AEEE Webinar 1

WHAT IS GOOD FOR THE INDIAN BUILDING

SECTOR? VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS OR
MANDATORY REGULATION OR A
COMBINATION OF BOTH
AEEE Webinar, February 17th, 2010

Dr. Sa'sh Kumar,

February 16, 2010
Chief of Party, ECO-III Project, Interna'onal Resources Group
 Presenta'on Outline
2

Energy Scenario in India

Growth of Building Sector
Building Energy Consump'on
Energy Conserva'on Act
Energy Conserva'on Building Code (ECBC)
ECBC Compliance
Interna'onal Comparison

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February 16, 2010

 Energy Impact of Buildings
3

Source: US Buildings Data

Resource ConsumpHon for an Perceived Advantage of
average building GREEN BUILDINGS
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 Dierent Types of Building Envelope Design
4

Source: Greenpeace

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 Energy Scenario in India
5

Consump'on per Capita of 600 kWh in 2009

Assuming 25% T&D Loss
US consump'on per Capita is 13,000 kWh
Con'nued decit supply in 2004-05 (MOP)
Peak power decit of 11.6%
Energy Decit of 8%
Indias Sectoral consump'on share in 2004-05 (CEA and MOP)
Industrial 35.6% Average tari about Rs. 3.5/kWh
Residen'al 24.8% Average tari about Rs. 3/kWh
Commercial 8.1% Maximum Tari about Rs. 4.5/kWh
Agricultural 22.9% Heavily Subsidized Average tari < Rs. 0.5/ kWh

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February 16, 2010

 Energy Scenario in India (contd.)
6

Installed Capacity in India Approx. 160,000 MW

Projected Capacity in 2030 800,000 MW
600 MW capacity addi'on each week for the next 20 years
Capital Investment Needed Approx. $1 trillion
Capacity Added by China in last two years 180,000 MW
More than total installed capacity in India
Capacity Added by India in 10th Five Year Plan 22,000
MW
Situa'on improving in 11th Five Year Plan but only marginally

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February 16, 2010

 Energy Scenario in India (contd.)
7

Annual per Capita ConsumpHon of Electricity in 2005

2000

1554
1500
1299 1245
kWh

1000 879
613
515
500 414
163
75
0
Delhi Gujarat Punjab Maharashtra Na'onal Madhya West Bengal Assam Bihar
Average Pradesh

(Source: CEA)

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February 16, 2010

 Growth of Building Sector
8

Commercial Buildings Growth Forecast

Currently, 600 million m2 (USAID ECO-III Internal Es'mate Using CEA and
Benchmarked Energy Use data)
In 2030, 2,300 million m2 (es'mated)
70% building stock is yet to be constructed
Opportunity for the government - 50% of the new construc'on in the public
sector

30%
600
70%
Yet to be built
Year: 2009
Year: 2030

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February 16, 2010

 Role and Eec'veness of Codes and Standards
9

Building stock

Codes and Green Building PracHces

Standards

Building Energy Performance

Codes and standards are eec've tools for pushing up the low end of design
and construc'on prac'ce; they are most eec've when accompanied by
programs that demonstrate more ecient construc'on prac'ce.
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February 16, 2010

 Building Energy Eciency Programs
10

1. LEED 1. Star Ra'ng

2. ECO housing Program for Oce
(Maharashtra) Building
2. ECBC
Market
Mechanis 3. Bachat Lamp
1. EIA m Ministry of Yojana
2. Clean Power
Development (BEE)
Mechanism Building
Ministry Of Energy
(CDM) Environment Eciency
and Forestry Sector
Ministry of
New &
Renewable
1. Building Bye- Urban Energy(MNRE) 1. GRIHA
laws Development
Department 2. Energy Ecient
2. Mission on (UDD) Solar Homes/
Sustainable Habitat Buildings
3. Housing and 3. Akshaya Urja
urban policies in Shops
India

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February 16, 2010

Standard Seong Bodies
Bureau of Energy Eciency, Ministry of ASHRAE
Power Commercial and Residen'al Building Energy
ECBC, Standards and Labeling Program for Standards
Appliances Standards on Ven'la'on Rate
Bureau of Indian Standards Thermal Environmental Condi'ons for
NBC, Human Occupancy
Standards for equipment and appliances Data Centers and Clean Rooms

Interna'onal Code Council American Refrigera'on Ins'tute (ARI)

Model Energy Code (Residen'al and HVAC Equipment Standards (Chillers, RTU,
Commercial) etc.)

