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Hindi Sahitya Ka Etihas PDF
Hindi Sahitya Ka Etihas PDF
[hXr Zn H$.4
qhXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg
S>m. amOZ doiyH$a S>m. YZoda h[aMXZ
Hw$cJw$ m`mnH$ Ed gMmcH$
_w~B {dd{dmc`, _w~B. Xa Ed _wV A``Z gWm,
_w~B {dd{dmc`, _w~B.
{S>g|~a, 2010 V{V df H$cm- qhXr - Zn-4 qhXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg
1. {hXr gm{h
H$mc-{d^mOZ Ed ZmH$aU
2. Am{XH$mb
{g gm{h, ZmW gm{h, OZ gm{h, bm{H$H$ gm{h Ama amgmo gm{h H$s
gmm {deofVmE
3. ^pVH$mb
gV H$m, gy$s H$m, am ^pV H$m Ama H$U ^pV H$m H$s wI {deofVmE
4. ar{VH$mb
ar{V ~, ar{V {g Ama ar{V wV H$m H$s wI d{mm
5. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb
(H$) AmYw{ZH$ {hXr H$[dVm H$m {dH$mg
(^maVoX wJ, {doXr wJ, N>mmdmX, J{VdmX, moJdmX, Zr H${dVm VWm ZdJrV H$s
wI d{mm)
(I) {hXr J H$s {dYmE
([hXr Cnmg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ Ama {Z~Y gm{h H$m H${H$ {dH$mg)
({hXr J {dYmAm| Ho$ IS> go wJ-{d^mOZ AWdm wJ {deof g~Yr Z Ano{jV Zht
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{deof gyMZm - Bg Zn | Mma Z {dH$n g{hV nyN>o OmE& nmMdo Z | "H$' Ama
"I' Xmo IS> hm|& IS> "H$' | Xmo {Q>n{Um nyN>r OmE {OZ| go {H$gr EH$ H$m Cma Ano{jV hmo
Ama IS> "I' Ho$ AVJV Xg dVw{Z> Z {ZYm[aV Z gyMr | nyN>o OmE& g^r Zm| Ho$
{bE 20 AH$ {ZYm[aV h&
{ZYm[aV dVw{Z> Zm| H$s gyMr
1. {hXr gm{h Ho$ Ama{^H$ wJ H$mo "Am{XH$mc' Ho$ Zm go {H$gZo A{^{hV {H$m h?
- hOmar gmX {doXr
2. {hXr H$m W H${d {H$go mZm Jm h? - gahnmX
3. "drgbXod amgmo' Ho$ aM{Vm H$m Zm {b{IE& - Zan{V Zmh
4. "nS> M[aC' {H$gH$s aMZm h? - d^y
5. Am{XH$mb | IS>r ~mocr H$mo H$m-^mfm ~ZmZodmbo W H${d H$m Zm {b{IE&
- Ara Iwgamo
6. {H$g H${d H$mo "{Wb H$mo{H$b' H$hm Jm h? - {dmn{V
7. gahnmX H$s gdm{YH$ {g aMZm H$mZ-gr h? - XmohmH$mof
8. {hXr gm{h Ho$ {H$g H$mb H$mo "{hXr gm{h H$m dU-wJ' H$hm Jm h?
- ^pVH$mb
9. "MXmZ' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm {b{IE& - wm XmD$X
10. "XmX' ^pVH$mb H$s {H$g Ymam Ho$ H${d h? - {ZJwU
11. "H${dVmdbr' Ho$ aM{Vm H$m Zm {b{IE& - VwbgrXmg
12. "^aJrV' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm {b{IE& - gyaXmg
13. VwbgrXmg Zo {H$g hmH$m H$s aMZm H$s? - amM[aV mZg
14. "ewmVdmX' H$m g~Y {hXr gm{h H$s {H$g Ymam go h? - H$U ^pV emIm
(d^mMm)
15. am ^pV H$m na {H$g XeZ H$m ^md nS>m h?- {d{e>m VdmX
(ammZwOmMm)
16. nwf YmZ gmVr nanam H$mo {H$g wJrZ H$d{r Zo MwZmVr Xr Wr? - ram
17. AmMm amM ewb Zo "Cma H$mb' H$mo H$mZ-gm Zm {Xm h? - ar{VH$mb
18. ar{VH$mb H$mo H$m H$s {> go {H$VZo ^mJm| | ~mQ>m Jm h? - VrZ
19. ar{V {g H$mYmam Ho$ wI H${d H$mZ h? - {~hmar
20. ar{VH$mb Ho$ {H$g H${d Zo draag YmZ aMZmE H$s h? - ^yfU
21. KZmZX {H$g H$m-Ymam Ho$ H${d h? - ar{VwV
22. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb | {bIm Jm IS>r ~mobr H$m W hmH$m H$mZ-gm h?
- { dmg
23. "gmHo$V' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm {b{IE& - {Wbr eaU Jw
24. "nwn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m H${d H$mZ h? - mIZbmb MVwd}Xr
25. N>mmdmX H$mo "Wyb Ho$ {V gy H$m [dmoh' {H$g AmbmoMH$ Zo H$hm h? - S>m. ZJ|
26. H$mmZr | {H$g XeZ H$s A{^{$ hB h? - ed XeZ
27. "gamoO {V' ZmH$ aMZm {H$g H${d Zo H$s h? - {Zambm
28. "gadVr' n{H$m Zo {Zambm H$s {H$g aMZm H$mo AdrH$V H$a {Xm Wm?
- Oyhr H$s H$br
29. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s ram {H$go H$hm OmVm h? - hmXodr dm
30. "agdVr' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm {b{IE& -"{XZH$a' amYm[a qgh {XZH$a
31. "Ywembm' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm {b{IE& - h[adeam ~Z
32. H${V H$m gwHw$ma H${d {H$go H$hm Jm h? - gw{mZXZ nV
33. "MmX H$m wh Q>oT>m h' H$m gJh Ho$ H${d H$mZ h?- "wpV~moY' JOmZZ mYd
wpV~moY
34. "AYoao |' H${dVm H$m aMZmH$ma H$mZ h? - wpV~moY
35. "AmJZ Ho$ nma ma' H$mgJh H$mo {H$g H${d Zo {bIm h? - Ako
36. "ggX go gS>H$ VH$' H$m gJh H$mo {H$gZo {bIm h? - Yw{b
37. {hXr H$m {V{Z{Y JObH$ma {H$go mZm OmVm h? - XV Hw$ma
38. "e~ar' ZmH$ H${V Ho$ aM{Vm H$mZ h? - OJXre Jw
39. "{ddmg ~T>Vm hr Jm' H${dVm {H$gZo {bIr h? - {edJb qgh 'gwZ'
40. "~mXb H$mo {KaVo XoIm h' H${dVm Ho$ aM{Vm H$m Zm {b{IE& - ZmJmOwZ
41. "{MVm{U' {H$gHo$ {Z~Ym| H$m gH$bZ h? - AmMm amM ewb
42. "AmJZ H$m nN>r Ama ~ZOmam Z' {Z~Y gJh Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm {b{IE&
- {dm{Zdmg {l
43. "CgZo H$hm Wm' H$hmZr Ho$ boIH$ H$mZ Wo? - MYa em "Jwcoar'
44. "mZgamoda' {H$gH$s H$hm{Zm| H$m gJh h? - oMX
45. "{V H$s aoImE' ZmH$ gJh {H$gZo {bIm h? - hmXodr dm
46. "AYoaZJar' ZmQ>H$ H$m boIH$ H$mZ h? - ^maVoX h[aM
47. "EH$ Ama moUmMm' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm {b{IE& - eH$a eof
48. "Ob Qy>Q>Vm hAm' Cnmg {H$gZo {bIm h? - amXmg {l
49. "~oVdm ~hVr ahr' Cnmg H$s bo{IH$m H$m Zm {b{IE& - or nwm
50. "Xgar nanam H$s ImoO' {H$gH$s aMZm h? - S>m. Zmda qgh
51. "namb amgmo' Ho$ H${d H$m m Zm h?
(1) MX~aXmB (2) Zan{V Zmh (3) OJ{ZH$ (4) XbnV [dO&
52. {hXr gm{h Ho$ Am{XH$mb H$mo "{g gmV H$mb' {H$gZo H$hm h?
(1) amM ewb (2) amHw$ma dm (3) amhb gmH$mZ (4) S>m. ZJo&
53. AmMm amM ewb Zo {hXr H$m W hmH$m {H$go mZm h?
(1) H$s{VnVmH$m (2) nXmdV (3) ndramO amgmo (4) {dmg&
54. "{hXr gm{h H$m Xgam B{Vhmg' {H$gZo {bIm h?
(1) {l~Yw (2) amOHw$ma em (3) JUn{VM Jw (4) ~Z qgh&
55. "~rOH$' Ho$ aM{Vm H$m m Zm h?
(1) gyaXmg (2) H$~raXmg (3) Omgr (4) Xmb&
56. {ZZ{b{IV | go H$mZ-gr aMZm Omgr H$s Zht h?
(1) nXmdV (2) AIamdQ> (3) MXmZ (4) Am{Iar H$bm&
57. ^maV | ^pV H$m mooV H$hm go w${Q>V hmoH$a Cma ^maV | Amm?
(1) nyd (2) npM (3) qgY (4) X{jU&
58. "gVZ H$moo H$hm grH$ar gmo H$mO' {H$gH$s npV h?
(1) gyaXmg (2) Hw$^ZXmg (3) MVw^wOXmg (4) VwbgrXmg&
59. ZmZH$ {H$g H$m-Ymam Ho$ H${d h?
(1) gy$s H$m (2) am H$m (3) gV H$m (4) H$U H$m&
60. "mZwg o ^C ~Hw$R>r' {H$g H${d H$s npV h?
(1) XmX (2) wm XmCX (3) Hw$Vw~Z (4) Omgr&
61. "^aJrV' Ho$ aM{Vm H$mZ h?
(1) VwbgrXmg (2) gyaXmg (3) {~hmar (4) H$~raXmg&
62. gX B~m{h Zo H$U ^pV Ho$ ^mde AnZm Zm aI {bm?
(1) H$UXmg (2) amXmg (3) agImZ (4) oXmg&
63. "nw{>mJ' H$m OhmO [H$g H${d H$mo H$hm Jm h?
(1) H$~raXmg (2) gyaXmg (3) VwbgrXmg (4) Ho$edXmg&
64. AH$~a Ho$ Xa~ma Ho$ {H$g gX Zo "Xmoohmdbr' H$s aMZm H$s?
(1) ~ra~b (2) ahr (3) VmZgoZ (4) BZ| go {H$gr Zo Zht&
65. {ddZmW gmX {l Zo ar{VH$mb H$mo m Zm {Xm h?
(1) ar{VH$mb (2) lJmaH$mb (3) AbH$V H$mb (4) Cma H$mb&
66. ar{VwV H$m-Ymam Ho$ wI H${d BZo go H$mZ h?
(1) {~hmar (2) Xod (3) KZmZX (4) nXmH$a&
67. "amM{H$m' Ho$ aM{Vm H$m Zm m h?
(1) ZmnmXmg (2) VwbgrXmg (3) Ho$edXmg (4) {^ImarXmg&
68. nXmH$a ar{VH$mb H$s {H$g H$mYmam Ho$ H${d h?
(1) ar{V~ (2) ar{V{g (3) ar{VwV (4) BZ| go H$mooB Zht&
69. {ZZ{b{IV | go H$mZ-gr aMZm {WbreaU Jw H$s h?
(1) {dmg (2) gmHo$V (3) bha (4) Cder&
70. H$mZ-gm H${d "EH$ ^maVr Amm' Ho$ Zm go {g h?
(1) amZaoe {nmR>r (2) Za| em (3) mIZbmb MVwd}Xr (4) Yy{b&
71. BZ| go H$mZ-gm H${d N>mmdmXr h?
(1) h[adeam ~Z (2) OeH$a gmX (3) Ako (4) Yy{b&
72. ^maV | J{Verb boIH$ gK H$s WmnZm H$~ hB Wr?
(1) 1936 (2) 1935 (3) 1938 (4) 1950&
73. J{VdmX {H$g XeZ go ^m{dV h?
(1) ApVddmX (2) mgdmX (3) JmYrdmX (4) Zmo{dbofUdmX&
74. moJdmXr H$mYmam H$m ma^ {H$g nwVH$ Ho$ H$meZ go mZm OmVm h?
(1) VmagH$ (2) Xgam gH$ (3) Vrgam gH$ (4) MmWm gH$&
75. Ako Ho$ Cnmmg H$m erfH$ h -
(1) {Xm (2) eoIa EH$ OrdZr (3) JZZr (4) {MboIm&
76. "AYm wJ' {H$gH$s aMZm h?
(1) ^maVoX (2) Zaoe ohVm (3) Ydra ^maVr (4) Yy{b&
77. wpV~moY Ho$ H$mgJh H$m Zm h?
(1) ~mK (2) ggX Ho$ gS>H$ VH$ (3) MmX H$m wh Q>oT>m (4) Hw$AmZmoZXr&
78. "nhmS> na bmbQ>oZ' {H$gH$m H$m-gJh h?
(1) CX H$me (2) Jboe S>~amb (3) AU H$b (4) amOoe Omoer&
79. "gmo | Yyn' Ho$ aMZmH$ma h?
(1) Hw$ma {dH$b (2) {dZmoX Hw$ma (3) XV H$ma (4) amOoe Omoer&
80. ^maVoX h[aM Ho$ ZmQ>H$ H$m erfH$ h?
(1) AYoaZJar (2) ~H$ar (3) eHw$Vbm (4) gmo{JVm dda&
81. "gadVr' Ho$ gnmXH$ BZ| go H$mZ Wo?
(1) VmnZmamU {l (2) hmdra gmX {doXr (3) hOmar gmX {doXr
(4) h[aAmY&
82. AmMm amM ewb H$m {Z~Y-gH$bZ BZ| go H$mZ-gm h?
(1) AemoH$ Ho$ y$b (2) qMVm{U (3) {dMma Ama {dVH$ (4) agkaOZ&
83. "nJS>{S>m| H$m OmZm' {H$g H$ma H$m -gJh h?
(1) Jwbm~am (2) eaX Omoer (3) h[aeH$a nagmB (4) Za| H$mohbr&
84. ~J {hbm H$s H$hmZr H$m Zm h?
(1) {H$gm VmoVm-Zm (2) CgZo H$hm Wm (3) hma H$s OrV (4) XbmBdmbr&
85. "gmVa H$hmZr' Ho$ dVH$ H$mZ h?
(1) oMX (2) mohZ amHo$e (3) amO| mXd (4) H$boda&
86. BZ| go H$mZ-gm ZmQ>H$ gmXOr H$m Zhr h?
(1) H$XJw (2) MJw (3) Ywddm{Zr (4) ^maV XXem&
87. "AmfmT> H$m EH$ {XZ' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$ma H$m Zm m h?
(1) eH$a eof (2) mohZ amHo$e (3) brZmamU bmb (4) CX eH$a ^>&
88. "AmR>dm gJ' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ aM{Vm H$m Zm {b{IE?
(1) ^r gmhZr (2) gwa| dm (3) JmoqdX MmVH$ (4) mohZ amHo$e&
89. "~H$ar' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$ma H$m Zm {b{IE?
(1) OJXreM mWwa (2) mohZ amHo$e (3) gd}da Xmb ggoZm
(4) AgJa dOmhV&
90. {hXr H$m nhbm Cnmg {H$go mZm OmVm h?
(1) ZyVZ ~Mmar (2) narjm Jw (3) R>oR> {hXr H$m R>mR> (4) MH$mVm&
91. BZ| go H$mZ-gm Cnmg oMX H$m Zht h?
(1) H$^y{ (2) aJ^y{ (3) {VVbr (4) JmoXmZ&
92. "mJn' Cnmg Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm ~VmBE?
(1) enmb (2) AVbmb ZmJa (3) OeH$a gmX (4) OZo Hw$ma&
93. gyaXmg Ho$ OrdZ na AmYm[aV Cnmg H$m Zm ~VmBE?
(1) mZg H$m hg (2) godm gXZ (3) IOZ ZZ (4) ^mdVr&
94. BZ| go H$mZ-gm Cnmg Ako H$m Zht h?
(1) XmXm H$maoS> (2) eoIa EH$ OrdZr (3) ZXr Ho$ rn
(4) AnZo-AnZo AOZ~r&
95. "H$moJr Zht am{YH$m' H$s bo{IH$m H$mZ h?
(1) Xbm JJ (2) y ^S>mar (3) Cfm {dXm (4) H$Um gmo~Vr&
96. "MmH$' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm {b{IE?
(1) or nwnm (2) Owb ^JV (3) gy~mbm (4) Vm H$m{bm&
97. "{Zambm H$s gm{h gmYZm' {H$gH$s H${V h?
(1) Zmda qgh (2) ZJ| (3) am{dbmg em (4) hmXodr dm&
98. "{~ogwa ~H$[ahm' {H$gH$m gaUmH$ aoIm{M h?
(1) OeH$a gmX (2) {Zambm (3) nV (4) hmXodr dm&
99. {hXr H$m nhbm AmH$Wm boIH$ H$mZ h?
(1) {dmoJr h[a (2) CnoZmW AH$ (3) ~ZmagrXmg MVwd}Xr
(4) ~ZmagrXmg OZ&
100. "Kw$S>em' Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm m h?
(1) amJo amKd (2) Ako (3) amhb gmH$mZ (4) enmb&
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1. {hXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg AmMm amM ewb
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VwV IS> H$s nhbr BH$mB | {hXr gm{h Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m AZ {H$m OmEJm&
BgHo$ A{V[aV {hXr gm{h H$m H$mb {d^mOZ ZmH$aU na {dVV MMm Bg Am |
H$s Jr h& H$mb {d^mOZ Ama ZmH$aU Ho$ g~Y | {d{^ {dmZm| Ama AmMmm] Ho$ V ^r
Bg Am | {Xo Jo h& Vm{H$ Bg BH$mB H$m AZ H$a {dmWu ~moY Zm| H$m Cma
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H$mdQ> AmVr h& Ama Z hr H$moB Cgo ^J H$aVm h& hm g Ho$ gmW gmW Cg| n[adVZ
AmVo ahVo h Ama n[adVZ Ho$ AZw$n gm{h H$mo Zr d{mm, Zr {XemE {bVr h&
{H$gr ^r gm{h Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m H$mb-{d^mOZ H$aZo H$s gdm{YH$ Cnw$ Umcr
Cg gm{h | dm{hV gm{h YmamAmo, {d{dY d{mmo|Ho$ AmYma na Cgo {d^m{OV H$aZm
h& wJ H$s n[apW{Vm| Ho$ AZwHy$c gm{h H$s {df VWm ebrJV d{Vm n[ad{VV hmoVr
ahVr h& {hXr gm{h Ho$ {df | ^r hr ~mV wpVwV VrV hmoVr h& EH$ {deof H$mc |
gmO H$s {deof n{apW{Vm Ed Vg~Yr {dMmaYmamE ahr h Ama Cht Ho$ AZwn
gm{hpH$ aMZmE VwV hB h& AndmX aho Ad naVw JmU d{m Ho$ n |& H$mb-
{d^mOZ H$aVo g d AmMm ewbOr Zo {d^mOZ Ho$ AmYma Ho$ g~Y | AnZm V
n> H$a {Xm h& Chm|Zo H$hm h- ""O~{H$ oH$ Xoe H$m gm{h dhm H$s OZVm H$s
{Mmd{m H$m g{MV {V{~~ hmoVm h V~ h {ZpMV h {H$ OZVm H$s {Mmd{m Ho$ n[adVZ
Ho$ gmW-gmW gm{h Ho$ d$n | ^r n[adVZ hmoVm Mcm OmVm h& Am{X go AV VH$ Bhr
{Mmd{mm|H$s nanam H$mo naIVo hE gm{h nanam Ho$ gmW CZH$m gmO {XImZm hr
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H$s Amoa H$moB {> Zhr H$s JB Wr& {hXr gm{h H$m B{Vhmg gdW {cIZo H$m lo EH$
|$M {dmZ Jmgm X Vmgr H$mo {Xm OmVm h& Bhm|Zo o$M ^mfm | "Bgdma X cm {gVaowa
ahB E {hXVmZr' ZmH$ JW | AJoOr dU H$mZwgma {hXr Ama CX ^mfm Ho$ AZoH$
H$qdm| H$m n[aM {Xm h& naVw Chm|Zo ^r H$b{d^mOZ Ama ZmH$aU H$s Amoa mZ Zht
{Xm Wm& Bg nanam H$m Xgam hdnyU JW {hXr {dmZ {edqgh g|Ja H$m "{edqgh
gamoO' h& Bg| cJ^J EH$ hOma ^mfm-H${dm| Ho$ OrdZ M[a Ama BZH$s H${dVmAm| Ho$
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Bg g~Y | g~go nhcm mg H$aZo H$m lo OmO {VgZ H$mo h& na Ogm {H$
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gd gac Zht ahm h Ama H${Vn Wcm| na Vmo h Ag^d {g hAm h& Bhm|Zo {hXr
gm{h Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo {ZZ{c{IV mah erfH$m| Ho$ AVJV {d^m{OV {H$m h& - (1)
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o H${dVm (4) ~O H$m H$U-gXm, (5) wJc Xa~ma (6) VwcgrXmg (7) ar{V H$m
(8) VwcgrXmg Ho$ A nadVu (9) AQ>R>mahdt eVmXr (10) H$nZr Ho$ emgZ |
{hXVmZ Ama (1) hmamZr phQ>mo[am Ho$ emgZ | {hXVmZ& S>m. {VgZ Ho$ {d^mOZ
| AZoH$ AgJ{Vm, yZVm Ed w{Q>m hmoVo hE ^r W mg hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BgH$m AnZm
hd h&
AmJo McH$a {l ~YwAm| Zo AnZo "{l ~Yw-{dZmoX' (1913) | H$mc-{d^mOZ
H$m Zm mg {H$m Omo oH$ {> g| {VgZ Ho$ mg go ~hV A{YH$ mT> Ed {dH${gV
H$hm Om gH$Vm h& BZH$m {d^mOZ BgH$ma h-
1 Amap^H$ H$mc / nydmap^H$ H$mc (600 - 1343 {d.)
Cmamap^H$ H$mc (1344 - 1444 {d.)
{l ~YwAmo Ho$ nMmV AmMm amM ewcOr Zo gZ 1929 | "{hXr gm{h H$m
B{Vhmg' VwV H$aVo hE H$mc-{d^mOZ H$m Zm mg {H$m& BZHo$ H$mc-{d^mOZ |
A{YH$ gacVm, n>Vm Ed gw~mooYVm h& AnZr Bgr {deofVm Ho$ H$maU dh AmO VH$
4
gdm Ed gd M{cV h& CZH$m H$mc-{d^mOZ BgH$ma h -
1. Am{XH$mc (draJmWm H$mc) gdV 1050 go 1375
2. nyd H$mc (^{$H$mc) gdV 1375 go 1700
3. Cma H$mc (ar{VH$c) gdV 1700 Vo 1900
4. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc (JH$mc) gdV 1900 go A~ VH$&
Am. ewcOr Ho$ nMmV S>m. amHw$ma dm H$m Zm Bg gJ | CoIZr h, {Ohm|Zo
AnZm Zm- H$mc {d^mOZ VwV {H$m Omo BgH$ma h -
1. gpYH$mc (750 - 100 {d.)
2. MmaU H$mc (1000 - 1375 {d.)
3. ^{$H$mc (1375 - 1700 {d.)
4. ar{VH$mc (1700 - 1900 {d.)
5. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc (1900 go A~ VH$)
S>m. dm Ho$ {d^mOZ Ho$ A{V VrZ H$mc-{d^mOZ AmMm ewcOr Ho$ hr {d^mOZ Ho$
AZw$n h, Ho$dc "draJmWmH$mc' Ho$ WmZ na "MmaUH$mc' Ed "gpYH$mc' Zm XoH$a
AnZm ZmnU Wm{nV {H$m h&
Bg nanam | ~m~y mgwXa Xmg mam {H$m hAm H$mc-{d^mOZ ^r CoIZr h&
CZHo$ H$mc-{d^mOZ | Am. ewcOr go H$moB A{YH$ {^Vm Zht h& CZH$m H$mc-{d^mOZ
BgH$ma h -
1. Am{XH$mc (draJmWm H$m wJ gdV 1000 go gdV 1400 VH$)
2. nyd wJ (^{$ H$m wJ, gdV 1400 go gdV 1700 VH$)
3. Cma wJ (ar{V JWm| H$m wJ, gdV 1700 go, gdV 1900 VH$)
4. AmYw{ZH$ wJ (ZdrZ {dH$mg H$m wJ, gdV 1900 go A~ VH$)
Cnw$ H$mc-{d^mOZ H$s nanam | Am. ewcOr Ho$ ~mX Hw$N> {dmZmo| Zo WmoS>m-~hV
n[adVZ H$aHo$ AnZm H$mc-{d^mOZ VwV H$aZo H$m mg {H$m h& naVw ewcOr H$m
B{Vhmg coIZ H$m AmYma hr A{YH$ dkm{ZH$, VH$gJV Ama CnwV VrV hmoVm h& S>m.
JUn{VM Jw Zo AnZo JW "{hXr gm{h H$m dkm{ZH$ B{Vhmg' | CgH$m AZwmoXZ
{H$m h& CZH$m H$mc-{d^mOZ BgH$ma h -
1. map^H$ H$mc (1184 - 1350 B.)
2. nyd H$mc (1350 - 1600 B.)
3. Cma H$mc (1600 - 1857 B.)
4. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc (1857 B. A~ VH$)
Bg nanam o S>m. ZJo H$m Zm ^r CoIZr h& Chm|Zo {hXr gm{h H$m H$mc-
{d^mOZ VWm ZmH$aU BgH$ma {H$m h -
1. Am{XH$mc - 7 dt eVr Ho$ go 14 dt eVr Ho$ VH$&
2. ^pVH$mc - 14 dt eVr Ho$ go 17 dt eVr Ho$ VH$&
3. ar{VH$mc - 17 dt eVr Ho$ go 19 dt eVr Ho$ VH$&
4. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc - 19 dt eVr Ho$ go A~ VH$&
5
A) nwZOmJaU H$mc (^maVoX H$mc) g. 1877 - 1900 B.
~) OmJaU-gwYma H$mc ({doXr H$mc) g. 1900 - 1918 B.
H$) N>mmdmX H$mc g. 1918 - 1938 B.
