 3.15 cho bit thi gian m cn thit t chiu dy mong mun
Bng 3.15 Thi gian m bc (ph)
Chiu dy Mt dng in ic, A/dm2

m m 0,2 0,3 0,5 0,7 1,0 1,5
1 7,9 5,3 3,2 2,3 1,6 1,1
2 15,8 10,5 6,3 4,1 3,2 2,1
3 24 16 9,5 6,8 4,7 3,2
5 40 26 16 11 7,9 5,3
7 55 37 22 16 11 7,4
71 14 9,5
9 48 28 20
79 16 11
10 53 32 23
237 47 32
30 158 95 68
395 73 53
50 264 158 113
632 126 84
70 422 253 181
790 168 110
100 527 315 230
Pha ch dung dch: Dng ha cht AgNO3 pha ch dung dch. C th t ch

ly AgNO3 nh sau: ha tan bc kim loi vo HNO 3 c, nguyn cht, thm nc
gp 3-5 ln th tch axit, un nng 50-600C cho tan ht, c cn s c AgNO3 kh.
un nng chy mui ny ri lm lnh c ha cht cn ch to. Tin hnh trong
ti.
Ha tan AgNO3 ny vo nc thnh dung dch 40%. KCN pha thnh dung
dch 5%. Rt 3 th tch dung dch KCN vo 1 th tch dung dch AgNO 3, khuy u
s c kt ta AgCN mu trng, c th gn b KCN v AgCN s tan v to thnh
phc KAg(CN)2. B sung cu t cn li thnh dung dch m cn pha ch. Nn pha
ch trong bung ti c nh sng .
Cc h hng thng gp khi m bc, nguyn nhn v cch cha ghi trong
bng 3.16.
Bng 3.16. S c, nguyn nhn v cch cha khi m xyanua
Nguyn nhn v cch cha

S c
Lp m xm, lm m
v anot c vt en Thiu CN- t do. Phn tch v b sung KCN
S c Nguyn nhn v cch cha

Lp m xm, lm m 1. Dung dch ln tp cht v mn anot. Lc dung dch v
nhng anot vn sng, thm 1-2 ml amoniac hay hyposunfit.
tt 2. Dung dch st catot b ngho nhanh. Khuy dung dch.
Lp m gin, kh H2
Nng KCN qu cao. Phn tch nng KCN cu dung
thot mnh trn catot,
dch v thm AgNO3 thch hp ri pha long n nng
anot sng
quy nh.
Lp m b bong thnh
vy nh hay mng ln 1. Chun b b mt m cha sch. Khc phc
khi cm hay nh 2. Thi gian hn hng ha trc m qu lu. Gim bt
bng
3. Nng bc trong dung dch qu b. Phn tch, b sung
Lp m th v ti
Mt dng in catot qu cao. Gim bt ic
Lp m b r im hay
Hydro bm lu trn catot. Khuy dung dch hay lc, u a
r vt
vt m
3.6.3 M bc trong dung dch khc
3.6.3.1 Dung dch feroxyanua
Dung dch feroxyanua
AgCl 3-5 g/l 30-40 g/l
K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O 10-30 g/l 150-200 g/l
Na2CO3.10H2O 25-75 g/l _

K2CO3 _ 15-20 g/l
Nhit dung dch 15-300C 15-800C
Mt dng in 0,15 A/dm2 1-1,5 A/dm2
Hiu sut dng in 100% 100%
Anot bc hay grafit bc hay grafit
Pha ch dung dch: Cn cc cu t, chung li, thm nc, un si, gi

trong bung ti 2-3 h. Gc b hay lc b kt ta nu ca Fe(OH)3 ri em dng.
Hai dung dch trn c kh nng phn b ln, cho lp m sng mn, t c hi.
Dung dch u m mng, dung dch sau m bc dy.
3.6.3.2 Dung dch iodua
Dung dch iodua
AgCl4 20-25 g/l
Ag2SO4 _ 25-35 g/l
KI 300-400 g/l 600-650 g/l
K4P2O7 _ 40-50 g/l
NH4OH 25% _ 60-70 ml/l
Nhit dung dch phng phng
Mt dng in 0,15-0,25 A/dm2 0,05-0,3 A/dm2
Cc dung dch ny rt n nh, khng c hi, cho lp m tt, c nh vng,

nhng kh nng phn b khng ln v t tin.
3.6.3.3 Dung dch nitrat
Dung dch nitrat
AgNO3 20 g/l
NH4OH 25% 50-60 ml/l

(NH4)2SO4 150-200 g/l
pH 6,6-6,9
Nhit dung dch phng
Mt dung in 0,8 A/dm2
Dung dch lm vic n nh, cho lp m kn, mn. Thay hn hng ha c hi

bng cch phn cc catot cho vt cn m trong dung dch gm: NH 4OH (25%) 20-
25 ml/l, (NH4)2SO4 150-200 g/l, dn xut urotropin 2/1, nhit 450C, ic = 0,5-3,0
A/dm2, thi gian t = 2 ph.
3.6.4 Hon thin lp m
3.6.4.1 Chng m cho lp m bc
Bc cng nh lp m bc d tc dng vi H 2S v cc hp cht cha lu hunh

c trong khng kh to thnh mng mng (<0,07 m) bc sunfua lm cho chng b
m xn, gim gi tr trang sc, tng in tr tip xc b mt, tr nn kh hn. C th
khc phc hin tng ny bng cc cch sau:
Ph lp sp hay sn trong, khng mu.
Th ng ha hc lp m bc trong cc dung dch thch hp v d nh dung

dch dng cht c ch I-I-E 50-60 g/l, ngm trong 5-10 pht 50-60 0C,
mng th ng c tc dng trong thi gian kh di, khng nh hng n v
p v kh nng hn ca b mt.
Th ng in ha trong dung dch bicromat: K2Cr2O7 30-50 g/l, KOH 30-50

