Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
ELECTRICITY
Paing
S2Exp Science
When the conventions of positive and negative charge were invented two centuries
ago, it was assumed that positive charges flowed in wires.
It was established before it was known that free electrons are the particles that actually
move in a conducting wire.
Current direction in a circuit then is referred to as the direction of conventional current,
which is the opposite of electron flow.
Wires
A source of electromotive force (energy) that drives
electric charges around the circuit.
Series Circuit
Electrical components are joined after another to form a single loop
Electric current passes through a single path in a series circuit
Current in every point in a series circuit is the same.
Parallel Circuit
Electrical current is divided into branches
Electrical components are connected in each branch
Electrical current passes through all branches of a parallel circuit.
Paing
S2Exp Science
Closed/Complete circuit: A circuit which has no gap and allows electric current to flow
through.
Open circuit: A circuit which has a gap and does not allow electric current (unable) to
flow through.
Short circuit
Acts as a bypass for the electric current by providing a low resistance path for it
to flow
Very large current flowing through overheating (danger)
Drawing of circuits:
Provide direction of current (arrows)
Label current, bulb (if necessary), battery charge (+/-)
All lines must be connected
Symbols drawn correctly
Series Parallel
Advantages Only a single switch is needed Each electrical component is
to control all electrical controlled by its own switch
components in the circuit.
If one bulb is
The current increases if the disconnected/blown, the others
number of cells connected in will still be lit and current will still
the circuit increases. flow.
Paing
S2Exp Science
the electrical source but is
shared equally if same type.
Paing
S2Exp Science
1.6 Resistance
Paing
S2Exp Science
Slider
Sockets/Terminals
The greater the current in the circuit, the brighter the bulb.
Adding another resistor in parallel decreases the resistance in the circuit. Hence,
the current flowing through the light bulb increases, making it brighter.
Adding another resistor in series increases the resistance in the circuit. Hence,
the current flowing through the light bulb decreases, making it dimmer.
Series Parallel
I (current) I1 = I2 = I3 = I = I1 + I2 + I3 +
V (voltage) emf = V1 + V2 + emf = V1 = V2 =
R Rtotal = R1 + R2 + Decreases
(resistance) 1 1 1
= + +
R total R1 R2
Effect Explanantion
Causes compounds to break down and produces new substances.
Paing
S2Exp Science
(B) Electroplating
(C) Telephones
The diaphragm is attached to springs that are fixed to the earpiece.
When current flows through the wires, the soft-iron bar becomes an
electromagnet. The diaphragm becomes attracted to the
electromagnet. As the person on the other end of the line speaks,
his voice causes the current in the circuit to change and causes the
diaphragm in the ear piece to vibrate and produces sound.
High resistance more heat
Heating Nichrome is covered with a layer of electrical insulation. The
insulated element is then placed in a looped tube made of a good
conductor of thermal energy.
Current flows in the highly-coiled filament. (Tungsten)
Light Current causes the filament to heat up and therefore glows and
gives out light. High resistance more heat
Paing
S2Exp Science
o 0.030A breathing disturbed; involuntary muscle contraction
o 0.070A loss of muscle control; breathing becomes difficult
o 0.100A death due to fibrillation of the heart
o > 0.200A -
Dangers of Electricity
All circuits require 2 wires to form a complete circuit. (live and neutral
wires)
When live wire accidentally touches the neutral wire short circuit
Damaged high current overheating of wire electric fire
Insulation
The wires are insulated with rubber and they are housed together in a
circular PVC sheathed cable.
Usually large current will flow through and large amount electrical
energy will convert to large amount of heat energy.
The more plugs you fit into the socket, the more branches of parallel
Overheating of circuits introduced. The current will also increase.
cables
An electric socket should carry only one plug.
Cables are related according to the current they can carry without
overheating. Cables that carry more than a safe amount of current are
said to be overloaded.
Resistance of the human body (skin and internal)
Dry skin has a high resistance of 100 000 while we skin only has a
resistance of a few hundreds
Damp Conditions
In the event of a damaged insulation that the live wire is exposed, the person
will be in the risk of electrocution.
Water being a good conductor of electricity, if the wire is touching the water, the
current will flow through it and to the person (in the bath tub)
Paing
S2Exp Science
Safety Devices
A thin piece of wire that becomes hot (heated up) and melt when
excessive current flows through it, breaking the circuit, opening the
Fuse circuit.
When the wire in the fuse melts, we say that the fuse is blown.
After fixing the damaged appliance or damaged part in the circuit, the
circuit can be switched on again using the circuit breaker. (push up the
lever)
Double insulation
some household appliances use 2-pin plugs
no earth wire
use double insulation to protect themselves
2 Levels insulated from the internal components (electric
cables)
- internal components insulated from the external
casing.
usually have non-metallic casings such as plastics.
Paing