S>) N>mmdmXmoma H$mc
1. J{V-moJ H$mc - g. 1938 - 1953 B.
2. ZdcoIZ H$mc g. 1953 B. go A~ VH$&
CnwV g^r {dmZm| Ho$ H$mc-{d^mOZ | Am. ewcOr H$m H$mc-{d^mOZ hr
gdgV Ed CnwV mZm Jm h&
{hXr gm{h Ho$ H$mc-{d^mOZ H$mo coH$a {dmZmo | A{YH$ V^oX Zhr h, Ho$dc
{hXr gm{h Ho$ Ama^ H$mo coH$a V^oX h& Cg| ^r wV: Xm|o dJ h - EH$ dJ {hXr
gm{h H$m ma^ gmVdt eVmXr go mZVm h, Ama Xgam dJ Xgdt eVmXr go& dmVd |
gmVdr eVmXr go Xgdr eVmXr Ho$ H$mcIS> H$mo {hXr gm[h H$s n>^y{ Ho$ n |
drH$ma H$a {cm Om Vmo h V^oX ^r gm hmo OmVm h m|{H$ Bg H$mcIS> H$s aMZmE
An^e | h Ama An^e go hr {hXr ^mfm H$m O hAm h& {hXr ^mfm Ed gm{h H$s yc
MoVZm H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {cE Bg H$mcIS> H$s ^mfm Ho$ dn Ed gm{h-Ymam H$mo gPZm
A{V AmdH$ h&
{hXr gm{h Ho$ {d{^ H$mcIS>mo Ho$ ZmH$aU H$mo coH$a {dmZm| | V^oX h&
wV: Xgdt eVmXr go MmXhdt eVmXr VH$ Ho$ Amap^H$ H$mcIS> (Am{XH$mc) Ama
ghdr eVmXr go Crgdt eVmXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIS> (ar{VH$mc) Ho$ ZmH$aU H$mo coH$a hr
A{YH$ V^oX h&
A) Xgdt eVmXr go MmXhdt eVmXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIS> H$m {d{^ {dmZm| mam {H$m
Jm ZmH$aU BgH$ma h -
MmaUH$mc - {JgZ
map^H$ H$mc - {l~Yw
draJmWmH$mc - Am. amM ewc
{ggmV H$mc - amhc gmH$mZ
~rOdnZ H$mc - hmdragmX {doXr
draH$mc - {ddZmWgmX {l
Am{XH$mc - hOmargmX {doXr
g{YH$mc Ed MmaUH$mc - S>m. amHw$ma dm
map^H$ H$mc - {l~YwAm| Zo 643 Bgdr go 1387 Bgdr VH$ Ho$ H$mc H$mo
"map^H$ H$mc' Zm go A{^{hV {H$m h& h Zm {H$gr gm{hpH$ d{m H$m moVH$ Zhr
h& h EH$ gmm gkm h Omo {hXr ^mfm Ho$ ma^ H$mo ~VmVr h& AV: h Zm ^r
VH$gJV Zhr h&
draJmWmH$mc - Am. amM ewc Zo AnZo {hXr gm[h Ho$ B{Vhmg | gdV
1050 go coH$a 1375 Bgdr VH$ H$s H$mcmd{Y H$mo "draJmWm H$mc' Zm {Xm h& AnZo V
Ho$ gWZ | Chm|Zo H$hm h - ""Am{XH$mc H$s XrK nanam Ho$ ~rM W S>oT>-Xmo gm dfm} Ho$
^rVa Vmo aMZm H$s {H$gr {deof d{m H$m {ZM Zhr hmo nmVm h - Y, Zr{V, lJma, dra
g~ H$ma H$s aMZmE Xmohmo | {cVr h& Bg A{Z{X> cmoH$-d{m Ho$ CnamV O~ go
wgcmZm| H$s MT>mBm Ama^ hmoVr h V~ go h {hXr gm{h H$r d{m {deof $n | ~YVr
hB nmVo h& amOm{lV H${d Ama MmaU {Og H$ma ar{V, lJma Am{X Ho$ w$Q>H$c Xmoho
amOg^mAm| | gwZmm H$aVo Wo, Cgr H$ma AnZo AmlXmVm amOmAm| Ho$ namH$ nyU M[aVm|
m JmWmAm| H$m ^r dUZ {H$m H$aVo Wo& h ~Y nanam "amgmo' Ho$ Zm go nmB OmVr h,
{Ogo c H$aHo$ Bg H$mc H$mo hZo "draJmWm H$mc' H$hm h& ewcOr Zo Bg wJ H$m
ZmH$aU H$aZo Ho$ {cE {OZ ~mah JWm| H$mo AmYma ~Zmm do JW h -
1. {dOnmc amgmo 7. ndramO amgmo
2. hra amgmo 8. OMX H$me
3. H$s{VcVm 9. OH$ OgMpH$m
4. H$s{VnVmH$m 10. namc amgmo
5. IwmZ amgmo 11. Iwgamo H$s nho{cm
6.~rgcXod amgmo 12. {dmn{V H$s nXmdcr
{OZ ~mah aMZmAmo H$moo ewc Or Zo ZmH$aU H$m AmYma mZm. AmMm hOmargmX
{doXr Or Zo CZ aMZmAm| H$mo Amm{UH$ {g H$aVo hE "draJmWmH$mc' ZmH$aU H$mo
{ZaWH$ {g {H$m h& Ogo ~rgcXod amgmo Ama IwmZ amgmo Zo emoY n[aUmm| Ho$ AmYma na
gmochdt eVmXr | a{MV mZo JE h& hra amgmo, OMH$me Ama OH$
OgMpH$m Zmo{Q>g m h& BgrH$ma {g hmH$m ndramO amgmo H$moo ^r AY
mm{UH$ mZ {cm Jm h& namc amgmo m AmhmIS> Ho$ yc H$m AmO H$hr nVm Zhr
cJVm Ama Iwgamo H$s nho{cm VWm {dmn{V H$s nXmdcr ^r draJmWmH$ Zhr h& BgHo$
A{V[a$ Bg H$mc | Ho$dc draH$m hr Zhr {cIo Jo A{nVw Ym{H$, lJm[aH$ Ama
cm{H$H$ gm{h H$s ^r aMZmE hB h&
{ggmV H$mc - amhc gmH$mZ Zo Bg H$mc H$m ZmH$aU "{g gmV
H$mc' {H$m h& BZHo$ VmZwgma Bg H$mcIS> Ho$ gmO OrdZ na {gm| H$m Ama amOZr{V
na gmVm| H$m EH$m{YH$ma Wm& Bg wJ Ho$ H${dm| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| | gmVmo H$m emoJmZ
hr wI $n go {H$m h& Bg wJ H$s AV~m d{mmo H$m AZ H$aZo na nVm McVm h
{H$ dhm {gm| Ama gmVm| H$m hr dMd Wm&
7
Bg ZmH$aU go VH$mcrZ gmVr dmVmdaU H$m Vmo nVm McVm h naVw {H$gr
gm{hpH$ d{m H$m CXKmQ>Z Zht hmo nmVm& Bg ZmH$aU go ZmW nWr Ama T> moJr
H${dm| VWm Iwgamo Am{X H$s H$m d{mm| H$m gmdoe Zhr hmo nmVm&
~rOdnZ H$mc - Am. hmdra gmX {doXr Or Zo Bg H$mc H$m ZmH$aU "~rOdnZ
H$mc' {H$m h& naVw h Zm ^r CnwV Zht h& ^mfm H$s {> go h H$mc ^co hr ~rOdnZ
H$m H$mc hmo, naVw gm{hpH$ d{m H$s {> go pW{V Eogr Zhr Wr& Bg Zm go h A^mg
hmooVm h {H$ Cg g gm{hpH$ nd{mm eed | Wr, O~{H$ Eogm Zhr h& gm{h Cg wJ o
^r mT>Vm H$mo m m AV: h Zm C{MV Zhr h&
H$) ghdt eVmXr go Crgdt eVmXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIS> (ar{VH$mc) Ho$
ZmH$aU {dfH$ V^oX -
Am. ewcOr Zo gdV 1700 go coH$a 1900 B. VH$ Ho$ g H$mo Cma
H$mc Zm {Xm h& Bg wJ Ho$ gm{h | ar{V (cjU) JWm| Ho$ coIZ H$s nanam H$mo
XoIVo hwE Bgo "ar{VH$mc' H$hZm VH$gJV mZm h& Bg H$mc Ho$ ZmH$aU H$moo coH$a ^r
{dmZm| | V^oX h-
AcH$VH$mc - {l~Yw
ar{VH$mc - Am. amM ewc
H$cmH$mc - ameH$a ewc "agmc'
lJma H$mc - n. {ddZmW gmX {l
1.4 ~moY Z -
2.1 Co
Bg BH$mB Ho$ AVJV Am{XH$mcrZ {dmWu gm{h H$m {dVV AZ H$a gH|$Jo&
Am{XH$mcrZ H$m | VrZ H$ma H$s gm{h aMZm wI $n g| hB h- Ym{H$ gm{h,
cm{H$H$ gm{h Ama amgmo gm{h Bg BH$mB Ho$ AZ g| {dmWum| H$mo {g gm{h,
ZmW gm{h Ama amgmo gm{h H$s gnyU OmZH$mar {c gHo$Jr Ama {deofVmAm| H$m ^r
{dVV AZ {dmWu H$a gH|$Jo&
2.2 VmdZm
{hXr gm{h Ho$ Ama{^H$ H$mc H$mo Am{XH$mc H$hm OmVm h& {hXr gm{h Ho$
Ama{^H$ g H$s aMZmE gm{h Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ AZ Ho$ {cE AV AmdH$ h& naVw
A{YH$me Am{XH$mcrZ JWm| H$m CncY Z hmoZm, m{UH$Vm | g{XYVm, H$mc{ZYmaU |
gmO Z ~R>Zm Am{X H${R>ZmBm| Ho$ gmW gm{h Ho$ {dmZm|, AmMmm] mam dpWV
YmaUm ~Zm coZm ~hV hr Hw$ecVm H$m H$m h&
{hXr gm{h H$m Am{XH$mc {Ogo draJmWm H$mc, MmaUH$mc, {g gmV wJ,
~rOdnZ H$mc, draH$mc Am{U AZoH$ gkmAm| go {d^w{fV {H$m h, {hXr H$m g~go
{ddmXJV H$mc ahm h& Bg H$mc | EH$ Va$ gH$V Ho$ Eogo ~S>o-~S>o H${d Cn hE
{OZH$s aMZmE gH$V H$m-nanam H$s Ma grm na nhM Jr Wr Vmo Xgar Amoa An^e
Ho$ H${d Cn hE Omo AV gac Ed ghO ^mfm | AV g{j eXm| | AnZo m{H$
^md H$Q> H$a aho Wo& dVwV: Bg H$mc | Ohm EH$ Amoa {g, ZmW Ama OZ gm{h H$m
{ZmU hAm {Ogo Yml m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh y$cVm-$cVm ahm. dhm Xgar Amoa
amOWmZ Ho$ MmaU H${dm| mam M[aV H$m ^r aMo Jo, {Oh| amOml {cZo Ho$ H$maU dh
egm H$m {df ~Zm& naVw Bg H$mc | BZ XmoZm| H$m-YmamAm| go {^ cmoH$ gm{h H$r
^r aMZm hB, dh cmoH$m{lV hmoZo go gwa{jV Z ah gH$m& AZoH$ H$maUm| go h gm{h cw gm
hmo Jm& Cggo BVZm Ad kmV hmoVm h {H$ Am{XH$mc | cmoH$ gm{h ^r cmoH$ M{cV
ahm h& CnwV Am{XH$mcrZ g^r gm{h H$mo d{mmo| Ho$ AmYma na {ZZ n | dJuH$V
12
{H$m Om gH$Vm h -
Am{XH$mcrZ gm{h
(1) {g gm{h -
^maVr gmYZm Ho$ B{Vhmg | 8 dt eVr | {gm| H$s gmm XoIr Om gH$Vr h&
{g nanam H$m O ~m Y H$s Kmoa {dH${V Ho$ $cd$n mZm OmVm h& ~w H$m {ZdmU
483 B. nyd | hAm& CZHo$ {ZdmU Ho$ cJ^J 45 df VH$ ~m Y Ho$ {gmVm| H$m Iy~ Mma
hAm& Bg Y H$s {dO-XX{^ Xoe VWm {dXoem| | ~OVr ahr& ~m Y H$m CX d{XH$
H$H$mS> H$s O{Q>cVm Ed qhgm H$s {V{H$m Ho$ $n | hAm Wm& h Y ghmZw^y{V Ama
gXmMma Ho$ yc Vdm| na AmYm[aV Wm& naVw AmJo McH$a Bg Y Ho$ AZwm{m| | H${Vn
gmpVH$ Ama gmYZmH$ Zm| H$mo coH$a V^oX Ama^ hmo Jm& Bgm H$s W eVmXr o
~m hmmZ VWm {hZmZ Xmo emImAm| | {d^m{OV hmo Jm& hmmZ ~S>o aWm| Ho$ Amamohr Wo
Ama {hZmZr N>moQ>o aWm| Ho$ Amamohr& hmmZ | dhm[aH$Vm H$m mYm ahm O~{H$ hrZmZ
| {gmV nj H$m mYm ahm& BZ| hmmZr cmoH$ {ZdmU Ho$ gWH$ Wo Ama hrZmZr
$sJV gmYZm Ho$ gWH$& hmmZ dmco AnZo aW | CMo-ZrMo, N>moQ>o-~S>o, JhWr-
gmgr g~H$mo ~R>mH$a {ZdmU VH$ nhMmZo H$m Xmdm H$aVo W|& hrZmZ Ho$dc {daV Ama
gm{gm| H$mo Aml XoVm Wm& BZH$m OrdZ gac Wm, {H$Vw hmm{Zm| Zo R>m| Ama {dhmam|
Ho$ {ZmU na Omoa {Xm& CgZo {m| Ed JhWm| Ho$ {cE moj H$m ma Imoc {Xm& Bgr H$maU
A{YH$mA{YH$ cmoJ CgH$s Amoa AmH$> hmoZo cJo& dU Ama gwXar ho moJ go Cg| ^>mMma
H$m doe hmo Jm& OmX-Q>moUm Ama mMma ~T>Zo cJm& mo Ho$ Bg hd Ed Mma Ho$ H$maU
hmmZ mZ ~Z Jm&
gmVdt eVmXr Ho$ Amgnmg mZ> go EH$ A CnmZ {ZH$cm, {Ogo dOmZ m
ghOmZ H$hVo h& H$MZ-H$m{Zr Ho$ moJ go mZ H$s cmoH${Vm ~T> MwH$s Wr Ama Cg|
{^Mma ^r ~T> ahm Wm& Yrao Yrao H$mnaH$ ^mdZmAm| H$mo gmpVH$ Ama Xme{ZH$ $n XoZo
13
H$s Mo>m H$s JB& dOmZ nMH$mam| o ~Y Jm& ,Y, WwZ, mg Ama wm dOmZ Ho$
yc AmYma ~Z Jo& Bg H$ma dOmZ | mZ g~Ym| H$s dN>XVm H$mo ~T>mdm {Xm&
gmO na BgH$m X{fV ^md nS>m& BgVah ~m Y hmmZ, mZ, dOmZ Am{X |
{d^V hmoVm hAm H$e: nVZmowI hmoVm Jm&
Vm| momam {g{ MmhZodmco {g H$hcmo& o {g dOmZr AWdm ghOmZr hr
Wo& dOmZr {gm| Zo AnZo V-Mma Ho$ {cE Omo gm{h {cIm, dh Am{XH$mcrZ {g-
gm{h H$hcmVm h& {gm| H$s gm 84 mZr OmVr h {OZ| go 23 {gm| H$s aMZmE
CncY hmoVr h& oH$ {g Ho$ Zm Ho$ nrN>o "m' eX IS>m hAm h& gahm {hXr Ho$ W
{g mZo OmVo h& CZH$m "XohmH$moe' JW {dmV h& BZHo$ Acmdm e~am, cwP, S>mo{~,
H$i, Hw$Hw$[anm, wS>[a,em{Vnm Ama dmUmnm Am{X {g H${dm| o ^r Am{XH$mcrZ {g
gm{h H$mo g ~ZmZo | AnZm moJXmZ {Xm h&
BZ {gm| Zo JhW OrdZ na ~c {Xm& BgHo$ {cE r H$m godZ, ggma n {df go
~MZo Ho$ {cE Wm& OrdZ Ho$ dm^m{dH$ ^moJm| | d{m Ho$ H$maU {g gm{h | ^moJ o
{ZdmU H$s ^mdZm {cVr h& OrdZ H$s dm^m{dH$ d{mm| | {ddmg Ho$ H$maU BZ {gm|
H$m {gmV nj ghO mJ H$hcmm&
{g m: A{e{jV Ama hrZ Om{V go g~Y aIVo Wo, AV: CZH$s gmYZm H$s
gmYZ^yV wm| H$mnmcr, S>mo~r Am{X Zm{H$m| ^r {ZZ Om{V H$s Wr m{H$ BZHo$ {cE o
gwc^ Wr& Chm|Zo Y Ama Amm H$s AmS> | OZ-OrdZ Ho$ gmW {dS>~Zm H$aVo Zmar
H$m Cn^moJ {H$m& CZHo$ H$c Ama H${ce mo{Z Ama {eZ Ho$ VrH$ m h& {gm| Zo gac
m ghO OrdZ na Omoa {Xm h& gV ~m AZw>mZm| Ed fQ>XeZ H$m {damoY {H$m h, Jw$-
H$nm H$s H$mZm H$s h, nwVH$s kmZ go ~ gmjmH$ma | gXoh $ {H$m h& eara H$mo
gV gmYZmAm| H$m Ho$ VWm n{d VrW ~Vmm h, Amm-namm H$s EH$Vm | {ddmg
$ {H$m h, gma ^md VWm hmgwI H$s MMm H$s h Ama nmn-nw XmoZm| H$mo ~YZ H$m
H$maU ~Vmm h& {g gm{h H$m ymH$Z H$aVo hE S>m. amHw$ma dm {cIVo h- ""{g
gm{h H$m hd Bg ~mV | ~hV A{YH$ h {H$ Cggo hmao gm{h Ho$ Am{X$n H$s gmJr
mm{UH$ T>J go m hmoVr h& MmaUH$mcrZ gm{h Vmo Ho$dc m VH$mcrZ amOZr{VH$
OrdZ H$s {VN>mm h& h {g gm{h eVmpXmo go AmZodmcr Ym{H$ Ama gmH${VH$
{dMmaYmam H$m n> n h& gjon | Omo OZVm Zaoem| H$s doN>mMm[aVm namO m nVZ go
V hmoH$a {ZamemdmX Ho$ JV | {Jar hwB Wr, CgHo$ {cE BZ {gmo| H$s dmUr Zo gOrdZr H$m
H$m {H$m&''
{g gm{h AnZr d{m Ama ^md Ho$ H$maU {hXr gm{h | {deof hd
aIVm h& BZ {gm|Zo AnZo gXm Ho$ {gmVmo H$m {XXeZ H$aZodmco gmYZmnaH$ gm{h
H$m {ZmU {H$m& {g-gm{h H$s gmm d{mm BgH$ma h -
14
1) OrdZ H$s ghOVm Ama dm^m{dH$Vm o T> {ddmg -
{g H$[dm| Zo OrdZ H$s ghOVm Ama dm^m{dH$Vm | T>{ddmg V
{H$m h& A Y Ho$ AZwm{m| Zo OrdZ na H$B {V~Y cJmH$a OrdZ H$mo H${ ~Zmm
Wm& {deofH$a H$ZH$ H$m{Zr H$mo gmYZm mJ H$s ~mYmE mZr Wr& {d{^ H$H$mS>m| go
gmYZm mJ H$mo ^r H${ ~Zmm Wm& {gm| Zo BZ g^r H${VmAm| H$m {damoY H$a OrdZ H$s
ghOVm Ama dm^m{dH$Vm na ~c {Xm& CZHo$ VmZwgma ghO gwI go hr hmgwI H$s m{
hmoVr h& Bg{cE {gm| Zo ghO mJ H$m Mma {H$m& ghO mJ Ho$ AZwgma oH$ Zmar km
Ama oH$ Za H$$Um (Cnm) H$m VrH$ h, Bg{cE Za-Zmar {cZ km Ama H$$Um
{Zd{m Ama d{m H$m {cZ h, XmoZm| H$mo A^oXVm hr "hmgwI' H$s pW{V h&
5) ahmH$ AZw^y{V -
{gm| Zoo km Ama Cnm (H$$Um) Ho$ {cZmonamV m hmgwI H$m dUZ
Ama {ddoMZ AZoH$ nH$m| Ho$ m go {H$m h& ZmH$m, drUm, Myhm, [haU Am{X $nH$m| H$m
moJ Bhm|Zo ahmZw^y{V H$s mm Ho$ [cE [H$m h& a{d, e{e, H$c, Hw${ce, mU,
AdYyV Am{X Vm{H$ eXm| H$m mooJ ^r Bgr mm Ho$ {cE hAm h& S>m. Ydra ^maVr Zo
AnZo emoY JW "{g gm{h' | {gm| H$s eXmdcr H$s Xme{ZH$ mm H$a CgHo$
AmmpH$ nj H$mo n> {H$m h&
8) N>X moJ -
{gm| H$s A{YH$me aMZm Mm JrVmo | hB h, VWm{n Bgo Xmohm, MmnmB Ogo
cmoH${ N>X ^r wV hE h& {gm| Ho$ {cE Xmohm ~hV hr { N>X ahm h& CZH$s aMZmAmo
o H$ht H$ht gmoaR>m Ama N>n H$m ^r moJ nmm OmVm h&
3) Jw$ {hm -
ZmW gXm | Jw$ H$m WmZ gdm}n[a mZm h& Bg{cE Jw$-{e nanam
H$mo ZmW gXm | Am{YH$ hd {Xm OmVm h& CZH$s mVm h {H$ dam^md H$m
T>rH$aU Ama {{dY gmYZm Jw$ kmZ go hr g^d hmo nmVr h& JmoaIZmW Zo H$hm h {H$ Jw$ hr
Amm~ go AdJV H$amVo h& Jw$ go m kmZ Ho$ H$me | VrZm| cmoH$ H$m ah H$Q> hmo
gH$Vm h&
18
4) CcQ>dm[gm -
ZmWm| H$s gmYZm H$m H$ Bp {ZJh Ho$ ~mX mU gmYZm VWm CgHo$
nMmV Z:gmYZm h& Z:gmYZm go Vmn h Z H$mo ggma Ho$ ItM H$a AV:H$aU H$s
Amoa CwI H$a XoZm& Z H$s dm^m{dH$ J{V h ~mhar OJV H$s Amoa ahZm Cgo ncQ>H$a
AVa OJV H$s Amoa H$aZodmcr Bg {H$m H$mo CcQ>dmgr H$hVo h& ZmWm| Zo CcQ>dm{gm| H$m
moJ AnZr gmYZm H$s A{^pV Ho$ {cE {H$m h& CcQ>dm{gm H$ht-H$ht pc> O$a
h, co{H$Z AX^yV ag go AmoV-moV h&
Am{XH$mc H$s CncY gmJr | g~go A{YH$ JWmo H$s gm OZ JWm| H$s h& OZ
Y Ho$ dVH$ hmdra dmr h& BZH$m g N>R>r eVmXr mZm OmVm h& ~mm| H$s Vah
Bhm|Zo ^r ggma Ho$ X:Imo H$s Amoa ~hV mZ {Xm& gwI-X:I Ho$ ~YZm| na Bhm|Zo OrV
nmB {Oggo o "{O' H$hcmo& {O eX go hr OZ eX H$s Cn{m hB h& Bhm|Zo 30 df
VH$ AnZo CnXoe {Xo& hmdra OZ Zo Aqhgm na A{YH$ ~c {Xm Ama Xod nyOm H$m {damoY
{H$m& OZ Y Ho$ yc {gmV Mma ~mVm| na AmYm[aV h - Aqhgm, g ^mfU , AVo
Ama AZmg{$& ~mX | ~mM ^r Bg| gm{c H$a {cm Jm& Bg Y | ~hV go AmMm
Ama VrWH$ma hE. {OZH$s gm 24 mZr OmVr h& Bhm|Zo Bg Y H$mo $cmZo H$m mg
{H$m& AmJo McH$a OZ Y Xmo emImAm| {XJ~a Ama doVm~a | ~Q> Jm& OZ Y H$s BZ Xmo
emImAm| Zo Y gma Ho$ {cE Omo gm{h {cIm dh OZ gm{h Ho$ Zm go OmZm OmVm h&
{XJ~a OZ gmYwAm| Ama H${dm| H$m jo X{jU ^maV Ama Xoe ahm h Ama doVm~a
OZ gmYwAm| VWm H${dm| H$m jo A{YH$Va amOWmZ Ama JwOamV ahm h&
BZ OZ w{Zm| mam An^e | {c{IV OZ gm{h Ym{H$ X{> go hr Zhr gm{hpH$
Ama ^mfm dkm{ZH$ X{> go ^r ~S>m hd aIVm h& hmdra dmr H$m OZ Y {hX Y Ho$
A{YH$ grn h& OZm| Ho$ hm ^r namm h naVw dh g{> H$m {ZmH$ Z hmoH$a {Mm Ama
AmZX H$m moV h& CgH$m ggma go H$moB g~Y Zht& oH$ Zw AnZr gmYZm Ama
nm$f go namm ~Z gH$Vm h& Cgo namm go {cZo H$s H$moB AmdH$Vm Zht& Bhm|Zo
OrdZ Ho$ {V lm OJmB Ama Cg| AmMma H$s gwXT> {^{V H$s WmnZm H$s& Aqhgm,
H$Um, Xm Ama mJ H$m OrdZ | hdnyU WmZ ~Vmm& mJ Bpm| Ho$ AZwemgZ |
Zhr H$> ghZo | h& Chm|Zo Cndmg VWm dVm{X H$ na AmYm[aV gmYZm na A{YH$ ~c
{Xm Ama H$H$mS> H$s O{Q>cVm H$mo hQ>mH$a ~mU VWm ey XmoZm| H$mo w{$ H$m gmZ ^mJr
R>hamm& OZ H${dm| Zo OZgmm VH$ gXmMma Ho$ {gmVmo H$mo nhMmZo Ho$ {cE M[aV
H$m, H$WmH$ H$m, amg, JW, CnXoe YmZ AmmpH$ JWm| H$s aMZm H$s& H$WmAm|
Ho$ m go ecmH$m nw$fm| Ho$ AmXe M[a H$mo VwV H$aZm, OZgmYmaU H$m Ym{H$ Ed
Mm[a{H$ {dH$mg H$aZm, gXmMma, Aqhgm, g Am{X JwUm| H$s hmm ~VmZm Ama Ch|
OrdZ | YmaU H$aZo Ho$ {cE o[aV H$aZm H${dmo| H$m w Co Wm&
OZ H${dm| Zo AmMma, amg, nme, M[aV Am{X {d{^ e{cm| | gm{h {cIm h,
co{H$Z OZ gm{h H$m g~go A{YH$ cmooH${ n "amg' JW mZo OmVo h& h amg JW
draJmWm amgmo go AcJ h& amg EH$ Vah go JonH$ h& OZ {Xam| | lmdH$ cmoJ amr Ho$
g Vmc XoH$a amg H$m JmZ H$aVo Wo& Bg amg | OZ VrWH$mam| Ho$ OrdZM[aV, dUd
AdVmam| H$s H$WmE VWm OZ AmXem] H$m {VnmXZ hAm H$aVm Wm& AmJo McH$a "amg H$m'
EH$ Eogo H$m n Ho$ n | {ZpMV hmo Jm Omo Jo hmo& {hXr | Bg nanam H$m dVZ OZ
gmYw em{c^ gy[a mam {c{IV ""^aVoda ~mh~cr amg'' go mZm OmVm h&
OZ H${dm| Zo ammU Ama hm^maV Ho$ H$WmZH$m| Ama H$WmZmH$m| H$mo AnZo {ddmg
Ama mVmAm| Ho$ gmMo | T>mcH$a VwV [H$m h& Bhmoo|Zo nmam{UH$ nwfm| Ho$ A{V[a$ AnZo
20
gXm Ho$ hmnwfm| Ho$ OrdZ H$mo ^r H$m~ {H$m& BgHo$ gmW-gmW M{cV
cmooH$H$WmAm| H$mo ^r H$mmH$ l {Xm& w{Z amqgh (nmhS> Xmohm) Ama mo{JX
(namm H$me) Am{X H${dm| Zo ahmH$ H$mm| H$s ^r aMZm H$s& OZ An^e gm{h
H$s aMZm H$aZodmco VrZ {g H${d h - d^y nwnXV Ama YZnmc& Bhm|Zo CH$>
H$mmo| H$s aMZm H$s& BZHo$ A{V[a$ XodgoZ, {OZXm gw[a, hoM, h[a^ gy[a, gmo^y
gy[a, Agam H${d, {OZ Y gy[a, {dnZM gy[a Am{X Bg gXm Ho$ m{V aMZmH$ma
mZo OmVo h&
hmH${d d^y An^e Ho$ gdlo> H${d h& BZH$m g AmR>dt eVr mZm OmVm h&
BZHo$ mam a{MV Mma H${Vm mZr OmVr h& nXM[a (nXM[aV) m amM[aV),
[aQ>Uo{M[aV (A[a>Zo{M[aV AWdm h[adenwamU), nMmoM[aV (ZmJHw$ma M[aV) Ama
d^y N>X& BZH$s H$s{V H$m AYmaV^ nXM[aV' h& Bg| am H$Wm h& Bg JW Ho$
H$maU d^y H$mo An^e H$m dmrH$s H$hm OmVm h& d^y Zo AnZr amH$Wm H$mo nmM
IS>mo | aIm h Omo dmr{H$ ammU Ho$ H$mS>mo go {cVm h& Bhm|Zo ~mcH$mS> H$m Zm
{dmYa H$mS> aIm h Ama Aa VWm {H${H$Ym H$mS> H$mo EH$X hQ>m {Xm h& OZ Y
H$s {V>m Ho$ {cE Chm|Zo am-H$Wm | -V n[adVZ H$a {XE h VWm Hw$N> ZE gJ ^r
OmoS> {XE h& d^y Ho$ am dmr{H$ Ho$ am H$s Vah AnZr gnyU mZdr Xw~cVmAm| Ama
mZdr epV Ho$ {V{Z{Y ~ZH$a AmVo h& Zmar Ho$ {V nw$f m H$m X{>H$mooU m Wm, h
grVm Ho$ "Arnarjm' dmco gJ | am Ama grVm Ho$ H$WZmo go H$Q> hmoVm h& grVm Ho$ M[a
H$mo CXmaVm {XImZo | H${d Zo H$mc H$a {Xm h & H${d Zo amH$Wm H$m AV emV ag go {H$m
h VWm am grVm OZH$ Am{X g^r nmm| H$mo OZ Y | Xrjm coVo hE {XImm h&
