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SIGNALPROCESSING&SIMULATIONNEWSLETTER
Baseband,PassbandSignalsandAmplitudeModulation
Themostsalientfeatureofinformationsignalsisthattheyaregenerallylowfrequency.Sometimesthisisduetothenatureofdataitselfsuchashuman
voicewhichhasfrequencycomponentsfrom300Hztoapp.20KHz.Othertimes,suchasdatafromadigitalcircuitinsideacomputer,thelowrates
areduetohardwarelimitations.
Duetotheirlowfrequencycontent,theinformationsignalshaveaspectrumsuchasthatinthefigurebelow.Therearealotoflowfrequency
componentsandtheonesidedspectrumislocatednearthezerofrequency.
. . . . . . . . . .
Figure1Thespectrumofaninformationsignalisusuallylimitedtolowfrequencies
Thehypotheticalsignalabovehasfoursinusoids,allofwhicharefairlyclosetozero.Thefrequencyrangeofthissignalextendsfromzerotoa
maximumfrequencyoffm.Wesaythatthissignalhasabandwidthoffm.
Inthetimedomainthis4componentsignalmaylooksasshowninFigure2.
Figure2Timedomainlowfrequencyinformationsignal
Nowletsmodulatethissignal,whichmeanswearegoingtotransferittoahigher(usuallymuchhigher)frequency.Justasinformationsignals
arecharacterizedbytheirlowfrequency,thetransmissionmedium,orcarriersarecharacterizedbytheirhighfrequency.
ThesimplesttypeofmodulatorfornearlyallmodulationschemesiscalledtheProductModulatorconsistingofamultiplieroramixeranda
bandpassfilter.LetsmodulatetheabovesignalusingtheProductModulator,wherem(t)isthelowfrequencymessagesignalandc(t)isthehigh
frequencycarriersignal.Themodulatortakesthesetwosignalsandmultipliesthem.
Figure3AProductModulator
ThefrequencydomainrepresentationofaProductModulatororamixerhasacuriousqualitythatinsteadofproducingtheproductsoftheinput
frequencieswhichiswhatwereallywant,itproducessumsanddifferencesofthefrequenciesofthetwoinputsignalsinboththepositiveandnegative
frequencydomains.Isthisaproblem?Theanswerdependsonwhatwewanttodowiththeoutput.Inmostcaseifnononlinearityispresent,wecan
predictexactlywherethesecomponentswilllieandwecanfilteroutwhatwedonotwant.
Whatifthecarrierfrequencysourceinaproductmodulatorisnotperfectlystable?Inthiscase,eachdeviationfrequencywillalsoproduceits
ownsumanddifferencefrequencieswiththebasebandsignal.Thesearecalledspursandareinherenttothemixerprocess.Inadditionphase
oscillationsofthecarrieralsoaffecttheoutput.Forthisreasonsimplemixermodulatorsanddemodulatorsdonotworkwellandfurthercomplexityin
formofphaselockloopsetc.isintroducedintothereceiverdesign.
InFigure4a,weseethetwosidedspectrumofthemessagesignal.Aftermixing,modulatingorheterodyning(allofthesetermsrefertothe
samething),wegetaspectrumsuchasinFigure4b.Thespectrumisnowshifteduptothecarrierfrequencyandweseethatitisreplicatedonboth
sidesoftheyaxis.
Figure4atheBasebandSpectrum
Figure4bthePassbandSpectrumofthesamesignal
Anotherwaytodescribetheprocessisthatmultiplicationbyasinusoid,shiftsonecopyofthespectrumtofcandananothertofc.Whydoes
thishappen?ThereasonisexplainedbytheFourierTransformofthissignalwhichisaproductoftwosignals,oneofthemasinusoid.
TheFouriertransformoff(t)isjusttheFourierTransformofthesignalm(t),halfofitshiftedupandhalfofitdown.
Half This
isupshifted. halfisdown
shifted.
InFigure4bthetwosidedspectrumofthesignalisshifteduptotheplusandminuscarrierfrequency.Thenegativefrequencytwinontheother
sideofyaxisisusuallynoproblemandcanbeeasilyfilteredoutbyarealpassbandfilter.Andnowwejustworkwithhalfofthespectrum,usuallythe
positivehalfrecognizingthatithasonehalfthemagnitudeoftheactualsignal.