g/l, nhit 15-30 0C, thi gian 5-10 ph, ic 1-3 A/dm2, anot bng ch. C th
khng dng dng in ngoi bng cc ni vt m vi mnh nhm v tin
hnh ni in phn.
Kt qu cng kh tt khi dng dung dch sau: K 2Cr2O7 25-50 g/l, K2CO3 25-50
g/l, KOH 25-50 g/l, nhit 22-30 0C, thi gian 1-5 ph, ic = 2 A/dm2, anot bng thp
khng g, hay ni vt m vi nhm hoc km ni in phn.
Kt ta in ha lp mng beryli hidroxit bo v lp m bc t dung dch:
BeSO4 2,2-2,4 g/l, nhit 15-25 0C, pH 5,6-5,8, ic 0,005-0,01 A/dm2, thi
gian 30 ph, anot bng thp khng g. Mng bo v c vn ng sc nht v hi
kh hn.
M lp mng (0,3-1,3 m) km, cadimi, crom hay roi ra ngoi. V d mt

dung dch m roi: Rh2(SO4)3 4-8 g/l, H2SO4 48-52 g/l, nhit 15-30 0C, ic
0,4-0,8 A/dm2. Anot khng tan bng grafit.
M hp kim bc vi thic, ini, caimi, palaihp kim bc vi kali, ch v

palai lu b m xn v khng lm tng in tr v in tr tip xc b mt.
Bao b cho sn phm m bc phi chn loi khng cha hp cht ca lu

hunh. Giy gi khng c ln hp cht lu hunh v phi c tm ha cht
chng gy m bc. Dng ti bng cht do trong sut l tt nht.
3.6.4.2 Oxy ha bc v lp m bc
Oxy ha s cho mng c mu xm sm n mu xanh sm, trang sc v

chng m theo thi gian. Dung dch oxy ha in ha c thnh phn v ch lm
vic nh sau:
Na2S 25-30 g/l
Na2SO3 15-20 g/l
H2SO4 3-5 g/l
Axeton 3-5 ml/l
ia 0,05-0,5 A/dm2
Nhit phng
Thi gian 3-5 ph

3.6.4.3 Nhum mu cho bc
Nhum en cho lp m bc: sau khi m bc xong, nhng vo dung dch CaS 2
50 g/l, sy kh trn ngn la n cn, la ga hay l in. Lm li vi ba ln
cho n lc c mu sc va .
Nhum mu xm xanh ti cho bc v lp m bc: ty ra sch b mt ri

nhum tron dung dch gm K2S 5/1, nhit 50-60 0C. Nu c ra bng bt
s cho mu bc c.
To mu sc c kn cho lp m bc: m xong nhng vt vo dung dch gm

CaS2 1-2 g/l, NH4Cl 4 g/l. Ra nhiu nc, sy kh.
Nhum mu vng: vy bng ng, thau sau khi m bc em nhum trong

dung dch gm: Na2S2O3 100 g/l, Pb(CH3COO)2 33 g/l.
Nhum mu hng: nhng vt mi m bc xong vo dung dch CuCl 2 c,

nng. Ra nc, ra cn ri sy kh trn ngn la.
3.6.5 Thu hi bc t dung dch m c, hng
Thu hi bc t dung dch xyanua v feroxyanua c tin hnh bng phng

php in phn dng anot khng tan n nng 1,5-2,0 g/l. Lng bc cn li thu
hi bng phng php ni in phn dng inc c bng thp bn n mn ni ngn
mch vi nhm. Bc s kt ta ln tm thp v thot tip xc trn tm nhm.
Phng php khc l kt ta bc di dng AgCl bng HCl, sau ha tan kt

ta bng HNO3 c AgNO3.
C th thu hi bc bng bt km hay bt nhm, v chng c kh nng y bc

ra khi mui trong dung dch. Kt ta bc thu c cn ln bt kim loi, cn ha
tan chng trong HCl nng nu dng bt km, hay trong NaOH nu dng bt nhm.
Tch chit bc bng dung dch kim amon bc bn 0,5 M trong tetracloetylen
c thm mt t ru decilic l phng php rt tin li. Sau rt bc ra bng dung
dch KCN v KOH s thu c dung dch Kag(CN)2 bo ha.
3.7 M in bch kim
3.7.1 Tinh cht v ng dng lp m bch kim
Bch kim, k hiu Pt, l kim li c mu trng bc, trong lng ring 21,5
g/cm3 , trong lng nguyn t 195,23, ha tr +2 v +1, in th tiu chun ca
Pt/Pt2+ l +1,2V, ca Pt/Pt4+ l +0,86 V.
Bc kim rt bn vi nhiu mi trng xm thc, khng b oxy ha khi nung

nng n nhit rt cao. Cc cht nng chay nh kim, photpho, xyanua,sunfit v
halogenua khng tc dng g vi bch kim. Trong cng toan bch kim ha tan rt
chm. Cc hp kim gia bch kim vi bc, ch, vng ha tan c trong HNO 3. Lp
m bch kim cng rt bn ha nn nhiu trng hp c th thay th cho vt lm
ton bng bch kim. M bch kim c ng dng trong ngh kim hon, trong ch
to thit b in t, trong ch to thit b m x y tTrong tt c cc trng hp
chiu dy lp bch kim dao ng trong phm vi t 1-10 m. M bch kim c th
thc hin bng phng php in ha hay bng phng php m tip xc.
3.7.2 Cc dung dch m bch kim
Dung dch photphat: Thuc loi kh thng dng, thnh phn v ch m

nh sau:
H2PtCl6 8 g/l
(NH4)HPO4 26 g/l
Na2HPO4.12H2O 120 g/l
ic 0,1-0,5 A/dm2
Nhit 65-70 0C
Hiu sut dng in 15-25%
Khi tng nng Pt v axit photphoric th hiu sut dng in tng ln i

cht.
Pha ch dung dch: Ha tan bch kim trong cng toan (1 th tch HNO 3 + 3
th tch HCl), trung ha bch kim clorua bng xt thu c natri cloplatinat, un
si vi gi, thm dinatri photphat v diamoni phophat vo cho n khi c mi
amoniac, thm nc n th tch nh.
Dung dch nitrit: Lm vic n nh hn dung dch photphat, c kh nng

phn b tt, cho php dng mt dng in cao. Chng n mn rt tt ngay khi
lp m cn rt mng. Dung dch sau cho kt qu rt tt:
Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2, tnh ra Pt 10 g/l
NH4NO3 100-120 g/l
KNO2 10-12 g/l
NH4OH 50-60 g/l
ic 8-9 A/dm2
Nhit 90-1000C
Diaminoplatinonitrit Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 c cha 60% Pt, ha tan km trong nc