"A[a>Zo{M[aV' (h[adenwamU) | OZ nanam Ho$ ~mBgd| VrWH$ma A[a>Zo{ VWm H$U
Ama H$mad. nmS>dm| H$s H$Wm d{UV h& Bg| H${d Zo mnXr Ho$ M[a H$mo EH$X {ZIma {Xm
h& Zmar M[am| Ho$ {V H${d H$s AmVrH$ ghmZw^y{V nQ> gmZo AmVr h&
An^e gm{h H$mo OZ gm{h H$hm OmVm h, m|{H$ An^e gm{h Ho$
aM{Vm OZ AmMm Wo& OZ H${dmo| H$s aMZmAm| | Y Ama gm{h H$m {UH$mMZ moJ
{XImB XoVm h& OZ H${d O~ gm{h {ZmU | OwQ> OmVm h Vmo Cg g CgH$s aMZm gag
H$m H$m $n YmaU H$a coVr h Ama O~ dh Ym}nXoe H$s Amoa PwH$ OmVm h Vmo dh n ~
Y CnXoemH$ aMZm ~Z OmVr h& Bg CnXoe YmZ gm{h | ^r ^maVr OZOrdZ Ho$
gmm{OH$ Ama gmH${VH$ nj Ho$ XeZ hmooVo h& Bg gm{h H$s gmm {deofVmE BgH$ma
h -
2) {df H$s {d{dYVm - OZ gm{h Ym{H$ gm{h hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX gmm{OH$,
Ym{H$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dfm| Ho$ gmW hr cmoH$-AmmZ H$s H$B H$WmAm| H$mo AnZmVm h&
ammU, hm^maV g~Yr H$WmAm| H$moo ^r OZ H${dm| Zo Am{YH$ XjVm Ho$ gmW
AnZmm h& Ohm VH$ gmm{OH$ {dfm| H$m g~Y h, OZ aMZmAm| | cJ^J g^r H$ma Ho$
{dfmo H$m gmdoe hmo Jm h&
3) VH$mcrZ pW{Vm| H$m WmW {MU - OZ H${d amOm{lV Zht Wo, AV:
amOml H$m X~md Ama Xa~mar A{VaOZm go BZH$s aMZmE w$ h& hr H$maU h {H$ BZH$s
aMZmAm| | VH$mcrZ pW{Vm| H$m WmW AH$Z hAm h& Am{XH$mcrZ AmMma-{dMma,
gmO, Y, amOZr{V Am{X H$s ghr pW{Vm| H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {cE h aMZmE nm $n |
ghmH$ {g hmoVr h&
8) emV m {Zd}X ag H$m mYm - OZ gm{h | H$U, dra, lJma, emV Am{X
g^r agm| H$m g$c {Zdmh hAm h& "Zo{MX MCnB' | H$U, "^aVoda ~mh~cr amg' |
dra VWm "lrWy{c^ $mJw | lJma Bg H$s g$c {Zn{m nmr OmVr h, {H$Vw BZ g^r
H${Vm| Ho$ AV | emV m {Zd}X g^r agmo na hmdr hmo OmVm h& Bgr{cE h H$hZm AgJV
Zht hmoJm {H$ OZ gm{h | agamO emV m {Zd}X h&
9) o Ho$ {d{dY nm| H$m {MU - OZ An^e gm{h | o Ho$ nmM $n {cVo
h- {ddmh Ho$ {cE o, {ddmh Ho$ ~mX o, Agmm{OH$ o, amompQ>H$ o Ama {df o&
W H$ma Ho$ o H$m {MU "H$aH$Sw>M[aC' | hAm h& Xgao H$ma Ho$ o H$m CXmhaU
"nCm{g[aM[aC>' | gw Ama nXlr Ho$ onydH$ {ddmh | {cVm h& "OhgaM[aC>' |
amZr AVr H$m Hw$~S>o go Omo o Wm, dh Agmm{OH$ H$s H$mo{Q> | AmVm h& o H$s
{dfVm H$m dcV CXmhaU "nCM[aC' | amdU H$m o h, qH$Vw amompQ>H$ o H$m hr
Bg gm{h | A{YH$ w$Q>V hAm h& BgHo$ Xmo H$maU h - W, gmVdmXr Bg wJ |
~hnZr Wm Wr, Xgam, Y H$s {hm ~VmZo Ho$ {cE&
1 0) JrV Vd H$s YmZVm - OZ H$[dm| H$s aMZmE ecr, d$n Ama c H$s
{> go JrV H$m Ho$ A{YH$ {ZH$Q> h& h dm^m{dH$ ^r h, mo|{H$ JoVm Bg wJ H$s wI
{deofVm Wr& OZ H${dm| mam wV N>Xm| | c Ama JoVm H$m mZ aIm Jm h&
JcmMaU Ho$ A{V[aV Vw{V Ama dXZm Bg H$m H$m AmdH$ AJ h& N>Xm| | gJrV H$m
nwQ> nwnXV Ama d^y Zo {Xm h& H$S>dH$ Ho$ N>Xmo H$s J{V H$e: gJrV Ho$ da Ama
dmmo| Ho$ c na hr McVr h&
13) cmoH$^mfm H$s {V>m - OZ gmYw Jm, ZJa-ZJa KyH$a Y-Mma H$aVo Wo,
Bgr{cE Chm|Zo AnZr A{^pV Ho$ {cE cmoH$^mfm H$m moJ {H$m Ama Cgo {V>m XmZ
H$s&
24
Am{XH$mcrZ cm{H$H$ gm{h
T>mocm m$ am Xhm -
amOWmZ | OZ-OZ H$m H$>hma ""T>mocm m$ am Xhm'' h {Og| H$N>dmhm
de Ho$ amOm Zc Ho$ nw T>mocm Ama nyJc Ho$ amOm qnJc H$s $ndVr H$m madmS>r H$s
oH$Wm h& {n yc H$Wm H$m g~Y Eo{Vhm{gH$ pVm| go h, {H$Vw amOWmZ Ho$ cmoH$
OrdZ go OwS>Zo Ho$ H$maU h H$m H${V npMr amOWmZ | A{V cmoH${ h& h EH$
cmoH$JmWm H$m h Omo amOWmZ | AV {g h& amOWmZ | T>mocm Ama madUr H$mo
o Ho$ {VH$ Ho$ $n | aU {H$m OmVm h& ""gXoe amgH$'' Ed ""~rgcXod amgmo'' H$s
^m{V h ^r EH$ {dahH$m h {OgH$m H$Wmgma BgH$ma h- ~MnZ | hr T>mocm Ama
madUr H$m {ddmh hmo OmVm h& wdm hmoZo na madUr AnZo ~MnZ Ho$ n{V T>mocm H$s MMm
gwZVr h Vmo CgHo$ {dah | mHw$c hmo OmVr h& dh AnZo n{V H$m nVm cJmZo Ho$ {cE H$B
gXoedmhH$ ^oOVr h co{H$Z H$moB cmQ>H$a Zht AmVm& g^r gXoe dmhH$m| H$mo madUr H$s gmV
mcdUr adm XoVr h Ama T>mocm VH$ gXoe nhMZo Zht XoVr& AV | madUr cmoH$JrV Ho$
JmH$ T>mT>r H$mo gXoe XoH$a ^oOVr h& dh T>mocm VH$ nhMZo | g$c hmo OmVr h& T>mT>r Ho$
Z go T>mocm Ama madUr H$m nwZ{cZ hmoVm h&
""T>mocm m$ am Xhm"" | nanamJV ~mahmgm H$m dUZ Zht {cVm& Bg|
Ho$dc nmdg F$Vw H$m dUZ h Ama dh ^r {dVma go& ""T>mocm m$ am Xhm'' | madmS> H$m
dmV{dH$ OrdZ {V{~p~V hmo CR>m h& Bg| amOWmZr OZOrdZ, H${V, gmO,
dmVmdaU, cmoH$mMma Ed cmoH${ddmgm| H$m Ogm gag gOrd Ama dm^m{dH$ {M C^am h,
dgm A Xcj h& ecr H$s {> go ""T>mocm m$ am Xhm'' cmoH$JrV H$s loUr | AmVm h&
1) ~rgcXod amgmo -
{hXr Ho$ Am{XH$mc H$s Bg lo> aMZm Ho$ aMZmH$ma Za n[V Zmh h& h EH$
o H$m h, {Og| gmoJ-{dmoJ Ho$ JrV Jmo JE h& Bg H${V | AOoa Ho$ MmhmZ amOm
{dJhamO (~rgcXod) VWm ^moO nama H$s nwr amOVr Ho$ {ddmh, {dmoJ Ed nwZ{cZ H$s
H$Wm gac Ed gag ecr | VwV H$s JB h& amOm ~rgcXod AnZr Zd{ddm{hVm amZr
25
amOVr Ho$ ~mUm| go $> hmoH$a C{S>gm am Mcm OmVm h VWm ~mah df VH$ cmQ>H$a
Zht AmVm& n{V Ho$ {dmoJ go AV X:{IV amZr EH$ n{S>V mam AnZo n{V ~rgcXod H$mo
gXoe ^oOVr h& AV | ~rgcXod Ho$ cmQ> AmZo na XmoZm| H$m nwZ{cZ hmo OmVm h& gnyU
H$Wm 120 N>Xmo Ama Mma IS>m| | {d^$ h&
~rgcXod amgmo | lJma ag Ho$ gmoJ Ama {dmoJ XmoZm| njm| H$m ~S>m hr
gwXa Ed XJmhr dUZ H${d Zo VwV {H$m h& o{fVn{VH$m H$s {dah OZm ~S>r m{H$
~Z JB h& ~mahmgm dUZ Ho$ AVJV H${V H$m {MU ~T>m hr gOrd ~Z Jm h& {dah
H$m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~rgcXod amgmo | gmoJ Ho$ gcVm nyU {Mmm| H$m m: A^md h& Bg
H$m H$s Zm{H$m amOVr H$s Amm {dmo{hUrZ A{^mZr Ama O~mZ Ia h& CZH$m
M[a ~S>m hr gOrd VWm {dcjU ~Z nS>m h& ""wJ Ho$ gyMo {hXr gm{h | O~mZ H$s
BVZr VoO Ama Z H$s BVZr Iar Zm{H$m Zht XrI nS>Vr h& ""A{^pV H$s VmOJr Ama
^mJm| H$s VrdVm Ho$ H$maU h aMZm cmoH$mZg | AnZm Ajw^ WmZ ~ZmE hB h&
2) ~gV {dcmg -
S>m. mVmgmX Jw Zo {d{^ mU XoH$a ""~gV {dcmg'' H$m aMZm-H$mc
13 dr 14dr eVr Ho$ H$m mZm h& Bg H${V Ho$ aM{Vm H$m nVm Zht Mc nmm h& ""h
EH$ A{YH$ gag gm{hpH$ H${V h Ama AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr Am-^mfm-gm{h Ho$
Am{XH$mc Ho$ B{Vhmg | ~oOmoS> h&'' Bg aMZm | Mmamgr Xmoohm| | ~gV F$Vw Ama {m| na
CgHo$ {dcmgnyU ^md H$m Zmohmar dUZ hAm h& Bg H$m | H${V Ama Zmar XmoZm| H$m
Xmom $n lJma ag H$s Vrd Ymam dm{hV H$aVm h& S>m. amJmonmc em "{XZoe' Ho$ eXm|
|- "r-nw$f-H${V-VrZm| | AO ~hVr XmomVm H$m Bg H$m | Ogm dUZ
{cVm h, dgm ar{VH$mcrZ {hXr H${d ^r Zht H$a gHo$& BgH$s ^mfm gag ~O^mfm h
{OgH$m {dH$mg nadVu ^{$H$mcrZ H$UH$m | Ama ar{VH$m | {XImB XoVm h&''
3) amS>cdoc -
dh J-n {{lV Mny-H$m H$s mMrZV {hXr H${V h& BgH$m
aM{Vm amoT>m ZmH$ H${d mZm OmVm h& {dmZm| Zo BgH$m aMZm-H$mc Xgdt eVmXr mZm
h& BgH$s aMZm ""amCc'' Zm{H$m Ho$ ZI{eI dUZ Ho$ gJ | hB h& Ama^ | H${d Zo
amCc Ho$ gmX H$m dUZ n | {H$m h Ama {$a J H$m moJ {H$m Jm h& Bg H${V go hr
{hXr | ZI{eI dUZ nanam Ama^ hmoVr h& BgH$s ^mfm | {hXr H$s gmV ~mo{cm| Ho$
eX {cVo h, {OZ| amOWmZr YmZ h& H${d Zo {df dUZ ~S>r VVm go {H$m h&
Zm{H$m amCc H$m lJma AmH$fU go ^am hAm h& dh ghO $n | {OVZr gwXa h CVZr hr
ghO-gwXa CgH$s gmm ^r h& Bg gmX Ho$ AZwHy$c hr CgH$s ^md-Xem ^r h&
3) C{$-{$ H$aU -
Bg JW H$s aMZm XmmoXa em Zo H$s h& 12 dt eVmXr H$m h EH$
hdnyU ""mH$aU JW'' mZm OmVm h, Bg| ~Zmag Ama Amgnmg Ho$ Xoem| H$r
VH$mcrZ gH${V Ama ^mfm Am{X na nm H$me S>mcm Jm h& BgH$s ^mfm Ho$ AZ
26
go VH$mcrZ J Ama n XmoZmo| e{cm| H$s {hXr ^mfm | Vg nXmdcr Ho$ moJ H$s ~T>Vr
hB d{m H$m nVm McVm h& AV: {hXr ^mfm Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ AZ | h JW AV
ghmH$ {g hAm h&
4) dUaZmH$a -
{Wcr {hXr | a{MV J H$m h EH$ hdnyU JW h& BgH$m coIH$
mo{VeoIa R>mHw$a ZmH$ {Wc H${d Wm& S>m. hOmargmX {doXr Ho$ VmZwgma BgH$s aMZm
MmXhdr eVmXr | hB hmoJr& h EH$ eXH$moeZwm JW h, naVw gmX Jm{hUr {V^m ^r
Cg| {Z{hV h& CgH$s ^mfm | H${dd, AcH$m[aH$Vm, VWm eXm| H$s VgVm H$s d{mm
{cVr h& {hXr J Ho$ {dH$mg | "amS>cdoc' Ho$ nMmV ""dUaZmH$a'' H$m moJXmZ ^r H$
Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm&
1) dmV:gwIm gOZ -
Am{XH$mc H$m cm{H$H$ gm{h Z Vmo amgmo gm{h Ho$ gmZ amOmAm|,
gmVm| H$s draVm H$m dUZ H$aZo Ho$ {cE {cIm Jm h, Z Ym{H$ gm{h Ho$ gmZ {H$gr
{d{e> Y-V Ho$ Mma Ho$ {cE {cIm Jm h& h H${d Ho$ ^mdm| H$m ghO A{dH$ma h& Mmho
dh amoS>m H${d H$m "amCcdoc' hmo m {dmn{V Ogo amO{lV H${d H$m nXmdcr gm{h hmo m
"T>mocm mam am Xhm', "~gV [dcmg' Ogo JwZm H$[dm| H$m gm{h hmo BgH$s A{^pV
na H$moB ~m-moOZ H$m ~mooP Zhr h& h gm{h BZ H${dm| H$m ImV:gwIm gOZ h&
5) H${V {MU -
Am{XH$mcrZ cm{H$H$ gm{h | H${V H$m {MU Amc~Z Ama CrnZ
XmoZm| $nm| | nm mm | nmm OmVm h& lJma Ama H${V H$m [aVm AQy>Q> h& "~rgcXod
amgmo' | ~mah mgm| VWm F$VwAm| Ho$ mH${VH$ {M gmoJ Ama {dmoJ | CrnZ H$m H$m
H$aVo h& {dah H$s {d{^ XemAm| Ho$ dUZ | {~O{cm, ~mXc {{d{hV Zm{H$m H$s {dmoJ
Xem Ho$ dUZ | Mma MmX cJm XoVo h& "~gV {dcmg' | H${V Ama Zmar XmoZm| H$m Xmom
29
d$n lJma ag H$s Vrd Ymam dm{hV H$aVm h&
6) JoVm Ed gJrVmH$Vm -
^md-dUVm d Jo hmoVr h& Bgr{cE Bg Ymam H$s cJ^J g^r aMZmAm|
| JoVm Ama gJrVmH$Vm nmr OmVr h& Zmar Ho$ ghO lJma go coH$a CgHo$ mZ{gH$
gmX VH$ nhMZo H$s d{m Am{XH$mcrZ cm{H$H$ gm{h | w${Q>V hB h& ZI-{eI
dUZ, {dah Ho$ {d{^ $n, {da{hUr Zm{H$m mam {V Ho$ nmg gXoe ofU o cm{H$H$
gm{h Ho$ {d{^ Amm h& BgrH$maU JoVm Ama gJrVmH$Vm H$m gmdoe Bg gm{h
| hAm h&
amgmo H$m`
1. Iw_mU amgmo :-
amgmo H$m` nanam H$s map^H$ aMZmAmo _| 'Iw_mUamgmo' H$m WmZ
gdm}n[a h& BgH$m gdW_ CboI {edqgh g|Ja H$s H${V '{edqgh gamoO' _| {_bVm h&
BgHo$ aM{`Vm Xbn{V {dO` h& Am. am_M ewb BgH$mo Zdt eVmXr (gZ 812 B.) H$s
aMZm _mZVo h& Bg_| amOWmZ Ho$ {MVmS>-Zaoe Iw_U (Iw_mU) {Vr` Ho$ `wXm| H$m
gOrd dUZ {H$`m J`m h& Bg JW ^r m_m{UH$ hV{b{IV {V nyZm-gJhmb` _|
gya{jV h& Iw_mU amgmo 'nmM hOma N>Xmo H$m EH$ {demb JW h& Bg_| g_H$mbrZ amOmAmo
Ho$ Amngr {ddmXm| Ho$ ~mX hE EH$Vm Ho$ gmW A~m{g`m de Amb_m_y Ibr\$m Ama Iw_mU Ho$
gmW hE `wX H$m {MU {_bVm h& Bg H${V H$m _wI {Vnm amOm Iw_mU H$m M[amH$Z
H$aZm h CZHo$ M[a Ho$ Xmo WmZ {~Xw h-EH$ `wX Ama Xygam o_& Iw_mU Ho$ o_ H$mo
XemZo Ho$ {bE hr H${VH$ma Zo {ddmh, Zm{`H$m ^oX, fQ>F$VwdUZ H$m {dVV dUZ {H$`m h Omo
a_Ur` h& A` amgmo JWm| Ho$ g_mZ Bg_| ^r lJma Ama dra -XmoZm| ag YmZ aho h& Bg_|
Xmohm, gd`m, H${dm Am{X {d{dY N>Xm| H$m gwMmI `moJ hAm h& BgH$s ^mfm amOWmZr
{hXr ahr h H$m` gmX ^mfmebr H$s {>g| h EH$ gab Ama g$b H$m _mZm OmVm
h& BgH$s gag,gab ^mfm ebr H$m CXmhaU >` h -
'' {nC {MVmS> Z Am{dD$, gmdU nhbr VrO&
Omod dmQ> {dahrUr, {IU {IU AUd IrO&&
gXogmo {nC gm{h~m, nmN>mo {\$[a` Z Xoh&
nN>r Km`m qnOa|, Ny>Q>U amo gXoh&&''
2. na_mb amgmo :-
amgmo H$m` nanam H$s _wI H${V Ho$ n _| 'na_mb amgmo' H$m Zm_ ^r
{b`m OmVm h& Bgo 'AmhmIS>' ^r H$hVo h& Am. am_M ewb Zo Bgo '~boS>' VWm S>m.
am_Hw$_ma d_m Zo Bgo 'draJmWm' H$m` H$hm h& Hw$N> {dmZ Bgo '{dH$gZerb bmoH$
_hmH$m`' _mZVo h& BgH$s OZVm _| A`{YH$ bmoH${`Vm H$mo XoI S>m. {J`gZ Zo Bgo
dV_mZ `wJ H$m gdm{YH$ bmoH${` _hmH$m` _mZm Wm& A^r VH$ BgH$s m_m{UH$ {V
CnbY Zht hB h& BgHo$ aM{`Vm OJ{ZH$ h, Omo _hmo~m Ho$ Zaoe na_{X Xod do Am{lV Wo&
aMZmH$ma Zo Bg H$m` _| _hmo~m Xoe Ho$ Xmo bmoH$-{gX dram|- Amhm Ama D$Xb Ho$ dra
M[a H$mo `WmW T>J go VwV {H$`m h& BZHo$ mam {H$`o J`o {d{^Z `wXm| H$m ~S>r CmoOH$
^mfm _| dUZ Bg JW H$s {deofVm h& Bg _| Amhm N>X (dra N>X) H$m `moJ hAm h&
BgH$s ^mfm ~gdmS>r h& `h H$m` {e{jV g_mO H$s Anojm A{e{jV `m AX-{e{jV
g_mO _| hr A{YH$ bmoH${` ahm h& `h gXd Jm`H$m| H$s nanam mam hr {dH${gV hmoVm ahm
h& `h EH$ Jo`-H$m` h& BgH$s _yb oaUm d`{VH$ dra ^mdZm, dm{^_mZ, XX Ama
32
gmhgnyU ^mdm| H$m dUZ H$aZo H$s ahr h-
''~mah ~[ag h Hy$Hw$a {OE, Am Voah b {OE {g`ma&
~[ag AR>mah N>r {OE, AmJo OrdZ H$mo {YH$ma&&''
gXm Va`m Z ~Z \y$b, _mamo gXm Z gmdZ hmo`&
dJ _S>`m g~ H$mSy> H$mo, `mamo gXm Z Ord H$mo`&&''
3. h_ra amgmo :-
'h_ra amgmo' A^r VH$ EH$ dV H${V Ho$ n _| CnbY Zht hmo gH$m
h& An^e Ho$ 'mH$V nJb_' Zm_H$ EH$ gJh-JW _| gJhrV h_ra {df`H$ 8 N>Xm| H$mo
XoI Am. ewbOr Zo Bgo EH$ dV JW _mZ {b`m Wm& M{bV YmaUm Ho$ AZwgma Bg H${V
Ho$ aM{`Vm emS>J:Ya _mZo OmVo h& naVw Hw$N> nXm| _| 'OOb ^Uh' dm`me XoI n. amhb
mmH$`m`Z Zo Bg_| OOb Zm_H$ {H$gr H${d H$s aMZm _mZm h& Am. hOmargmX {doXr
H$m H$hZm h {H$ 'mH$V nJb_' H$s Q>rH$m _| ^r Bh| OOb H$s hr C{V _mZm J`m h; AV:
BgHo$ aM{`Vm emS>J:Ya Z hmoH$a OOb h& Bg H${d _| h_ra Xod Ama AbmCrZ Ho$
`wX H$m dUZ {H$`m J`m h& BgH$m aMZmH$mb 13 dt eVr _mZm OmVm h, `m|{H$ h_ra Xod
gZ 1300 B. _o AbmCrZ H$s MT>mB _| _mao J`o Wo& Bg H${V H$m Co` h_ra Xod H$s
draVm H$m dUZ H$aZm h&
4. {dO`nmb amgmo :-
{_l~YwAm| Zo AnZo JW '{_l~Yw {dZmoX' _| Bg nanam H$s EH$ aMZm
'{dO`nmb amgmo' H$m CboI {H$`m h& BgHo$ aM{`Vm Zhqgh ^mQ> _mZo OmVo h& BgH$m
aMZmH$mb gZ 1298 B. _mZm OmVm h& S>m. amOZmW e_m Ho$ AZwgma Bg H${V _| {dO`nmb
qgh Ama ~J amOm Ho$ `wX H$m dUZ {H$`m J`m h& S>m. amO~br nmS>o` Ho$ AZwgma Bg aMZm
_| aMZmH$ma Zo amOm {dO`nmb qgh Ama ~J amOm Ho$ ~rM hE `wXm| H$mo gOrd n _| {M{V
{H$`m h& Bg H${V _| Ho$db 42 N>X hr CnbY h&
5. ~rgbXod amgmo :-
'~rgbXod amgmo' Bg H$m`-nanam H$s nmMdr H${V h& BgH$s aMZm-
''~mah go ~amomam _Pm[a& OoR> ~Xr Zd_r ~w{Ydmar'' Ho$ AZwgma Oo> dXr Zd_r, {XZ ~wYdma
gZ 1155 B. (gdb 1212) _| hB Wr& BgHo$ aM{`Vm Zan{V Zmh _mZo OmVo h, Omo
AO_oa Ho$ MmhmU amOm ~rgbXod ({dJhamO MVwW) Ho$ g_H$mbrZ Wo& Bg_| AO_oa Zaoe
{dJhamO, CnZm_ ~rgbXod Ama CZH$s nZr, amOm ^moO H$s nwr amO_Vr Ho$ {ddmh,
H$bh, {dah Ama {_bZ Ho$ _m{_H$ {M A{H$V {H$`o J`o h& Bg JW H$s g~go {Zambr
{deofVm `h h {H$ `h {hXr Ho$ A` amgm| JWm| Ho$ g_mZ draVm H$m epVJm`Z Z hmoH$a
H$mo_b o_ Ho$ _Ywa, _m{_H$ Ama gdoXZerb n H$m A_a {M h& {db^-lJma BgH$m
YmZ d` {df` h& Mma IS>m| _| {d^m{OV gdm gm N>Xm| H$m `h N>moQ>m gm H$m` U`
gdoXZm H$m dUerb, X`Jmhr n VwV H$aVm h& BgHo$ W_ IS> _| ~rgbXod Ama
33
_mbdm Ho$ ^moO na_ma H$s H$`m amO_Vr H$m {ddmh dUZ, Xygao IS> _| ~rgbXod H$m amZr
go T>H$a C{S>gm OmZm VWm dhm ~mah dfm] VH$ ahZm, Vrgao IS> _| amO_Vr H$m {dah dUZ
VWm ~rgbXod H$m CS>rgm go bmQ>Zm Ama MmWo IS> _| ^moO H$m AnZr nwr H$mo AnZo Ka bo
AmZo H$s H$Wm VWm ~rgbXod H$m Cgo nwZ: {MmmS> bmQ>m bmZo H$m gJ d{UV h& `h gmar
H$Wm b{bV _wVH$m| _| H$hr JB h&
'gXoe amgH$' H$s ^m{V ~rgbXod amgmo ^r _w`V: {dah H$m` h& `h
JW {dah Ho$ dm^m{dH$ {M, g`moJ Ama {db^ lJma H$s g\$b CX^mdZm Ama gmW
hr H${V Ho$ n {Mm| go n[anyU h& Bg JW H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm `h h {H$ {d{dY
KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ dUZm| Ho$ hmoVo hE ^r Bg H$m` _| B{Vdmm_H$Vm Zht h& Zm{`H$m amO_Vr H$m
M[a ~S>m hr gOrd VWm {dbjU ~Z nS>m h& ''_` `wJ Ho$ g_yMo qhXr gm{h` _| O~mZ H$s
BVZr VoO Ama _Z H$s BVZr Iar Zm{`H$m Zht XrI nS>Vr h& '' amOm ~rgbXod Zo EH$ {XZ
amOH$s` A{^_mZ H$s am _| H$hm {H$ _oao g_mZ Xygam ^ynmb Zht& amZr amO_Vr go `h
{_`m{^_mZ Z gh>m J`m& CgZo H$hm {H$ CS>rgm H$m amOm Vw_go YZr h& {Og H$ma Vwhmao
am` _o Z_H$ {ZH$bVm h, Cgr Vah CgHo$ Ka _| hrao H$s admZm| go hram {ZH$bVm h& amOm
Bg na Ob-^yZ J`m Ama Q>> J`m VWm amZr H|$ bmI AZwZ`-{dZ` H$aZo na ^r C{S>gm
{ZH$b J`m& amO_Vr O~mZ H$s VoO h Vmo `m hAm, Am{Ia h Vmo Zmar hr& {dah go CgH$m
X` drXrU hmo OmVm h, Cgo AnZo r-OrdZ na amoZm AmVm h& _hoe (na_oda) H$mo
CbmhZm XoVr hB dh H$hVr h {H$-
""Ar` OZ_ H$mB XrKC> _hoe
Ada OZ_ YmaB KZm ao Zaoe,
am{Z Z {gaOr` amoPS>r,
KUh Z {gaOr` Ydw{b` JmB&''
AWmV ''r H$m O_ Vw_Zo `m| {X`m ? XoZo Ho$ {b`o Vmo Vwhmao nmg Ama ^r AZoH$ O_ Wo&
amOamUr H$m O_ Z XoH$a `{X dZ IS> H$s H$mbr H$mo`b ^r ~Zm`m hmoVm Vmo Am_ Ama Mnm
H$s S>mbr na Vmo ~R>Vr, AJya Ama ~rOmoar Ho$ \$b Vmo ImVr& dmVd _| amO_Vr H$m `h H$WZ
dmgZm{^^yV _``wJrZ nwf Ho$ dmW Ama CgH$s A{V H$m_w_Vm_`r agrH$Vm H$s {eH$ma
~Zr hB _``wJrZ Zmar H$s Am_m H$m H$$U H$XZ Ed MrH$ma h& amO_Vr H$s Am_m
{dmo{hUr, _Z A{^_mZr Ama O~mZ Ia h& ~mah df Ho$ nMmV amOm Ho$ dmng bmQ>Zo na
amZr H$s H$Mr Ogr O~mZ Zo {\$a ~ma H$a {X`m, CgZo amOm H$mo VmZm _ma hr {X`m {H$-
'dm_r Kr {dUmOo `h ZB Or{V`S> Vob'& AWmV ho dm_r! Vw_Zo dm{U` Vmo Kr H$m Oa
{H$`m {H$Vw d` Im`m Vob hr& BVZr gwXa Zmar go {ddmh Vmo {H$`m, {H$Vw CgHo$ Cn`moJ
H$aZo H$m gm^m` Vwh| Z {_b gH$m& A{^`{V H$s VmOJr Ama ^mdm| H$s VrdVm Ho$ H$maU
~rgbXod amgmo bmoH$OrdZ Ho$ aJ _| A{YH$ aJm hAm h& amO_Vr Ho$ {d`moJ dUZ Ho$ {bE H${d
Zo Omo ~mah_mgm {X`m h dh AnZo T>J H$m AHo$bm h&
6. ndramO amgmo :-
amgmo H$m` nanam H$m gdlo> Ed {V{Z{Y JW ndramO amgmo h& Am.