Intimedomain,weseethatthissignalhasmuchhigherfrequency.ButitsenvelopeisstilltheoriginallowfrequencysignalofFigure2.
Figure5Outputsignalofaproductmodulator,theenvelopeofwhichistheinformationsignal(seealsoFigure2)
Nowwedefinesomenewterms.
Figure6BasebandbecomesPassbandbytranslationtohigherfrequency
Thepositivefrequencyspectrumbecomestheuppersidebandandthenegativefrequencyspectrumbecomethelowersideband.
BasebandSignalTheinformationsignaliscalledthebasebandsignal.Thebandwidthisalwaysapositivequantitysothebandwidthofthis
signalisfm.
PassbandSignalThemultiplicationofthissignalwithasinusoidcarriersignaltranslatesthewholethinguptofc.Thissignalisnowcalled
thepassbandsignal.Thissignalextendsinrangefrom(fcfm)to(fc+fm.).Thenewsignalhasdoubledinbandwidth.Thepassbandsignal
bandwidthisdoublethatofthebasebandsignal.
Thefactthatthesamesignalhasdoublethebandwidthinpassbandisoftenconfusing.Wethinkofbandwidthassomethingphysicalsohow
canitjustdouble?Theanswerisimbeddedinthequestionitself.Inkeepingwithourconceptofbandwidthassomethingreal,wedonotallowitto
crossfromthepositivetothenegativedomain.Itexistsasaseparatequantityoneachsideoftheyaxisanddoesnotcrossit.Thereisnofreelunch
eveninsignalprocessing,soanothersimplisticwayofconsideringthisfactisthatthepassbandsignalcontainsnotjustthemessagesignalbutthe
carrieraswell,sowouldntyouexpectittohavealargerbandwidth?
Sidebands
NownotethatinFigure6,thepassbandspectrumhastwoparts(oneachsideoffc)thatareidentical.
Theupperpartofthepassbandspectrumabovethecarrieriscalledtheuppersidebandandtheonebelowiscalledthelowersideband.
Wenoticethatsincethepassbandspectrumissymmetrical(notonlyabouttheyaxisbutalsoaboutthecarrierfrequency)theuppersidebandis
themirrorimageofthelowersideband.Doweneedthewholespectrumtorecoverthebasebandsignal?Perhapswecangetbywithonlyhalf.
Thisintuitiveobservationiscorrect.Wecanrecovertheoriginalinformationsignalfromjusttheupperbandorthelowerband.Wedonotneed
bothhalves.
Figure7Filterpassbandtofortheupperandlowersidebandasseparatesignals.
Socanwejusttransmitonlyhalfofthesignal?Canwefigureoutsomewayoftransmittingananothersignalintherejectedhalf?Thenwecan
transmittwosignalsforthepriceofone!
Thisrealizationleadstothesingleanddoublesidebandmodulationtechniques.Indoublesideband,weusethewholespectrumjustaswe
showabove.Bothhalvesareused.Insinglesidebandmodulation,wefilteroutthelowerortheupperbandtoseparateoutthesesignalsasiftheywere
twoindependentsignals.Eachhalfisenoughtorecoverthesignal.
Filter1andFilter2inFigure7dojustthatandshowhowwecouldtransmittwosignalsintheplaceofone.UseF1beforetransmitting,and
yougetonlythelowersideband,anduseF2andyougetonlytheuppersideband.Wegettwochannelsinplaceofone.Whereeverbandwidth
limitationsexist,SSBisused.Mostnotableapplicationisintelephony.TelephonysignalshaveidealcharacteristicsfortheuseofSSB.Thereisvery
littlesignalcontentbelow300HzsotheSSBsignaldoesnotsuffermuchdistortion.Alsotelephonesignalsarebandwidthlimited,andSSBmaximizes
bandwidthusage.HAMradioandHFcommunicationsisoneareawheretheSingleSideBand(SSB)modulationisusedtothisadvantage.
AmplitudeModulation
WehavealreadydiscussedmuchofthebuildingblocksofAmplitudeModulationasSSBisaformofAmplitudeModulation.Thesimplest
formofAmplitudeModulationistheDoubleSidebandModulation.
DoubleSideBandModulation
Letstaketheinformationsignalm(t).Theoutputofthemixergivesus
nowweaddtothissignalthecarrier(thesecondterm).
Nowinsteadoftransmittingjustthesignaltimesthecarrier,weaddthecarriertothetotheproduct.Theblockdiagramofthis,calledtheAM
productmodulator,wouldlooklikethis.