(0,08 g/l 25 0C, 2,32 g/l 75 0C), ha tan tt trong dung dch amoniac, khi hm
lng Pt c th ln n 10g/l.
Pha ch dung dch: Mt th tch dung dch PtCl 4.2HCl hn hp vi 10 th tch

dung dch KNO2, un nng nh, Pt4+ b kh thnh Pt2+ v to thnh K2[Pt(NO3)4].
Mui ny khi pha long bng dung dch NH4OH 25% s chuyn thnh
Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 dng kt tinh, ra sch v em pha ch dung dch. Cht ny ha
tan vo dung dch NH4OH 5%, cn cc cht khc ha tan bng nc ri chung
vo nhau, un si 1-2 h trc khi bt u m. Anot bng phoi, bng hay dy Pt.
M tip xc bch kim t dung dch:
(NH4)2PtCl6 40g/l
NH4Cl 320 g/l
Nhit 70-100 0C
Thi gian 60 ph
Vt m xong chi bng bng x phng.
3.7.3 Thu hi bch kim
Pt t dung dch c hng, t nc ra c thu hi di dng platin sunfit.

Dung dch thu hi c axit ha bng HCl ri sc kh H 2S vo. Kt ta platin sunfit
thu c em lc, ra, sy v nung trong khng kh kh thnh Pt kim loi.
3.8 M in vng
3.8.1 Tinh cht v ng dng lp m vng
Vng c tnh n nh cao, ch ha tan trong nc cng toan, khng ha tan

trong bt c axit no. Lp m vng chu n mn tt, dn in tt, d hn, chu nhit
v chu mi mn nht nh (nu m vng cng). V th m vng c dng rng
ri m cc chi tit cn c tham s n nh cao. Lp m c mu vng kim, ko di
tt,d nh bng,chng bin mu tt. M hp kim vng c nhiu mu sc khc
nhaul lp m trang sc. Nhng m vng t nn s dng hn ch.
Hnh 3.5 Sn phm m vng

Chiu dy lp m vng kim hon t 0.25 n 3 m cn cc mc khc t 3
n 6 m . Thng th m vng trc tip ln cc vt bng ng, thau, hoc ln lp
m lp bc ha kn.
Lp m vng l lp m catot nn ch bo v c nn khi n khng c l xp,

thng. xp li ph thuc vo lp m, bn cht nn ha m lt. Lp m vng c
cng thp v chu c xt, mi mn km, v vy nhu trng hp phi m hp kim
vng vi coban hay kn tng cng, chu my mn m mu sc cng p
hn.
3.8.2 M vng trong dung dch Xyanua
3.8.2.1 Phn loi
C ba loi dung dch Xyanua m vng : dung dch kim, trung tnh v axit
Dung dch Xyanua kim
Dung dch Xyanua kim cha vng ha tr 1 di dng phc KAu(CN) 2 v

KCN t do. KCN c tc dng ngn nga vng kt ta li di dng AuCN, tng
dn in cho dung dch , hot ha anot, gi pH trong phm vi 11 n 12. Dung dc
ny c in th catot rt m nn k c hin tng vng thot tip xc ra trn catot khi
a vt m vo dung dch, do khng cn m lt; lp m c tinh khit cao; tinh
th nh mn. Thnh phn dung dch ny v ch m nh sau:
KAu(CN)2, tnh ra Au+ 4-10g/l
KCN t do 10-20g/l
ic 18-30oC 0.1-0.3 A/dm2
ic 45-55oC 0.2-0.5 A/dm2
pH 11-12
Anot thp khng r hay vng 99.99%

Nng cng ln th nhit cng cao i c cho php v hiu sut dng in
cng ln nn dng KCN v n c ha tan ln. Mun tng dn in th cho
thm dung dch 25-30 g/l K3PO4.
Pha ch dung dch : ha tan KCN v KAu(CN) 2 vo nc mm. Rt vo b

m, them nc n th tch n nh, khuy.
3.8.2.2 Dung dch xyanua trung tnh
Dung dch xyanua trung tnh cha vng ha tr 1 di dng phc KAu(CN)2
v KCN t do nhng rt t (1-2 g/l). pH 6.5-7.5 v c iu chnh bng H3PO4.
Dung dch ny ch yu dng m dy, tinh khit thp, nhng lp m nhn hn
dung dch kim. Dng anot khng tan. Hiu sut dng in cao nhng khng t
c 100% v trn catot c hydro thot ra. Tng mt dng in s gim hiu sut
dng in, nhng tng nhit v khuy s lm tng hiu sut dng in.
Cacbonat tch t trong dung dch khng gy tc hi g cho qu trnh m vng

c. Dung dch sau y thuc loi ny:
KAu(CN)2, tnh ra Au+ 8-12g/l
Axit xitric 18-20g/l
Kali xitrat 40-50g/l
KH2PO4.3H2O 35g/l
Tl2SO4 0.0007-0.0008 g/l
ic 0.5-1.0 A/dm2
Nhit 60-80oC
pH 6.7-7.5
Anot titan m bch kim
Nn khuy, lc lin tc, nht im ca dung dch ny l t n nh.

3.8.2.3 Dung dch xyanua trung tnh
Dung dch xyanua-axit cha vng ha tr 1 di dng KAu(CN) 2 c cho thm

axit hu c axit xitric, axit tatric dng duy tr pH trong khong 4-6. Dung dch
khng c xyanua t do nn t c hi nhng kh nng phn b s km i. Hiu sut
dng in gim khi tng ic, gim nhit v gim pH. Gii thiu hai dung dch v
ch m ca chng nh sau:
Thnh phn ch m dung dch 1 dung dch 2
KAu(CN)2, tnh ra Au+ 8-12g/l 1.5-2g/l
Axit xitric 50-140g/l -
Kali xitrat - 45-50g/l
CoSO4.7H2O - 0.3-0.4g/l
Nhit , oC 20-60 20-30
pH 4.5-6 4.0-4.5
ic, A/dm2 0.2-1.0 0.15-0.5
Anot titan m bch kim
Pha ch dung dch: ha tan kalixitrat vo nc mm, thm axit xitric, khuy
cho tan ht, dng dung dch KOH 20% iu chnh pH n 3.4-4.2, cho
KAu(CN)2 vo v khuy cho tan, them nc n th tch n nh, o v iu chnh
pH ca n bng axit xitric hay bng dung dch axit H2PO4 15%.
3.8.3 Thu hi vng t dung dch c, hng
Dung dch xyanua c, hng, thu hi vng bng bt km hay bt nhm kt

