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Struktur Sel
Struktur Sel
Struktur Sel
and
Function
UMUM
Sel unit struktural dan fungsional dr
kehidupan
cell theory: all living things are composed of
cells, and new cells arise only from preexisting
cells
Jenis sel berdasar internal organization
Eukaryotes : has compartmentalized cytoplasm with
membrane-bounded organelles including a nucleus
Prokaryotes
Cell Types
Eukaryote: Prokaryotes:
Single cells, colonies, multi-cellular Single cell
Eukaryotic Cell Types : Animal vs.
Plant
The CELL
Membran sel Terdiri Biomembran
Membran system
Nonmembranous
CYTOPLASMA VS
CYTOSOL
Cytoplasm consists of all the cellular contents
between the plasma membrane and the nucleus,
and has two components:
(1) the cytosol = (intracellular uid), water,
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, & electrolytes.
It contains masses of insoluble materials
known as inclusions, or inclusion bodies
(ex:glikogen)
(2) Organelles = specialized structures within
thecell that have characteristic shapes; they
perform specic functions
Membran sel Terdiri Biomembran
Membran system
Nonmembranous
CYTOPLASMA VS
CYTOSOL
The total surface area of internal membranes far
exceeds that of the plasma membrane
! membran internal/organel : membungkus organel
maintain discrete biochemical environments
Komposisi membran sel ~ membran internal :
consist of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
3 major classes of lipid: phospholipids,
glycolipids, and cholesterol
4 major types of phospholipid : sphingomyelin,
phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, &
phosphatidylethanolamine
Membran Sel membrane surface
Komponen :
E-face
1. Phospholipid : one polar
(hydrophilic) head and two
nonpolar (hydrophobic) fatty acid
tails = lipid bilayer noncovalent bonds
pasive
Passive transport
difusi & osmosis
? ?
Passive
Processes of
Membrane
Transport
Active transport
= energy-requiring process
Extensions of the
Plasmalemma
diperkuat mikrofilamen
Terpancang pada
terminal web
Membran sel Terdiri Biomembran
Membran system
Nonmembranous
CYTOPLASMA VS
CYTOSOL
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic
reticulum MEMBRANOUS
ORGANELLA
Golgi
apparatus
lysosomes
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
lysosomes
Nucleus
Mitochondria
(dalam bentuk tunggal Mitochondrion)
Peran utama : Produksi ATP
Sifat :
mobile and flexible. (pada beberapa sel,
cenderung diam; terutama di bagian yang
memerlukan energi tinggi (ex: dekat flagella,
antara miofibril)
self-reproducing, punya DNA sirkuler sendiri
STRUKTUR
Mitochondria
Membran 2 lapis
Luar :Permukaan halus, berpori.
Permeabel thd molekul kecil.
Mengandung porins
Dalam : - kurang porous, bersifat semipermeabel
- membentuk lipatan cristae
- memiliki subunit membran dalam => untuk
sintesa ATP
* Ruang intermembran (lanjut) intracristal space,
berisi matrix
Matrix berisi : air, granul2 matrix, DNA circular,
ribosom, enzym2 utk fungsi mitokhondrion
The outer membrane is involved in lipid synthesis and fatty
acid metabolism. The inner membrane contains the
respiratory chain enzymes and transport proteins needed for
the synthesis of ATP.
Mitochondr
mtDNA was found to vary accordingia
to cell
type
Low in platelets (Platelets have only two to
six mitochondria).
Red blood cells do not contain mitochondria
Highest in brain, liver, kidney
Human mtDNA exhibits strict maternal
inheritance
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
lysosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
2 macam Tipe :
Peran : - detoksifikasi
- pemecahan glikogen
- sintesa steroid
- metabolisme lemak
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Endoplasmic
SER Reticulum
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
lysosomes
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
STRUKTUR : Seperti sekumpulan kantung-
kantung gepeng.
Terdiri 3 kompartemen :
* Saluran cisternae lengkung yang pipih
* Vesikel2 di tepi cisternae tsb
* Vakuol2 terkondensasi di bagian konkaf
cisternae
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
lysosomes
Nucleus
Lysosome
STRUKTUR :
Berupa vesikel sferis berisi materi seperti
kristal.
ISi : enzym2 pencernaan seluler. P.u berupa
glikoprotein.