ewbOr Zo Bgo {hXr H$m W_ _hmH$m` Ama BgHo$ aM{`Vm MXdaXmB H$mo {hXr H$m W_
34
H${d _mZm h& MXdaXmB {Xbr Zaoe ndramO MmhmU Ho$ _wI gm_V gbmhH$ma, {_ Ama
amO H${d Wo& BZHo$ {df` _| {gX h {H$ ndramO Ama MXdaXmB XmoZm| H$m O_ EH$ hr {XZ
Ama _`w ^r EH$ hr {XZ hB Wr& H${d MX Ho$ Mma nw Wo, {OZ_| go MVwW nw OhU Wm&
{Og g_` ndramO H$mo _wh_X Jmar ~Xr ~ZmH$a JOZr bo J`m Vmo Cg g_` MXdaXmB
^r CgHo$ nrN>o JE Ama AnZo nw OhU H$mo AnZr AYyar aMZm 'ndramO amgmo' gmn JE
Wo& Bg g~Y _| `h C{V {gX h-
'nwVH$ OhU hmW X, M{b JOZ Zn H$mO& ' ~mX _| OhU Zo Bg
AYyar aMZm H$mo nyam {H$`m Wm&
ndramO amgmo Ho$ ~hV, _`_, bKw Ama bKwV_ Mma gH$aU {gX
h& BZ Mmam| gH$aUm| H$mo XoIH$a ndramO amgmo H$s m_m{UH$Vm H$mo boH$a {dmZm| Ho$ VrZ
dJ h& {dmZm| H$m EH$ dJ ndramO amgmo H$mo nyUV`m Ombr Ed Am_m{UH$ _mZZo dmbm| H$m
h {Og_| S>m. ~yba, JmareH$a hramMX AmoPm, _wer XodrgmX, Am. am_M ewb Am{X
{dmZ _wI h& Xygam dJ ndramO amgmo H$mo m_m{UH$ aMZm _mZZo dmbo {dmZm| H$m h& Bg
dJ _| S>m. `m_gwXaXmg, _mohZbmb {dUwbmb nS>`m, {_l ~Yw, H$Zb Q>mS> Am{X {dmZ
AmVo h& {dmZm| H$m Vrgam dJ ndramO amgmo H$mo AXm_m{UH$ aMZm _mZZo dmbm| H$m h&
Bg dJ _| Am. hOmargmX {doXr, S>m. gwZr{VHw$_ma MQ>Ou Am{X. {dmZ h&
ndramO amgmo H$s m_m{UH$Vm ^bo hr g{XY hmo, naVw H$m`-gmX` H$s
{> go `h ~oOmoS> h& Bgo _hm^maV Ho$ g_mZ {dH$gZerb _hmH$m` _mZm OmVm h& ag H$s
{> go Bg_| lJma Ama dra ag XmoZm| H$m gwXa n[anmH$ hAm h& `o XmoZm| ag ndramO
MmhmU Ho$ `{Vd Ho$ Xmo nhbwAm| H$mo CXKm{Q>V H$aVo h& dra Ama lJma ag XmoZm| agm| H$s
n>^y{_ _| Zmar h& Cgo nmZo Ho$ {bE `wX hmoVo h Ama nm boZo na OrdZ H$m {dbmg nj AnZr
nyar a_Ur`Vm Ho$ gmW C^aVm h& `wX dUZ _| Ohm H${d Zo em` Ed draVm Ho$ XeZ _|
AnZr H$b_ H$s e{V {XImB h dhm lJma ag Ho$ gag dUZm| _| ^r AnZr AX^yV
H$nZm-e{V H$m n[aM` {X`m h& dra ag H$m dUZ hmo AWdm lJma ag H$m, H${d Zo
Z{VH$Vm H$s gr_m H$m CbKZ Zht {H$`m h, {Oggo XmoZm| agm| H$m {Zdmh gVw{bV Ed
gmpdH$ hAm h& ehm~wrZ H$s goZm Ho$ gmW hE ndramO Ho$ `wX H$m dUZ H$aVo hE H${d
ndramO Ho$ `wX- H$meb H$s {deofVm ~VmVo hE H$hVo h-
''W{H$ aho gya H$m{VH$ {JJZ, aJZ-_JZ ^B lmoZ Ya&
h{X haUo dra OJo hbg, haoS> a{J Zdam da&&''
AWmV ndramO MmhmZ Ho$ `wX, H$meb Ed draVm H$mo XoIH$a gy` ^r V{^V hmoH$a R>ha
J`m& Bg `wX _| hE Zaghma go gmar YaVr aV go ^a JB& Eogo `wX H$mo XoIH$a dra `moXm
Cbmg go ^a CR>o VWm CZHo$ Moham| na gZVm go aV H$s bm{b_m N>m JB&
BpN>Zr, g`mo{JVm Ama e{edVm Ho$ {ddmh gJm| _|, Zm{`H$m Ho$ gmX`-
dUZ _|, {ddmhmonamV W_ a{V Ho$ `m| _o lJma ag H$m gag dUZ H${d Zo {H$`m h& H${d
Zo BpN>Zr H$s gmX` emo^m H$m, W_ g_mJ_ H$s C_J Ho$ gmW hr ^`, H$nZ Am{X H$m ~S>m
gwXa dUZ {H$`m h& dh gdmJ _| H$m_ H$s VaJ Ho$ ahVo hE ^r W_ Ho${b Ho$ g_` Eogo
H$mnVr h, Ogo _X dm`w Ho$ hbHo$ PH$moao go bVm-
35
''hb hb bVm H$Nw> _X dm`. Zd dYy Ho${b ^` H$n nm`&
Cn_m Ca H$pd H${h` Vm_, OwdZ VaJ A{J A{J H$m_&&''
dra Ama lJma ag Ho$ A{V[aV A` agm| H$U, am, ~r^g Am{X
H$s ^r g`H$ `moOZm H$s h& ndramO O~ e{edVm H$mo IrMH$a KmoS>o H$s nrR> na ~R>m boVm
h, Vmo Cg g_` {VamoY Ho$ H$maU ndramO _| am, e{edVm _| H$U, gm_Vm| _| dra,
g{I`m| _| hm`, ewAm| _| dr^g Ama H$_YO draMX _| ^`mZH$ ag EH$ gmW {XImB
nS>Vo h&
dVw-dUZ H$s {> go ^r amgmo H$m gmX` AVwbZr` h& Bg_| ZJa,
CndZ, dZ, goZm, `wX Ho$ dUZm| Ho$ A{V[aV F$VwdUZ, ZI-{eI gmX` dUZ ^r A{V
gag h& ndramO amgmo _| `wX dUZ Ho$ {bE qS>Jb ^mfm VWm lJma dUZm| _| qnJb ^mfm
H$m `moJ hAm h& amgmo-H$m` nanam _| `h EH$ A{Vr` H$m` h Ama Am{XH$mbrZ H$m`
H$s d{m`m| H$m {ddoMZ _w`V: Bg H$m` H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a hr {H$`m OmVm h {Oggo BgH$m
_hd dV: {gX hmo OmVm h&
amgmo gm{h` _ybV: gm_Vr `dWm, H${V Ama gH$ma go CnOm hAm
gm{h` h {OgH$m _w` da drad H$m ahm h& Bg gm{h` Ho$ aMZmH$ma {hXy amOnyV
amOml` _| ahZo dmbo MmaU `m ^mQ> Wo& g_mO _| CZH$m WmZ g_mZ H$m Wm, `m|{H$ CZH$m
OwS>md grYo amOm go hmoVm Wm& `o MmaU `m ^mQ> H$bmnmaIr Ama H$bm- aMZm _| {ZnwU hmoVo
Wo& `o `wX H$bm ^r OmZVo Wo, Omo `wX hmoZo na AnZr goZm H$s AJwdmB {dXmdbr Jm-JmH$a
{H$`m H$aVo Wo& `o amOmAm|, Aml`XmVmAm|, dra nwfm| VWm g{ZH$m| Ho$ dramo{MV `wX
KQ>ZmAm| H$mo Ho$db ~T>m-MT>mH$a hr Zhr, CgH$s `WmWnaH$ pW{VAm| Ed gX^m] H$mo ^r
~marH$s Ho$ gmW {M{V H$aVo Wo& dramo{MV ^mdZmAm| Ho$ dUZ Ho$ {bE Bhm|Zo ''amgH$ `m
amgmo'' N>X H$m `moJ {H$`m Wm, `m|{H$ `h N>X Bg ^mdZm H$mo go{fV H$aZo Ho$ {bE
AZwHy$b Wm& Bgr{bE BZHo$ mam a{MV gm{h` H$mo 'amgmo gm{h`' H$hm J`m& Bg H$m` H$s
gm_m` {deofVmE Bg H$ma h:-
1. g{XY aMZmE :-
Bg H$mb _| CnbY hmoZodmbr m` g^r amgmo aMZmE Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$s
{> go g{XY _mZr OmVr h& Bg H$mb _| a{MV Mma H$m` JW mV hE h - 'Iw_mZ amgmo',
'{~gbXod amgmo' 'ndramO amgmo' VWm 'na_mb amgmo'& ^mfm ebr Ama {df` gm_Jr H$s
{> go BZ JWm| Ho$ g~Y _| H$hm Om gH$Vm h {H$ BZ_| {ZaVa H$B eVmpX`m| VH$
n[adVZ Ama n[adYZ hmoVo aho h& `h n[adVZ Ama n[adYZ BVZo Mwa _mm _| hE h {H$
BZH$m _y` n hr X~ J`m h& `h ^r {ZpMV Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm {H$ `o JW Aml`XmVmAm|
Ho$ g_` _| hr {bIo J`o hmo&
36
2. Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$m A^md :-
Am{XH$mbrZ amgmo aMZmAm| _| B{Vhmg {gX M[a Zm`H$m| H$mo {b`m J`m
h {H$Vw CZH$m dUZ `wX B{Vhmg H$s H$gmQ>r na Iam Zht CVaVm& BZ H${d`m| mam {X`o
JE gdV Ama {V{W`m B{Vhmg go _ob Zht aIVr& BZ H$m`m| _| B{Vhmg H$s Anojm H$nZm
H$m ~mh` h& B{Vhmg Ho$ {df` H$mo boH$a MbZodmbo H${d`m| _o Omo gmdYZVm Ano{jV hmoVr
h, dh BZ H$m` {Z_mVmAmo _| Zhr& BZ H${d`m| Zo B{Vhmg H$mo A{Ve`mo{V Ama H$nZm na
ZmN>mH$a H$a {X`m h& `hm VH$ {H$ ndramO amgmo _| ndramO H$mo CZ amOmAm| H$m ^r {dO`r
_mZm J`m h Omo CZgo H$hr eVmpX`m| nyd AWdm nMmV {d_mZ Wo&
5. gHw${MV am>r`Vm :-
Am{XH$mbrZ amOm d`_ ewadra nmf go n[anyU Wo bo{H$Z CZ_| gHw${MV
am>r`Vm Wr& Cg g_` Ho$ amOmAm| Zo AnZo nMmg gm Jmdm| H$mo hr am> g_P aI Wm, CZ_|
`mnH$ am>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$m A^md Wm& AO_oa Ama {Xbr Ho$ amOmAm| H$mo H$ZmoO Ama
H$qbJ Ho$ g_X hmoZo AWdm COmS> OmZo na H$moB hf `m {dfmX (XwI) Zht hmoVm Wm& BgH$m
^md BZ MmaU H${d`m| na ^r nS>m Wm& BZ H${d`m| Zo Or{dH$m m{V Ho$ {bE AnZo
Aml`XmVmAm| H$s Vw{V _wV H$R> go H$s h& Xoemohr O`MX H$mo ^r Xoeo_r H$hbmZo dmbo
37
dra MmaU Cg g_` Wo& Vmn` `h h {H$ `{X Cg g_` am> H$m AW `mnH$ n _| {b`m
J`m hmoVm, Vmo {ZpMV n go h_mao Xoe H$m _mZ{M AmO Hw$N> Ama hmoVm, na Cg g_` Ho$
amOmAmo Zo Bg ~mV na H$moB {deof `mZ Zht {X`m& `h h_mao Xoe H$m _hmXw^m` Wm&
10 H${V-{MU :-
Bg gm{h` _| H${V H$m Amb~Z Ama CrnZ XmoZm| nm| _| {MU {H$`m
h& ZJa, ZXr,ndV Am{X H$m dVwdUZ ^r gwXa ~Z nS>m h& A{YH$Va BZ H${d`m| Zo H${V
H$m {MU CrnZ n _| hr {H$`m h& H${V H$m dV n _| {MU {H$`o hE WmZ BZ
H$m`m| _| WmoS>o hmo {_bVo h& H${V {MU H$s Omo CXmm ebr N>m`mdmXr H$m` _| {_bVr h,
dh Bg H$mb Ho$ H$m` _| Zht& H$ht H$ht Vmo BZ H${d`m| Zo H${V {MU _| Zm_ n[aJV ebr
H$mo AnZm`m h, Ohm agmooH$ Ho$ WmZ na {ZagVm Am JB h&
12 amgmo JW :-
Am{XH$mbrZ gm{hp`H$ JWm| Ho$ gmW 'amgmo' eX OwS>m hAm h& Omo {H$
H$m` eX H$m n`m`dmMr h& 'amgmo' eX H$s mwn{m {d{^Z {dmZ AnZo-AnZo T>J go
AbJ AbJ _mZVo h& Am. ewbOr 'amgmo' eX H$m g~Y ah` go _mZVo h, bo{H$Z
'drgbXod amgmo' | BgH$m AW agm`Z H$m n[aMm`H$ h {OgH$m g~Y _yb H$WmZH$ go h&
_yb n _| amgmo eX EH$ N>X Ho$ {b`o `wV hAm h, {OgH$m Cn`moJ An^e gm{h` _|
hAm h&
14 AbH$ma :-
draJmWmH$mbrZ MmaU H${d`m| Zo AbH$mam| na {deof `mZ Zht {X`m,
{\$a ^r Cn_m, nH$, Cojm Am{X AbH$mam| H$m WmZ-WmZ na gwXa `moJ XoIm Om
gH$Vm h& ndramO amgmo _| ~hV gmao AbH$mam| H$m {MU Z hmoVo hE ^r Hw$N> AbH$mam| H$m
`moJ gwXa n _| hAm h, Omo gOrd Ed gwXa h& Cojm VWm A{Ve`mo{V AbH$mam| H$m
gwXa dUZ Xo{I`o -
'' _Zh H$V g{g_mZ H$bm gmobh gmo ~ph_m&
~mh dg g{OVm g{_n A_V ag {nZrnm&&''
Bg Vah Bg gm{h` _| AbH$mam| H$m `moJ Mmho H$_ g`m _| hAm h, bo{H$Z {OVZo ^r
AbH$mam| H$m `moJ hAm h, dh gOrd Ed gwXa h&
2.4 ~moY Z -
^pVH$mc
(g.1375-1700)
{hXr gm{h Ho$ nyd H$mc H$mo ^{$ H$mc H$hm OmVm h& Bg H$mc | ^pV
H$m Ymam Ho$ gmW H$m H$s A nanamE ^r ahr h& ^maV | H$mc | ^mJdV nwamU
^pV wIVm go ahr ? ^mJdV ^pV X{jU go hmoH$a Cmar ^maV ^pV nanam go
EH$$n hmoH$a nyao ^maV df | m hmo JB& H$mcrZ ^maVr gm{h H$m yc da ^pV
ahr h& ^JdmZ H$s {ZJwU Ed gJwU ^pV na ~c {Xm Jm Wm& VH$mcrZ ^maV H$s g^r
wI amR>r, JwOamVr, nOm~r, ~Jcm, V{c, mc Ama H$S> Am{X ^mfmAm| | ^{$
H$m gm{h {cIm Jm& ewcOr Zo kmZmlr, omlr, am ^pV H$m, H$U ^pV
H$m Am{X ^pV H$s YmamAm| H$m CboI {H$m h& ^pVH$mcrZ gm{h Ho$ CX^d Ama
{dH$mg H$mo gw{MV n | AdJV H$aZo Ho$ {cE VH$mcrZ n[apWVrm OmZZm A{Zdm h&
AV VH$mcrZ {d{^ n[apWVrm| H$m {ddoMZ {H$m Om ahm h&
1) amOZ{VH$ n[apW{Vm
{hXr gm{h | ^pVH$mc VH$ Cmar ^maV | w{c gmm H$s WmnZm hmo
MwH$s Wr& {H$Vw BZ {XZm| wJcm| Ama A$JmZm| | nana gKf Omar hAm& Bg g wpcm|
Z| {hXAm| go g~Y Wm{nV H$a AnZm emgZ T> H$aZm ew {H$m&
^pVH$mc H$m g g. 1375 go 1700 VH$ Ho$ H$mbIS> | mZm OmVm h& Bg
H$mbIS> H$mo Xmo ^mJm| o {d^m{OV {H$m Om gH$Vm h& W ^mJ g 1375 go 1583 VH$
Ama Xgam g. 1583 go 1700 VH$& W ^mJ | {Xr na VwJbH$ Ama bmoYr de H$m
emgZ Wm& Xgao ^mJ | wJbde Ho$ ~m~a, hmw, AH$~a, OhmJra Ama emhOhm H$m emgZ
ahm h& wJbde H$mc amOZr{VH$ >r go m h H$mb AemV Ama gKf ahm Wm&
1295 | AmCrZ {IcOr {Xr H$s Jr na ~R>m& CgZo mbdm mV Ama
hmam> H$mo OrV {cm& JwOamV OrVH$a amOnwVmZo KamZo H$m| Koa {cm Ama X{jU ^maV |
w[c emgZ nhMm& AmCrZ {IcOr H$s w Ho$ nMmV {Xr H$m emgZ ~chrZ hAm&
gZ 1320 | JmgwrZ VwJbH$ Zo Cg | e{$ XmZ H$s& Hw$N> H$mc Ho$ CnamV mpVH$
emgH$m| | dV ApVd ~ZmZo | cJ| ah|& odmS> | hra {ggmo{Xm 1326 | dV hmo
Jm& Bht {XZm| {dOZJa | {hX am H$s WmnZm hB& Xam Ama ~Jmc | {Xr gVZV
Ho$ gw~oXma dV gwVmZ ~Z JE& X{jU | ~hmZr am H$s WmnZm hB& H$ra |
emhra Zo AnZm dV am Wm{nV {H$m&
15 dr eVmXr mVr emgH$m| H$m wJ ahm h& Bg H$mc | amOWmZ Ama odmS>
H$s C{V hB& hmamUm cmIm, MyS>m Ama Hw$^m Ho$ emgZ H$mc | dh EH$ wI e{$ ~Zm&
mcdm, JwOamV,~Jmc Ama H$ra Ho$ emgH$ dV ApVd ~ZmE hE Wo& ~wXoc IS> |
44
JhS>dmc deO ~wXoc gaXma am H$aZo cJm Wm& CS>rgm | gwder H${nco Zo dV
am H$s WmnZm H$s& ~m~a Zo 1526 | nm{ZnV Ho$ XmZ | ZdrZ CnH$aUm| Ho$ moJ go
B~m{h cmoYr H$mo nam{OV {H$m& ~m~a Zo amUm gmJm H$mo ^r nam{OV {H$m& naVw ~m~a Ho$
nw hmw H$mo eoaemh gwar Zo nam{OV {H$m& eoaemh Ho$ g | hr {hXr H$m AaH$m
"nXmdV' [cIm Jm& eoaemh gwar Ho$ Cmam{YH$mar Amo {ZH$co n[aUmV wJcm| |
AH$~a Ogm emgH$ hAm& VH$mcrZ N>moQ>o N>moQ>o amOmAm| Zo AH$~a H$m A{YZd drH$ma H$a
{cm& odmS> Ho$ hmamUm Vmn AHo$co ah H$a AV VH$ gKfaV aho& hmamUm Vmn H$m nw
Aaqgh OhmJra go 16 df cS>m na AV | CgZo AYrZVm mZ cr& emhOhm Ho$ ApV
{XZm| | ~wXocIS> | MnVam d hmam> | N>n{V {edmOr hmamO H$s gmm Wm{nV hB&
^pVH$mc H$m gm{h amOZr{VH$ dmVmdaU Ho$ {VHw b h& H$~ra, Omgr,
Vwbgr Ama gya BZ H${dm| H$mo Z Vmo grH$ar go H$m Wm Ama Z mH$V OZ JwU-JmZ go
gamoH$ma Wm&
gmm{OH$ n[apW{Vm
15dr eVmXr VH$ AmVo AmVo {hX Ama w{bm| Ho$ ~rM gmO H$s ^mdZm
{ZmU hB Wr& OrdZ Ho$ H$B jo | AmXmZ-XmZ H$a aho Wo& Hw$N> n[adma nwddV {hX ~ZZo
Ho$ {cE Zerc Wo& BZHo$ ~rM {ddmh g~Y ^r hmoZo cJo Wo& H$ra gwbVmZ emh ra Ho$
nydO {hX Wo& Chm|Zo AnZr bS>{H$m| H$m {ddmh {hX gmmVm| go H$a {Xm Wm& bS>Ho$
Coeoa H$m {ddmh {hXy goZmn{V H$s bS>H$s go hAm& bS>H$s n{V Y drH$ma H$a boVr Wr&
h ddm{hH$ g~Y gmV dJ VH$ gr{V Wo& OZgmm | Om{V-nm{V H$s ^mdZm
A{YH$ T> Wr& Bg H$mb | gV H$~ra Zo Om{V-nm{V ^oX, AY{ddmg H$m Ia {damoY
{H$m& ImZ-nmZ Ho$ H$moB ~YZ Zht Wo& MmXhdr eVmXr VH$ h ~YZ H$S>o Zht Wo& {H$Vw
AmJo Nw>AmNy>V Ama ImZ-nmZ Ho$ ~YZ A{YH$ H$S>o hmoVo JE&
eoaemh Zo OtXmar Wm H$mo ~X {H$m Wm& {H$Vw wJbm| Zo Bgo {$a go ew$
{H$m& ~mXemh d OmJraXmam| H$m OrdZ ^moJ {dbmg VWm EdnyU Wm& ~mXemh H$mo Om H$s
gwI-XI H$s Amoa mZ Z Wm& JwOamV, ImZXoe, Ama X{jU | AH$mb nS>Zo na bJmZ |
Ny>Q> XoH$a AZmO ~Q>dmm Jm Wm& {dbmgr wpb A{YH$marm| H$s gVr a{gH$Vm go ajm
nmZo Ho$ {bE {hX gmO | nXmWm Ama ~mb {ddmh H$m MbZ hAm& Hw$N> wpb emgH$m|
| n-{bgm Ama H$m-{nnmgm ^r H$ Zht Wr& AmCrZ Zo 50 {VeV ^mJ H$a Ho$ n
| ~S>r H$R>moaVm go CJmhm Wm& {hX Ama wpbm| Ho$ ~rM em{gV Ama emgH$ H$m ^oX Wm dhm
Yrao Yrao EH$ Xgao Ho$ {V CXma ^r hmoZo bJo Wo&
Ym{H$ n[apWVrm
Bg H$mb H$s Ym{H$ n[apWVr ~S>r emoMZr Wr& {d{dY Y Ama gXmm| H$m
MbZ Wm& BZ Ym} Z| nana gd H$s ^mdZm Zht Wr& Bg H$mb | dUd Y nanam
H$s OS>o O~yV H$a ahm Wm& ~mX Y H$m {dH$V $n C^am Wm& gy$s Y ^r AnZr OS>o
O~yV ~Zm ahm Wm&
45
1) ~mX Y - ~mX Y Ho$ gWmnH$ VWmJV ^JdmZ JmV ~wX h& ^JdmZ ~wX Ho$
hm{ZdmU Ho$ nMmV Y H$m hmmZ Ama hrZmZ BZ Xmo ^mJm| | {d^mOZ hAm& hrZmZ |
{gXmV nj H$s Xme{ZH$ OQ>rbVm Wr& n[aUmV H$ bmoJm| H$r AmWm Cg gXm Ho$
{V ~Zr ahr& hmmZ | {gXmVm| H$s Anojm dhma nj H$mo YmZVm Xr Jr Wr& H$mbmVa
| hrZ mZ | H$>aVm Ed gH$sUVm AmB& hrZmZ A{YH$ H$>aVm Ho$ H$maU gHw${MV hmoVm
Mbm Jm Ama hmmZ A{YH$ CXmaVm Ho$ H$maU {dH$V& ~mX Y H$s Bg pW{V H$m nwam
$mXm eH$amMm Ama Hw$m[ab ^> Zo CR>mm Ama d{XH$ {hX Y H$m nwZXma {H$m&
gwgH$V OZVm eH$amMm H$s Amoa AmH$> hB& hmmZ gXm Ho$ H$maU AgH$V dJ |
V- VWm {^Mma~mOr go der^yV {H$o aIm& Bgr{bE BgH$m H$mbmVa | mZ Zm
nS>m& mZ Zo dm mJ H$s , mg, WyZ,wm Am{X AZoH$ wmAm| H$mo AnZm {bm&
Zmar Ho$ {V dmgZm d{m H$mo gmYZm H$m AmdH$ AJ mZm Jm& mZ go dOmZ {ZH$bm
Ama Cg| Mmamgr {gX hE& BZ | JmoaIZmW wI aho& Bhm| Zo {gX Ed ZmW gXm
Mbmm&
2) dUd Y - eH$amMm Ho$ nyd X{jU go AmE Abdma gVm| Zo ^pV H$m Mma Ed
gma {H$m& Bg g AZoH$ Ym{H$ gXm {ZmU hE& {OZ | {dUy ^pV H$mo A{YH$
hd {Xm Jm& {dUy Ho$ AdVmam| | am Ama H$U H$s WmnZm hB& ammmX Zo ^pV Ho$
ma g~ Ho$ {bE Imobo Ama OZ^mfm | AnZo {gXmVm| H$m Mma {H$m& BZHo$ nyd ammZwO,
dmMm, {Z~mH$ Am{X Zo gH$V | AnZo {gXmVmo H$m Mma {H$m& {dUw Ho$ AdVma
^JdmZ lr H$U H$s CnmgZm Ho$ {d{dY ^oX {ZmU hE& ^JdmZ H$U H$mo ^mJdV nwamU Ho$
Xe H$Y | d{UV H$U Ho$ n | AnZm Amam mZm Jm& H$mbmVa | ^{$ nXVr |
{dbm{gVm d ^moJ H$s YmZVm ~Zr aht&
gm[hpH$ n[apWVrm -
^{$H$mb Ho$ {dMmaH$m| Zo J | AnZo {dMma V Z H$aHo Ch| N>X-~Xn
| V {H$m& gH$V | Bg g~Y | {Q>H$mAm|, mmAm| H$s g>r hmoVr ahr& {H$gr ZdrZ
m{bH$ CX^mdZmAm| go H$m Zht {bm Jm& {gXmV {VnmXZ VWm ^pV Mma H$s ^mdZm
Cg g Ho$ gV gm{h | H$m H$a ahr h& H$~ra, Omgr, gya, Vwbgr Ogo ^mdwH$
46
H$dr ^r Bg Zmodmr go ANw>Vo Zht ah|& Bg wJ | {hXAm| H$m C dJ gH$V ^mfm dhma
| CnmoJ H$a ahm Wm& wgbmZ ^r wV wJbgmm Ho$ H$maU amO H$mO | $magr H$mo
drH$V {H$m Jm Wm& $bV B{Vhmg Ho$ AZoH$ JWmo H$m {ZmU $magr | {H$m Jm& Bg
H$mb | J H$m moJ amOWmZ H$s ^mfmAm| | Ama Hw$N> ~O ^mfm H$s dM{ZH$mAm| | hAm&
~mXemhm| VWm amOmAm| Ho$ Am{lV H${dm| Z| empV, lwJma, ar{V, Zr{V Am{X go g~{YV
w$ Ama ~Y XmoZm| H$ma H$s aMZmE H$s h&
gmH${VH$ n[apW{Vm
gdmH$Vm ^maVr gH${V H$s yb^yV {deofVm h& gmH${VH$ MoVZm H$s
gdlo> A{^{$ gmd^m g Ho$ AmYma na {V{>V Ym{H$ ^mdZm Ama Xme{ZH$
{MVmYma Ho$ m go hB h& H$bm, {en, gm{h Ama gJrV Bhr H$s XoZ h& ed, em$,
^mJdV Ama JmUn Ogo wI Ym} | kmZ moJV Ama ^{$ H$s d{mm| H$m gd hmoZo
bJm& moJ H$m ^md Cg g BVZm ~T>m {H$ ^{$ kmZ Ama H$ Ho$ gmW ^r moJ eX H$mo
OmoS>m OmZm AmdH$ gPm OmZo bJm& gdmH$Vm H$s d{m Y Ho$ gmZ w{V Ed
dmVwH$bmAm| | ^r XoIr Om gH$Vr h& IOwamhm| Ho$ dZmW pXa Ho$ {ebmboI | ~h,
{OZ, ~wX VWm dmZ H$mo {ed H$m n H$hm Jm h& ^{$ AmXmobZ Bgr gdmH$ d{m
H$m n[aUm h&
Bgr H$mb | {hX Ama wpb gH${Vm EH$ Xgao Ho$ {ZH$Q> Amr& gJrV, {M
VWm ^dZ {ZmU | gd Ama^ hAm& gm{h ^r EH$ Xgao go ^m{dV ahm& ZmH$
Zm{H$mAm| Ho ZZm{^am {Mm| VWm {d{dY H$bmAm| Ho$ $n | XmoZm| H$s {MH$bmAm| H$m
gmJ XeZr h& H$mm| | ^r amJ-am{J{Zm| H$m moJ {H$m OmZo bJm&
^pVH$mb H$mo gm{h H$s >r go gwdU wJ H$hm Jm h& Bg H$mb | ^maV H$s
bJ^J g^r ^mfmAm| H$m gm{h gOZ hAm h& ^pVH$mb Z| {hXr H$mo gwa, Vwbgr, H$~ra,
Omgr, ram, ahr, agImZ Ogo {V^m gn gm{hH$ma {XE h& ^pV gm{h EH$
gmW X, Z Ama Amm H$s ^yI H$mo jVm h&
47 3-A
gV H$m
3A. 1 VmdZm
3A. 2 wI gV H${d
3A. 3 gV H$m H$s {deofVmE
3A. 4 Amg
3A.1 VmdZm
{hXr gm{h Ho$ ^pVH$mb | ^pV H$s gJwU Ama {ZJwU h Xmo YmamE
{dH${gV hB& gJwU ^pVYmam Ho$ AVJV am Ama H$U H$m ^pV H$m AmVm h, {ZJwU Ho$
AVJV gV H$m VWm gy$s H$m AmVm h& gV H$m Ho$ dVH$ gV H$~ra h& gV H$m
H$mo {dmZm|Zo H$B Zmm| go g~mo{YV {H$m h& AmMm amM ewb gV H$m H$mo "{ZJwU
kmZmlr emIm', S>m. hOmar gmX {doXr Zo Bgo {ZJwU ^pVH$m' VWm amHw$ma dm Zo
Bgo "gV H$m nanam' Zm go A{^{hV {H$m h&
lr nrVm~a Xm ~S>dmb Zo gV eX H$s Cn{m emV eX go mZr h Ama
BgH$m AW {Zd{V mJ m damJr mZm h& Bg g~Y | naewam MVwd}Xr Zo {bIm h - ""gV
eX Cg {$ H$s Amoa gHo$V H$aVm h {OgZo "gV' $nr na Vd H$m AZw^d H$a {bm hmo
Ama Omo Bg H$ma AnZo pVd go D$na CR>H$a CgHo$ gmW VX$n hmo Jm hmo, Omo gV
dn {Z {g dVw H$m gmjmH$ma H$a MwH$m hmo AWdm Anamoj H$s CnbpY Ho$ $b
dn AIS> g | {V{>V hmo Jm hmo dhr gV h&'' AV: {ZJwUmonmgH$m| Ho$ {bE "gV'
VWm gJwUmonmgH$m| Ho$ {bE "^V' eX moJ {H$m Jm h&
S>m. {bmoH$sZmW Xr{jV Zo gVH$m Ymam H$m Xme{ZH$ gmH${VH$ AmYma
Cn{ZfX eH$amMm H$m AV XeZ ZmW-nW, BbmY VWm gy$s XeZ Am{X H$mo mZm
h& S>m. Xr{jV Zo {ZJwU ^pV {dH$mg Ho$ nMVd H$mo Co{IV {H$m h - ""{ZJwU ^pV H$m
yb Vd h - {ZJwU gJwU go nao AZm{X, AZV, AZm, AOmV ~ H$m Zm On& gVm| Zo
Zm On H$mo gmYZm H$m AmYma mZm h& "Zm' gV gem| Ama ~YZmo H$mo {d{N> H$a
XoVm h& "Zm' hr ^pV Ama wpV H$m XmVm h& {Vr ybVd mZ{gH$ ^pV& VVr yb