ta n. Kt ta thu c cho HCl vo ha tan km hay nhm d. Gn, ra
ri cho HNO3 vo ho tan tp cht bc v ng. Ra sch bt vng ri ha
tan trong nc cng toan c vng clorua.
Ph dung dch xyanua bng cch cho d H2SO4, sau thu hi vng bng bt
km hay nhm d nh ni (lm trong t ht kh). Dung dch c xem l
ht vng khi nhng l km vo dung dch khng thy xut hin vt en na.
Ph dung dch cha vng bng dung dch NaOH 10% un nng n 60 oC ri
kt ta vng bng nhm. Dung dch c xem l ht vng khi l nhm
bng sang nhng vo vn khng thay di mu sc v bng. Theo phng
php ny lng vng tn tht khng th thu c l 0.012-0.022% tng
lng vng c trong dung dch cn thu hi.
Phng php trao i ion cng dng thu hi vng t dung dch c hng v
c bit hu hiu i vi vic thu hi vng t nc ra.
3.9 M in Rhodi
3.9.1 Tinh cht v ng dng lp m rhodi
Rhodi c bn ha hc cao trong cc dung dch acid HNO 3, HCl, kim v

cc hp cht lu hunh. Khc vi bch kim, rhodi khng tan trong nc cng
toan. Rhodi tan trong H2SO4 c, trong dung dch bisunfat long v trong NaCl
nng chy khi c mt clo.
Hnh 3.6 Sn phm m Rhodi (gi bch kim)

Tuy rhodi rt t nhng vn c dng m v n c kh nng phn quang
ln, cng cao cng nh chu mi mn rt tt. H s phn quang ca rhodi ln
n 75% ch ng sau bc, nhng khng gim i khi tip xc vi cc hp cht lu
hunh nh bc. cng ca lp m rhodi ch ng sau lp m crom. Cc thng s
v in ca lp m rhodi cng rt n nh.
Lp m rhodi c dng lm mt phn chiu trong cc dng c quang hc,

lm lp chng m cho lp bc v tng cng cho chng.
3.9.2 Dung dch m rodi
3.9.2.1 Dung dch sunfat
Dung dch sunfat lm vic n nh; d iu chnh, khi phc; cho lp m dy.
Dung dch c pha t mui rodi v acid sunfuric. Di y l hai dung dch loi
ny:
Thnh phn v ch m Dung dch 1 Dung dch 2
[Rh(H2O)x]2(SO4)3 3-8g/l 3-10g/l
H2SO4 30-80g/l 30-100g/l
Acid sunfamic - 10-30g/l
Ic, A/dm2 0,4-1,2 1-6
Nhit 15 -30 15-30
Dung dch 1 m dy 3m. Dung dch 2 c cho thm acid sunfamic gim
ng sut ni v ddeer lp m khng b nt; do cho php thu lp m kn, ng sut
b v dy n 6m. Anot lm bng rhodi kim loi hay titan m bch kim. Tng mt
dng in s lm gim hiu sut dng in, cn tng nng rhodi lm tng
hiu sut dng in.
Chun b b mt trc khi m l khu quan trng i vi m rhodi. Lp m

bng ch c th thu c trn nn nh bng tt. Tng mt dng in v nhit
lm cho lp m b m i. Nng rhodi v acid sunfuric c nh hng n kh
nng phn quang ca lp m. Nng rhodi cao lm gim h s phn x nh sng
ca lp m. Nng acid sunfuric cao s m rng c phm vi cho lp m bng.
Dung dch m rhodi rt nhy vi tp cht, trc tin l ion clo, xyanua, hp
cht kim, cht hu c. Ion clo lm kt ta th, xm v gin; kim v xyanua lm
kim loi b th ng cc b; cht hu c lm tng ng sut ni v lm nt lp m.
3.9.2.2 Dung dch phtphat
Cho lp m phn quang tt hn nhng ch m c di 1 m dy hn s b

nt v sau s bong ra khi nn. thnh phn dung dch v ch m nh sau:
K3RhCl6 2g/l
H3PO4 50g/l
Nhit 18-25 oC
Ic 0,15 A/dm2
in th 2,5-6V
pH 1,1-1,3
Hiu sut dng in trng dung dch ny rt thp dng ch yu m bng

rhodi. Cn phi thng xuyn iu chnh, b sung kali clorhodiat hoc rhodi
hydroxyt.
Dung dch photphat rt nhy vi tp cht. khi tch t nhiu tp cht phi
tin hnh ti sinh dung dch bng cch cho thm natri fomiat v un nng ln. Kt
ta lc c, dng HNO3 ra ri th bng dng hydro trong l ng 700-800
o
C. Rhodi kim loi thu c dng pha ch dung dch mi.
CHNG 4. PHNG PHP X L TP CHT
TRONG DUNG DCH M IN.
4.1 ngha ca vic lm sch dung dch m:
Tng hiu qu m, sn phm m ng tiu chun, trnh gy lng ph cho chi

ph phc hi cc sn phm m cht lng km.
Cn phi xc nh ngun gc ca tp cht, con ng xm nhp vo dung dch

m, xc nhn c th loi cht bn tm ra ng phng php cho tng loi tp cht
ny.
4.2 Phng php loi b tp cht v c ha tan trong dung dch m:
Cc kim loi ha tan km, ng, st, ch d cc ion ny nng rt nh

cng gy ra hu qu khng va .
loi b cc kim loi ny ngi ta dng phng php in phn nhiu gi

mt dng catot thp IK=0,2-0,5A/dm2, sau tng ln 1A/dm2 cho n khi lp
m sng, in th 1-1,5V lien tc trong nhiu gi. Ngi ta thng tin hnh b
m ring t gn b m chnh, dung dch t b m chnh c bm vo b in
phn ph, dung dch s tr li b m chnh bng h thng trn thng nhau.
Cc kim loi nng thng xut pht t anot do vy cn phi lm tinh khit
anot v bc kn bng vi PVC, vi thy tinh hay vi nilon.
Cc cht c hi nht i vi dung dch sunfat m thic l cc hp cht ch,

