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12 251 Fall16 AAMetabolism
12 251 Fall16 AAMetabolism
points; N-terminal Asp, Arg, Leu, Lys, Phe degraded rapidly;Ala, Gly, Met, Ser,Val - degraded slowly
Mechanisms of breakdown
-in lysosomes; many proteases, pH 5
-targeted breakdown - ubiquitin + proteasomes
Ub-activating enzyme
76 residue protein
C-terminal thioester
Ub-conjugating enzymes:
Thioester exchange
The Yeast
Proteosome
-4 stacked rings; abba: 7 subunits per ring; only -type subunits have enzymatic activity; (700 kDa)
- -type subunits not identical to one another - therefore confer large range of specificities
for cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins; (red) bound protease inhibitor molecules - line
hydrolysis chamber of proteosome. The bacterial ClpP protease, pictured below, is structurally
homologous to the eukaryotic -type subunits everything happens within a proteosome
bacterial
ClpP
protease
Enzyme-bound form
NH3,
Amine acceptor Amine donor Urea cycle
PLP-catalyzed Transamination (also racemization)- Part 1
Proton
removal
(Ha)
OH- attack
H+
addn
PLP-catalyzed Transamination (also racemization)- Part 2
Urea cycle
________________
Overall reaction
________________
NAD
NADH
oxaloacetate
Urea Cycle
Step 1
Step 3
Step 4 a, b elimination
H O
-O
O-
Arginine + fumarate
O NH O
+
HN N O-
H
NH 3+
Argininosuccinate
PLP catalyzes other aa reactions: Electron pair Decarboxylation
overlap determines course of reaction
can provide
binding sites
which make
different
things
parallel to
each other -
RCH2NH2 + CO2
depending
on what
enzyme
were talking
about, a
different
bond lines
up with the Dehydration of serine
pi system
of the
Similarly, Cys breaks down to H2S and pyruvate
peridoxal H+ removal; like start of deamination
system
CH3CHO + Gly
acetaldehyde
how does it know if
tis decarboxylase
or deaminase? or
if you have polar
Similarly, Ser breaks atoms (like serine)
could break a lot of
down to HCHO + Gly different bonds
youre breaking
formaldehyde electron density
into electron
density but if you
break CC bond
then you arent
THF: tetrahydrofolic acid - a pterin
Redox
reagent
THF - 1 C transfer
H2C(O)
Overall Fuel
Metabolism
How can the events in space and time which take
place within the spatial boundary of a living
organism be accounted for by physics and
chemistry?