Figure8AbasicAMmodulator,itsoutputcontainsthemodulatedsignalandthecarrier
WhatistheFourierTransformofthissignal?
]
Spectrumonthepositive Spectrumonthenegative
xaxis xaxis
(WeareusingpropertiesoftheFourierTransformherethefirsttermcomesfromthefactthattheFTofasignal,multipliedbyacosineisjustthesame
spectrumshifted,andthesecondtermisjustadeltafunctiontimestheamplitudeoftheoriginalcarrier.FourierAnalysisistheabsolutefundamentalof
allsignalprocessingandIsuggestreadingtutorials6and7soyouareclearonthemainconcepts.Youarewelcometoemailmeyourquestions.)
Hereisthespectrumofthissignal.
TheCarrier
Figure9DoubleSideBandModulationSpectrumofreceivedSignal
(Noteonlythepositivesideofthespectrumisshown.)
Nowyouseethecarriersignalpopupinthemiddleofthespectrum.Wecanputafilteraroundthissignalandrecoverthecarrieratthe
receiver.Thisisthenfedtothedemodulationcircuitrylater.
ThismodulationiscalledDoubleSideBand(DSB)modulation.ItisthemostbasicformoftheAMmodulation.Fromhereon,wecandoa
varietyofthingssuchassuppressthecarrier,useonebandortheotheretc..AllofthesearevariationsoftheDoubleSideBand(DSB)Amplitude
Modulation.
Wecanrearrangetermstowritetheamplitudemodulationequationas
Byvaryingtheamplitudeofthecarriervs.theamplitudeoftheinformationsignal,wecancreatedifferentlookingwaveforms.Aslongas
certainparametersarenotexceeded,theenvelopeofthissignalwouldlookliketheinformationsignalandusinganEnvelopeDetector(demodulation)
wecanrecoverthissignal.
Inaboveequation,quantityAcrepresentsthepowerofthemodulatedsignal.Boththecarrierandthemessagesignalareassumedtohave
normalizedamplitude.Thequantity iscalledthemodulationindexofthesignal.Theindexeffectshowthereceivedsignallooks.Modulation
indexlargerthat100%distortsthesignalsoanenvelopedetectorcannotbeusedtodemodulateitanylonger.
Thefollowingfigureshowshowwemightcreatethissignal.
ThefollowingtwofiguresshowtheeffectofthemodulationindexonthereceivedAMsignal.
Figure10aDSBModulatedsignalwithModulationIndex=100%
Notethattheenvelopeofthissignalisthesameasthebasebandsignal.
Figure10bDSBModulatedsignalwithModulationIndex=120%
Notethattheenvelopeofthissignalisnotthesameasthebasebandsignal.
Aslongasthemodulationindexislessthan100%,theenvelopeofthesignalcanbeusedtoremovetheinformationsignal.Forindexgreater
than100%asshowninfigureabove,theenvelopedetectorwillnolongerbeabletocorrectlydetectthesignal.Weseethattheenvelopeinthelower
figureisnolongeracopyoftheoriginalsignalinFigure2.
StandardDSBModulationisusedinAMRadiobroadcasting.ItofferstheadvantageofusingasimplereceiverbasedonaEnvelopeDetector.
DoubleSideBandSuppressedCarrier
Wejustaddedthecarrier,butnowwerealizethatitactuallytakesalotofpowertoincludethecarrierandperhapsitmakesnosensetodothat
afterall.Butwewanttosomehowincludethecarrierinformationbutwithoutactuallydoingso.Andwewanttousetheenvelopedetectorasthe
receiver.Howcanwedothat?
Werelyonthesymmetryofthesignalspectrumnow.ConsideramodulationschemecalledtheDoubleSideBandSuppressedcarrier,or
DSBSCmodulation,everythingissameasDSBexceptthatnocarrierinincluded.DSBSCsignalsarecreatedbyamodulatorcalledtheBalanced
Modulator.ThefollowingfigureshowsthebasicblockdiagramofaBalancedModulator.
Figure11AbalancedModulatorresultsinsuppressionofthecarrier
Thisbalancedmodulatorisbasicallytwoproductmodulatorsaddedtogether.Theinputtooneisanegativeinformationsignalandanegative
carrier.Theproductofthismodulatorwhenaddedtoitspositivecounterpartresultsincancelingthecarrieraswecanseeintheoutput.(Themath
aboveisquitestraightforwardandworthcheckingforthatwonderfulfeelingthatcomeswhenyoureallyunderstandsomething.)
