Equilibrium Equations

Equilibrium is attained when the chemical potentials of each component are equal in the
two phases:
iL T , V L , x L iR T , V R , x R

To simplify equilibrium calculations, the chemical potential is often written in the form
iL T ,V L , x L i0 T RT ln f i L T ,V L , x L

where the fugacity is defined as

L

f i L T , V L , x L iL xiL
NL
i
L Ni

VL VL
and the standard state chemical potential
2mkT 3/ 2

i0 T RT ln
h2

The advantage of introducing the fugacity is that the equilibrium equation is now given
by
fiL fiR
Note that the standard state contribution to the chemical potential will be the same in all
phases (which are at the same temperature.

The definition of the fugacity then leads to the simple equilibrium equations:
NL NR
iL iL iR iR
V V
or
NL NR
iL xiL L iR xiR R
V V