Unique
Migration Theory
1. Religion
2. Political History
3. Cultural Heritage
Factors Affecting History
1. Geography and Resources
2. People
a. Jose Rizal 22 languages, 55
languages 142 dialects
b. The most literate country in the
SE Asian region
c. The Only English and Spanish
speaking nation in Asia
d. Characteristics
- Most Scandalous
- Most Extravagant
- Fatalistic
- Lack of discipline and
perseverance
- Most admirable/hospitable
- Close family ties and
extended family structure
- Gratitude
- Cooperative
- Brave
- Romantic, artistic, talented in
music, arts and poetry
- Intelligent
- Adaptability, Endurance and
resiliency
- Deep spiritual yearning and
gift of faith
3. Asians only Christian Nation
Poor Knowledge of the Past
1. Iconoclastic policy of the Spanish
colonizers
2. Oral and verbal communication
3. Poverty and lack of cultural
enlightenment
4. Wars, fires, calamities, etc.
Origin of the Philippines
1. Idea of theologians descendants
of Noah
2. Myths
a. The bird, the sea and the sky
b. Atlas/giant
3. Scientific theories
a. Part of the lost continent
b. Volcanic Origin
c. Land bridge theory Sundashelf
(name of the bridge)
Origin of the Filipinos
1. Religious Sources
a. Out of soil
b. Created by the sun
c. Magic act of the alchemist
d. Descendant of Adam of Asia
e. Descendant of Tarshish
2. Myths and Legends
a. Lalaki and babae
b. Malakas and maganda
c. Made form clay by the gods
3.
a. Dawnman
b. Caveman
c. Aboriginal Pygmy Group or
Negriots
d. Sea faring, tool using Indonesian
group
e. Sea faring, more civilized Malays
4. Core Population Theory
Legends and Hoaxes
1. Legend of Maragtas/ Maragtas Code
-Sultan Makatunaw (cruel)
-Datu Puti (leader)
-Marikudo (Ati King)
-Queen Maningwantiwan (Ati
Queen)
-Gold saduk (native hat), long gold
necklace (purchase price)
- Sumakwel (oldest and wisest)
Maragtas code:
*Refusal to work (Most serious
crime/serious penalty)
*Robbery (fingers will be cut off)
*Polygamy
Poor cannot have more than 2
children
*Pregnancy out of marriage
2. Code of Kalantiaw
- Dubious Origin / Fake
- Fr. Jose Maria Pavon
- King of Spain (18833-1874)
- Death penalty for those who
trespass the datus house but only a
year of slavery for stealing his wife
3. Fr. Odoric was never here
- Franciscan priest
- Thalamis was in
Pangasinan
- Gregorio F Zaide patently
more fiction than fact
- First mass
4. Urduja the Princess who never was
- Amazon warrior princess
- IBN BATUTA Muslim sheik
from Morocco (reached
Tawalisi)
Indianization of SE Asia

- First Century AD
- In search of Gold, Glory and better life
- Indianized Kingdoms
1. Funan (Indochina)
2. Cambodia (Khmer Angkor Wat)
3. Champa (S Vietnam)
4. Phongtuk and Korat (Siam
Thailand)
5. Prome, Pagan, Thaton (Burma)
6. Pahang, Lankasuka, Kedah,
Tambralinga, Trengganu (Malay
Peninsula)
7. Taruma, Mataram, Singhasari
(Java) found in the Island of Mactan in
8. Palembang, Pasai, Malayu 1843. Image of the Hindu god
(Sumatra) Siva (Shiva)
9. Batu Pahat, Maura Karam
(Borneo) c. Copper Image of Ganesha,
- Sri Vijaja Empire
1. Sin-fo-tsi in Chinese Records
2. Zabag in Arabic writings
3. Malayan in nationality
4. Indianized in culture
5. Mahayana Buddhist in religion
6. Capital - Palembang
- Majapahit
1. Malayan in Nationality
2. Indianized in culture
3. Brammanistic (Hindu) in religion
4. Capital Majapahit
- Early Contact with India
1. Orang Dampuan trading colony
in Sulu
Elephant god of the Hindus.
2. Manuscript Suma Oriental by
Found in Mactan. Perished in
Tome Pires
Intrauros fires.
3. Archeological relics
a. Gold Image of Agusan
d. Clay Medallion of Calatagan
Calatagan, Batangas in 1958

e. God Garuda Pendant of

Palawan

excavated on the bank of Wawa

river near Esperanza, Agusan
Province in 1917. It is the image
of a Sivaite goddess. Preserved in
the Gem room of the Chicago
Museum of National History.