EnvelopedetectorcannotbeusedwithDSBSCcarrierbecausetheenvelopeoftheDSBSCsignalisnotthesameasthebasebandsignal.A
moresophisticatedmodulatorisneededwiththissignal.
TheDSBSCmodulationisidenticaltoBPSK,whichwewilldiscusslater.
GeneratingSingleSideBand(SSB)signals
InessencetheSSBtransmissionthatwediscussedbeforeisabandwidthconservingtechnique.ThemostnotablepointofSSBisthattheSSB
passbandsignalandthebasebandsignaloccupythesamebandwidth,socuttingspectrumneedsinhalf.
HowdowecreateaSSBsignal?TherearetwomainwaysthatSSBsignalscanbegenerated.
1.Filteringtheunwantedsideband
2.PhasingMethod
ThesimplestsolutionwouldbetojusttaketheDSBSCsignalandfiltertheunwantedbandbeforetransmissionsothattheunwantedsideisnot
sentatallasshowninthefigurebelow.Bykeepingonlythepartshown,wehavegottenridofalltheotherimages,allofthenegativecomponentsand
theuppersideband.
Figure12ApassbandfilterafterDSBSCmodulationresultsingettingridallbutoneband.
Problemwiththismethodisthatitishardtobuildpracticalfilterswithsteepenoughcutoffsathighfrequencies.Suchafilterendsupdistorting
thedesiredsignalaswellasincludingsomeoftheunwantedsidebandanyway.
ThesecondmethodinvolvestheuseofHilbertTransformandtheAnalyticsignalwetalkedaboutinthelastTutorial.Asawayofreview,the
figurebelowshowsthebasebandspectrumofoursignal.ThesecondpartshowstheHilbertTransformofthesamesignal.(RecallthattheHilbert
Transformrotatesthepositivefrequencycomponents.)
Figure13a.Basebandspectrum(symmetricabouttheyaxis)b.Hilberttransformofthesamesignal(antisymmetricabouttheyaxis)
Nowletstakethissignalandmodulateitup,weget
NowletstaketheHilberttransformofthissignalandmodulateitbyasinewave,soweget
Nowwecreateacarrierwhichisthesumofthesetwoparts.
Figure14SSBModulatorusingthePhasingmethod
TheSSBsignalcreatedinthiswayisessentiallytwosignalsinquadrature.ThecombinationgivesustheequationfortheSSBsignal.By
changingthesignoftheanalyticsignal,wecancreateeithertheuppersidebandorthelower.
NowletstaketheFourierTransformofeachpart.TheFourierTransformofthefirstpartis
TheFourierTransformofthesecondpartis
(thepresenceofjisduetotheHilberttransform,seeTutorial7)
Figurebelowshowsthetwospectrumsandweseeatoncethataddingthesetworepresentationsgiveusanicecleansignalwithonlyoneside
band,upperorloweraswedesire.
ThankstoDr.Hilbertandhisanalyticsignalthereisnothingtofilter,justacleansingleband.
AnotherinterestingfactisthatthesumofthetwosidebandsgiveustheDSBSCwaveform.
Figure15a.Spectrumofpartone,b.spectrumofparttwo,d.thesumofthesetwogivesusthelowersideband,thedifferencewouldgivetheuppersideband.
AMModulationandVideobroadcasting
VestigialSidebandModulation
AvariationofDSBisusedforbroadcastTV.UndertheFCCrequirements,thestandardvideosignaloccupiesabandwidthof4.5MHz.Thesound
signalisseparateandistransmittedattheupperedgeofthissignal.Whencarrierisshiftedtobandpass,thisonesidedbandwidthbecomes9MHz.This
isnearlytentimesaslargeasthetotalbandwidthoccupiedbyallthechannelsoftheAMradio.UseofSSBmodulationwouldcutthisinhalfbutSSB
isnotusedforvideosignalsbecauseofthecomplexityoftheSSBreceivers.TVmanufacturersparticularlyAmericancompanieswereinstrumentalin
settingthesestandardsliketokeepthecostoftheTVsaslowaspossiblesoSSBreceiversarenotused.