Vd h - o Ho$ m go H$H$mS> H$s AZno{jV XhVmAm| H$mo Xa H$aZm& MVwW Vd h-
mZd H$s Eogo {ddmnr Y Ho$ gym| | {Z~ H$aZm Ohm Om{V, dJ Ama dU g~Yr ^oX Z
hmo& nM Vd h - ghO gmYZm& BZ Vdm| go {ZJwU ^pV H$m {dH$mg hAm h&
gV H$~raXmg Ho$ O_ g~Y _| AZoH$ dmX h& AVagm` Ama H$~ra M[aV
~moY Ho$ AmYma na BZH$m O_ gZ 1398 _mZm J`m h& bha Vmbm~ Ho$ Vmb Ho$ nmg {_bo
~mbH$ H$mo Zr Zm_ Ho$ OwbmhmZo AnZo Ka bo OmH$a CgH$m nmbZ {H$`m Zr H$s nZr Zr_m
Zo _mVm H$m Zoh {X`m& n[aUm_ dn H$~ra Xmg H$s Om{V Owbmhm Wr& H$~ra Zo AnZo
OrdZ _| Xmo {ddmh {H$E Wo& CZH$s nZr H$m Zm_ 'bmoB' Wm, {Oggo Ch| H$_mb Ama H$_mbr
Zm_H$ gVmZ mV hB Wr& BZ H$m XohmdgmZ H$mb gZ 1518 B. _mZm J`m h&
H$~raXmgOr Ho$ Jw Ho$ g~Y _| AZoH$ {dXdmZm| Zo "am_mZX' H$mo drH$mam h&
VH$mbrZ {hXr ^{V gm{h` AmXmobZ _| am_mZXOr H$m ~hV ~S>m `moJXmZ h& am_mZXOr
Zo XeXm^{V Ho$ gmW hr kmZ _mJ H$m CnXoe XoH$a gm_m{OH$ hrZVm H$s ^mdZm H$mo g_yb
Z> H$aZo H$m `mg {H$`m Ama gmYZm Ed ^{V H$mo g^r dJm] VH$ VWm g^r dUm] Ho$ {bE
Iwbm H$a {X`m& `hr Jw _ boH$a H$~ra Zo VH$m{bZ gm_m{OH$ {T>, nanam Hw$ar{V`m,
Ym{_H$-gm_m{OH$ {dgJ{V`m| na H$amam AmKmV {H$`m h& ''_{gH$mJX YwAm| Zht, H$bm_
Jh`m| Zht hmW&'' Bg ~mV H$mo drH$maZo dmbo H$~ra Zo AnZr dmUr Ho$ _m`_ go g_mO OZ
OmJaU H$aZo H$m `mg {H$`m& Chm|Zo AnZr aMZmAm| H$mo {b{n~X Zht {H$`m& CZHo$
nadVu {e`m Zo OZ _mZg _| Mm{bV aMZmAm| H$mo {b{n~X {H$`m& H$~ra H$s aMZmAm| _|
"~rOH$' H$mo m_m{UH$ _mZm J`m h& Bg_| H$~ra Ho$ CnXoem| H$mo {e`m| Zo gH${bV {H$`m h&
gmIr, g~X, a_Zr ~r `h ~rOH$ Ho$ VrZ ^mJ h& H$~ra Ho$ JWm| H$s g`m bJ-^J gmR>
_mZr OmVr h&
H$~ra Ho$ H$m` H$s {dahmZw^y{V CM H$moQ>r H$s Wr& dh AnZo am_ Ho$ AZ`
{dahr Wo& Ch| {dah H$s {d{^ XemAm| H$s doXZm ghZr nS>r Wr& {dahmZw^y{V Ho$ {~Zm
gmYH$ _| {`-{_bZ H$s CH$R>m OmJV hr Zht hmo gH$Vr& H$~ra H$hVo h-
"{dahm H$h H$~ra gy, Vy {OZ N>mS>o _mo{h&
nmn ~h Ho$ VoO _| Vhm b amImo Vmo{h&&'
H$~ra H$m` _| ZmaXr ^{V H$mo _mZm h& H$~ra H$m _mZZm h {H$, {Z_b _Z go ^{V na hr
'am_' {_b gH$Vo h-
H$_ H$aV ~Xo Ah_od& nmWa H$mo H$aqh god&&
H$h H$~ra ^J{V H$a nm`m& ^mobo ^m` {_bo aKwam`m&&
H$~ra gm{h` Ho$ A``Z Ho$ ~mX `h nVm MbVm h {H$ Chm|Zo {d{^ Y_ Ama
gm_m{OH$ {dgJ{V AY{ddmg na H$amam AKmV {H$`m h& Chm|Zo {H$gr ^r Y_ H$mo ~em
Zht h& Chm|Zo {hXwAm| H$s _w{VnyOm, VrW `mm, dV d$`, AdVmadmX, nmoWr nwamZ, nR>Z
Am{X na AmKmV {H$`m h Ama _wpb_ Y_ _| `mV nmIS>m| amoOm, Z_mO, hO`mm Am{X
49
na hma {H$`m h& S>m. hOmar gmX Ho$ eXmo _|- "H$~ra Eogo hr {_bZ q~Xy na IS>o Wo, Ohm
go EH$ Amoa {hXwd {ZH$b OmVm h Ama Xygar Amoa _wgb_mZd, Ohm go EH$ Amoa kmZ
{ZH$b OmVm h Ama Xygar Amoa A{ejm, Ohm EH$ Amoa ^{V _mJ {ZH$b OmVm h Ama Xygar
Amoa `moJ _mJ, Ohm go EH$ Amoa {ZJwU ^mdZm {ZH$b OmVr h Ama Xygar Amoa gJwU gmYZm,
eV Mmamho na do IS>o XmoZm| Amoa XoI gH$Vo Wo Ama nana {dX {Xem_| J`o hE _mJm] Ho$
Xmof, JwU Ch| n> {XImB Xo aho Wo& H$~ra H$m `h gm^m` Wm& Chm|Zo BgH$m Iy~ Cn`moJ
^r {H$`m&' gV H$~ra Xmg Or do Om{V, Y_, gXm` {da{hV g_mO H$m {Z_mU H$aZm
MmhVo h&
"Om{V-nm{V nyN>o Zqh H$moB, h[a H$mo ^Oo gmo h[a H$m hmoB&'
do qhXy Y_ H$s {dgJ{V na hma H$aVo hE H$hVo h-
'Xw{Z`m Eogr ~mdar nmWa nyOZ Om`&
Ka H$s M{H$`m H$moB Z nyO Oo{hH$m nrgm Im`&'
Cgr H$ma _wpb_ Y_ H$s {dgJ{V na hma H$aVo hE do H$hVo h-
'H$mH$a nmWa Omo[a H$ _pOX bB MwZm`&
Vmna _wbm ~mJ Xo `m ~{ham hAm IwXm`&&'
'{XZ ^a amoOm ahV h am{V hZV h Jm`&
`h Vmo IyZ dh ~XJr, H$go Iwgr IwXm`&&'
gV H$~ra `mo{J`m| Ama O{Z`m| H$mo bVmS>Vo hE H$hVo h-
"ZmJo {\$ao OmoJ Oo hmoB ~Z H$m _J _wH$Vr J`m H$moB&
_yS> _wS>m`o Omo {g{Y hmoB, dJ hr ^oS>Z nhMr H$moB&&'
do {gXm| Ho$ ^oX ImobVo hE H$hVo h-
""ZmarH$s PmB naV AYm hmo` ^wOJ&
H$~ram {VZ H$mo H$mZ J{V Omo {ZV Zmar Ho$ gJ&&'
Om{V, Y_, gXm`, {T>, nanamdmXr ~mAmS>~a na hma H$a EH$ _mZdVm
dmXr g_mO H$m {Z_mU gV H$~raXmg H$aZm MmhVo Wo&
gV H$~ra H$s ^mfm _| nOm~r, ^moOnyar, ~Jbm, _{Wbr, amOWmZr, bhXm,
IS>r ~mobr, Am{X H$m `moJ {_bVm h& Bg gX^ _| S>m. JmoqdX {JwUm`V Zo {bIm h-
''_oam Vmo AZw_mZ h H$~ra H$s ^mfm _| `{X XoIm OmE Ama ImoO H$s Om` Vmo ^maV
H$s `oH$ ^mfm H$m Hw$N> Z Hw$N> ^md {XImB XoJm&'' (H$~ra H$s {dMmaYmam- JmoqdX
{JwUm`V- n 297) do Am_OZm| H$mo OZ ~mo{b`mo _|, do npS>Vm| H$mo ewX {hXr _|, _wgb_mZ
H$mo \$magr {_{lV CXy H$m `moJ H$a AnZr ~mV g_PmVo h&
S>m. hOmargmX Ho$ eXmo _|- ''^mfm na H$~ra H$m O~aXV A{YH$ma Wm& do
dmUr Ho$ {S>Q>oQ>a Wo& {Og ~mV H$mo Chm|Zo {Og n _o H$Q> H$aZm Mmhm, Cgo Cgr n _|
^mfm go H$hbdm {X`m&'' H$~ra H$s ^mfm lJma agnyU h 'Xwb{hZ Jmdh _JbmMma' Bg nX
go n> hmoVm h& H$~ra Ho$ H$m` _| ghO n go N>Xm| H$m `moJ hAm h& gmIr, g~X, a_Ur,
~gV {hS>m|bm, MmMa ~o{b, Am{X N>Xm| H$m `moJ CZH$s aMZm _| nm`m OmVm h& CZH$s
aMZmAm| _| nH$ Ama Cn_m AbH$ma H$m A{YH$ `moJ hAm h& AV: H$~ra H$s {V^m _|
H$moB gXoh Zhr h&
50
aXmg (a{dXmg)
aXmg am_mZX H$s {e` nanam Ama H$~ra Ho$ g_H$mbrZ H${d Wo& aXmg H$m
O_ gZ 1299 B. _| H$mer _| hAm h& aXmg {ddm{hV Wo CZH$s nZr H$m Zm_ bmoZm Wm&
Bhm|Zo d` AnZr Om{V H$m CboI {H$`m h- ''H$h aXmg Ibmg M_mam'' gV aXmg nT>o
{bIo Zht Wo& Bhm|Zo `mJ, _Wwam, dXmdZ, ^aVnwa, {MVmS> Am{X WmZm| H$m ^_U H$a
{ZJwU ~h H$m OZgmYmaU H$s ^mfm_| Mma-gma {H$`m& {MmmS> H$s amZr Ama _ram~mB
BZH$s {e`m Wr&
aXmg _| gVm| H$s ghOVm, {ZnhVm, CXmaVm, {ddo_, T> {ddmg Ama
gmpdH$ OrdZ Ho$ ^md BZH$s aMZmAm| _| {_bVo h& BZH$s aMZmE gV_Z H$s, {d{^ gJhm|
_| gH${bV {_bVr h& BZHo$ \w$Q>H$a nX '~mZr' Ho$ Zm_ go 'gV~mZr grarO' _| gJ{hV
{_bVo h& BZHo$ '' Am{X Jw JW gm{h~'' _| bJ^J Mmbrg nX {_bVo h& Bhm|Zo gV H$~ra
Ho$ g_mZ _y{VnyOm, VrW`mm Am{X ~mAmS>~amo H$m {damoY {H$`m h& Hw$N> nX ZrMo CV h-
{hXr gm{h Ho$ ^pVH$mb H$mo {ZJwU Ama gJwU ^pV H$mYmam BZ Xmo ^mJm||
{d^m{OV {H$m OmVm h & Bg H$mb | {ZJwU ^pV n{V Am{YH$ ^mdr ahr h& {ZJwU
^pVYmam | Xmo emImE {dH${gV hB EH$ kmZmlr emIm Ama Xgar omJu emIm&
kmZmlr emIm H$mo gV H$m Zm go g~mo{YV {H$m OmVm h& AV {ZJwU ^pV, kmZmlr
emIm VWm gV H$m Am{X Zm g~moYZ ^pVH$mb Ho$ EH$ {d{m> H$m Ymam H$mo hr {XE JE
h& BgHo$ dVH$ gV H$~ra mZo OmVo h& Bg H$m H$s h {deofVm mZr OmVr h {H$ Bg|
H$ht na ^r H${Vm Zht {XImB XoVr h& Bg| ghO mH${VH$ gmX h Omo Z pVH$ H$mo
EH$ gmW ha boVm h& gV gm{h | A{YH$ Va AmmpH$ {dfm| H$s A{^pV hB h&
{ZJwU gV H$m Zo AZoH$ Ym{H$ gXmm| Ho$ ^mdm| H$mo JhU {H$m h& h gmYZm VWm
H$md^d XmoZmo {> go ~hV hr gn h& gV H${dm| H$s {dMmaYmam ZrOr kmZ Ama
AZw^y{Vm na AmYm[aV h& Bg H$m Ymam H$s gmm d{mm Ed gmm {deofVmAm| H$mo
{ddoMZ {ZZ H$ma {Xm Om ahm h &
g^r gV H${dm| Zo Bda Ho$ g~Y o AnZo {dMma V {H$E h & g^r dUm}
Ama gwMr Om{Vm| Ho$ {bE dh {ZJwU EH$ m kmZJ h & dh A{dJV h & doX nwamU VWm
{Vm Ohm VH$ Zhr nhM gH$Vr -
"{ZJwU am Onhao ^mB, A{dJV H$s J{V bIr Z OmB &'
o gV H${d gya Ama Vwbgr Ho$ gmZ gJwU Ama {ZJwU Ho$ gddmXr Zhr h &
52
Bhm|Zo Bda Ho$ gJwU n H$m {damoY {H$m h & H${d H$m H$hZm h -
XeaW gwV {Vh bmoH$ ~ImZm,
am Zm H$m a h OmZm &
{ZJwU ~h Ho$ g~Y | gV H$~raXmgOr Zo CH$> CXmhaU XoH$a gPmm
h -
"Om H$mo wh mWm Zhr, Zmhr n Hw$n &
nwn JY Vo nmVam, Eogm n AZwn &&'
gV H$~ra Ed gV H${dm| Ho$ AZwgma Bda H$m AV gy n h dh {XImB
Zhr XoVm & {Og H$ma H$moB nwn h naVw Cg| gm{hV JY {XImB Zhr XoVr Cgr H$ma
Bda Ka Ka| {damOmZ h & dh oH$ Zw Ho$ X | dmg H$aVm h &
^pVH$mbrZ {ZJwU gV H${dm|Zo ~hXoddmX VWm AdVmadmX H$m {damoY {H$m h&
Chm|Zo Bg ^mdZm H$m {Z{^H$Vm nwdH$ IS>Z {H$m h& BgH$m H$maU amOZr{VH$Vm H$m
n[aUm VWm eH$amMm Ho$ AXdV H$m ^md Wm& emgH$ dJ wgbmZ EHo$da dmXr Wm&
{hX-wpb Ym} | {dofm{H$mo emV H$a EH$Vm H$s WmnZm Ho$ {bE BZ H${dm| Zo EHo$da
dmX H$m gXoe XoH$a ~hXoddmX VWm AdVma H$m {damoY H$a ~hm, {dUy, hoe H$mo mmJV
H$hm Ama CZH$s qZXm H$s h& CZH$m {ddmg Wm {H$ g[> H$m H$Vm {ZamH$ma ~h h& MaUXmg
Z| ~h Ho$ g~Y | {bIm h -
"h {ga Zdo Z am X, Zmhr {Jarmo Qy>Q> &
AmZ Xod Zhr na{go, h VZ Omo Ny>Q> &&'
gXJw H$m hd
gV H${dm| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| | Jw$ H$mo A{YH$ hd {Xm h & CZHo$ AZwgma
Jw$ hr gdlo> h & Chm|Zo Jw H$mo kmZr ~VmVo hE Bda go ^r A{YH$ hd {Xm h & Jw H$m
hd H$mo n> H$aVo hE H$~raXmg Or Zo {bIm h -
"Jw$ Jmo{dX XmoD$ IS>o H$mHo$ bmJw nmB &
~{bhmar Jw AmnZo {OZ Jmo{dX {Xmo ~VmB &&'
BZ H${dm| H$m {ddmg h {H$ am H$s H$nm ^r V^r hmoVr h O~ Jw H$s H$nm hmoVr
h & {~Zm Jw H$s H$nm namm H$s H$nm g^d Zhr h & B{g{bE gV H${dm| Zo Jw H$mo
gmjmV namm mZm h & AV {ZJwU ^V H${d gJwU ^V H${dm| H$s Anojm Jw H$mo
A{YH$ d XoVo h&
53
Om{V-nm{V H$m {damoY
{ZJwU gV H${dm| Zo ^OZ VWm ZmaU H$mo A{YH$ hd {Xm h & ^OZ VWm
ZmaU Ho$ g~Y | CZH$s h YmaUm h {H$ ^OZ, {H$VZ m ZmaU Z hr Z | hmoZm
Mm{hE & Cg| {H$gr ^r H$ma H$m {XImdm m T>m|J Z hmo & ^OZ VWm ZmaU go naoda
H$s m{ hmoVr h & ha {$ H$mo ^OZ, {H$VZ VWm ZmaU H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma h dh AJa
go Z go Bda H$m aU H$aVm h Vmo Cgo CgH$s m{ g^d h & Bg g~Y | H$~ra H$m
H$hZm h -
""ghOmo gw{aZ H$s{Oo {haX mhr {N>nmB &
hmoR> hmoR> gyZm {hb, gH$ Zhr H$moB nmB &''
o H$s AmdH$Vm H$mo hd XoVo hE H$~ra H$hVo h -
""nmoWr n{T> n{T> OJwAm, n{S>V ^m Z H$moB,
T>mB AmIa o Ho$, nT> gmo n{S>V hmoB &&''
{ZJwU gV H${d nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ OrZodmbo pV aho h & do ZmW n{Wm| Ho$
gmZ Ho$db moJr Zhr Wo & hr H$maU h {H$ BZH$s dmUr | OrdZJV AZw^d H$s gdmJrUVm
h, gVm| H$s gmYZm | dpVH$Vm H$r Anojm gmm{OH$ A{YH$ h & gVm| Zo AmewpX na
55
A{YH$ ~b {Xm h & o bmoJ gV, H${d Ama ^pV AmXmobZ Ho$ CmH$ h, dhm do gmO
gwYmaH$ ^r h & hr H$maU h {H$ {hXr Ho$ AZoH$ {dMmaH$m| Zo H$~ra H$mo H$m{VH$mar gmm{OH$
ZoVm ^r mZm h & H$U Ymam Ho$ H${dm| Ho$ gmZ gV H${dm| Zo gmO go AnZr AmIo Zht
{$am br Wr & gV H$m | Cg g H$m gmO {V{~p~V h & BZH$s gV dmUr H$m
gma hr H$Vm h &
{ZJwU gV H${dm| Zo Zmar g~Yr AnZo {dMmam| H$mo IwbH$a V {H$m h & BZ
H${dm| Zo EH$ Amoa Zmar H$s qZXm-ZmbVr H$s h, Vmo Xgar Amoa n{VdVm Zmar H$s wV H$R>
go egm ^r H$s h & gV H${dm| Zo Zmar H$mo mm H$m VrH$ mZm h & Bhm|Zo H$ZH$ Ama
H$m{Zr H$mo XJ Km{Q>m mZm h & H$~ra H$m H$hZm h -
"Zmar H$s PmB naV AYm hmoV ^wOJ &
H${~am {VZH$s H$hm J{V {ZV Zmar Ho$ gJ &&'
n[VdVm Zmar H$s egm H$aVo hE H$~ra H$hVo h -
"n{VdVm br ^br, H$mZr Hw${MV Hw$n &
n{VdVm Ho$ n na dmam| H$moQ>r gn &&'
H$~ra H$m h >rH$moU CXmaVm H$m n[aMmH$ h & CZH$s >r | n{VdVm H$m
AmXe CZHo$ gmYZm Ho$ {ZH$Q> nS>Vm h & g{V Ama n{VdVm Zmar o EH$ Ho$ {V {Z>mdmZ,
56
AmgpV, A{g o gmhg Ama mJ ^mdZm go do ^m{dV Wo & H$~ra mm Ho$ Xmo n gV
mm VWm AgV mm mZVo h & gV H${dm| Zo gV H$mo drH$ma H$a AgV H$mo AdrH$ma H$a
CgH$s KUm H$s h &
mm go gmdYmZVm
{ZJwU gV H${dm| Zo mmgo gmdYmZ ahZo H$m CnXoe {Xm h & m| {H$ am H$s
XhZ Zo g~H$mo ~mOma | bwQ> {bm h Ama ~h, {dUw Ama hoe ^r Cgr Ho$ der^yV h & h
^JdmZ go {bZo H$m mJ | ~hV ~S>r ~mYm h & h mm hm R>{JZr h & BgZo Ywa dmUr
~mobH$a AnZr {VaJwU $mg | g~H$mo gm {bm h &
^mfm Ed ebr
ebr
gV H$m | Jo wVH$ ebr H$m moJ hAm h & ar{V H$m Ho$ g^r Vd,
^mdmH$Vm, gyVm, gJrVmH$Vm, dpVH$Vm Ama H$mobVm Am{X BZH$s dmUr |
{bVo h &
AbH$ma
{ZJwU gV H${dm| Zo AnZo {dMmam| H$s A{^pV "gmIr Ama g~X' Ho$ m
go H$s h & gm{Im|H$s aMZm Xmohm, N>X | hB h & gmW hr MmnmB, H${dVm, hg nX Am{X N>Xmo
H$m moJ hAm h &
3A. 4 Amg
3Am. 1 VmdZm
3Am. 2 wI gy$s H${d
3Am. 3 gy$s H$m H$s {deofVmE
3Am. 4 Amg
3Am. 1 VmdZm
^pVH$mb Ho$ {ZJwU gV H$m Ho$ AVJV gy$s H$m H$mo {dmZm| Zo H$B Zmm| go
g~moo{YV {H$m h& AmMm amM ewb Zo Bgo "omJu gy$s emIm' Bg Zm go g~mo{YV
{H$m h& A Zmm| | ommZ H$m, o H$m, Am{X wI h& Bg H$m nanam H$mo
gy$s gVmo H$s XoZ mZm OmVm h&
gy$s eX H$s Cn{m Ho$ g~Y | {dmZmo | {d{^ V h& Hw$N> {dmZ "gy$' H$mo
g$ eX go {ZH$bm hAm mZVo h {OgH$m AW h, Omo A{J n{$ | IS>o hm|Jo, do gy$s hm|Jo&
Hw$N> EH$ {dmZ XrZm H$s pOX Ho$ gj gw$m-M~wVao na ~R>Zo dmbo $H$sam| H$mo gy$s
H$hVo h& gy$s eXm| H$mo gmo{$m H$m nmVa mZm Jm h& Hw$N> {dmZm| Zo gy$s eX H$m
g~Y g$m go OmoS>m h {OgH$m AW n{d Ama eVm h& Hw$N> Zo VH$ gJ{V Ho$ AmYma na
gy$s eX H$m g~Y gy$ AWmV "CZ' H$nS>o go mZm Jm h&
AmMm ewb Zo ^pVH$mbrZ {hXr H$s Bg ommZ nanam H$mo $magr-
gZ{dm| go o[aV mZm h& Bg H$m Ymam Ho$ wI dVH$ {bH$ whX Omgr h&
^pVH$mbrZ ommZ H$m Ho$ wI H${d Omgr h& CZHo$ O Ho$ g~Y |
{dmZm| | V^oX h& AV:gm Ho$ AmYmana Omgr H$m O gZ 1495 mZm Jm h,
am~aobr | Omg ZJa | BZH$m O hAm Wm& Omg ZJa | O boZo Ho$ H$maU hr o
59
Omgr H$hbmo& BZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm {bH$ eoI aoO m {bH$ amOo Aea$ Wm& mVm-
{nVm H$s ~MnZ | hr w hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU o $H$samo| Ama gmYwgJ{V | ahZo bJo& Hw$N>
{dmZm| H$m H$hZm h {H$, Omgr H$m {ddmh hAm Wm, Ch| nw ^r Wo {H$Vw do {H$gr XKQ>Zm |
a Jo& AV:gm Ho$ AmYma na Omgr XoIZo | Hw$n Wo& do EH$ AmI VWm H$mZ go a{hV
Wo& EH$ ~ma eoa emh Zo CZH$s Hw$nVm H$m Cnhmg CS>mm V~ Chm|Zo Cma {Xm, ""mo{h H$m
hgo{g {H$ H$moha{hV' eoaemh b{mV hE Ama BZH$m Am{YH$ gmZ {H$m& Bht Ho$ H$mb
| BZHo$ H$B {e ~Z JE Wo {e nXmdV Ho$ n Jm JmH$a {^jmQ>Z H$aVo Wo& EH$ {XZ Eogm
hr EH$ Mobm AoR>r | ZmJVr H$m ~mahmgm JmVm {$a ahm Wm-
"H$db Omo {dJgm mZ{ga, {~ZwOb JEC gwImB&
gy{I ~o{b nw{Z nbwh, Omo {nC gtMo AmB&&'
amOm h Xmohm gwZ H$a Omgr H$mo ~S>o AmXa^md go AoR>r bo AmE& Ama do AV g VH$
dht ah|& Omgr H$s w dht na AoR>r Ho$ OJb | ~ho{bE Ho$ Vra go hB& AoR>r Zaoe Zo
Omgr H$s ht na EH$ gm{Y ~Zdm Xr, Omo A~ ^r mOyX h&
Omgr H$s aMZmAm| Ho$ gX^ | {dmZm| mam bJ^J 21 aMZmAm| H$m CoI {bVm
h& nmdV, AIamdQ> Ama Am{Iar H$bm o VrZ aMmZmE H$m{eV hmo MyH$s h& A
aMZmAm| | MnmdV, BamdV, gIamdV, aH$mdV, {MmdV, moamB-Zmm, wH$hamZmm,
nmVrZmm, gwdmZmm, ZZmdV, H$haZmm, oIamdQ>Zmm, YZmdV, gmoaR>, namW OnZr
Ama w$Q N>X Am{X H$m CoI {H$m OmVm h& CZH$s "nXmdV' | aZgoZ Ama nXmdVr
H$s bm{H$H$ o H$hmZr mam Abm{H$H$ o H$s A{^OZm H$s JB h& "AIamdQ>' |
dUmbm Ho$ EH$ EH$ AYma H$mo boH$a {gmV g~Yr Vdm| go ^ar MmnmBm H$hr JB h Ama
gmW hr Bda, g{>, Ord, Bda o Am{X {dfm| na [dMma H$Q> {H$E h& "Am{Iar H$bm'
| H$mV Ho$ dUZ Ho$ gmW Omgr H$s Aj H$s{V H$m AmYma h&
Omgr Zo AnZr aMZmAm| | R>oR> AdYr Ho$ nydunZ H$mo AnZmm h& Omgr H$s ^mfm
gmX Ama mYwJwU go n[anyU h& Omgr Zo AnZr aMZmAm| | Xmohm, MmnmB N>Xm| H$m mooJ
H$a AdYr ^mfm | g$b moJ {H$m h& AbH$mam| | Cnm, nH$, Cojm, d^mdmo{$,
Amo{$, {VaoH$, {d^mdZm, gXoh AZwmg, {ZXeZm Am{X H$m g$b moJ {H$m h&
{Z:gXoh Omgr H$m gm{h | {deof WmZ h& ~m~y Jwbm~am Ho$ eXm|| - ""Omgr EH$
hmZ H${d h& CZ| H${d Ho$ ghO JwU {dmZ h& CgZo gmm{H$ gm Ho$ {bE o H$s
nra H$mo XoZ Xr& Cgnra H$mo AnZo epVembr hmH$m Ho$ mam CnpWV {H$m& dh Aa
H${d h&''
A gy{$ H${d
Hw$Vw~Z H$m A{d^md g gZ 1493 B. Wm& do eoI ~wahmZ Ho$ {e Wo& Chm|Zo
"JmdVr' ommZ H$s aMZm H$s& Bg| MZJa H$m amOHw$ma Ama H$MZ nwa H$s "JmdVr'
H$s o H$Wm d{UV h& H${d "PZ' Zo gZ 1545 B. | "YwmbVr' {bIm h& Bg| H$Zoga
60
ZJa Ho$ amOHw$ma Ama hmagZJa H$s amOHw$mar "YwmbVr' H$s o H$Wm h&
H${d "CgmZ' OhmJra H$mbrZ H${d Wo& hmOr ~m~m BZHo$ Jw$ Wo& Chm|Zo "{Mmdbr'
ZmH$ ommZ {bIm h& Bg| Zonmb amOHw$ma gwOmZ Ama nZJa H$s amOHw$mar
{MmdVr H$s oH$Wm d{UV h& H${d eoI Z~r Zo gZ 1619 B. | "kmZrn' H$s aMZm H$s
Wr& Bg| amOHw$ma kmZrn Ama amOHw$mar XodmZr H$s o H$Wm {M{V h& H${d
"wmdOhr' Zo gZ 1609 B. | "Hw$~ wVar' ommZ H$m h& Bg| JmobHw$S>m Ho$
amOnw whX Hw$br Hw$~emh Ama ~Jmb H$s gwXar wVar H$s o-H$Wm d{UV h& H${d
"ZwVr' Zo gZ 1658 B. H$mo "JwbeZo BH$' ommZ H$m {bIm& Bg| H$ZH${J[a Ho$
amOHw$ma Zha Ama YamO H$s nwr XmbVr H$s oH$Wm d{UV h& H${d "wH$sr' Zo
"MXa~XZ d hma' ommZ {bIm& Bg| gwXanQ>Z Ho$ {hX amOm H$s nwr
"MXa~XZ' Ama wpb mnmar nw hama H$s Xw:ImV o H$hmZr h& H${d "ramhmer'
Zo gZ 1688 B. | "wgy$-OwboIm' ommZ {bIm&
BZ ommZm| Ho$ Abmdm gy{$ gVm| Zo Xmohm|, JObm|, w$Q> nXm|, H$s aMZmE m
hmoVr&
^pVH$mbrZ {ZJwU Ymam H$s h omJu emIm H$hbmr OmVr h & Bg H$m
Ymam Ho$ wI H${d "Omgr' h & omJu gy$s H${dm| Zo H$pnV H$hm{Zm| Ho$ m go
omJ H$m hd {VnmXZ {H$m h & BZ H${dm| Zo bm{H$H$ o Ho$ ~hmZo Cg o Vd H$m
A^mg {Xm h & BZ H$m | a{MV o H$hm{Zm| H$m {df Vmo gmYmaU hmoVm h & {H$gr
amOHw$ma H$m {H$gr amOHw$mar Ho$ o | nmJb hmoZm Ama Ka ~ma N>moS>H$a {ZH$b nS>Zm&
AnZr o{H$m H$mo nmZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ H$> Ama Amn{mm PobH$a AV | Cg o{H$m
amOHw$mar H$mo m H$aZm & gy$s H${dm| Zo Omo o H$hm{Zm br h do g~ {hX n[admapWV
H$B {XZm| go MbVr Amr o H$hm{Zm h & AV H$hm{Zm| H$m AmYma {hX h & gy$s o
H$m H$s wI d{mm Ed {deofVmE {ZZ H$ma h &
omJu emIm Ho$ gy$s H$mYmam Ho$ H${dm| Zo gy$s V H$m Mma gma AnZr
H$m H$s aMZm Ho$ m go H$aZo H$m mg {H$m h & Bg nanam| {hX H${d ^r Wo ChmoZo
H$mma^ | {hX Xodr-XodVmAm| H$s dXZm ^r H$s h & {H$Vw wpb H${dm| Zo gy$s V H$m
Mma H$aZo H$m mg {H$m Wm & gmW hr BZH$m H$m-moOZ e m{, H$m H$bm H$m
XeZ Ama wdmAm| H$m ZmoaOZ ahm h & BZ H${dm| Zo ^maVr emm| H$m AmYma boH$a
aMZmAm| H$m {ZmU {H$m h &
61
H$WmdVw
ommZm| | Mma moVm|go m gmJr H$m H$WmdVw Ho$ n | CnmoJ {H$m h &
1) hm^maV, h[adenwamU, {dUwnwamU Am{X & 2) mH$V - gH$V Ho$ nanamJV H$WmZH$
3) CXZ, {dH$, aZgoZ Am{X Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmm| H$s JmWmE & 4) bmoH$ M{bV oH$WmE
BZ | H$nZm e{$ H$m moJ ^r {H$m h & AV BZH$m AmYma ^maVr gm{h H$mo mZZm
Mm{hE &
~Y H$nZm
^md nj
o mJu gy$s H${dm| H$m w {df o h & o Ho$ {dmoJ nj H$mo A{YH$ hd
BZ H${dm| Zo {Xm h & {OVZm mZ or Ama o{H$mAm| Ho$ {dmoJ, CgH$s Ad{Y | Pobo