Interna'onal Standards Organiza'on American Society of Mechanical

(ISO) Engineers
Boiler standards
Illumina'ng Engineers Society of North
America American Society for Tes'ng and
Ligh'ng Standards
Materials
Proper'es of Materials (e.g. thermal
insula'on, etc.)

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16,
2010
 Role and Implica'ons of Codes and Standards
CODES Ensures Minimum Performance (not
Na'onal Building Code best prac'ce)
Energy Conserva'on Building Code Can be used as a baseline document
Interna'onal Energy Conserva'on Code Harmoniza'on of Code
California Title 24 Remove ambiguity/inconsistency to
assist in code compliance
STANDARDS Code is NOT a Design Guide
BIS Standards Code compliance is an ongoing
ISO Standards exercise
ASHRAE Standards Educa'on and Awareness is key
ASME Standards Incen'ves and Fines have also been
eec'vely used

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 Protocol and Voluntary Guideline Seong
13
Bodies
US Green Building Council
LEED-NC, LEED-EB, etc.

India Green Building Council

LEED-NC (India), LEED-EB, etc.

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)

GRIHA (Maintained by TERI)

Energy Star (Environmental Protec'on Agency and DOE)

Eciency Levels of Equipment and Appliances
Exis'ng Buildings
Benchmarking Framework (uses Commercial Buildings Energy Consump'on Survey CBECS)

Eciency Valua'on Organiza'on

Interna'onal Performance Measurement and Verica'on Protocol

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February 16, 2010

 Inter-linking Standards and Guidelines
14

LEED-NC LEED-EB ECBC

ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Star BIS

ASHRAE 62 CBECS NBC
ASHRAE 55 IPMVP ISO 15099
IPMVP Indian ARI
Benchmarked ASHRAE
Data Missing Compliance
Specs missing

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February 16, 2010

 Inter-linking Standards and Guidelines
15

Compliance Building Linkage to

Program OrganizaHon Building Type Scope
Required Covered ECBC
Connected
Load>= 500kW
Ministry of Commercial/ Energy
ECBC Voluntary Contract NA
Power/BEE Residen'al Eciency
Demand >=
600kVA
Refers to ECBC
Indian Green Sustainable
Commercial/ for energy
LEED-NC Business Voluntary - design/green
Ins'tu'onal eciency
Center building
credits
Refers to ECBC
Residen'al/ Sustainable
for energy
GRIHA MNRE Voluntary Commercial/ - design/green
eciency
Ins'tu'onal building
credits
Ministry of Built-up area
Environmental Commercial/ Environmental
Environment & Mandatory 20,000 to Refers to ECBC
Clearance Residen'al Impact
Forests 150,000 m2

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February 16, 2010

 Energy Conserva'on Act 2001
16

Energy Conserva'on Act, enacted in October 2001. BEE created as

the nodal statutory body to improve energy eciency through
Standards and labeling for appliances
Energy Conserva'on Building Codes
Energy consump'on norms for Designated Consumers
Cer'ca'on and accredita'on of energy auditors and energy managers
Dissemina'on of informa'on and best prac'ces
Capacity Building
Establish EE delivery systems through Public-Private Partnerships
The Act creates the Bureau of Energy Eciency (BEE) in the centre,
and State Designated Agencies (SDAs) in the states
30 states have created SDAs

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February 16, 2010

 Energy Conserva'on Building Code (ECBC)
17

Covers new commercial buildings

Building components included
Building Envelope (Walls, Roofs, Windows)
Ligh'ng (Indoor and Outdoor)
Hea'ng Ven'la'on and Air Condi'oning
(HVAC) System
Solar Water Hea'ng and Pumping
Electrical Systems (Power Factor,
Transformers)
Poten'al to save 1.7 billion units annually
on mandatory applica'on
Expected reduc'on in XI plan 500 MW

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February 16, 2010

 ECBC (Contd.)
18

Covers new commercial buildings

Building components included
Building Envelope (Walls, Roofs, Windows)
Ligh'ng (Indoor and Outdoor)
Hea'ng Ven'la'on and Air Condi'oning
(HVAC) System
Service Water Hea'ng and Pumping
Electrical Systems (Power Factor,
Transformers)
Poten'al to save 1.7 billion units annually
on mandatory applica'on
Expected reduc'on in XI plan 500 MW

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 ECBC Compliance
19

Applicable BUILDING SYSTEMS COMPLIANCE APPROACHES

ENVELOP
Prescrip've

Mandatory Requirements
HVAC
Trade-o op'on
(for ENVELOP only)
LIGHTING
Whole Building
EQUIPMENT Performance