AmodulationtechniqueusedforcommercialvideobroadcastingwhichliessomewhereinthemiddleofSSBandDSBiscalledtheVestigial
sidebandModulation(VSB).
Infigurebelowweshowahypotheticalbandpassvideosignal.Thesoundsignalwhichissentseparatelyisattheupperedgeofthespectrum.
Figure16aVideoSignalbandwidth
InFigureb,weshowapeculiarkindoffilteringofthisvideosignalthattakesplaceaftermodulationwithacarrierbutbeforetransmission.
Figure16bVestigialFilter
Thisfiltertakesinasmallpartoftheupperedgeofthelowersideband,startingfrom1.25MHz.Thesignalisattenuatedinthisrangefrom
1.25MHzto.75MHz.Fromhereonto4MHz,thesignalistransmittedfullstrength.At4MHzitisonceagainattenuateddownto4.5MHzsoas
nottointerferewiththesoundcarrierwhichisdemodulatedseparately.Theshadedportioniswhatistransmitted.
Thetermvestigialisusedsinceatinytracepartofthelowersidebandisalsoincludedinthetransmission.Thenetresultisthatinsteadof
transmittinga9MHzsignal,wetransmitonly6MHz,thestandardvideosignaltoday.
Unlikevoicesignalswhichhavenocomponentsnearthezerofrequency,Videosignalsareverysensitivetotheirlowfrequencycontent.
Distortioninthesecomponentsdegradesthepicture.Soextracarehastobetakentomakesurethatallthelowfrequencycomponents(whichare
locatedinthecenter)aretransmittedwithoutdistortion.VSBmodulationtransmitstheselowfrequenciesatthetwicelevel.Themotivationforfiltering
thesignalinthiswayalsocomesfromthedesiretouseadiodedemodulatorwhichrequiresanexplicitcarrier.Buttorecoverthecarrierweneedtogo
alittletotheothersideofthecarrierfrequencyandtakeinanattenuatedpartofthesignalbecauseofthelimitationsofpracticalfilters.The
developmentofthisfilterwasafunctionofacompromisebetweenbandwidthandtheTVreceivercomplexity.
ThenewHDTVstandardisalsobasedonVSB.
AboutAmplitudeDemodulation
ProductDemodulator
AllAMsignalsdiscussedhere,DSB,DSBSC,SSBandVSBcanbedemodulatedusingaproductdemodulator.Inprincipleitisthereverseofthe
modulationprocess.Wetaketheincomingsignal,whichnowalsoincludesnoiseandwemultiplyitbyaknowncarrier.Theproductobtainedisthen
lowpassfilteredandwhatremainsthenistheinformationsignal.
Themainproblemwiththeproductdemodulatoristhatthecarrierphaseisnotknown.Wedonotknowifthestartingphasewas30or45or
90orsomeothernumber.Forsomesignalsthisisnotsuchabigproblem.Anaudiosignalcanbedemodulatedincoherentlywhichmeansthatthe
phaseofthecarrieratthereceivingendisnotsynchronizedwiththetransmitter.InradioAMbroadcastingwecangetawaywithignoringthephase
becauseourearsarenotverysensitivetophasedeviationsofthesignals.Wecanhearandunderstandthesignaljustfine.Insuchcases,anincoherent
productdemodulationmakessenseandwouldbethecheapestsolution.
Nowifwearesendingdata,thisisindeedabigproblemandweneedtoexactlyrecoverthephaseofthetransmittedcarrier.Evenvideosignals
arenotforgivingofphaseerrors.Phaseinformationfornearlyallsignalsexcept,telephoneandradiosignalsisconsideredveryimportant.
Therearetwomethodsofmakingsurethatweknowthephaseoftheincomingsignal1.TheCostasloopand2.Thephaselockedloop.Both
arevariationsofatechniquetofindandlockontothephase(wewilldiscusstheseinanothertutorialindetail.)Thisvariationoftheproduct
demodulationwherewemakeaspecialefforttodeterminethephaseofthetransmittedcarrieriscalledcoherentdemodulation.
SquareLawDemodulator
Nonlinearityusuallyhasabadnameincommunications.Wedontlikeitbecauseitdistortsthesignalandproducesunwantedproducts.Buthereisa
waynonlinearityisactuallyusedtoadvantageindemodulationofsomeAMsignals.
Letstakeanonlineardevicewiththefollowingbehavior.