ng, asen, antimo. Trong Cu vi lng > 0.1g/l phi loi b mt dng
IK=3-4A/dm2 trong nhiu gi. Ch d gy cho anot th ng tng lng cn cu
trong dung dch.
Dung dch m ch th ng, bc, antimony l nhng cht nhim bn c hi,

loi b chng qua in phn mt dng catot 0.2-0.4A/dm 2 vi thp cacbon lm
catot.
Dung dch nhim ch mc vt qu 5mg/l th qu trnh m khng nn
thc hin v cho lp m mu ti. X l dung dch ny vi 450g bt Zn cho
1000gallon dung dch m, phn b bt Zn trn ton b b mt dung dch ri trn
trong 1h, khng c x l dung dch trong qu trnh m v bt Zn c th lm cho
lp m x x.
Lp m b hoen mu do nhim kim loi nng c x l bng in phn mt

dng catot 0.1-0.3 A/dm2 trong nhiu gi cho n khi thu c lp m bng
mt theo yu cu s dng.
Nhim bn Cr+6 trong dung dch m c x l bng Na 2SO3 hoc NaHSO3

chuyn Cr+6 thnh Cr+3. Dung dch nhim Cr+6 mc trn 15mg/l phi dng qu
trnh m do bi lp m s b phng v phn b khng u.
X l dung dch m bng 30g Na2SO3 cho 1000l dung dch m c cha
15mg/l tp cht crom.
X l dung dch m bng 15g NaSHO3 cho 1000l dung dch m c cha
15mg/l tp cht crom.
4.3 Phng php loi b tp cht hu c ha tan trong dung dch m:
Phng php gc loi b tp cht hu c khi dung dch m l x l bng

than hot tnh. Chuyn dung dch sang mt b ring x l, sau un v trn
dung dch vi than bt, dng b lc ri cho lng cht bn. Phng php ny gy
mt mt n 20% dung dch bi v nguyn liu bo ha lng y b x l th
khng c kh nng lc. Ngoi ra cc cht oxy ha mnh nh H 2O2 hoc KMnO4
c thm vo v chng gip loi b cc tp cht hu c nng. Tuy nhin y l
png php ht sc tn km nn ch s dng trong trng hp tht cn thit, tp
cht hu c qu nhiu.
Mt d phng php x l tp cht hu c bng KMnO 4 v than rt hiu qu

nhng tn nhiu cng on v mt nhiu thi gian. Mt phng php tt hn l x
l dung dch bng NaOCl. NaOCl l mt tc nhn c tnh oxy ha mnh v c
bit n nh l cht ty, khng i hi thit b lc v lm gin on nhiu thi gian
sn xut. Thm 10gallon NaOCl cp thng mi (12%) cho t t vo 1000gallon
dung dch m.
Dung dch m ch th loi cht bn hu c bng than hot tnh vi lng 1-2
g/l, cn thit tin hnh b ph.
i vi dung dch m niken loi b cc cht hu c bng cch un nng dung

dch ln 60-700C khuy trong nhiu gi cng vi than hot tnh ti thiu 6g/l, sau
lng v lc tr li b m. Than hot tnh hp ph cc cht hu c ln cc ph gia
khc ca dung dch m, nn sau khi lc cn tin hnh phn tch ha hc v iu
chnh dung dch sau khi x l than hot tnh.
Theo kinh nghim loi b cc cht hu c ha tan trong dung dch m bng
cch cho than hot tnh 6g/l c ra sch vo cc ti vi nhiu lp (t nht 3
lp) nhng trc tip vo gc b m. Mt b m 200-400l c th dng 2-4 ti vi
ng than hot tnh.
4.4 Phng php loi b tp cht khng ha tan trong dung dch m:
Cc cht bn huyn ph c th loi b bng cch lc qua my lc lin tc hay

nh k lc th cng.
C th dng cc my lc chuyn dng v nn tin hnh lc lin tc dung dch

khi in phn. Lc dung dch trc khi in phn t 20-30ph. S dng my lc c
cng sut cao sao cho mi gi dung dch phi c lc t nht qua mt ln v loi
b c tt c cc ht c ng knh t 0.5-5m.
My lc loi nh c cng sut 600-1200l/h. My lc i trung bnh c cng

sut 2700l/h. H thng my lc Efco model 600 c th c cng sut 24570l/h dng
cho nhng nh my m ln. Cc my lc hin i c s dng than hot tnh, s
dng cho cc dung dch m axit, kim v khng s dng cho dung dch m crom.
4.5 Phng php loi b tp cht khi ha tan trong dung dch m:
i vi cc dung dch m c mi trng gn trung tnh trc khi tin hnh

in phn cn un nng dung dch m ln 60 0C trong 1-2 gi c th ui sch
c cc bt kh.
Khuy lin tc ui sch bt kh.

CHNG 5. NHNG NGUYN TC C BN CA
VIC PHNG NGA NG C HA CHT
5.1 Bn nguyn tc c bn ca hot ng kim sot
Mc ch ca vic kim sot ha cht l loi tr hoc lm gim ti mc thp

nht mi ri ro bi cc ha cht nguy him, cc sn phm t ha cht gy ra cho
con ngi v mi trng.
t c iu ny chin lc 4 im trong vic kim sot c p dng

loi tr hoc lm gim kh nng tip xc vi ha cht c t ra.
Bn nguyn tc c bn ca hot ng kim sot
Thay th: Loi b cc cht hoc cc qu trnh c hi, nguy him hoc thay
th chng bng th khc t nguy him hn hoc khng cn nguy him na.
Quy nh khong cch hoc che chn gia ngi lao ng v ha cht nhm
ngn cch mi nguy c lin quan ti ha cht i vi ngi lao ng.
Thng gi: s dng h thng gi thch hp di chuyn hoc lm gim nng