SHW

Required for ALL

Compliance Approaches

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 ECBC Compliance OPTIONS
20

PRESCRIPTIVE
Each building/system component should have specic performance value
Requires liwle energy exper'se; provides minimum performance requirements; no
exibility
TRADE-OFF
Applies to Building Envelope ONLY
Component performance value can be less BUT Overall performance of the envelope
complies with ECBC
Allows some exibility through the balance of some high eciency components with
other lower eciency components
WHOLE BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Allows exibility in mee'ng or exceeding energy eciency requirements
Component and systems Modeling
Enclosure, Ligh'ng, HVAC
Physical Processes
Day ligh'ng, Heat-ow, Airow
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 ECBC Compliance Comparison of OPTIONS
21

Mandatory
Expert Linear Use of Energy
Approaches Provisions of Flexibility
Knowledge Approach SimulaHon
ECBC

PrescripHve Required Low Low Yes No

Trade o Required Medium Medium No Yes

Whole Building
Required High High No Yes
Design Method

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February 16, 2010

 Role and Eec'veness of Codes and Standards
22

checklists of minimum standards for par'cular

measures
Prescrip've easier to develop and enforce
Standards may s'e innova'on and circumvent cost-eec've
ways of achieving performance objec'ves

Performance establish overall energy eciency targets on a

whole-system basis
Standards more dicult to enforce

Standards must be supported by educa'on and outreach programs if they are to be

widely understood and applied.
Codes and standards that are not frequently updated may reinforce obsolete rules of
thumb based on outdated assump'ons about energy prices and technology.
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 Road to ECBC Implementa'on
23

Introduc'on of ECBC in the exis'ng municipal bye-laws in

the States
Strengthening or restructuring of exis'ng organiza'onal
set up in municipali'es/urban local bodies in the States
Development of compliance tools to facilitate enforcement
and monitoring of ECBC implementa'on by the concerned
agencies
Capacity building of building designers on ECBC, energy
simula'on programs, energy ecient construc'on
prac'ces, etc.
Promo'ng availability and usage of energy ecient
building equipment and systems (glazing, windows, roof
and wall insula'on products, ecient HVAC and ligh'ng
systems and controls, etc.)
Introduc'on of a carrot and s'ck approach
suitable scal incen'ves to promote ECBC compliance and market
transforma'on
S' penalty and ne for non-compliance

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February 16, 2010

 Road to ECBC Implementa'on
24
Introduc'on of ECBC in the exis'ng municipal bye-laws in
the States
Strengthening or restructuring of exis'ng organiza'onal
set up in municipali'es/urban local bodies in the States
Development of compliance tools to facilitate
enforcement and monitoring of ECBC implementaHon by
the concerned agencies
Capacity building of building designers on ECBC, energy
simula'on programs, energy ecient construc'on
prac'ces, etc.
Raising awareness of building developers on energy
eciency and ECBC
Promo'ng availability and usage of energy ecient
building equipment and systems (glazing, windows, roof
and wall insula'on products, ecient HVAC and ligh'ng
systems and controls, etc.)
Introduc'on of suitable scal incen'ves to promote ECBC
compliance and market transforma'on

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February 16, 2010

 Road to ECBC Implementa'on
25
Introduc'on of ECBC in the exis'ng municipal bye-laws in
the States
Strengthening or restructuring of exis'ng organiza'onal
set up in municipali'es/urban local bodies in the States
Development of compliance tools to facilitate enforcement
and monitoring of ECBC implementa'on by the concerned
agencies
Capacity building of building designers on ECBC, energy
simulaHon programs, energy ecient construcHon
pracHces, etc.
Raising awareness of building developers on energy
eciency and ECBC
Promo'ng availability and usage of energy ecient
building equipment and systems (glazing, windows, roof
and wall insula'on products, ecient HVAC and ligh'ng
systems and controls, etc.)
Introduc'on of suitable scal incen'ves to promote ECBC
compliance and market transforma'on

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February 16, 2010

Building Energy Code: A Global Perspec've

54%
51%
48%
45%

Popula'on GDP Primary Energy CO2 Emission (2005)

(2007) (2007 PPP) Consump'on (2005)

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February 16, 2010
 History of Building Energy Standards
27

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Building Energy Code Development Status
The United States was the rst to develop both residen'al
and commercial building energy codes in 1975.
Australia has updated building codes annually since 2003.
Commercial and residen'al building energy codes
Australia, Canada, China (large buildings), Japan, Korea and the
United States
India has building energy codes for large buildings
Building energy codes in Canada and India were highly
inuenced by the structure and development process of the
United States ASHRAE 90.1 standard.
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 Building Energy Code: Structural Comparison