Nowletstakeanamplitudemodulatedsignal
Puttingthisthroughtheabovenonlienearity,aftersomemanipulationsandclevertrigonometricsubstitutions,weget
NowthrowawaytheDCterm,filteroutthetermsattwotimesthefrequencyandwhatwehaveleftis
Theterm isnotabigproblemifthemodulationindexissmall.Thistermdisappearsandforaudiobroadcastingthistermmakesno
discernibledifference.
Onebyproductofthismethodisthatifnocarrierisincluded,wecanstillrecoverthecarrier.Thistechniquecanalsobeusedtorecoverthe
carrier.Takeasignal
squaringitgives
Thesecondtermisthecarrierattwiceitsfrequencywhichwerecoverbyfilteringatthisfrequency.
Figure17Nonlinearityusedtorecoverthecarrier
EnvelopeDetector
Theenvelopeofasignalisitsmaximumvalueoverasetsamplingperiod.AdiodecircuitusedmostoftentodetecttheenvelopeofAMsignalsisthe
simplestandtheuniversalmethodofdemodulatingAMsignals.Theprerequisitefortheuseofthisdemodulationmethodisthepresenceofastrong
carrierandhighSNR.Excessiveamountofnoisecausessevereenvelopefluctuationsandmakesthismethodlesseffective.WeallknowoftheAM
radiosvulnerabilitytonoiseandotheratmosphericperturbations.
Figure18RCDiodeCircuitusedforEnvelopeDemodulation
TheenvelopedetectorisbasicallyaDiodeRCcircuitasshownabove.Thesignalisappliedtotheterminalsofthecircuit.TheDiodeconducts
asthevoltage(amplitude)increasesandthecapacitorchargesup.Nowasthevoltagebeginstogodown,resistordischargesandthecapacitorletsgoof
itscharge.Thecyclecontinuesandeachchargeofthecapacitorindicatesthemaximumvalueoverthatperiod.Infactthecapacitordischargesslightly
betweencyclesasshowninthefigurebelowbutthiscanbecompensatedforeasily.
Figure19EnvelopeDetectionupclose
Summary
BasebandSignalThebasebandsignalisusuallythemessagesignal.IthasabandwidthofB.SeeFigure20.
PassbandSignalThepassbandsignalisonethathasbeenmultipliedbyacarrier.Itiscenteredatthecarrierfrequencyandhasabandwidthof2B.
DoubleSidebandWhenbothsidebandsandthecarrieristransmitted,thisiscalledtheAMorDSBmodulation.DSBsignalswhicharepassband
signalshaveabandwidthof2B.
DoubleSidebandSuppressedCarrierWhenweremovethecarriertoconservepower,theDSBsignaliscalledtheDSBSCsignal.Ithasa
bandwidthof2B.
SingleSidebandWheneitherbyfilteringorphasingonlyonebandistransmittedthesignaliscalledSSB.IthasabandwidthofB.
VestigialSidebandVSBisusedforvideobroadcasting.VSBisacompromisebetweenSSBandDSBandhasabandwidthof.666B.
AMdemodulatorsTherearethreemaintypesofAMdemodulatorsorreceivers.EnvelopeDetectoristhesimplestandsensesthemaximum
amplitudeoftheincomingsignalwhichhappenstobethemessagesignal.TheProductDemodulatorisnextincomplexityandisusedfornearlyall
AMsignals.CostasorPhaselockedloopsareusedwhenphaseisimportant.SquaringDemodulatorisoftenusedtorecoverthecarrieraswellasfor
demodulationofDSBSCsignal.
Figure20follows
__________________________________
CharanLangton,Nov4,1998
PreviousTutorialsarekeptattheAdvancedSystemsWebsiteunderCAP.
ThanksmuchtoEricArakakiandDaveWatsonfortheirinvaluablecommentsandedits.
Figure20AMWaveforms
1.MessageSignal SignalSpectrum
.3
fm=1 fm=1
2.
CarrierSignal
.5
fc=8 fc=8
3.
DSBWaveform k=60%
9,8,7 7 ,8,9
4.DSBwaveformOvermodulatedk=150%
Notetheenvelopeofthesignalisnolongersameasthebasebandsignaltrace,hencethereisnowaytodemodulateitfromtheenvelopeofthissignal.
9,8,7 7 ,8,9
5.SSBUppersideband
9 9
6.SSBLowerSideband
7 7
7.DSBSuppressedCarrier
9,8,7 7 ,8,9