c hi trong khng kh chng hn nh khi, kh, bi, m.
Trang b phng tin bo v c nhn cho ngi lao ng nhm ngn nga
vic tip xc trc tip vi ha cht.
Bin php tt nht trong vic ngn chn cc ri ro pht sinh t vic s dng
cc ha cht nguy him l loi tr khi mi trng lm vic nhng ha cht . Tuy
nhin, iu ny khng phi lun thc hin c. V vy, iu quan trng tip theo l
cch ly ngun pht sinh cc ha cht nguy him, hoc tng thm cc thit b thng
gi v dng phng tin bo v c nhn. u tin, cn xc nh c cc ha cht
nguy him v nh gi ng mc c hi, nguy him ca chng, kim sot cht
ch vic thng k, cc qu trnh vn chuyn, chuyn rt v cht gi ha cht, cc
ha cht thc t ang s dng v c cht thi ca chng. Vi mi loi ha cht nguy
him, ta iu phi quan tm n c 4 nguyn tc trn vi nhng ni dung c th nh
sau:
Nguyn tc thay th
Cch tt nht ngn nga hoc gim thiu tc hi ca ha cht n con

ngi v mi trng l trnh s dng cc ha cht nu c sn nhiu cht thay th t
c hi, t nguy him hn. Vic la chn cc ha cht phi c tin hnh ngay t
giai on thit k hoc lp k hoch sn xut, thng tin hnh qua cc bc sau:
Bc 1: nh gi ha cht s dng:
Tin hnh thu thp thng tin, nh gi v cc ha cht ang s dng hoc d
nh s dng, c th l:
Cch thc s dng hoc d nh s dng ha cht nh th no ?
Ha cht hoc sn phm c cha ha cht c th gy ra nhng ri ro g

cho con ngi v mi trng ?
N c th nh hng ti con ngi v mi trng u, bng cch no:

ni lm vic; thng qua s pht thi vo khng kh hoc nc; thng qua sn
phm ha cht; hay thng qua cht thi t qu trnh vn chuyn, chn hoc
tiu hy, ti ch sn phm?
Nn lm g gim thiu cc ri ro?
Trong xng m chng ta s dng cc ha cht nh axit HCl, H 2SO4, HNO3,

y l nhng ha cht cn c nh gi v tm hng gii quyt c th nh sau:
Axit H2SO4 m c rt nguy him, n mn rt mnh, lm chy da tht, gy

nhng vt thng kh cha. Nu axit H 2SO4 ri vo da dng vi lau kh, ra tht
k, trung ha bng dung dch x phng.
Axit HNO3 c bc khi mnh trong khng kh, c vi ng h hp. Cc

nit oxyt ho HNO3 phn gii khi tc dng ha hc vi kim loi, khi b ng c tc
th s b ph thng. Khi axit ny dnh vo g, da lp tc dng gi lau kh ri ra
nhanh bng dung dch sa.
c bit ng ch l xianua NaCN, KCN hay kh HCN l nhng cht cc k

c hi. Liu t vong i vi xianua l 0,2 0,3g, i vi HCN 0,1g. Khi ng c
xianua phi a ngay ra ni thong gi, ra d dy bng dung dch thuc tm 1
g/KMnO4, a ngay n bnh vin.
Bc 2: Xc nh cc gii php thay th.
C th thy i quy trnh hoc phng php sn xut nhm thay th ha cht
bng mt loi khc t c hi nguy him hn, hay gim ha cht v cc
sn phm cha n khng? Nu c, gm nhng gii php no?
Cc gii php thay th c thc t khng ? Vic p dng cc gii php thay
th s lm tng hay gim chi ph? S tng, gim c ko di khng, hay
ch trong mt thi gian ngn?
Bc 3: nh gi nhng ri ro mi khi p dng cc gii php thay th
Xc nh nhng ri ro i vi sc khe con ngi v mi trng khi p dng

cc gii php thay th?
So snh ri ro gia cc gii php thay th. iu ny thng khng d dng. C

th s c rt t thng tin v sn phm hoc phng php thay th. C th phi so
snh gia 2 cht: mt cht gy ra nhng ri ro cho mi trng v mt cht gy
nhng ri ro cho con ngi
Bc 4: La chn gii php thay th - Tin hnh thay th.
Sau khi nh gi u, nhc im ca tng gii php thay th, tin hnh la
chn gii php ph hp nht. Thng thng, s la chn cc ha cht thay th c
th b hn ch, c bit nhng ni c s dng cc ha cht c th: khi thng
khng trnh khi phi cn nhc gia gii php k thut vi cc li ch kinh t. Nn
hc hi kinh nghim t nhng ngi tng s dng ha cht .
Lp k hoch thay th: khi no tin hnh, ai tin hnh v tin hnh nh th
no, chng hn nh sn phm mi c cn c th nghim trn quy m nh trc
khng? c thit b phng h trc cha?
Bc 5: D kin nhng thay i trong tng lai.
Ha cht mi c th s cn c thay th bng mt loi khc an ton hn

trong tng lai. Do , cn tip tc xp xt: liu c bin php no gim c hn
na nhng ri ro cho sc khe v mi trng hay khng?
5.2 Bao che hoc cch ly ngun pht sinh ha cht nguy him
Mt qu trnh sn xut l tng l ngi lao ng c hn ch ti mc

thp nht mi c hi tip xc vi ha cht; c th bng cch bao che ton b my
mc, nhng im pht sinh bi ca bng chuyn hoc bao che qu trnh sn xut
cc cht n mn hn ch s lan ta hi kh c hi, nguy him ti mi trng
lm vic. Cng c th gim s tip xc vi cc ha cht c hi bng vic di
chuyn cc qui trnh v cng on sn xut cc ha cht ny ti v tr an ton, cch
xa ngi lao ng trong nh my hoc xy tng cch ly chng ra khi cc qu
trnh sn xut c iu kin lm vic bnh thng khc.
Bn cnh , cn phi cch ly cc ha cht d chy n vi cc ngun nhit,

chng hn nh t thuc n xa cc my mi, my ca
Hiu qu tng t c th nhn c khi s dng nhng kho ha cht an ton

v hn ch s lng nhng ha cht nguy him cn s dng ti ni lm vic trong
tng ngy, tng ca. iu ny thc s rt c ch nu qu trnh sn xut thc hin bi
mt s lng rt t ngi lao ng v trang b y phng tin bo v c nhn.
y l yu cu quan trng khi thit k phn xng m. Thng thng cc