b. Bronze Image of Mactan

Brookes Point in
Palawan.
Garuda mythical bird that
 Served Vishnu.
f. Ceramics from Cambodia
- Indian Influences in the Philippines
There is no tribe in the Philippines, no
matter how primitive and remote, in whose
culture today elements of Indian origin
cannot be traced. Dr. Alfred Kroeber
1. Religious Beliefs
Vedic Deities: Indra (sky god), Agni
(fire god), Surya (sun god), Vayu
(wind god)
a. Bathala (Sanskrit Batthara
great lord) the chief of the
Vedic gods.
b. Pagan Mandayas of
MIndano: Mansilatan
(creator), Badla (protector),
Pudaugnon (destroyer)
Hindu Triad: Brahma
(creator), Vishnu (rpeserver),
Shiva (destroyer)
c. Bukidnon gods of the Four
Cardinal Points:
Domalondong (north), Ongli
(south), Tagolambong (east),
Mababaya (west)
Hindu ver.: Kubera (N),
Yama (S), Indra (E), Varuna
(W)
d. Dewas good spirits
Hantus bad spirits
2. Literature and writing
a. Bantugan (Indra)
mythological hero of
Maranaos and Lumawig
b. Filipino Popular Epics
(Inspired by
Mahabharata):
Darangan of Lanao
Lam-ang of Ilokandia
Ibalon of Bicolandia
Ilim and the Hudhud of
Mountain Province
c. Filipino Fables:
Monkey and the Turtle
Deer and Snail
Hawk and the hen
Juan Tamad
3. Customs and Traditions
a. Fresh flower garland
around the neck
(hospitality and
friendship)
b. Dowry and personal
service
c. Throw rice on the newly
weds
d. Offering of buoy (mixture
of bitternut, ikmo leaf and
lime) hospitality
e. Pilgrimage to have
children
f. Superstitious beliefs
- Sings while cooking will marry an old
widower
- Comet famine, war, calamities
- Twin bananas = twin babies
- Cat wipes face = visitor coming
- Dreams of falling teeth = someone will die
g. Mode of Dressing
- Putong (turban) for men
- Sarong (lower garment) for women
- Tight fitting trousers for men
- Embroidered shawls for women
4. Industries
- Quick lime mining
- Boat building
- Weaving of cotton clothes
- Metal works
- Decorative arts (necklace and bolos)
5. Kudyapi (Guitar)
6. Flowers (Sampaguita and champaka)
7. Fruits (mango, nangka and sirisa)
8. Vegies (ampalaya, patola and malungay)
9. Language
Filipino Sanskrit English
Ama Ama Father
Asawa Atawa Spouse
Dalaga Darika Maiden
Halaga Argha Price
Kuta Kostha Fort
Lasa Rasa Taste
Maharlika Maharddlika Noble
CHINA
1. Early contact with China
- Sino-Philippine relations began in the 10 th
century AD
- The Sung Dynasty (began to expand their
maritime activities in Nanyang)
- 982 AD Earliest known date (Sino-Filipino)
Ma-I arrived in Canton aboard an Arab ship
- Ma-Tuan-Lin Chinese chronicler
- Ma-I (Chinese name for the Philiippines)
2. Traders and Immigrants
- Expanded during southern Sung, Yuan
and Ming dynasties.
- MAHABA. PAKIBASA SA HAND-OUT
- As the Sino-Philippine trade flourished,
immigrants from China came and settled in
the Philippines.
- Spanish conquistadores arrived in Manila
and so 150 Chinese residents
- Raja Sulayman is the king of Islamic
kingdom of Manila.
 h. Beating of gongs

3.Cheng Hos Voyages and Chinas 7. Intermarriages between Phil-Chin

Naval Supremacy
- Yung-lo Emperor when China 8. Linguistic influences
loomed as the greatest naval power Filipino Chinese English
in Asia. Ate Achi Older sister
- Cheng Ho (Chinas greatest Diko Diko 2nd older
maritime explorer) brother
- Cheng Hos first expedition Pinto Pinto Door
reached the Philippines in Dec. Lelang Pintan Grandmother
1405. Gunting Kaunting Scissors
- Pei-Pon-Tao (Pun Tao King) died Bakya Bak-kiah Wooden
and was buried in Jati Tunggal Jolo. shoes
- Taosug folklore (durian): Cheng Susi Sosi Key
Ho happened to urinate behind a
durian tree. This affected its odor. JAPAN
4. Nominal Rule and Philippine 1. Early Relations
Tribute Embassies - Ryukiu (Place), historical record
- Emperor Yung-lo imposed nominal - 13th century AD, trade flourished
suzerainty over SE countries (i.e. P) between Jap & Phil
- Rulers of SE countries sent regular - Wakos (Jap pirates who sailed the
tribute embassies to the imperial orient seas)
court of the Ming Emperor, to avoid - Regions settled by the Jap (Delta
offending him. of the Cagayan River, Lingayen
- 8 Philippine tribute embassies Gulf, Manila)
(1372, 1375, 1405, 1410, 1417, - Agoo or Puerto di Japon (a busy
1420, 1421, 1424) center of trade with Japan)
- NEVERMIND
5. Filipino King in China - Jap were employed as gunners by
- Mindanao kings: Paduka Pahala Soliman & Lakandula (Raja of
(east), Mahalachiim (west), Paduka Manila and Tondo)
Prabu (mountain)
- Dezhou where Paduka Pahala was 2. Japanese Cultural Influences
buried - Difficulty in separating Japanese
from Chinese influence.
6. Chinese Influences - Japanese contributions to Filipino
- Economical and social (commercial lifestyle were not as extensive as
profit and better life) that of China, India, or Arab.
- Gun powder, gold mining, art of - Industries taught by Jap
metallurgy, the use of metals, a. Manufacture of arms & tools
blacksmithing, truck gardening, and b. Tanning of deerskins
gold smiting. Kite flying and other c. Artificial breeding of ducks and
games, and gambling (jueteng, fishes (Japans greatest legacy to
mahjong, kuwaho, pangginggi) our ancestors)
- Manner of dressing.
- Culinary art and diet
- Use of appetizers (tahuri, heko,
and toyo) Vegetables (bataw,
pechay and upo)
- Social customs
a. Arranged marriage
b. Go-betweeen in marital
negitiations
c. Employment of professional
mourners
d. Filial respect to older brother and
sister
e. Use of fire crackers
f. Collection of tong
g. Haggling of price