AUS CAN CHN IND JAP KOR USA

Resl
Heating HSCW ASHRAE
MNECB MNECH Comml HSWW ECBC CCREUB Design & CCREUH BDCES IECC
BCA 2007 Zone 1995, 2001, 90.1-
Items 1997 1997 Bldgs 2005 2003 2007 1999 Construc- 1999 2008 2006
2008 2008 2007
tion 1999
C R C R C R R R C R R C R
Envelope X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
HVAC X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Service Hot
Water and
X X X X N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. X X X N.A. X X X
Pumping

Lighting
(separate (separate (in 2009
X N.A. X X N.A. N.A. X X N.A. N.A. X X
code) code) IECC)
Electrical
Power X N.A. X X N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. X N.A. N.A. N.A. X X N.A.

Trade-offs and
building
X X X X X X X X X X N.A. X X X X
performance
approach

Renewable
X X X X. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. X X N.A. N.A. X X X
energy

Maintenance N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. X X X N.A. N.A. N.A.

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 Comparison of Building Energy Code
30
Requirements
No single country in stands out with consistently strong requirements.
India is very strong in envelope
Japan is very strong in windows
Japan and Korea have point systems; other countries have prescrip've
systems with op'ons for exibility.
Not all the energy codes cover the same topics.
Indias standard only covers large commercial and residen'al buildings.
China deals with ligh'ng in separate standard.
Japans standards cover building maintenance in addi'on to construc'on.
Requirements in all countries have been geong stronger over past 10
years.

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February 16, 2010
 Implementa'on: Adop'on system
31

Building Energy Code adop'on at the na'onal level

Australia
China (local govt. can modify)
Japan
Korea
U.S., Canada and India have model codes
Must be adopted at the at the state/local level.
The extent to which codes are mandatory also varies.
India has not adopted its code yet, so it is not mandatory, for
example.
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 Enforcement Rates
32

No gold standard to assess very few systema'c studies undertaken

on code compliance and enforcement
China
Reported rates and es'mates range from low enforcement to 80+%
India
Code is s'll voluntary
Japan
85% commercial
36% residen'al
Korea
Approx. 50%
United States of America
ranges from possibly 50% to 90%, but no systema'c studies yet

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February 16, 2010

 Improving Enforcement: Lessons Learned
33

Enforcement has been improving fairly rapidly in all countries

over the past 10 years:
Forbidding occupancy or sale in cases of non-compliance
Steep nes for non-compliance
Publishing names of non-complying organiza'ons
Threat of public disclosure
Financial and other incen'ves for compliance
Free and widespread dissemina'on of technical and reliable informa'on
So{ware and training to support compliance
Awareness about building energy codes for future genera'on of
professionals
Integra'on with curriculum
Awareness and training vis--vis energy simula'on programs

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February 16, 2010

 Enforcement Framework
34

Government inspectors, private inspectors or hybrid

system
Sanc'ons/Penal'es for non-compliance?
Incen'ves for mee'ng/exceeding code?
When there is low level of awareness
Compliance is perceived to be expensive
Training and tools like code compliance so{ware

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February 16, 2010

 Informa'on, Tools and Training
35

Free info? Free Free Govt

codes? compliance training?
software?
Australia Yes No No Yes
Canada Yes No Yes Yes
China Yes No No Yes
India Yes No Not yet Not yet
Japan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Korea Yes Yes Limited Yes
U.S. Yes Mixed Yes Yes

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February 16, 2010

 Summary
36
Building Energy Code is the MOST EFEECTIVE POLICY tool in India
Especially important because of expected growth in new construc'on
Codes and standards development is very expensive and 'me consuming
Build on exis'ng code and standards
Adapt/modify interna'onal code and standards where possible (do not go by rhetoric)
Lot to learn from the experiences of other countries
Ensuring code compliance can be even more expensive and dicult
Develop tools and suppor'ng documents (specs to help in proper installa'on at site, etc.)
Educa'on and awareness should be combined with inspec'on and ne for improved enforcement (based
on other countries experience)
Standards are becoming stricter everywhere; enforcement is geong stronger
Use codes to strongly discourage poor design
100% glazed faade without high performance glazing in hot climate
Signicant poten'al for further improvement
Less than an op'mal cost-benet ra'o in standards
Enforcement can always be improved