Enzym terpenting (khas): Acid phosphatase
Membran berupa lapisan lipid bilayer
FUNGSI : Lysosome
Pencernaan seluler : Mengandung + 40
enzym (hidrolitik) untuk pencernaan intersel.
pH optimal : + 5. (asam)
MACAM : Lysosome
Lisosom Primer
bersifat elektron dense
tersebar di sitoplasma.
Enzym pada umumnya inaktif (hrs
diglikosilasi di Golgi)
Lisosom Sekunder dr Fusi lisosom primer dg
fagosom.
Residual Bodies berupa inklusi dalam
membran, mengandung materi yg tidak tercerna
Lysosome
peroxisomes
spherical membrane-bound organelles
contain a special enzyme that degrades
peroxides (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) &
enzymes needed for breaking down very
long-chain fatty acids, which are ineffectively
degraded by mitochondrial enzymes
function in the control of free radicals
In liver cells, peroxisome involve in formation
of the bile acids.
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
lysosomes
Nucleus
Nukleus
Terdiri dari :
a. Chromatin (tdd DNA-protein complex)
b. nuclear envelope terdiri dari membran
bilayer
- Memiliki pori-pori (untuk keluar-masuk
substansi)
- Berhubungan dengan ER
c. Nucleolus (pl :nucleoli) tempat sintesa rRNA
-Tempat dimulainya terbentuknya ribosom
d. Nucleoplasma
e. Nuclearpore
Nukleus
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
-membran ganda, luar
ditempati ribosom, dalam
berdinding lamina fibrous
NUCLEAR PORE
-Berbentuk octagonal
-Untuk lewat substansi2
NUCLEOPLASMA
- fibrillar, dpt mengikat
reseptor horman & DNA
baru
NUCLEOLUS
Mensintesa rRNA
Pars granulosa : bergranul padat, utk
pematangan subunit ribosom
Pars fibrosa : tdd transkrip r RNA baru
KROMATIN
- Tdd DNA dan protein
- Type : heterochromatin gelap, pasif
Euchromatin pucat, aktif
In the constitutive pathway, vesicles fuse spontaneously with the plasma
membrane. In the regulated pathway, the vesicles fuse only when triggered by
a signal such as a hormone.
Membran sel Terdiri Biomembran
Membran system
Nonmembranous
CYTOPLASMA VS
CYTOSOL
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
NONMEMBRANOUS
ORGANELLA Centrioles
Centrosome
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Centrosome
Ribosome
Tersusun dari 2 subunit; besar dan kecil
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Centrosome
cytoskeleton
= rangka sel, yang berada dalam sitoplasma
bentuk, gerak, transpor, dinamika sel
Terdiri dari 3 macam protein : microtubule,
intermediate filament, and microfilament.
MIKROTUBULE : cytoskeleton
paling tebal. Tdd sub unit dan tubulin.
di MTOC melekat pada inti & kromosom
dari centrosome
Membentuk cilia, flagella, dan basal bodies
MICROFILAMEN :
paling tipis, lbh fleksible
Berada di sitoplasma, atau terakumulasi lokal
(terminal web, tepi sel, mikrovilli)
T.u actin
INTERMEDIATE :
berbentuk spt tali.
Berada di antara inti dan sitoplasma
cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton
FUNGSI KHUSUS :
Mikrotubule : membentuk jalan, utk pergerakan
organella, perpindahan kromosom saat mitosis,
dan membentuk organel lain (ex:centriole, cilia)
Mikrofilamen : kontaktil & untuk mechanical
support.
Intermediate : stabilisasi (struktur & bentuk)
stabilisasi posisi organel, & transpor material. Ex :
neurofilamen.
cytoskeleton
Microvilli
Extensions of the
Plasmalemma
diperkuat mikrofilamen
Terpancang pada
terminal web
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Centrosome
Centriole
STRUKTUR
Terdiri dari 9 pasang triplet mikrotubul
Berbentuk tabung pendek
Dikelilingi materi (yang tercat padat) pericentriolar
material (pd interfase)
Peran :
* pembentukan basal bodies
* mengatur struktur sel
* mengatur lalu lintas dalam sel
* Pembelahan sel : mengatur gelendong pembelahan
Centriole
Centriole
CILIA FLAGELLA BASAL BODIES
- Motil, spt cemeti -Spt cilia, lbh panjang -Dr migrasi
- Pusat=axoneme : Centriol ke apex
-Axoneme terpisah dg
tdd 9 mikrotubular
plasmalemma -Berada di dasar
perifer + 1 ps
cilia dan flagella
mikrotubular
central - Struktur mirip
Centriol