phn xng m c chia lm nhiu gian khc nhau, mi gian vi cc mc ch lm
vic khc nhau nhm hn ch ti a nh hng ca ha cht trong xng m.
5.3 Thng gi
Trong trng hp ha cht d bay hi, vic thng gi c xem nh l mt

hnh thc kim sot tt nht sau vic thay th hoc bao che. Nh cc thit b thng
gi thch hp, ngi ta c th ngn khng cho bi, hi, kh c thot ra t qu trnh
sn xut tin vo khi vc ht th ca ngi lao ng v chuyn chng bng cc ng
dn ti b phn x l (xyclo, thit b lng, thit b lc tnh in) kh c trc
khi thi ra ngoi mi trng.
Ty thuc vo hon cnh c th m ngi ta c th b tr h thng thng gi

cc b ngay ti ni pht sinh hi, kh c, hay h thng thng gi chung cho ton
nh my hoc p dng kt hp c 2 h thng.
H thng ht c axit v ht xyanua khng c dng chung vi nhau

trnh tng tc sinh ra kh HCN cc c
Cc b ty g v cc b m c tnh axit dng chung mt h thng thng gi
Cc b kim v cc b xyanua dng chung mt h thng thng gi khc.
H thng thi cc b, cong c gi l hoa sen khng kh, thng c b tr

thi khng kh sch v mt vo nhng v tr thao tc c nh ca cng nhn m
ti thng ta nhiu kh hi c hi v nhiu nhit.
i vi thit b ht cc b, ming ht ca h thng phi t st, gn n mc

c th vi ngun pht sinh bi, hi, kh c ngn nga tc hi ca n i vi
nhng ngi lao ng lm vic gn . c nhng h thng thng gi cc b hot
ng rt hiu qu trong vic kim sot cc cht c nh: ch, aming, dung mi hu
c.
m bo hiu qu, trc khi thi cng cc bn thit k h thng thng gi

c cc chuyn gia hoc nhng ngi qua o to chuyn mn v vn ny
kim tra. H thng thng gi phi c bo dng thng xuyn m bo lun
hot ng c hiu qu.
Hnh 5.7 Vic thit k nh xng hp l c th lm tng lng khng kh lu thng
v lm gim nng cc ha cht c hi.
5.4 Phng tin bo v c nhn
Mt trong nhng yu cu khi lm vic l phi c y trang b bo h: qun

o lao ng, khu trang, gng tay cao su, ng cao su, Khi pha ch cc dung dch
axit, kim, xianua phi eo knh bo h hay mt n phng c.
Phn ln cc nguy c t s dng ha cht c th kim sot c bng cc bin

php k thut k trn. Nhng khi cc bin php cha loi tr ht c cc mi
nguy, hay ni cch khc khi nng ha cht trong mi trng cha t tiu chun
cho php th ngi lao ng phi c trang b phng tin bo v c nhn. Phng
tin ny ch lm sch khng kh b nhim ha cht trc khi vo c th ch n
khng lm gim hoc kh cht c c trong mi trng xung quanh. Do khi s
dng cc phng tin bo v h hng hoc khng ng chng loi c ngha l ta
tip xc trc tip vi ha cht nguy him. V vy, khng c coi phng tin
bo v c nhn l bin php u tin kim sot ri ro m ch c coi l bin
php h tr thm cho cc bin php kim sot k thut.
5.5 Mt n phng c
Mt n phng c che mi v ming, ngn chn s thm nhp ca ha cht

vo c th qua ng h hp. Dng mt n phng c khi phi tip xc vi ha
cht trong cc tnh hung sau:
Ni phi tin hnh kim sot tm thi trc khi tin hnh cc bin php kim
sot k thut
Ni khng thc hin c nhng kim tra v k thut
b sung vo nhng bin php kim sot k thut
Trong trng hp khn cp.
Vic la chn loi mt n phng c s ty thuc theo cc yu t:
c tnh ca mt hoc ca nhiu cht c hi phi tip xc
Nng ti a ca cc ha cht ti ni lm vic
Thun tin v hp vi khun mt ca ngi s dng ngn chn cht c

lt qua k h
Ph hp vi iu kin ca cng vic v loi tr c cc ri ro sc khe.
C th phn mt n phng c thnh 2 nhm:
Mt n lc c: Lm sch khng kh trc khi vo c th ngi bng vic

lc hoc hp thu cht c.
Hnh 5.8 Mt n lc bi
Hnh 5.9 Mt n lc c loi che na mt
C rt nhiu kiu mt n lc c khc nhau ty theo loi ha cht phi x l

song khng c thit b lc, hoc mt n lc c no c th loi b hon ton ha
cht nguy him. V vy, chn c loi mt n thch hp nht thit phi tun
theo ch dn ca ngi sn xut hoc ngi cung cp mt n phng c.
m bo s dng c hiu qu, ngi lao ng phi c hun luyn, o

to cch s dng, sa cha v bo dng mt n phng c. eo mt n phng c
km phm cht c th cn nguy him hn khng eo, v khi ngi lao ng ngh
rng h c bo v nhng thc t th khng.
Hnh 5.10 Mt n c b lc hn hp bo gm c b lc bi v b lc kh
5.6 Bo v mt
Tn thng v mt c th do b bi, cc ht kim loi, mu, thy tinh,

thancc cht lng c bn vo m; b hi kh c xng ln mt; v cng c th do
b cc tia bc x nhit, tia hng ngoi, tia t ngoichiu vo mt.
ngn nga tai nn v bnh v mt c th s dng cc loi knh an ton, cc

loi mt n cm tay v mt n hoc m mt n lin vi uty tng trng hp
c th, chng hn dng tm chn bo v bao ph c trn v mt ti im di quai
hm nhm chng li vic bn te bt ng cc cht lng nguy him.
Hnh 5.11 Knh bo v mt
Hnh 5.12 Trang b che chn mt mt

5.7 Qun o, gng tay, giy ng
Qun o bo v, gng tay, tp d, ng c dng bo v c th ngn khng

cho ha cht thm nhp qua da. Cc loi ny c lm bng nhng cht liu khng
thm nc hoc khng b tc ng ph hoi b ha cht tip xc khi lm cc cng
vic tng ng. S dng gng tay l yu cu bt buc khi lm vic vi ha cht
m c, c tnh n mn cao. Ty thuc vo loi ha cht v thi gian tip xc m
s dng loi gng tay c th.
V d: gng tay lm bng ni lon hoc bng da l thch hp cho vic bo v tay
t bi, trong khi gng tay lm bng cao su l thch hp cho vic chng li cc
cht n mn v vic pha ch ha cht vi dung mi hu c .
Hnh 5.13 Gng tay bo v
Qun o bo v phi c git ngay sau khi dng khng mc qun o b

nhim ha cht.
Nhn chung, qun o nn:
Va vn, thoi mi c th c th c dng mt cch d dng
Trang b ring cho tng c nhn s dng hng ngy
Bo qun chu o, c khu v, sa cha khi cn thit
c lm sch, khng dnh ha cht.