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February 16, 2010

Recommenda'ons
Make the ECBC Mandatory Harmonize ECBC requirements and specica'ons
Develop Suppor'ng Framework with other standards
Na'onal Building Code
Development and con'nuous renement of code
compliance so{ware Environmental Impact Assessment
Training of design professionals, developers, and GRIHA and LEED-India
code compliance ocials
Make a plan to make ECBC more stringent and
Iden'ca'on and Training of Building Code incorporate best design prac'ces
Inspectors
Ensure speed and transparency
Address compliance for buildings using natural
ven'la'on or opera'ng in mixed-mode
Iden'fy gaps and plug them Introduce latest thermal comfort standards (e.g.
Performance specica'ons for materials and adap've model vs. classical model)
equipment HVAC equipment eciency
Benchmark energy performance data Need to work closely with BIS
Develop a framework to translate code compliance Develop a Carrot and S'ck Approach
requirements into specica'ons (e.g. in partnership
with IIA and CPWD) Reward and provide incen'ves for compliance
S' penal'es and nes for non-compliance

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16,
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 Recommenda'ons
38

Develop a framework for separate residen'al energy code

Target best bang for buck sub-sectors
High-rise residen'al development
Mass housing sector
Keep it simple develop an 80% solu'on
Integrate Standards and Labeling program
Skills development and enhancement program for building
trade professionals
Preserve and pass on tradi'onal knowledge
Voca'onal training
Invest in the future
Work with architecture and engineering colleges
Prepare the next genera'on of building design professionals
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February 16, 2010

 BEE Star Ra'ng for Oce Buildings
39
Buildings with Conditioned Area <=50% Buildings with Conditioned Area >50%

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February 16, 2010

 Building Energy Consump'on
40

Annual Energy
Number of Floor Area
Building Type ConsumpHon Benchmarking Indices
Buildings (m2)
(kWh)
OFFICE BUILDINGS kWh/m2/year
145 One shi{ Buildings 16,716 20,92,364 149
55 Three shi{s Buildings 31,226 88,82,824 349
88 Public Sector Buildings 15,799 18,38,331 115
224 Private Sector Buildings 28,335 44,98,942 258
10 Green Buildings 8,382 15,89,508 141
HOSPITALS kWh/m2/year kWh/bed/year
128 Mul'-specialty Hospitals 8721 24,53,060 378 13,890
22 Government Hospitals 19,859 13,65,066 88 2,009
HOTELS kWh/m2/year kWh/room/year
89 Luxury Hotels (4 and 5 19,136 48,65,711 279 24,110
Star)

Averages for dierent commercial buildings

(Source: Building Energy Benchmarking study undertaken by the USAID ECO-III Project)

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 Building Energy Consump'on (Contd.)
41

Mean:153 Median:185
EPI (Energy Performance Index) for Green Buildings
(Source: Building Energy Benchmarking study undertaken by the USAID ECO-III Project)

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February 16, 2010

 Building Energy Consump'on (Contd.)
42

Air-condi'oned area below 50% Air-condi'oned area above 50%

Mean: 83 Median: 73 Mean: 193 Median: 161

EPI = f(% AC Area)

EPI (Energy Performance Index) for Air-condi'oned Buildings
(Source: Building Energy Benchmarking study undertaken by the USAID ECO-III Project)

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February 16, 2010

 Case Study
43

Key Sta's'cs for Baseline Building

Area of building: 10,000 m2
Cost of building ~ Rs. 25 Crores ($4.5 million)
Cost of construc'on: Rs. 2,500/{2
Energy Intensity: 200 kWh/m2/year
Annual Energy Consump'on (baseline): 2,000 MWh
Annual Energy Cost (baseline): Rs. 1 Crore ($225,000)
Assump'on on electricity cost: Rs. 5/kWh

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February 16, 2010

 Case Study (Contd)
44

Key Sta's'cs for Green Building

Area of building: 10,000 m2
Cost of building: Rs. 27.5 Crores ($6.5 million)
Assump'on: 10% Premium for green building construc'on
Energy Intensity: 150 kWh/m2/year
Assump'on: 25% energy use reduc'on
Annual Energy Consump'on: 1,500 MWh
Annual Energy Cost: Rs. 0.75 Crore ($170,000)
CO2 Reduc'on Over Baseline: 500 x 0.8 = 400 tCO2
Savings from CO2 Reduc'on = 4,000 Euros = Rs. 0.03 Crores
Savings from Energy Reduc'on = 0.25 Crores
Simple Payback = Approx. 9 years

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February 16, 2010

 Contact Informa'on
45

Thank you.

Sa'sh Kumar, Ph.D.

Chief of Party, USAID ECO-III Project
Phone: +91-11-2685-3110
Email: Skumar@irgltd.com
URL: www.eco3.org

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