OmZodmbo H$>m| VWm CZH$m AV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$E Jo {d{dY Zm| H$mo dUZ H$aZo | {Xm
h CVZm CZHo$ ApV {bZ na Zhr {Xm Jm & Bhm|Zo ~mah-mg H$mo hd {Xm h Ama
^maVr n{V H$m dhma {H$m h & H$ht-H$ht ^maVr ^md n> n go {XImB XoVm h &
gy{$m| Zo dUdm| H$s Aqhgm H$mo {H$mH$ n go AnZmm h & Cn{ZfXm| Ho$ {V[~~ dmX Ho$
AZwgma ZmZm nmH$ OJV ~h H$m {V{~~ h & Omgr Zo AZoH$ Wbm|na Ogo ""ZZ
Omo XoIm H$b ^m ......'' | {V {~~dmX Ho$ gmW hr {dMma gm {XImm h & g{> H$s
Cn{m Ho$ g~Y | nMhm^yVm| | go AmH$me N>moS>H$a A H$mo drH$mam h & hR>moJ H$m
62
^md BZ na n> hr h & BZHo$ lJma H$m ZI-{eI dUZ H$mem go ^m{dV h & CZH$s
U ^mdZm $magr go Zht H$a ^maVr lJma ag H$s nanam go AmVr h &
H$m n
H$m H$ma H$s >r go gy$s H$m ^maVr H$Wm H$m nanam | AmVo h &
BgH$s nw>r AZoH$ bjUm| go hmo OmVr h & AZoH$ H${dm| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| H$mo H$Wm H$s gkm
Xr h & Ogo XmmoXa a{MV bIZgoZ nmdVr H$Wm, BdaXmg-gdVr H$Wm, OmZH${d-
H$Wm aZmdVr, H$Wm H$mbVm, H$WmH$ZH$mdVr, mg-Zb XVr H$Wm Am{X & Hw$N>
H${dm| Zo H$Wm eX moJ {efH$ | ZmH$a H$m Ho$ AVJV {H$m h - Omgr - o H$Wm
Eht ^m{V {~Mma h, PZ- H$Wm OJV Oo Vr H${d AmB, CgmZ - OmH$s ~wpX hmoB
A{YH$mB, Amb - H$hm ~mV gwZm| g~ bmoJ& H$Wm-H$Wm qgJma {dmoJ & naewam MVwd}Xr
Zo gy{$m| Ho$ H$m H$mam| H$mo A{YH$ n> H$aVo hE {bIm h - ""gy$s ommZ VH$ Egr
aMZm h, {Og| {H$gr ~Y H$m Ho$ m g^r Vd dVmZ h, {H$Vw {Og| BgHo$ gmW
hr H$Wm Amm{H$m, OZ M[aV H$m, Ed gZdr H$s ^r {deofVmAm| H$m ^r gd hmo
Jm h, Ama hr BgH$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm h&''
$magr {T>m| H$m ^md {bVm h & H$B gJmo | aV H$s A{Va{OVVm {~^g
bJZo bJVr h & H$B Wbm| na gmoJ AdWm H$m dUZ Abrb bJZo bJVm h & BZ H${dm|
Zo gmoJ AdWmAm| H$mo ^moJ {dbmg Ho$ {bE CnwV dmVmdaU mZ {bm Vmo H$^r CgH$m
ahmH$ AW ^r H$a S>mbm & m gy$s H${dm| Zo o Vd H$s mm H$aVo hE gmX Ho$
dn Ed ^md na ~hV Hw$N> H$h S>mbm h &
M[a-{MU
gy$s H$m Ho$ M[a-{MU | H$moB d{d Zht h & BZHo$ ZmH$ m gmV
m amOHw$ma aho h, Ama Zm{H$mE amOHw$mar Ho$ n| Xemr Jr h Omo{H$ gH$V gm{h
H$s Zm{H$mAm| Ho$ gmZ EH$ hr T>mMo | T>br hB h & ZmH$ H$m d$n m nhbo go hr
{ZpMV gm >r JmoMa hmoVm h& amOHw$mar AV gwXar, nJ{dVm {XImB JB h & Zm{H$mE
^maVr nanam Ho$ AZwgma n{VdV Y H$m nmbZ H$aVr hB AV | gVr hmo OmVr h& ZmH$
H$m {damoY Zm{H$m Ho$ {nVm m gajH$ mam hr hmoVm h& A H$mn{ZH$ nm h, CZH$m WmZ
JmU h& H$B Wbm| na Eo{Vhm{gH$ M[am| H$m {MU ^mdr hAm h& BZ g^r M[am| na
^maVrVm H$m Jham ^md h &
omJu gy$s H${dm| Zo bmoH$ OrdZ H$m ghO {MU {H$m h & Ogo - AY
{ddmg, Zm{Vm, -V moJ, OmX Q>moZm, S>mZm| H$s H$aVyVo, {d{^ bmoH$mogd, bmoH$
dhma, VrW, dV gmH${VH$ dmVmdaU ~S>r g$bVm go A{H$V {H$m Jm h &
63
o H$mm| Ho$ aM{VmAm| Z| {hX KamZm| H$s o H$hm{Zm boH$a CZH$m VXZwn
dUZ {H$m h & gmmV g^r gy$s H${dm| H$mo {hX gH${V, nanam Ama Y H$m
WmdV n[aM Wm & Bg H$maU {hX Y Ho$ {gXmVm| Ama AmMma-{dMma H$m gwXa dUZ
{H$m h& {hX M[am| | {hXw AmXe H$s WmnZm H$s h & gy$s H${dm| H$m ZI{eI dUZ ^r
gH$V Ho$ H$memm| Ho$ JWmona AmYm[aV h& gJmZwn BZ H${dm| Zo ^maVr mo{Vf,
agmZ em, Amwd}X H$m ^r dUZ {H$m h& H${d Omgr H$m kmZ H$ht na AYwam Wm Ogo
AbH$mnwar H$mo Hw$~oa ZJar H$hm VWm ZmaX H$mo eVmZ Ho$ n | ~Vmm h & Chm|Zo dJ H$mo
AmgmZ H$hm h Ama aZgoZ H$s Cnm amdU go Xr h & Bg H$ma H$s Jb{Vm gy$s H$mm||
ImoOr Om gH$Vr h &
eVmZ
S>ZmH$Vm
Zmar-{MU
gy$s H$mm| H$s h ~S>r {deofVm h {H$, CZ| o H$m wI WmZ Zmar nm H$mo
R>hamm h & Zmar H$mo namm H$m VrH$ mZm h & dVwV gy$s H${dm| Zo o gmYZm | Zmar
H$mo ghmH$ $n o drH$ma {H$m h & $bdn hm na Zmar gmYH$m| H$s >r | d EH$
{gXr ~ZH$a AmVr h & Bgr H$maU gy$s H${dm| Zo Zmar gmYH$m| H$mo AZoH$ Abm{H$H$ JwUm| go
wV ~Zmm h & gy$s H${dm| Zo Zmar H$mo H$hr d{H$m Vmo H$^r na{H$m Ho$ n | {M{V
{H$m h & naVw XmoZm| nm| | dh ny d gm{YH$m h &
64
VrH$ {dYmZ
gy$s H${dm| H$mo bm{H$H$ o H$hm{Zm| mam Abm{H$H$ o H$s A{^OZm H$aVo
hE AV gmm H$m Am^mg XoZm hr Coe Wm & Bg agmH$Vm H$s A{^pV Ho$ {bE
gmHo${VH$ {dYmZ m VrH$m| H$m CnmoJ H$aZm A{Zdm hmo OmVm h & hr H$maU h {H$, Bhm|Zo
AnZr aMZmAm| | wV H$m{ZnV eXm|H$mo gmHo${VH$ n Xo {Xm h & Ohm Eogm Zht {H$m
Jm dhm Cg aMZm Ho$ AV | H$Wm Ho$ dmV{dH$ ah H$mo gPm {Xm Jm h & Bgr Coe
H$s ny{V H$aVr hB Omgr H$s n{$ ""VZ {MVCa Z amCZ H$shm'' {XImB XoVr h & H$ht-
H$ht na Bhm|Zo H${V Ho$ m go ^r A$ gmm H$s gd mnH$Vm H$m gHo$V {H$m h &
Ogo nmdV | ""a{d g{g ZI {XnV Amo{h OmoVr &'' dVwV gy$s H${dm| | ^mdmH$
ahdmX H$s Zmohmar g{> hB h &
{d{dY ^md
gy$s V na Mma ^ma {d{e> n go nS>o h - Amm] H$m AVdmX VWm {d{eR>m
VdmX, Bbm H$s Jw {dm, ZdA$bmVyZr V VWm {dMma dmV & BZ na
ebr
gy$s H$m | H${dm| | ebr H$s [Q> go AVa h& Omgr H$s ebr | mT>Vm Ed
J^raVm h {H$Vw Hw$N> H${dm| | An[an$Vm {>JmoMa hmoVr h& BZH$s aMZmAm| Z| H$Wm Vd
H$s YmZVm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bhm| Zo B{VdmmH$ ebr H$m moJ {H$m h, Hw$N> H${dm| Zo
AmopV, gmgmopV, nH$ VrH$ Am{XHo$ AmmoOZ mam AnZr ebr | OZm H$m d^d
gMm[aV H$a {Xm h& BZ H${dm| Z| ~Y ebr Ho$ A{V[a$ wVH$ ebr H$m ^r moJ {H$m
h&
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gy$s ommZm| H$s ^mfm m gd AdYr h & CgmZ Ama Zgra na ^moOnwar
H$m ^md h & Zya whX Zo H$ht-H$ht ~O^mfm H$m ^r moJ {H$m h & BZ H${dm| Zo Ad{Y
^mfm | VX^d eXm| H$m moJ {H$m h, Ad{Y H$s bmoH$mopVm Ama whmdam| H$m ^r AN>m
moJ {H$m h &
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N>X
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ebr H$mo AnZmm h & Xmohm, MmnmBm Ho$ A{V[aV gy$s H${dm| Zo gmoaR>o, gdo,
bdJ,~ad, Hw$S>{bm Ama H${dVm Am{X H$m ^r moJ {H$m h & H$ht-H$ht na Hw$N>oH$
H${d Zo $magr ^mfm Ho$ ~ha N>X H$s ^r moJ {H$m h &
AbH$ma
gy$s H${dm| Zo M{bV nanam Ho$ AZwgma AbH$mam| H$m moJ {H$m h& $magr
gm{h go ^m{dV ahZo na ^r ^maVr jo go CnmZm{X H$m JhU {H$m h& Bhm|Zo
gmgm|pV H$m moJ ~hV gwXa VarHo$ go {H$m h& gy$s H${dm| | gmgmopV Ho$ g~go
A{YH$ g$b moVm Omgr h& Cnm, Cojm, nH$ Ama A{VemopV Am{X AbH$mam|
H$m moJ BZ H${dm| Zo {H$m h&
gy$s o H$m Ymam H$mbrZ {hXr gm{h H$s mnH$ nanam mZr Om
gH$Vr h& H$mbrZ gH${V Ed bmoH$ OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY njm| H$m ghO {MU Bg| hAm
h& Chm|Zo o H$s nrS>m Ho$ gwYwa JrV JmE h& BZ o H$WmAm| | {d, Xdr Ed Abm{H$H$
Vd gmZ n go {bVo h& BZHo$ H$m | gmhg Ama em H$m {MU hAm h& BZ| ^maVr
dmVmdaU H$m ^md h& ^maVr lJma nanamAm| H$m g^r Zo nmbZ {H$m h& g~| gmZ
ngo H$WmZH$ {T>m| H$m MbZ ahm h& Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ama H$mn{ZH$ o H$WmAm| H$s Anojm
bmoH$JmWmAm| na AmYm[aV oH$WmAm| | bmoH$ Vd H$s mm A{YH$ h&
3Am. 4 Amg
3B. 1 VmdZm
3B. 2 am ^pV H$m Ho$ wI H${d
3B. 3 am ^pV H$m H$s {deofVmE
3B. 4 Amg
3B. 1 VmdZm
^pVH$mb H$s gJwU ^pV Ymam| am^pV H$m H$s b~r nanam ahr h& doXm|
| Hw$N> Wbm| na "am' eX H$m moJ hAm h& "am'Ho$ OrdZ go g~{YV nhbm hmH$m
"dmrH$s ammU' H$mo drH$ma {H$m OmVm h& Bg oaUm go hr am H$m H$s nanam ew$
hB dmrH$s ammU Zo Ho$db Xoe | hr Zhr ~pH$ {dXoe H$m| ^r ^m{dV {H$m, Ama am
gm{h aMm OmZo bJm& dmrH$s H$s Ho$ am mXm nwfmom Wo& Cg| AdVmadmX Zht Wm&
Cn{ZfX | am H$mo AdVma drH$ma H$a {bm Jm Wm& nwamUm| | ^r am H$m Ho$ gJ
{XImB XoVo h& S>m. gmoZQ>o$OrHo$ AZwgma ""AJV-gwVrjU-gdmX g{hVm | am Ho$ AZoH$
Abm{H$H$ JwUm| H$m gmdoe H$a Ch| {deof hd {Xm Jm& Am ammU, AmZX
ammU, AX^yV ammU, wewpS> ammU, hUw g{hVm, amKdmomg Am{X JWm| | am
H$Wm H$s Ym{H$ Ed Xme{ZH$ mm VwV H$s JB& damh, A{, qbJ, dmZ, ~h, JS>,
H$X, nXddV Am{X nwamUm| | am H$Wm Ho$ AZoH$ gJ {>JmoMa hmoVo h& ""~m, OZ
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An^e gm{h | ^r am H$m H$s gwXrK nanam ahr h&
am H$m H$m CX^d dmrH$s ammU go ew$ hAm h& nMmV am^pV
ammZX mam {dH${gV hmoH$a Vwbgr Ho$ "amM[aV mZg' Ho$ mam {hXr ^pV gm{h |
dm{hV hB& Vwbgr nyd {dUwXmg, AJXmg, BdaXmg Am{X Zo amH$Wm {bIr h {H$Vw am
H$m Ho$ w dVH$ Vwbgr hr aho h&
dm_r am_mZX
dm_r am_mZXOr H$m O_ 1400 go 1470 B. _mZm J`m h& BZH$m O_ H$mer
_| hAm Wm Ama Bhm|Zo dUd gXm` Ho$ AmMm` amKdmZX go Xrjm JhU H$s Wr& dUml_
_| AmWm aIZo dmbo am_mZXOr ^{V _mJ _| Chm|Zo g^r H$mo g_mZ _mZVo hE {ZZ dJ Ho$
^Vm| H$mo AnZm {e`d XmZ {H$`m& BZHo$ {e`m| _| H$~ra, aXmg, YZm, nrnm Am{X Wo&
dm_r am_mZXOr gH$V Ho$ n{S>V Wo& Bhm|Zo "dUd _VmX ^mH$a' Ama
'lram_mOwZ-nX{V' `h _wI JW {bIo h& am_mZXOr H$s ^{V-nX{V H$m ^md
am_-^{V nanam na b{jV hmoVm h& Jmodm_r VwbgrXmg ^r BZH$s {dMmaYmam go ^m{dV
Wo&
am_mZX Or H$m {hXr _| hZw_mZ H$s Vw{V H$m nX Bg H$ma h -
"AmaVr H$sO hZw_mZ bbm H$s& Xw>XbZ aKwZmW H$bm H$s&
OmHo$ ~b ^aVo _{h H$mn& amoJ gmoJ OmH$s {g`mZ `mn&
AOZrgwV _hm~bXm`H$& gmYw gV na gXmghm`H$ &&
JmT> na H${d gw{_am| Vmohr& hmoh> X`mb Xoh Og _m|{h&&'
dm_r AJXmg
dm_r am_mZX H$s {e` nanam Ho$ am_-^V H${d dm_r AJXmg Wo& Bhm|Zo
H$UXmg n`har go Xrjm boH$a {e`d mV {H$`m Wm& Bht AJXmg Ho$ {e` ^V _mb
Ho$ aM{`Vm Zm^mXmgOr Wo& H$UXmg n`hmar Zo O`nwa Ho$ g_rn JbVm Zm_H$ WmZ _|
69
AnZr Jr Wm{nV H$s Wr& AJXmgOr JbVm Jr na 1566 B. _| {d_mZ Wo& BZHo$ _wI
JW "`mZ _Oar', "A>`m_', "{hVmonXoe CnImUm ~mdZr,' 'am_^OZ _Oar', 'CnmgZm-
~mdZr', 'Hw$S>{b`m' Am{X h& BZH$s nX-aMZm nT>Zo na nVm Mb h {H$, Bh| emr`
gm{h` H$m kmZ Wm& EH$ CXmhaU >` h -
Hw$S>b b{bV H$nmob OwJb Ag na_ gwXogm&
{VZH$mo {Za{I H$me bOV amHo$g {XZogm&
_oMH$ Hw${Q>b {dgmb gamoh ZZ ghmE&
_wI nH$O Ho$ {ZH$Q> _Zmo A{b N>mZm AmE&&
BZH$m nX ^r Bg H$ma h-
nhao am_ Vwhmao gmodV& _ _{V_X AY Zqh OmodV&&
An_maJ _maJ _{hOm`mo& Br nmo{f nwfmaW _m`mo&&
Ama{Z Ho$ ~b AZV H$ma& AJaXmg Ho$ am_AYma &&
AJXmgOr Zo "AJAbr' Zm_ go d` H$mo OmZH$s gIr _mZ H$a H$m` aMZm`| H$s
h& BZH$s "am_m>`m`' _| grVm db^ am_ H$s X{ZH$ brbmAm| H$m {MU h&
Zm^mXmg
`h VwbgrXmg H$mbrZ am_^V H${d Wo& gdV 1657 Ho$ bJ^J dV_mZ Wo&
Zm^mXmg AJXmg Ho$ {e` Wo& BZH$m {gX JW '^V _mb' gdV 1642 Ho$ nrN>o ~Zm
Ama {`XmgOr Zo CgH$s Q>rH$m {bIr& BZH$s 'A>`m_' H$s aMZm a{gH$-^mdZm H$mo boH$a
hB h {Og_| am_ H$s brbmAm| H$m dUZ {H$`m J`m h&
BdaXmg
BdaXmgOr H$m O_ 1480 B. _mZm OmVm h& CZH$s gw{gX H${V 'g`dVr
H$Wm' h BgH$m aMZm H$mb 1501 B. h& am_H$Wm go g~{YV BZH$s '^aV {_bmn' Ama
'AJX nO' `h Xmo aMZmE M{bV h& '^aV {_bmn' _| am_ Ho$ dZJ_Z Ho$ CnamV '^aV-
am_' ^oQ> Ho$ H$U-H$mo_b gJ H$mo Bg H$m`-H${V _| n~X {H$`m J`m h& BdaXmg H$s
Xygar aMZm 'AJX nO' _| amdU H$s g^m _| AJX Ho$ na O_mH$a S>Q> OmZo H$m draagnyU
dUZ {_bVm h&
Ho$edXmg
Ho$edXmg H$m O_ 1555 B _| Ama _`y 1617 B. _mZm OmVm h& BZHo$ mam
{bIo JE _wI JW H${d{`m, a{gH${`m, am_M{H$m, draqghM[aV, {dkmZJrVm,
aVZ~mdZr, Ama OhmJra OgM{H$m Am{X h& BZ_| go am_MpH$m 1601 B. am_H$m`
nanam AVJV _wI H${V h&
70
BZ H${d`m| Ho$ A{V[aV am_H$m` {bIZodmbo A` H${d mUMX MmhmZ H$V
'am_m`U _hmZmQ>H$', goZmn{H$V H${dm aZmH$a, H$nyaMH$V 'am_m`U' Am{X aMZmE
CboIZr` h&
^pVH$mb | ^pV H$s AZoH$ YmamE M{bV Wr & H$~ra H$s {ZJwU kmZmJu
emIm Ama gy{$m| H$s onyU ^pV Bgr H$mb | dm{hV ahr & o XmoZm| emImE {ZamH$ma
{ZJwU ~h H$m Mma-gma H$aVr h & BZHo$ A{V[aV gJwU ^pVYmam ^r dm{hV ahr&
gJwU ^pVYmam | Bda Ho$ n | am Ama H$U mZo Jo & am^pV Ho$ w dVH$
ammZwOmMm Ama ~mX | ammmX mZo OmVo h & Bhm| Zo am Ho$ gJwU Ama {ZJwU XmoZm| nm|
H$s CnmgZm H$m {dYmZ {H$m & Vwbgr Zo Xm^md H$s ^pV H$s {Vm H$a am^pV H$mo
EH$ {Z[V {Xem H$s Amoa CwI H$a {Xm Wm & am^pV$ emIm Ho$ AZoH$ H${d hE, {H$Vw
am^pV H$m Ymam H$m gm{hpH$ hd hmH$m VwbgrXmg Ho$ H$maU h & CZHo$ hr
H$m H$s d{mm am H$m H$s d{mm h & CZH$m {ddoMZ {ZZ H$ma h &
am H$m d$n
am^V H${dm| Ho$ CnmXod ^JdmZ {dUw Ho$ AdVma lram h& do na~h
dn h& am nmn H$m Zme H$aZo hoVw Ama Ym}Xma Ho$ {bE wJ | AdVrU hmoVo h& am {dUw
H$m AdVma h Ama ^V H${d mZd n | CZH$m gmYH$ h&
am^pV Ho$ AZwn lram | erb, epV Ama gmX H$m gd h& AnZr
epV$go do X>m|H$m Imm H$aVo h Ama ^Vm| H$mo gH$Q>m| go wV H$aVo h& do AnZr
H$UmVm go n{VVm| Ama AYm} H$m CXma H$aVo h& Bg H$ma ^JdmZ lr am H$m
bmoH$ajH$ n YmZ h& do AmXe Ho$ {V>mnH$ h, hr H$maU hmo gH$Vm h, ^JdmZ am-
grVm Ho$ Zm na o H$m {MU Zht hAm h& H$mcmVa | am ^pV nanam | a{gH$Vm H$m
CX hAm Ama Cg | gIr gXm H$s WmnZm hB naVw h g~ H$U ^pV gm{h Ho$
AZwH$aU na hr hAm&
gdmH$Vm
gJwU ^pVYmam Ho$ am H$m H$m dn A{YH$ mnH$ h& am H$m | EH$
{damQ> gd H$s ^mdZm h& Bg | Z Ho$db am H$s CnmgZm h ~pH$ H$U, {ed, JUoe
Am{X XodVmAm| H$s Vw{V H$s JB h& h H$m {hX Y Ho$ {d{^ gXmm| H$m gd
H$aZo H$m g$b mg H$aVm h& hm H${d VwbgrXmg Zo goVw~Y Ho$ Adga na lram ma
{edOr H$s nyOm H$admB h -
"{ed mohr Xmg H$hmdm&
gmoa Za mo{h gnZohw Zht ^mdm&&'
71
{n am^pV H$m | am ^pV H$mo lo> mZm h Vmo ^r CgH$s ^pV ^mdZm
AV CXma h& am ^Vm| Zo ^pV H$mo gwgm mZm h {$a ^r Chm|Zo kmZ,^pV Ama H$
Ho$ ~rM gd Wm{nV H$aZo H$m gwXa mg {H$m h& Bg H$m | gJwUdmX VWm
{ZJwUdmX | EH$nVm ~VmB JB h& am ^Vm| H$m Anam gJwU ^r h Ama {ZJwU ^r Vmo ^r
^JdmZ H$m gJwU n ^pVgwb^ h&
^pV H$m dn
am H$m Ho$ nm AmMma Ama bmoH$ mXm H$m AmXe VwV H$aVo h& BZH$m
M[a hmZ Ed AZwH$aUr h& BZ| OrdZ H$s g^r H${Vm| H$m {MU {H$m Jm h AV
BZ| gdm{JUVm h& am H$m | aO, V Ama gV VrZm| JwUm| H$s A{^pV hB h& am H$s
amdU na {dO AWmV gV H$s V na {dO h& Vwbgr Ho$ H$m | am ZmZm n | brbm
H$aVo hE nyU ~h h& hmH${d VwbgrXmg Ho$ H$m | am ZmZm n | brbm H$a ah| h& {ZJwU
gVmo | am Eo{Vhm{gH$ Z hmoH$a ~h h,{H$Vw gJwU ^pV H$m | Eo{Vhm{gH$ hmoVo hE ^r
H$mbmVrV h &
72
H$mebr
gJwU am^pV nanam Ho$ H${d m Vmo d {dmZ Wo AWdm {dmZm| H$s gJ{V go
gm{h Ho$ Ym} Ho$ g~Ym| | nm kmZ m H$a MwHo$ Wo& BZHo$ mam AbH$ma em H$s
AdhobZm hB h& BZH$m AZoH$ H$m e{bm| na A{YH$ma Wm& hr H$maU h {H$ am H$m |
g^r e{bm| H$s aMZmE {bVr h& Bg | ~Y Ama w$H$, XmoZm| H$s H$mnm|H$m moJ
{H$m Jm h& amM[aV mZg | hmH$m, nmdVrJb d OmZH$s Jb | IS>H$m,
H${dVmdbr d Xmohmdbr | wVH$, [dZ n{H$m | ~Y wV H$m {lU, ambbmZhNw> |
Jr{V H$m Ho$ m g^r Vd {dmZ h &
nmonmgZm
gJwU ^pV nX{V | nmonmgZm H$m {d{e> WmZ h& Am{X eH$amMm Zo Zm
Ama n H$mo mm O mZm h& eVnW ~mhU | ~h H$mo An Ama AZm H$hm Jm h,
naVw gJwU gmYZm | ^JdmZ Ho$ Zm Ama n AmZX H$s Aj {Z{Y h& Zm Ama n hr
^pV H$m Ama^ mZm Jm h& am^V H$mo ^JdmZ H$m Zm Ama n BVZm {dwY H$a boVm
h, {H$ bm{H$H$ N>{d Cg| ~mYH$ Zhr ~Z gH$Vr& Ama^ | gJwU CnmgH$ Zmn wV y{V
gj AmH$a CnmgZm H$aVm h, naVw {ZaVa ^mdZm, qMVZ Ed JwU {H$VZgo dh AnZo
Amam | Eogm g{Z{d> hmo OmVm h, {H$ Cgo {H$gr ^m{VH$ CnH$aU H$s AmdH$Vm hr Zhr
ahVr&
Jw H$s {hm
am^pV emIm| {ZJwU gV H${dm| Ho$ gmZ gJwU H${dm| Zo ^r Jw H$s {hm
JmB h & am ^pV Ho$ AZwn Jw ~h H$m {V{ZYr h & hmH${d VwbgrXmg Ho$ VmZwgma
Jw Ho$ {~Zm kmZ H$s m{ Ag^d h Ama kmZ Ho$ A^md | moj H$s m{ Zht hmoVr &
ag
am ^{$ gm{h | amH$Wm AV mnH$ h & Cg| OrdZ H$s {d{dYVmAm| H$m
ghO g{doe h & Cg| g^r agm| H$m gmdoe h {H$Vw godH$-go^md H$s ^pV hmoZo Ho$
H$maU {Zd}XO emV ag H$s YmZVm h & am mXm nwfmom h Ama ^V H${d ^r
mXmdmXr h & hmoZo Ho$ H$maU lJma ag H$m {MU {g{V hAm h & hmH${d VwbgrXmg |
g^r agm| H$m gwXa n[anmH$ hAm h & CZHo$ H$m | lJma Ama em{V ag Ho$ gmW gmW dra
ag H$m ^r ^mdr {ZnU hAm h & {d{^ wX {MU | dra agHo$ gmW hr am,
H$U, ^mZH$ Ama H$ht H$ht ~r^g ag H$s {Zn{m hB h & ZmaX mohHo$ gJ | hm ag
H$m gJ {M{V hAm h & AZoH$ Wbm| na AX^yV ag H$m {ZnU hAm h &
73
N>X
amH$m | aMZm ^oX, ^mfm ^oX, {dMma ^oX, AbH$ma ^oX Ho$ gmW-gmW N>X
^oX ^r nmm OmVm h& dra JmWmAm| Ho$ N>n, gV H$m Ho$ Xmoho, o H$m Ho$ Xmoho, MmnmB
Ama BZHo$ A{V[aV Hw$S>{bm, gmoaR>m, gdm, KZmjar, Vmoa, {^Jr Am{X N>X wV
hE h& am H$m | wV Xmohm,MmnmB H$m moJ hAm h& VwbgrXmgOr Zo BZH$m moJ
A{YH$manydH$ {H$m h&
AbH$ma
am^V H${d n{S>V hmoZo hoVw Chm|Z| AbH$ma em H$s AdhobZm Zht H$s h&
Ohm BZ H${dm| Z| {d{dY N>Xmo H$m moJ ~S>r Hw$ebVm go {H$m h dhm AbH$ma Ho$ moJ |
AV {dXYVm X{eV H$s h& H${d Ho$ed Z| ~S>r mm | eXmbH$mamo H$m moJ {H$m h&
Vwbgr H$m o g^r AbH$ma {bVo h {H$Vw d| Cnm Ama nH$ Ho {bE {deof {gX h&
^mfm
amH$m H$s ^mfm AdYr h& H${d Ho$ed Zo AnZr aMZm am-MpH$m | ~O
^mfm H$m moJ {H$m h& ~mX Ho$ a{gH$ gXm Ho$ H${dm| Zo ~O ^mfm H$m moJ {H$m h&
VwbgrXmg o AnZr aMZmAm| o AdYr VWm ~O XmoZm| ^mfmAm| H$m g$b moJ {H$m h& am
H$m | ^moOnwar, ~wXobIS>r, amOWmZr, gH$V Ama $magr ^mfmAm| Ho$ eX ^r wV
hE h& Vwbgr Zo ^mfm H$m n[aH$V n VwV {H$m h&
gjon | CnamoV {ddoMZ Ho$ AmYma na h H$hm Om gH$Vm h, {H$ am^pV
emIm Ho$ H${dm| Zo g, n[apWVr Ama H$mb Ho$ AZwn AnZm H$m gOZ {H$m h& BZ
H${dm| Zo CH$> H$m gOZ H$m n[aM {Xm h& H${dVm BZH$s gm Zht gmYZ h& BZH$m
gm am^$ h& AnZo gm VH$ nhMZo Ho$ {bE BZ H${dm| Zo {Og gmYZ H$mo drH$ma
{H$m h Cgo BVZm gW Ama nyU ~Zm {Xm h, CgH$m mZg OZmZg hmo Jm& Bg H$m |
mZd OrdZ H$s {d{dY XemAm| H$m ghO, gab, dm^m{dH$ Ama ^mdr {MU hAm h& BZ
H${dm| Zo EH$ Amoa Yajm, bmoH$ {hV Ed gmO Ho$ CWmZ | moJ {Xm h Vmo Xgar Amoa
H$m H$mo CXmm, CH$> Ed bmoH$ JbH$mar n XmZ H$aZo H$m Vw H$m {H$m h&
3B. 4 Amg
3B. 1 VmdZm
3B. 2 H$U ^pV H$m Ho$ wI H${d
3B. 3 H$U ^pV H$m H$s {deofVmE
3B. 4 Amg
3B. 1 VmdZm
^pVH$mbrZ gJwU ^pVYmam | H$U ^pV H$m | H$U ^pV H$mo A{YH$
hd {Xm Jm h& F$doX | H$m CoI EH$ lmoVm F${f Ho$ n | hAm h& N>Xmoomon{ZfX |
H$U H$m CoI XodH$s nw Ho$ $n | hAm h& hm^maV | H$U H$m M[a {dVV $n |
{M{V hAm h& S>m. ^mS>maH$a Zo h {g {H$m h {H$ d{XH$ F${f H$U H$m hm^maV Ho$
H$U go H$moB g~Y Zht h&
hm^maV | H$U H$m Omo dUZ {H$m Jm h dh H$U gmm mZd H$m n h&
nMmV H$U H$mo ZmamU, {dUw, na~ Ho$ n | {V{>V hE& H$U M[a Ho$ gX^ | S>m.