KT LUN V KIN NGH
C th ni quy trnh sn xut xi m n trang p dng cng ngh v ha cht xi

m ti Cng Ty Bch Kim Minh Chu l mt quy trnh hin i ph hp vi nhng
tiu chun ca th trng ni chung v ngnh xi m n trang ni ring.
Bng nhng n lc ca ton th cn b cng nhn vin Cng Ty Bch Kim

Minh Chu, my mc, quy trnh sn xut c nghin cu ngy cng hon thin,
hng ti tiu ch tit kim nhin liu, nguyn liu, rt ngn thi gian sn xut, tng
nng sut m m bo sn phm cng ngy cng tt hn ph hp vi quy chun,
tiu chun hin hnh. Ci tin v cht lng nhm vn ra nhng th trng ln
trn trong nc cng nh th gii.
Qua t thc tp tt nghip ny, chng em c tip thu v c thm mt

lng kin thc rng hn, hiu su hn v kin thc thc t ca qu trnh xi m n
trang m trc ch c hc c bn qua mt s mn hc. Chng em c tn
mt quan st quy trnh hot ng chung v hot ng c th ca tng loi my mc
thit b nh my ra siu m, my mi c hc, my xi phun Bn cnh , chng
ta c iu kin th tri nghim mc d ch l s b, t tm hiu k nhng vn m
chng em cn cha thc s nm r. Khng nhng th, t thc tp cn gip cho
chng em t tin hn phc v cho cng tc sau ny ca chng em khi ra trng
lm vic trong mi trng ny.
TI LIU KHAM THO
Nguyn Vn Lc, Cng ngh m in., Nh xut bn Gio duc.
Trn Minh Hong, Nguyn Vn Thanh, L c Tr, S tay m in, Nh xut bn

khoa hc v k thut H Ni,2003.

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LI CM N

Sau gn 3 nm theo hc v nghin cu ti trng H Cng Nghip, vi s ch

y l ln u tin chng em c tip xc vi thc t, em nhng kin thc

Chng em xin gi li cm n trn thnh ti ton th cc thy c trong Khoa, cc

Tuy nhin, thi gian thc tp kh ngn nn bi bo co ny ca chng em chc

n v thc tp: Cng ty TNHH TM-DV-SX Bch Kim Minh Chu....................

H tn cn b hng dn: Th.S NGUYN MINH QUANG

H tn sinh vin: Vn Khang Lp: CDHO16A

MSSV: 14016161 Thi gian thc tp: t 26/12/2016 n . 16/1/2017

, ngy thng nm 2017

n v thc tp: Cng ty TNHH TM-DV-SX Bch Kim Minh Chu....................

H tn cn b hng dn: ........................................................................................

H tn sinh vin: ................................................................Lp:..............................

MSSV: .........................Thi gian thc tp: t ........................ n ........................

n v thc tp: Cng ty TNHH TM-DV-SX Bch Kim Minh Chu....................

H tn cn b hng dn: ........................................................................................

H tn sinh vin: ................................................................Lp:..............................

MSSV: .........................Thi gian thc tp: t ........................ n ........................

n v thc tp: Cng ty TNHH TM-DV-SX Bch Kim Minh Chu....................

H tn cn b hng dn: ........................................................................................

H tn sinh vin: ................................................................Lp:..............................

MSSV: .........................Thi gian thc tp: t ........................ n ........................

n v thc tp: Cng ty TNHH TM-DV-SX Bch Kim Minh Chu....................

H tn cn b hng dn: ........................................................................................

H tn sinh vin: ................................................................Lp:..............................

MSSV: .........................Thi gian thc tp: t ........................ n ........................

thc thc hin:

TP. H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm 2017

Gio vin hng dn

thc thc hin:

TP. H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm 2017

Gio vin phn bin

CHNG 1. TNG QUAN CNG TY..............................................................1

1.1 Gii thiu v cng ty....................................................................................1

1.2 Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin...................................................................1

1.3 S t chc cng ty...................................................................................2

1.4 Lnh vc hot ng ca cng ty...................................................................2

1.5 Mc tiu v nh hng pht trin...............................................................3

CHNG 2. CNG NGH M IN...............................................................4

2.1 Cng ngh m in......................................................................................4

2.2 Thit b c bn trong m in......................................................................4

2.3 Phm vi ng dng v mt s sn phm thc t............................................6

CHNG 3. QUY TRNH CNG NGH M TRANG SC............................8

3.1 Mi bng v nh bng................................................................................8

3.7 M in bch kim.......................................................................................62

CHNG 4. PHNG PHP X L TP CHT TRONG DUNG DCH M

CHNG 5. NHNG NGUYN TC C BN CA VIC PHNG NGA

5.1 Bn nguyn tc c bn ca hot ng kim sot........................................74

5.3 Thng gi...................................................................................................77

5.4 Phng tin bo v c nhn........................................................................78

5.5 Mt n phng c.......................................................................................79

5.7 Qun o, gng tay, giy ng.......................................................................82

Bng 3.3 Ht mi thng dng................................................................................11

Bng 3.4 Chn ht mi khi mi bng......................................................................12

Bng 3.5 Phn loi, c im v cng dng cao nh bng....................................14

Bng 3.6 Thnh phn v ch lm vic dung dch ty st thp.............................17

Bng 3.7 Cng ngh ch yu ty g st thp............................................................18

Bng 3.9 c im cc phng php ty du..........................................................20