{dOo dmVH$ {bIVo h - ""dVwV: Y WmnZ CZHo$ AdVma H$m wI Ama EH$m
Coe h& {X "JrVm' Ho$ AmYma na H$U-M[a H$m AmH$bZ {H$m Omo, Vmo CZHo$ Xme{ZH$
pVd H$m nyar Vah CXKmQ>Z hmoVm h& doX-doXmJkmVm H$U Zo mdhm[aH$ Va na XeZ
H$mo "JrVm' | nhbr ~ma {V{>V {H$m h, {OgHo$ AZw{ebZ go h n> hmo OmVm h {H$ {Og
n | H$U hm d{UV h dh CZHo$ naXodd H$m n[aMmH$ n h&''
nwamUm| o H$U H$m Omo n {dH${gV hAm h CgHo$ gX^ | nmMm {dmZm| Zo
H$U H$s ~mb-brbmAm| H$mo H$mBQ> Ho$ ~mbM[a H$m AZwH$aU H$hm h& lrH$U Ho$ nyUmdVma
Ho$ gX^ | nhbr ~ma nwamUm| | hr H$hm Jm h& "^mJdV nwamU' | H$U H$s {hm Jmr JB
h& nwamUm| | H$U H$mo moJoda, g{MXmZX, AwV, A{dZmer, Am{X H$hm Jm h& h[ade
nwamU, {dUw nwamU, nXnwamU, Am{X | H$U {hm JmZ {dVma go hAm h& gH$V H$m |
H$U-brbmAm| H$m g~go nhbo CoI AdKmof Ho$ "~M[aV' H$m | {bVm h& "hmb'
a{MV "JmXm-gVgB' | H$U, amYm, Jmonr, emoXm Am{X H$m dUZ h& ZmQ>XnZ, AbH$ma-
H$mVw^, H$Xd Oar, lrH$UbrbmV Am{X gH$V JWm| | H$U Ho$ {d{dY gJm| H$m
{MU hAm h& "JrV JmoqdX' | H$U lJma ag H$m {MU hAm h& H$U H$m Ho$ {dH$mg |
{d{^ gXmm| H$m moJXmZ ahm h& CZ| wI h - {Z~mH$, MV, amYmd^ Am{X -
d^ gXmm| Ho$ gyaXmg Zo gdW {Vm XmZ H$s h& Ch| hr {hXr ^V gm{h H$m
UoVm mZm Jm h& AV: H$U ^pV {dH$mg | gH$V-nwamU hm^maV, gXm Am{X
H$m hdnyU mooJXmZ ahm h&
75
3B. 2 H$U ^pV H$m Ho$ wI H${d
^pVH$mb Ho$ gJwU ^pV H$mYmam | H$U ^pV H$m Ho$ wI dVH$
gyaXmgOr h& gmW hr H$U ^pV gm{h UZ {d{^ H$UmonmgH$ gXmm| | {Z~mH$,
MV, d^ Ama amYmd^ Am{X | {H$m h& Bg Ymam Ho$ {dH$mg | gyaXmg H$m AbJ
WmZ XmZ {H$m h& Bg Ymam Ho$ {dH$mg | A H$U ^V H${dm|Zo ^r AnZm Aw
moJXmZ {Xm h& CZ| wI h - gyaXmg, ZXXmg, namZXXmg, {hV h[ade, YwdXmg,
lr^>, dmr h[aXmg, JXmYa ^>, ram~mB, agImZ Am{X& AV: CZH$m g{j n[aM
{hXr H$U^{$ gm{h {dH$mg H$m| gPZo | ghmH$ hmoJm&
"gyaXmg' H$U ^pV emIm Ho$ wI H${d h& gyaXmgOrHo$ OrdZ dV H$mo boH$a
{dXdmZm| | H$m$s V^oX h& gyaXmg H$m O gZ 1478 B. mZm OmVm h& {d{^ aMZm Ho$
AmYma na O "grhr' ZmH$ Jmd Ama | gmadV ~mU Ama OmQ> Om{V | Cn H$hm
Jm h& CZHo$ {nVm Ho$ n | AH$~a Xa~mar JmH$ "amXmg' H$m CoI {H$m OmVm h&
"Mmamgr dUd H$s dmVm' | gya Ho$ OrdZ dm na H$me S>mbm Jm h& dh Bg H$ma h-
"gyaXmg ~S>o JmH$ Wo& do JD$KmQ> na {Zdmg H$aVo Wo Ama {dZnX JmVo Wo&
hm^w d^mMm Zo Ch| nw{>mJ | Xr{jV {H$m Ama H$U brbm JmZo H$s oaUm Xr&
Chm|Zo H$U brbm Ho$ "ghmd{Y' nX {bIo, {OZH$s {g{ gwZH$a Xoem{Yn{V (AH$~a)
CZgo {bo& gyaXmg AYo Wo& do Bda Ama Jw$ | H$moB AVa Zht mZVo Wo& Chmo|Zo namgmobr
| mU-mJ {Xo& gya Ho$ w H$mb Ho$ gX^ | ^r {dmZm| | V^oX h& bo{H$Z A{YH$me
gya {dmZ gya H$m w gZ 1583 drH$ma H$aVo h& CZHo$ XohmdgZ g na {d>bZmW Zo
emoH$mV hmoH$a H$hm Wm-
""nw{>maJ H$moo OhmO OmV h gmo OmH$mo H$Nw> boZm hmo gmo boS>&''
gyaXmg H$s {ejm Ho$ g~Y o H$moB CoI Zht {bVm; do Jmd go Mma H$mog Xa ah
H$a nX aMZm | brZ ahVo Wo Ama JmZ-[dm | drU Wo& gyaXmg d^mMm Ho$ gnH$ |
AmZo na g, dmg Ama mYw ^md H$s nX-aMZm H$aZo bJo& gyaXmg Zo lrX ^mJdV
Ho$ AmYma na H$U g~Yr a{MV nXm| H$s gm gdmbmI ~VmB OmVr h&
"S>m. XrZXmbw Jw Zo CZHo$ mam a{MV nrg nwVH$m| H$s gyMZm Xr h& {OZ|
gyagmJa, gyagmamdbr, gm{h bhar, gyanMrgr, gyaammU, gyagmR>r Ama amYmagHo${b
H$m{eV hmo MwH$s h& "gyagmJa' Ama "gm{h bhar' CZH$s wI H${Vm h& "gyagmJa'
H$m AmYma lrX ^mJdV h& ^mJdV Ho$ gmZ BZ| ^r ~mah H$X h& W H$X |
{dZnX, ^mm, A{dYm, VUm ^pV-{hm go ^am hAm h& gya gmJa Ho$ Xe H$X Ho$
nydmY | H$UO, ~mbbrbm, Ama ^a JrV H$s aMZm 4160 nXm| | H$s h& Xe H$X Ho$
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Am{X emr dVw hmoH$a ^r bmoH$mZwn ~XbVr hB, H$mbrZ ^pV gm{h | gdoJ
dm{hV hmoVr ahr& H$~ra-ZmZH$ go boH$a gya-Vwbgr g^r H$mbrZ ^V H${dm| |
CV gJrVmH$Vm gm{h Ho$ A{Zdm Vd amJmH$Vm Ho$ gmW ZmZm nm| | npXV hmoVr
ahr& H${dVm H$s h gJrVmH$Vm H$s d{m H$U H$m Ho$ nw{>mJu H${dm| | n> XoIr
OmVr h& AH$~a Ho$ hmZ gJrV gmQ> VmZgoZ nw{>mJu dmr h[aXmg Ho$ {e Wo& JwOamV
mV | h gJrVmH$ d{m-hdobr gJrV Ho$ n | {>JmoMa hmoVr h& AV BZ H${dm|na
gJrVmH$Vm H$m ^md ahm h&
H$mn
ebr
H$U ^V H${dm| Zo JrV ebr H$m moJ {H$m h& BZHo$ H$m | JrVr Vd Ho$
g^r Vd CnbY h& Ogo ^mdmH$Vm, gJrVmH$Vm, dpVH$Vm, g{jVm VWm ^m
H$s H$mobVm Am{X nyU n | {bVo h& BZ H${dm| H$mo dpVH$Vm Ho$ {bE H$moB {deof jo
Zht Wm {$a ^r Bhm|Zo Jmo{nm| Ho$ m go dpVH$Vm H$m H$bmH$ n o gmdoe H$a
{bm h& BZ H${dm| | AZoH$ A{^OZm ebr H$o moJ hmoVo h& gya-gmJa | AZoH$
A{^OZm e{bm h& BZH$m gm{h eXepV, AbH$ma, H$m JwU Am{X g^r H$m
JwUm|go gn h&
ag
H$U ^pV gm{h H$s aMZmE wIV nXm| | H$s JB h& {d{^ N>Xmo H$m CH$>
{MU BZ H${dm| Zo {H$m h& BZ | Xmohm, amobm, MmnmB Am{X N>Xm| H$m moJ ~hV hr
H$bmH$ h& gyaXmg Zo H${dVm, N>n, Hw$S>{bm, h[aJr{VH$m AmXr N>Xm| H$m moJ {H$m
h& ZXamO Zo "nOar' VWm "amgOar' | Xmohm, MmnmB H$m moJ {H$m h&
AbH$ma
H$U ^pV H$m o AbH$mam| H$m AZwR>m n[aM {Xm Jm h& Bg H$mb Ho$
H${dm| Zo {d{^ AbH$mam| H$m moJ AnZr H$m aMZmAm| | {H$m h& nH$, Cnm,
Cojm, H$, bof Am{X AbH$mam| H$m {d{dY Ammr moJ BZ H${dm| Z| {H$m h&
AbH$ma H$s {> go h gm{h gn ahm h&
^mfm
H$U ^V H${dm| Zo AnZr H$m aMZm Ho$ {bE VH$mbrZ dXmdZ | M{bV
~O ^mfm H$m moJ {H$m h& ~O ^mfm gV Cmar ^maV | gm{h H$s ^mfm Ho$ n |
drH$V hB& ~O ^mfm Zo ~Jmb H$s ^mfm H$mo ^r ^m{dV {H$m& h AmYw{ZH$ H$mb VH$
gm{h H$s ^mfm ~Zr ahr& gya VWm ar{VH$mbrZ Xod, {~hmar AmXr H${dm| Zo Bg ^mfm H$mo Omo
gmX {Xm h dh gV {hXr gm{h | AmO ^r A{Vr h &
gjon o, H$U ^pV gm{h AmZX Ama Cmg H$s gm{h h& Bg | gd
~Oag H$s YmZVm h& Omo AX^yV Ama {dbjU h& ewX H$bmH$ >r go h gm{h
AZwn h &
3B. 4 Amg
ar{VH$mb
4.1 Co -
Bg BH$mB Ho$ AVJV nmR>H$ | {ZYm[aV ar{V-H$mb H$m n[aM {Xm Jm
h& Bggo ar{VH$mb Ho$ {dVV AZ | {dmWum| H$mo AmgmZr hmoJr& Bg BH$mB Ho$
AZ go {dmWu ar{VH$mbrZ H$m H$m AZ H$a gH|$Jo& ar{V~ H$m, ar{V{g
H$m Ama ar{Vw$ H$m Ho$ n{aM Ho$ gmW {deofVmAm| H$m ^r {dVV AZ H$a gH|$Jo&
4.2 VmdZm
ar{VH$mb Omo g gmaUr Ho$ AZwgma H$mb Ho$ Zm go ^r OmZm OmVm h&
ar{VH$mb | lJma naH$ aMZmE A{YH$ hB h BgH$m H$maU VH$mbrZ g H$m n[adoe,
amOm, Zdm~ Ama gmV bmoJm| H$m dMd Wm dht H${d AnZr Or{dH$m H$m gmYZ H$m
aMZmAm| H$mo mZVo Wo Ama AmlXmVm H$s ${M Ho$ AZwgma CZHo$ ZmoaOZ Ho$ gmYZ Ho$ $n
| H$m aMZm H$s OmVr Wr&
AmMm` am_M ewb Zo gdV 1700 go 1900 VH$ Ho$ H$mb H$mo (1643 B.
go 1843 B.) 'ar{VH$mb' AWdm 'Cma_`H$mb' Zm_ go A{^{hV {H$m h& ar{VH$mb _|
'ar{V' eX H$m `moJ 'H$m`mJ {ZnU' Ho$ AW _| hAm h& Eogo JW {OZ_| 'H$m`mJmo Ho$
bjU' Ed CXmhaU {X`oo OmVo h, 'ar{VJW' H$hbmVo h& ar{VH$mb Ho$ A{YH$me H${d`m| Zo
ar{V {ZnU H$aVo hE bjU JW {bIo, AV: Bg H$mb H$s YmZ d{m 'ar{V {ZnU' H$mo
_mZm Om gH$Vm h& Am. ewb Zo {hXr gm{h` Ho$ H$mbm| Ho$ Zm_H$aU YmZ d{m Ho$ AmYma
na {H$E h, AV: ar{V H$s YmZVm Ho$ H$maU Bg H$mb H$m Zm_H$aU Chm|Zo ar{VH$mb {H$`m
h& ar{V go CZH$m Vmn` nX{V, ebr Ama H$m`mJ {ZnU go h&
ar{VH$mb H$m g_` _wJbm| Ho$ d^d, nam^d `m nVZ Ed AJoOm| Ho$ CX` H$m
H$mb h& gm_VdmXr d{m H$m ~mob~mbm Bg H$mb _| Wm Ama gm_VdmX H$o Xmof gd
`mV Wo& EH$ Amoa {dbmgr emgH$m|, gm_Vm|, A{YH$m[a`m| Ed _Zg~Xmam| H$m ~mob~mbm Wm
Vmo Xygao Amoa Jar~ OZVm {ng ahr Wr& {dbm{gVm H$s ~T>Vr d{m Ho$ H$maU Zmar H$mo gn{m
87
_mZm OmZo bJm Wm& {dbmg Ho$ CnH$aUm| H$m gJh H$aZm Ed gwam-gwXar _| brZ ahZm CM
dJ Ho$ OrdZ H$m EH$_m b` ~Z J`m Wm& _`-dJ ^r Cht Ho$ AZwH$aU _| brZ ahVm
Wm& A{^OmV dJ Ho$ ha gwXar Zm[a`m| Ed a{jVmAm| go ^ao ahVo Wo& H${d AnZo g_` H$m
gOJ {MVoam hmoVm h& ar{VH$m{bZ H${d`m| Zo ^r AnZo g_` Ho$ {dbmgr amOmAm|, gm_Vm| H$s
{dbmgd{m H$mo Vw> H$aZo Ho$ {bE Kmoa lJma YmZ aMZmE {bIt& ar{VH$mb Ho$ A{YH$Va
H${d amOm-l` _| ahVo Wo AV: BZ H${d`m| H$s gnyU AVMoVZm gwam, gwXar Ama gwamhr
VH$ hr gr{_V ah J`r& CgZo AnZr `mo`Vm H$m {dVma Zmar Ho$ AJ {MU _| Ho$pV H$a
{X`m& S>m. ZJo Zo Bgr H$maU {bIm h {H$- ''Bg gm{h` H$m gmMm Mmho Ogm ^r ahm hmo
Cg_| T>br lJm[aH$Vm hr&'' S>m. ^Jra` {_l Zo ar{VH$mbrZ H$m`H$mam| H$mo `mdZ VWm ~gV
Ho$ H${d H$hm h&
BgHo$ A{V[aV ar{VH$mb _| Hw$N> Eogo ^r amOm{lV H${d Wo Omo AnZo
Aml`XmVmAm| Ho$ XmZ, namH$_ Am{X H$m AmbH$m[aH$ dUZ H$aVo hE YZ H$s m{V H$aVo Wo&
Ym{_H$ gH$mam| Ho$ H$maU ^{V naH$ aMZmE H$aHo$ Hw$N> H${d Am_bm^ ^r H$aVo Wo. Vmo
Hw$N> H${d OrdZ Ho$ H$Qw>-{VV d`{VH$ AZw^dm| H$mo Zr{V H$m Om_m nhZmH$a Zr{V H$WZm|
Ho$ $n _| ^r `V H$aVo Wo&
ar{VH$mb _o {b{IV gnyU CnbY H$m` H$mo d` AWdm {df` `m d{m
Ho$ AmYmana {ZZ{b{IV VrZ dJm} _o {d^m{OV {H$`m OmVm h -
ar{V~X H$m` dh H$m` h Omo ar{V-{ZnU Ho$ n _| {bIm J`m hmo& Bg_|
Bg H$mb _| {bIo J`o do g^r ar{V-JW Am OmVo h, {Og_o H$m`mJm| H$m n_` bjU
VwV H$a CgHo$ CXmhaU Ho$ n _| da{MV H$m` VwV {H$`m J`m h& S>m. ZJo Zo Bgo
''AmMm`-H${d`m| H$m H$m` H$hm h& Am. {ddZmW gmX {_l Bgo 'ar{V~X `m bj~X
88
H$m`' H$hVo h& BZ H$m`-JW {Z_mVmAm| H$m| ar{V~X H${d H$hm OmVm h& Xygao eXm| _|
gH$V-H$m`em Ho$ AmYma na {hXr _| bjU JWm| H$s aMZm H$aZo dmbo H${d`m| H$mo
ar{V~X H${d _mZm OmVm h& Bhm|Zo H$m`mJm| Ho$ bjU {bIH$a CZHo$ CXmhaU ^r VwV
{H$E& ar{V~X AmMm`m] Zo gH$V Ho$ AbH$ma gXm` H$mo {deof n go drH$ma {H$`m Ama
ag, ar{V, d{Z VWm dH$mo{V H$mo JmU _mZm& BZ ar{V~X H$m` aMZmH$mam| H$m _w`
Co` AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$mo gZ H$aZm Wm {H$Vw AnZo H$m` Ho$ _m`_ go do gH$V
^mfm _o d{UV gm{h`em H$m {hXr bmoH$^mfm _| (~O^mfm) AZwdmX H$aVo Wo& BZ AmMm`m]
Zo {H$gr ZE H$m`{gXmV H$s WmnZm Zht H$s Bgr{bE BZH$s aMZm _| _m{bH$Vm H$m
A^md h& Chm|Zo nyd{ZYm[aV n[anmQ>r H$m AZwH$aU _m {H$`m h& `o AbH$mam| Ama Zm`H$-
Zm{`H$m ^oX {ZnU _o hr `V aho& Bg dJ _| Xmo H$ma Ho$ H${d hE& W_ do {Ohm|Zo bjU
JWm| Ho$ gmW b` JW ^r {bIo& Bg dJ _| Ho$edXmg, qMVm_{U, _{Vam_, Xod, nX>_mH$a
Am{X H$s JUZm H$s OmVr h& Xygao dJ _| do AmMm` AmVo h {Ohm|Zo bjU JW Vmo {bIo na
b` JW Zht& BZ_| lrn{V H$m Zm_ _w` $n go {b`m OmVm h& Bg H$m`Ymam H$s gm_m`
d{m`m VWm {deofVmE Bg H$ma h-
2) lJm[aH$Vm :-
lJm[aH$Vm Bg H$m`Ymam H$s hr Zht, Bg H$mb Ho$ g{h` H$s ^r gdm{YH$
_wIa d{m ahr h& Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d`m| _| _m{bH$Vm H$m A^md ^bo hr ahm hmo na lJma ag
Ho$ {d{^Z Ad`dm|- {d^md, AZw^md, gMmar, B`m{X Ho$ dUZ, Zm{`H$m{X ^oXmon^oXm|,
CZH$s gy_ lJm[aH$ _ZpW{V`m| Ho$ CXKmQ>Z F$Vw Am{X Ho$ dUZm| _| H${d`m| Zo {OVZr
gag Ama _m{_H$ D${V`m VwV H$s h gH$V, mH$V Ama An^e Ho$ hOmam| dfm] Ho$
gm{h` go EH$ H$s Om`o Vmo ^r BZH$s VwbZm _o H$_ nS>oJr& Ho$db _mm _| hr Zht gagVm _|
^r `h gm{h` AX>^yV h&
89
Bg Ymam Ho$ H${d`m| Zo lJma Ho$ g`moJ Ama {d`moJ - XmoZm| hr njm| H$m nyao
_ZmodoJ go {MU {H$`m h& o_ H$m _y`mYma Amb~Z gmX` _mZZo Ho$ H$maU, Bhm|Zo
gmX` Ho$ {MU _| {deof {M Am`r h&
3) gmX` {MU :-
ar{V~X lJm[aH$ H$m` Ho$ _w` Amb~Z Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m aho h& BZ XmoZm|
_| Zm{`H$m H$s AJ-`mo{V H$s Amoa H${d`m| H$s {> A{YH$ ahr h& ZI-{eI dUZ Ho$ gmao
gJ BgHo$ _mU h bo{H$Z hmd AZw^mdm{X Ho$ {MUmo _| `h n-gmX` A{YH$ _m{_H$
hmoH$a gm_Zo Am`m h& {^ImarXmg H$m EH$ gmX` {M >` h-
nH$O go nm`Z _| JyOar Oam`Z H$s
KmKao H$mo Koa Xr{R> Ko[a Ko[a a{I`m&
'Xmg' _Z_mo{hZ _{V Ho$ ~Zm`
~{Z H$R>_mb, H$MwH$s hdob hma n[ad`m&&
^mJ ^ar ^m{JZr gmohmJ ^ar gmar gyhr
_mJ ^ar _moVr AZwamJ ^ar A{I`m&&
Eogm hr g_mohH$ n Bg Ymam Ho$ H${d`m| H$s {> _| Wm& Bg_| b{bV
hmd,{d^d hmd Ho$ CXmhaU h bo{H$Z hmd Ho$ d$n {ZnU H$s d{m Bg_| X~ J`r h Ama
n H$s _mXH$Vm hr _wI hmoH$a gm_Zo Am`r h&
4) AbH$m[aH$Vm :-
M_H$ma XeZ H$s d{m ar{VH$mb H$s gm_m` d{m ahr h& M_H$ma H$m
AW h- AbH$ma YmZ hmoZm& VH$mbrZ ar{V~X H${d AbH$mam| na A{YH$ `mZ XoVm Wm&
AbH$mam| _| ^r `o H${d AZwmg, `_H$ na {deof ~c XoVo Wo, `m|{H$ AZwmg Ho$ `moJ go
_wVH$ H$s ^mfm ZmX CnZ H$aZo _| g_W hmoVr Wr Ama H$m` Z| ^r EH$ _YwaVm Am OmVr
Wr& Aml`XmVm ^r H${dVm H$m __k Zht hmoVm Wm& Cgo eXm| Ho$ M_H$ma Ama CgH$s Jo`Vm
go hr A{YH$ _Vb~ hmoVm Wm& H$^r-H$^r BZ _wVH$m| H$mo A{Ve`mo{V Ama Cn_m
AbH$mam| go ^r gOm`m OmVm Wm& {H$Vw `h A{Ve`mo{V H$^r-H$^r {IbdmS> H$s gr_m
VH$ nhM OmVr Wr&
ar{V~X H${d gH$V Ho$ AbH$ma em Ho$ T>rJV Cn_mZm| H$mo boH$a
CZH$m hr {nQ>nofU H$aVm ahm& Bg gX^ _| CgZo {H$gr ZdrZ _m{bH$ CX>^mdZm go H$m_
Zhr {b`m, n[aUm_V CZHo$ ZI{eI dUZ {T>~X Ama Ad`{VH$ hr ~Zo aho& n
gm` _ybH$ AVwV {dYmZ H$s Anojm Y_-gm` {dYmZ gwXaV_ hmoVm h& ar{V~X
H${d`m| _| BgH$ma Ho$ AVwV {dYmZ H$s H$_r h&
5) H$m` n :-
ar{VH$mbrZ H${d H$m Co` Cg `wJ Ho$ amOmAm| Ama aBgm| H$s a{gH$Vm H$s
d{m H$mo gVw> H$aZm Wm& dh nyU n go amOXa~mar dmVmdaU go {Kam hAm Wm& Eogr pW{V
90
_| M_H$ma CnmXZmW VWm dmhdmhr m{ Ho$ {bE _wVH$ H$m` ebr CgHo$ A{YH$ AZwHy$b
Wr& `h g_` ~Y H$m` {Z_mU Ho$ {bE gdWm AZwn`wV Wm& {Og Xa~ma _| H${d nyJdm|
Ho$ XJb bJVo hmo Ama Ohm na EH$-Xygao go ~mOr _ma OmZo H$s hmoS> MbVraho, dhm ~Y
H$m` H$m Z hr Zht CR>Vm& Bg g_` Bg jo _| WmoS>m-~hV gmhg ^r {H$`m J`m bo{H$Z
dh {deof \$br^yV Zht hAm& ~Y H$m`m| Ho$ {bE {ZaVa EH$agVm Ama Y` H$s
Amd`H$Vm hmoVrh, `o ~mV| Z Vmo Cg g_` Ho$ H${d Ho$ nmg Wr Ama Z lmoVm Ho$ nmg&
Bg H$mb _| `{n g~Ho$ AmMm` Ho$edXmg Zo 'am_MpH$m' {bIH$a ~Y
H$m` {bIZo H$m _mJ {XIbm`m Wm, naVw `h nanam AmJo Zhr Mb nmB& AmMm` Ho$edXmg
d` AmoaN>m Zaoe BOrV Ho$ Xa~ma _o ahVo Wo Ama CZH$s do`mAm| H$mo H${dVm aMZm H$aZo
H$m hZa ^r {bImVo Wo& 'H${d {`m' BZH$m Bgr H$ma H$m EH$ bjU JW h& qH$Vw CZH$s
am_MpH$m H$s ~Y aMZm X{V AmJo Zht Mb nmB&
6) Zmar {MU;-
Zmar Ho$ {V ar{VH$mbrZ H${d`m| H$m {>H$moZ ^moJdmXr ahm h& Mmho ar{V~X
H${d Xod, _{Vam_, Ho$ed hmo Mmh ar{V{gX H${d {~hmar hmo AWdm ar{V_wV H${d KZmZX,
~moYm `m Amb_ hmo, g^r H$s {> Zmar Ho$ {V ^moJdmXr ahr h& lJma ^md H$s BVZr ~oH$Xar
Ama Zmar Ho$ {V BVZr {Jar h`r {> {hXr gm{h` _| H$^r Zht H$Q> h`r& BgH$m _w`
H$maU `h h {H$ _wJb emgZ H$s {ZaHw$e gmm Ho$ g_wI Xoer amOdmS>m| Ho$ Zaoem| H$m VoO
AmhV hmo MwH$m Wm& _wJb Xa~ma Ho$ Mwa {dbmg H$m AZwH$aU H$aZm hr CZHo$ OrdZ H$m
Co` ~Z J`m Wm, _mZmo `h EH$ _Zmodkm{ZH$ n go j{Vny{V Wr& amOm{lV H${d Zmar Ho
Hy$M-H$Q>mj H$ _hrZ ~ _hrZ {dbmgm_H$ aJrbo Ama ^S>H$sbo {M CVmaH$a AnZo dm_r
Ho$ Jhao _mZ{gH$ {dfmX H$mo Xya H$aZo _| `Zerb Wo& CZHo$ gm_Zo Zmar H$m EH$ hr n Wm
Ama dh Wm {dbm{gZr o{_H$m H$m& AnZo XwIm| Ama nam^dm| H$mo ^ybZo Ho$ {bE BZ bmoJm|Zo
Zmar H$s _Ywa MMb N>m`m _o ~R>Zm hr C{MV g_Pm&
ar{V~X H${d Xa~mar ~ZH$a OZ g_mO go H$Q> J`o Wo& ar{VH$mbrZ H${dVm
Bgr{bE g_mO Ho$ {V Cnojm nyU {>H$moZ aIVr h& CgHo$ Aml`XVmAm| Ho$ {bE Zmar H$m
g~b EH$ {dbmg Wb ~Z J`m Wm& AnZo EH$mJr {>H$moZ Ho$ H$maU Zmar OrdZ Ho$
gm_m{OH$ nj, CgHo$ lXml` n Ama _mV e{V H$mo ar{V H${d XoI Z gH$m& `hm VH$ {H$
Amam` Xodr Ho$ ^r emar[aH$ bmd` na [aPVm ahm& BZHo$ Zmar {MU _| dmg` ^mdZm
H$ht na ^r Zht {XIVr& Eogm bJVm h {H$ _mZmo dmgZm hr Cg Zmar Ho$ OrdZ H$m ImZm-
nrZm, AmoT>Zm-{~N>mZm g~ Hw$N> hmo& Zmar ar{V~X H${d`m| Ho$ {bE {dbmg H$m EH$ CnH$aU
_m h& Xod Zo H$hm h-
'' H$mZ JU nwa dZ ZJa H$m{_Zr EH$ ar{V&
XoIV ha {ddoH$ H$mo {Mm ha H$[a r{V&&
13) N>X :-
ar{V~X H${dVm Xa~mar dmVmdaU _| gmg boVr Wr& ar{V~X H${d`m| Zo
Xmohm, H${dV Ama gd`m N>Xm| H$mo AnZm`m& gd`m Ama H${dV _| ZmX Vd H$m {dYmZ
{H$`m OmVm Wm Ama Xmohm| _| AWVd H$m& Bgr{bE ar{V~X H${d Bht N>Xm| H$m `moJ H$aVo
{XImB XoVo h& Xmohm Jo` Z hmoVo hE ^r AW H$m {dVma Bg_| Amd`H$ Wm& gd`m, H${dV
Ama Xmohm| _| ar{V~X H${d {Mm_H$ dUZ H$aVm Wm& Jo`Vm Ama {Mm_H$Vm Bg `wJ H$s
H${dVm Ho$ Xmo YmZ JwU Wo&
ar{V{gX H$m`
ar{V{gX H${d`m| H$s aMZmE ar{V go JwWr h`r h& bjU JWm| H$s aMZm go
{daV ahH$a ^r ar{V H$s nyar-nyar N>mn aadZo Ho$ H$maU `o H${d ar{V {gX H${d `m H$m`-
H${d H$hbm`o Ama BZH$m H$m` ar{V{gX H$m` A{^{hV hAm& Bg H$m` H$s {deofVmE
{ZZ{b{IV h-
2. dV H${d `{Vd :-
ar{V JW {badZodmbm| H$mo bjUm| go ~mha OmZo H$s JwOmBe Z Wr& naVw
ar{V {gX H${d ar{V go Ho$db gHo$V JhU H$aVo Wo Ama ^md Ed H$nZm H$m ~YmZ dV
T>J go ^r H$aVo Wo& `hr H$maU h {H$ Ohm `o bmoJ ZdrZ CX^mdZmE H$a gHo$ h, dhm ar{V~X
H${d AnZr aMZmAm| _| m`: ZdrZVm H$m d{e>` Zht bm gHo$ h& {~hmar H$s aMZmAm| Ho$
d{e>` H$m `hr H$maU h& H${dm, gd`m Ogo A{YH$ M{bV N>Xm| H$mo N>moS>H$a {~hmar Zo
Xmoho H$mo Omo JhU {H$`m, dh ^r Bgr `{V-d{e>` H$m gyMH$ h& CZHo$ Xmohm| _| Omo gy_
H$marJar h, dU Ed ZmX gmX` H$m {dYmZ h, Jhar AWdmm Ama d`m_H$Vm h, dh H$moar
ar{V Wm H$m AZwH$aU Zht& dh dV H${d ApVd Ho$ {dH$mg H$m {demb `mg mo{VV
H$aVr h&
7. lJm[aH$Vm :-
ar{V{gX H${d`m| Zo lJma Ho$ XmoZm| njm|-g`moJ Ama {d`moJ H$m dUZ {H$`m h
qH$Vw lJma Ho$ g`moJ nj _| do {OVZo a_o h, CVZo {d`moJ nj _| Zht& {~hmar BgH$m gdlo>
CXmhaU h& ^bo hr Zm{`H$mAm| H$s AXmAm| H$mo Bhm|Zo {M{V {H$`m hmo, bo{H$Z AZw^md Ho$
{dYmZ _| BZH$s ag `OZm A`V ^` ~Z nS>r h& hmdm| Ama ^mdm| H$s Eogr gwXa `moOZm
BZH$m H$moB ^r g_H$mbrZ H${d Zht H$a gH$m& _mZm| EH$ H$ma go Chm|Zo hmd-^md ^ar
_y{V`m V`ma H$a Xr h-
96
'' ~Vag bmbM bmb H$s _wabr Yar bwH$mB&
gmh H$a, ^mh{Z hg XZ H$a Z{Q> OmB&&
lJma Ho$ {d`moJ nj _| {~hmar CVZo g\$b Zht hmo nm`o h bo{H$Z Hw$N> Wb
Eogo ^r h Ohm Zm{`H$m Ho$ X` Ho$ AV H$m {MU Bhm|Zo Iy~ {H$`m h& lJma Ho$ gMmar
^mdm| H$m {MU ~S>m X`neu ~Z nS>m h
gKZ Hw$O N>m`m gwIX, grVb _X g_ra&
_Z hmo OmV AOm, dh dm O_wZm Ho$ Vra&&''
8. AmbH$m[aVm :-
ar{VH$mbrZ M_H$ma XeZ H$s d{m Ho$ H$maU AbH$ma gmYZ Z ahH$a
gm` ~Z J`o& g^mdZm_ybH$ Cojm AbH$ma H$m `moJ Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d Zo Iy~ {H$`m&
BgH$m H$maU `h h {H$ Bg_| H$nZm H$s CS>mZ Ama M_H$ma XeZ H$s H$m\$s Ny>Q> ahVr h&
Bg g_` M_H$ma_ybH$ AbH$mam| _o go bof, `_H$ Ama AZwmg H$m A{YH$ `moJ hAm&
{~hmar Zo Eogo M_H$ma_ybH$ AbH$mam| H$m A{YH$ `moJ {H$`m h, bo{H$Z H$^r-H$^r Eogo
`moJm| Ho$ H$maU H$m` _o hm`mnXVm Am OmVr h& {~hmar Ama Ho$ed Zo M_H$ma H$s
A{Vnhm go Eogo hm`mnX `moJ {H$`o h {H$ emo^mg{> Ho$ WmZ na Aemo^{ZVm nXm h`r
h& H$ht-H$ht AbH$mam| go ~mo{Pb n{V`m ^r {_bVr h, naVw H$ht H$ht AbH$mam| Ho$ n _|
gwXa AVwV {dYmZ H$s `moOZm ^r H$s J`r h& Ohm H${d EH$ _m AbH$ma Ho$ M_H$ma Ho$
nrN>o XmS>m h, dhm Vmo H$m` n H$s {dH${V hmo J`r h& '{~hmar gVgB' H$mo N>moS>H$a eof H$m`
_| M_H$ma XeZ H$s d{m H$_ hr {_bVr h&
ar{V_wV H$m` H$s {deofVmE- `{n 17 dr eVmXr Ho$ gm{h` _| ar{V ~X H$m`
U`Z H$s d{m Cmamoma ~bdVr hmoVr JB, {H$Vw BgHo$ g_mZmVa H$mb _| ar{V_wV
H$m`m| H$s ^r aMZm hB& Bg H$mb _| Hw$N> Eogo ^r H${d hE, {OhmoZo ar{V Ho$ ~YZ go _wV
hmoH$a gm{h`-g{> H$s& Bhm|Zo Ho$ed, _{Vam_ Ama {MVm_{U Ho$ g_mZ Z Vmo H$moB bjU
JW {bIm Ama Z hr {~hmar H$s ^m{V H$moB ar{V~X aMZm {bIr& BZ ar{V-_wV H${d`m| H$s
g`m nMmg go ^r A{YH$ h& BZ_| go Hw$N> H${d Eogo h, {Ohm|Zo bjU~X aMZm Zht H$s
Ama do AnZo dN>X o_ H$s nra OZVm H$mo gwZmVo aho& Bg dJ _| KZmZX, Amb_, ~moYm
Ama R>mHy$a Am{X AmVo h& Xygam dJ CZ H${d`m| H$m h, {Ohm|Zo ~Y H$m` {bIo, Ogo bmb
Ama gyXZ Am{X& Vrgao dJ _| XmZbrbm Ama _mZ brbm Am{X na dUZm_H$ ~Y-H$m`
{bIZo dmbo AmVo h& Ogo-dX, XrZX`mb {J[a Ama {JaYa Xmg Am{X& nmMdo dJ _|
~kmZ, dam` Ama ^{V na {bIZo dmbo H${d AmVo h& N>R>o dJ _| drag Ho$ \w$bH$a n
{bIZodmbo AmVo h&
BZ CnamoV H${d`m| Ho$ H$m` _|- (1) ^md-nj H$s YmZVm h& (2) BZH$s ebr
AbH$mam| Ho$ AZmd`H$ ~moP go ^r AmH$mV Zht hB h& (3) ^mfm Ho$ jo _| ^r `o bmoJ
A{YH$ g$mB go CVao h& (4) BZHo$ H$m`m| _| gm_m{OH$Vm H$s Kmoa AdhobZm ^r Zht h,
Ama Z hr U lJm[aH$Vm h& BZH$m lJma {MU AnojmH$V A{YH$ dW, g`V Ama
dN> h& (5) BZHo$ H$m` Ho$ _yb _| dmV: gwIm` H$s oaUm H$m_ H$a ahr h, AV: Cg_|
bmoH$-gJh H$s n[anw> ^mdZmE h& (6) ar{V-_wV Ymam _| lJmar H${d`m| H$m lJma {MU
EH$ {^Z nX{V na Mbm h&
1) dN>X g`V o_ H$m {ZnU- ar{V_wV H${d`m| H$m o_ dN>X Ama g`V
h& Cgo H$ht ^r ar{V Ho$ ~Yo-~Ym`o gmMm| _| T>mbZo H$m `mg Zht {H$`m J`m h& Cg_| ^md
dU X` H$s gMr AZw^y{V h, H$hr ^r H${_Vm Zht Ama Z hr H$hr H$moB {N>nmd Ama
Xwamd h VWm H$mB`m Ama ~mH$mnZ h& BZHo$ o_ _| ewX X` H$m `moJ h& `h o_ CZH$s
Am_m H$s nwH$ma h& ar{V~X H${d`m| Ogm AVaJ Ama ~{haJ g{I`m| H$m {dYmZ ar{V_wV
H$m` _| Zht& `o H${d o_ Ho$ dN>X Jm`H$ h& BZHo$ `hm ar{V H$m {deof AmXa Zht& AJa
H$hr ar{V H$m {Zdmh hAm ^r h Vmo namojn go& BZH$m o_ EH${Z> h, Bg_| bmoH$mndmX H$s
V{ZH$ ^r qMVm Zht& BZHo$ nmg o_ H$s CXmV AZw^y{V`m h Ama CZH$m Bhm|Zo CXmV n
_| dUZ {H$`m h&
dNX o_ H$m AW `h h {H$ BhmoZo {dew gmX`mZw^y{V oaUm go Om{V
g_mO Ed Y_ Ho$ ~YZm| H$s AdhobZm H$aVo hE, Eogr Zm{`H$mAm| go o_ {H$`m Omo A`
99
Om{V Ed Y_ go g~{YV Wr& Amb_, KZmZX, ~moYm _ybV {hXy Wo, bo{H$Z CZH$s
o{_H$mE-Amb_ H$s eoI, KZmZX H$s gwOmZ, ~moYm H$s gw^mZ _wpb_ Wr& Eogr pW{V _o
Bh| o_ Ho$ jo _| n`mV gKf H$aZm nS>m, VWm gmhg Ed `mJ H$m n[aM` XoZm nS>m& {_m|
Ho$ Cnhmg, g_mO Ho$ ~{hH$ma, Aml`XmVmAm| Ho$ {damoY H$mo ghZ H$aVo hE BhmoZo o_ Ho$
jo _| J^raVm H$m n[aM` {X`m& ~moYm AnZr o`gr Ho$ {bE ggma Ho$ g_V d^d H$mo
XwH$maVo h& KZmZX AnZr gwOmZ Ho$ {bE JmZm JmVo h, Ama Aml`XmVm Ho$ H$mon H$mo ghVo
h>&
2) lJma Ho$ g`moJ Ama {d`moJ nj- dgo Vmo BZ H${d`m| Zo lJma Ho$ C^` njm| H$m
dUZ {H$`m h, {H$Vw BZH$s _Zmod{V {d`moJ nj _| A{YH$ a_r h& BZH$s {dah {df`H$
YmaUm A`V {dbjU h& `hm g`moJ _| ^r {d`moJ nrN>m Zhr N>moS>Vm h& KZmZX Ho$ eXm|
_|-
'' `h H$gr g`moJ Z Om{Z na Ow {d`moJ Z `mh {~N>mohV h ?''
dVwV BZ H${d`m| H$m o_-Vfm gXm ~T>Vr hr ahVr h, Mmho Vmo {_bZ
m{Zr hmo Ama Mmho {dah H$s A_md`m& BZ H${d`m| _| o_ H$s Amh nra h Ama Cg nra H$mo
nhMmZZo Ho$ {bE X` Ado{jV h& KZmZX Ho$ eXm| _|-
''g_wP H${dVm YZ AmZX H$s, {h` Am{IZ o_ H$s nra VH$s&''
BZH$s o_ H$s nra gy{\$`m| go ^m{dV OmZ nS>Vr h& Bg Ymam Ho$ m` gmao
H${d o_ Ho$ CnmgH$ h& BZH$s n> KmofUm h- AmZX AZw^d hmoV Zqh {~Zm o_ OJ OmZ&
H$ dh {df`mZX H$ N>mZX bIZ&&''
Bhm|Zo H$U Ho$ gJwZ-gbmoZo n H$mo AnZo H$m` H$m {df` ~Zm`m h, AV Bhm|Zo amYm Ama
H$U Ho$ g`moJ na Ho$ o_ H$s ^r ~S>r _Zmoha Ama _m{_H$ Pm{H$`m VwV H$s h, bo{H$Z H$hr
^r {_bZ nj Ho$ AgH$V Ama An[aH$V {M Zht CVmao&
3) o_ H$m bm{H$H$ - ar{V_wV H${d`mo H$m o_ CZHo$ OrdZ H$m o_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
bm{H$H$ h& Cg_| amYm Ama H$U Ho$ Zm_ S>mbH$a o_ Ho$ AW H$mo H$_Omoa Zht {H$`m J`m h&
{~hmar H$m Xmohm- ' _oar ^d-bmhm hamo amYm ZmJ[a gmoS> '_| Z Vmo R>rH$ T>J go amYm Ho$ VZ H$s
N>{~ C^aVr h Ama Z hr CZH$s ^{V, {H$Vw KZmZX H$s _rR>r _wH$mZ go ag {ZMwS>Vm h
Ama CgHo$ MbZo H$s AXm _| AZJ Ho$ dJ H$s dfm hmoVr h& ag _| o_ ^r gm\$ PbH$Vm h
Ama dUZ ^r o_ H$s JmVm `m H$_Omoar Bg_| Zht h, Ama Z hr amYm Ama H$U H$m ZhmZm
hr ~Zm`m J`m h&
5) ^{V^mdZm - dVwV Bg dmg Ho$ g^r H${d`mo_ H$mo ^V H${d Zht H$hm Om
gH$Vm& BZ na ^r `hr H$WZ M[aVmW hmoVm h {H$,-
100
'AmJo Ho$ H${d ar{P h Vmo H${dVmB,
Z Vw am{YH$m H$hmB gwJ[aZ H$mo ~hmZo h& ''
AmMm` {ddZmW gmX Or H$mo Eogo H${d`m| H$s aMZmE ^{VnaH$ bJVrh {OhmoZ| ar{V~X
nXmnU {H$`m h& `hm Bho C_wV ^V H${d H$hm Om gH$Vm h, bo{H$Z Bg Ymam Ho$ g^r
H${d`m| H$mo Zht& agImZ Ama KZmZX H$mo CV H$mo{Q> _o aIm Om gH$Vm h& BZH$s ^{V _|
gmXm{`H$Vm Ama gH$sUVm H$s ^mdZmE Zht h& Chm|Zo AZoH$ Xodr, XodVmAm| Ho$ {V CXma
AmWm X{eV H$s h&
7) gmH${VH$ PmH$s - dNX {> Ho$ H$maU Bg Ymam Ho$ H${d gmH${VH$ {~~
H$mo VwV H$aZo _| g_W hmo MwHo$ h& `o H${d Xoe Ho$ AmZXmobm` _o ^r R>mHw$Z} AnZr
gmH${VH$ aMZmAm| _| ~wXobIS> Ho$ gmH${VH$ OrdZ H$m d^d_` {M IS>m {H$`m h&
Bhm|Zo AIVrO, JOZma, hmobr Am{X Ho$ ~S>o hr ^mdwH$ {M VwV {H$`o h& ZamoV_Xmg ho
dZm^m| _| Cg g_` H$m hrZ-XrZ ^maV _wIarV hmo CR>m h& ar{V H${d Zo gm_y{hH$
H$sS>m_mo-gybm VWm hmobr Am{X _| {dbm{gVm Ho$ da H$mo CM ~Zm`o aIm h& Bg_| AmI
{_MmZr Ama Mmoa {_R>rMZr O_H$a dUZ h, `m|{H$ Bg_| nfmO` H$m_m_H$ gwI H$s
CnbYr A{YH$m{YH$ g^d Wr&
8) H$m`-nX{V- BZ H${d`m| Zo ar{VH$mb Ho$ M{bV H${d g_`mo Ama {T>`m| H$mo
AnZm`m& ar{V~X, ar{V{gX Ama ar{V_wV g^r H${d`m| _| Zo `mnE g~Yr C{V`m
g_mZ n go nmB OmVr h& ar{V ~X H${d`m| Ho$ g_mZ ar{V-_wV> H${d agImZ,Amb_,
R>mHw$a Ama KZmZX _| I{S>Vm H$s C{V`m {_bVr h, `m|{H$ `mo H${d Xa~mar Wo Ch| CXy
Ama \$magr H$s H$m`-aMZm go hmoS> boZr Wr& Chm|Zo CXy H${dVm H$s _meyH$ H$s ~am~ar _|
IpS>Vm H$mo noe {H$`m& dN>X H${d`m| Zo Bg nX{V H$m JhU Bg{bE {H$`m {H$ o_-
df` Ho$ {bE Ch| ^r ^maVr` H$m`nX{V _| `hr ~mV AZwHy$b {XImB nS>r& BZ H${d`m| Zo
IpS>Vm Ho$ X` H$mo {XIbmZo H$m `Z {H$`m& {dnarV Ho$ Hw$pgV {M m` BZ H${d`m| _|
Zht {_bVo& ~moYm _| H$ht-H$ht na Hw$N> bmOm aJ-XJ {_bVm h& KZmZX Ama R>mHw$a
Am{X na ^r \$magr H$m`-nX{V H$s aJV XoIr Om gH$Vr h&
101
9) _wVH$ ebr- BZ H${d`m| _| _wVH$ ebr H$m ~mob~mbm ahm, {H$Vw \w$Q>H$a n _o
~Y aMZmE ^r hmoVr ahr& Amb_ Zo ' _mYdmZb-H$m_H$Xbm'' gwXm_m-M[a' '`m_-
gZohr' Zm_H$ VrZ ~Y H$m` VwV {H$`o& ~moYm Zo ^r '{dah-dmare' Zm_H$ ~Y-
H$m` VwV {H$`m& A` H$B ~Y aMZmEBg H$mb _| hB&
10) N>X VWm AbH$ma- Bg Ymam _| m{YH$m[aVm, H${dV, gd`m Ama Xmohm Ogo
N>Xm| H$m `moJ {H$`m J`m& `{n ~rM-~rM _o_ N>n`, ~ad, h[anX Am{X N>Xm| H$m `moJ
{H$`m J`m h, {H$Vw g^r ar{V-H${d`m| H$s d{V m{YH$Va Xmohm, gd`m Ama H${dV _| a_r
ahr& ar{V_wV Ymam Ho$ H${d`m| Zo AbH$mam| H$m `moJ AnZo H$V n _| {H$`m h& BZHo$
AbH$ma H$ht ^r nmpS>` XeZ Ho$ {bE Zht Am`o ~pH$ BZHo$ mam X` H$s gy_ d{V`m|
Ho$ moVZ Ho$ {b`o ghm`Vm {_br h& BZHo$ `hm AbH$ma gmYZ n _| Am`o h, Z {H$ gm n
_| KZmZX H$s n{V`m >` h- 'Zoh ^rr ~mV| agZm n Ca AmM bmJ ? `hm {damoYm^mg
AbH$ma H$s gwXa N>Q>m h&
11) ~O^mfm- BZ H${d`mo Zo gm\$-gwWar ^mfm H$m `moJ {H$`m h& o_ Ho$ dUZ H$s
dN>X nX{V AnZmZo Ho$ H$maU ar{V_wV H${d`m| H$s ^mfm Ama CgH$s `OZm ar{V~X
H${d`m| go {^Z h ar{V~X H${d`m| _| {~hmar, _{Vam_ Ama nX_mH$a H$mo N>moS>H$a Xygao
H${d`m| _| ^mfm H$s g\$mB Ho$ XeZ Zht hmoVo& ^yfU Ama Xod Am{X Zo Vmo doN>mZwgma eXm|
H$m AJ-AJ {X`m h& BZH$s ^mfm _| mXo{eH$Vm H$m nwQ> ~Zm ahm& naVw ar{V_wV H${d`m| _| Z
Vmo ^mfm Ho$ AJ-AJ H$s d{V h Ama Z hr mXo{eH$ nwQ>& agImZ Ama KZmZX Zo Vmo
~O^mfm H$m Eogm `moJ {H$`m h {Ogo ~O^mfm H$m gm{hp`H$, n[a{Z{>V n drH$ma {H$`m
Om gH$Vm h&
BZ H${d`m| H$s ^mfm _| C{V-d{M`, bmj{UH$Vm, bmoH$mo{V`m| Ama
_whmdam| H$m ^r gwXa `moJ hAm h& KZmZX H$s ^mfm H$s bj{UH$Vm {deof X`Jmhr h&
R>mHw$a Zo bmoH$m|{V`m| H$m A`V gwXa `moJ {H$`m h&
4.4 ~moY Z -
1. ar{V ~ H$m H$s wI {deofVmAm| H$m CoI {H${OE?
2. ar{V {g H$m H$s wI {deofVmAm| H$m CoI {H${OE?
3. ar{V wV H$m H$s wI {deofVmAm| H$m CoI {H${OE?
102
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb
1. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apW{Vm
2. ^maVoXw wJ
3. {doXr wJ
4. N>mmdmX
5. J{VdmX
6. moJdmX
7. ZB H${dVm
8. ZdJrV
{hXr J {dYmE
1. {hXr Cnmg
H$. {hXr gm{h Ho$ B{Vhmg | AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m n[aM m H$aZm&
I. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s H$mZgr H$maH$ d{mm Wr {OgZo J boIZ H$m Ama^
{H$m&
J. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc Ho$ J H$m d$n {H$g H$ma H$m h&
K. {hXr ^mfm Ama gm{h H$s {> go h H$mb gH$U H$m h&
S>. ~mJbm, amR>r Ho$ boIZ H$m ^md H$go {hXr na nS>m h&
M. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m ymH$Z H$aZm
5.1 VmdZm -
AmYw{ZH$Vm EH$ ZdrZ d{m h & Omo {ZaVaVm H$m ~moY H$amVr h & Omo Zm h dh
AmYw{ZH$ hmo OmVm h , Zr nrT>r Ho$ {bE & AmYw{ZH$ H$mb dVwV AmYw{ZH$ Bg{bE h H$s
^maV | {~{Q>em| H$s Zr emgZ nX{V Amr Ama {~Q>rem| Ho$ mam Zo gmYZmo, gWmAm| H$m
{dH$mg hAm & BZ Zo gmYZm| | S>mH$, aob Am{X h Vmo gWmAm| | Hy$b, H$mboO Am{X &
n[aUmV Xoe | OmJaU H$m Xma Amm & gm{h | ^r & H${dVm amOXa~ma H$s H$mrZr go
{ZH$bH$a OZVm Ho$ gwI-XI go OwS>r & Ama gm{h Ho$ H|$ | gmm Zw Amm &
gmm Zw H$s R>oR> gmm ^mfm IS>r~mobr ^r Amr & H${dVm H$s H${V Ama ^mfm XmoZm|
Zo Zm nmH$ma JhU {H$m & H$m Ho$ WmZ na J H$m A{d^md ~S>m H$m{VH$mar ahm m|
{H$ ~mX | H$m H$s ^mfm J H$m n YmaU H$aVr JB & Am{XH$mb, ^pVH$mb Ed ar{VH$mb
| {hXr H$s ~mobr ^mfmAm| H$m gm{h, {hXr H$m gm{h H$hm Jm naVy AmYw{ZH$ H$mb |
{dewX IS>r~mobr gm{h H$s ^mfm ~Zr & Ara Iwgamo VWm H$~ra H$s H${dVm go {ZH$bH$a
IS>r~mobr AJoO A{YH$mar, BgmB YMmaH$ VWm AmYw{ZH$ og | nhMr & gZ 1800 B. |
H$bH$mm Ho$ $moQ> {d H$mboO H$s WmnZm Ho$ ~mX CX Ama {hXr H$mo {dH${gV hmoZo H$m
Adga m hAm & S>m. OmZ {JbH$mBQ> Zo ^maV | emgZ MbmZo Ho$ {bE AmZodmbo {~{Q>e
A{YH$marm| H$mo {hXr nT>mZm ma^ {H$m, Bgr H$mboO go Ama Chm|Zo h H$m H$aZo hoVy Xmo
{hXr AmnH$m| H$mo {ZwV {H$m& bybmb Ama gXb {l& BZHo$ A{V[aV IS>r~mobr
104
J H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo o wer gXmgwIbmb {ZmO VWm BemAm Im H$m moJXmZ
CoIZr h& BemAm Im H$s "amZr Ho$VH$s H$hmZr' W {hXr H$hmZr h & Omo m{bH$ Ed
AmXe H$hmZr h & BgmB MmaH$m| Zo AnZo Y Mma hoVy ~mB~b H$m AZwdmX {hXr | {H$m &
BZHo$ mam og H$s WmnZm hmo MwH$s Wr Bgr H$m bm^ boVo hE amOmam mohZ am Zo "~JXV',
n. OwJb {H$emoa ewb Zo "CXV mVS>' Omo {hXr H$m W gmMma n ^r h, H$mo Mbmm &
AJoOm| H$s XZH$mar Zr{Vm| Ho$ {dX BZH$m CnmoJ H$aVo hE, W dVVm AmXmobZ ^r
Mbmm Jm & AJoOm| H$s dmWu, emofU naH$ {Z{Vm| H$mo CKmS>H$a ~wpXOr{dm| Zo gmm
OZVm H$mo OJmm & bmoJm| | AgVmof. {dmoh H$m ^md nZnZo bJm Ama bmoJ Ed ~wpXOr{d,
mMrZ ^maV H$m Jmad JmZ H$aVo hE Xoe H$s dVmZ emgZ dWm H$mo gPH$a dVVm,
A{YH$ma Ama demgZ H$s mJ H$aZo bJo &
npM Ho$ gnH$ | AmZo Ho$ ~mX gmm{OH$ y, {T>m, OS> nanam,
AYlXm, AY{ddmg Am{X | n[adVZ H$s {> {dH${gV hmoZo bJr & r {ejm, {dYdm
{ddmh H$m gWZ hmoZo bJm Vmo ~mb{ddmh, gVr Wm, Om{VVm H$m {damoY H$a dmV,
~YwVm, gVm d ^mBMmao Ho$ ym| H$mo gmO | {dH${gV {H$m OmZo bJm & n[aUmdn
AZoH$ gmm{OH$ AmXmobZ C^aH$a Amo & nyOrdmXr, gmVdmXr VWm {dfVmwbH$
dWm H$mo {ZH$mbH$a bmoH$Vm{H$ Ed gVmwbH$ dWm H$mo bmZo Ho$ {bE gwYmaH$m| mam
mg {H$o Jo & Am gmO H$m EHo$dadmX Ama Nw>AmNw>V {damoY, {hX Y nwZCWmZ,
gwYma H$s ^mdZm go hr CnOo h & h n> h H$s ^maV EH$ ZB AJS>mB bo ahm Wm, gmm{OH$,
Ym{H$, Am{WH$, amOZr{VH$ >r go & emofU Ed dMd H$s dWm H$mo CImS>H$a
JVrerb, Ed OZ{hVH$mar dWm H$mo bmZm loH$a hr ahm h & Bg >r go AmYw{ZH$Vm Zo
^maV Xoe Ho$ AJ-AJ H$mo PH$Pmoam Ama CgH$m Zd{ZmU {H$m & j, namoj n |
{~Q>re emgZ dWm, BgmB YMma BgHo$ H$maH$ ~Zo h & AmYw{ZH$ H$mb m| H$hm OmVm
h BgHo$ g~Y {dmZm| Zo AnZo V aIo h -
S>m. ZJo Zo AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$mo Xmo AWm] | d{eQ>nwU mZVo h, "EH$ H$mb go
{^Vm Ama Xgam Z{dZ Bhbm{H$H$ >rH$moU Ho$ H$maU Bg H$mb H$mo AmYw{ZH$
H$mb mZm OmVm h&'
1. nwZOmJaU H$mb ( ^maV|Xw H$mb ) 1857-1900
2. OmJaU m gwYma H$mb ( {doXr H$mb ) 1900 - 1918
3. N>mmdmX H$mb - 1918-1938
4. N>mmdmXmoma H$mb
H$) J{V - moJ H$mb 1938-1953
I) ZdboIZ H$mb 1953 ..............
1. amOZr{VH$ n[apWVr
H$B {dmZm| Zo {hXr gm{h Ho$ AmYw{ZH$H$mb H$m ma^ 1900 B. {d. drH$mam
h& {H$Vw h V~ ( gZ 1757) go hr Ama^ hmo MwH$m Wm O~ ~Jmb Ho$ Z~m~ {gamOwmbm H$mo
AJoOm| Ho$ H$nZr gaH$ma Zo bmgr Ho$ wX | nam{OV H$amm Wm Ama gnyU ~Jmb na
EH$m{Yn Wm{nV {H$m Wm & H$nZr H$s gmm Wm{nV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX AJoO A{YH$m[am| Ho$
AZ{JZV AmMma ^maVrm| na ~T>o & n[aUmdn ^maVr OZVm | AgVmof $bZo bJm
? 1854 | Pmgr H$mo Imbgm H$aZo Ho$ ~mX AJoOmo H$s Hw${Q>bVm H$m n[aM T>{ddmg Ho$
$n | ^maVr OZVm Ho$ Z | ~T>m & Ma~rdmbo H$aVwgm| Zo ^maVr g{ZH$m| Ho$ Z H$mo R>og
nhMmB & AV 1857 | ^maV H$m W dm{YZVm gJm ew hAm& bJ^J EH$ df Ho$
^rVa-^rVa Bg {dmoh H$mo X~m {Xm Jm Ama BQ> B{S>m H$nZr H$m emgZ I H$aHo$
grYm {~{Q>e gaH$ma H$m emgZ ^maV na ew hAm &
hmamZr {mQ>mo[am Ho$ S>bhmOr Ho$ AmnyU Zr{V H$m {damoY ^maVrm| Ho$ {bE
Zo wJ OrdZ H$s ewAmV ahr & h CZHo$ Z H$s gwIX ^mdZm Wr & Bg{bE CgHo$
wnamV ^maVrm| Zo XwI H$Q> {H$m & 19 dr eVr Ho$ AV | AJoOr am {V ^pV Ed
gnU H$m ^md ^maVrm| | ahm & CZ| gwYma bmZo Ho$ ZoV mg {H$o Jo & naVw AJoOr
gmm H$m XXd H$s do AnZr AmnyU Zr{V H$mo N>moS> Zhr nmo & CZHo$ mam hmoZodmbm Am{WH$
emofU Ama Q>g bJmZo Ho$ n[aUm d$n ^ma{Vm| | {dmoh H$m ^md ~T>Vm Jm& mWZmAm|,
ZoV mJm} go AJoO gaH$ma na Hw$N> ^r n[aUm Zht hAm Ama amOZ{VH$ amm{ H$s
AmH$mjm ^maVrm| | ~bdVr hB &
Bgr XamZ 1885 | ^maVr am>r H$mJog H$s WmnZm hB Ama dmYrZVm
AmXmobZ Ho$ {bE EH$ M Ama gJR>ZmH$ H$mH$ m hAm & OZVm ~S>o Cgmh | Amr &
bmoH$m {VbH$ H$m A{d^md hAm Ama AJoOr gmm H$mo hQ>mZo H$m ^md ~b nH$S>Zo bJm &
Bgr g AVam>r amOZr{V | Hw$N> hdnwU KQ>ZmE K{Q>V hB& Ogo BQ>br Ho$ dVVm
wX, AmabS> Ho$ hmob AmXmobZ VWm $mg H$s amH$mpV {OgH$m ^md ^maVrm| Ho$
Z na nS>m & H$mpVH$mar gWm Ed gJR>Zm| H$m {dH$mg hmoZo bJm & dm{YZVm H$s ^mdZm
VrdVa hmoZo bJr & {OgH$m ^md ^maVoX Ho$ gm{h | {Vq~{~V h &
gZ 1905 | Za {ZVr N>moS> Ja Zr{V Zo damO hmam O{gX hH$ h H$m
Zmam {Xm & ~Jmb H$m {d^mOZ ^maVrm| Ho$ gXohmnX bJm Ama {~{Q>e Zr{V H$s {V{H$m
dn am>r ^mdZm Ed {~{Q>em| H$s ^maV {damoYr Zr{V H$mo OZVm Zo OmZm & OZVm Bgr
107
g mMrZ ^maVr gH${V H$s Ama AmH$> hmoZo bJr & dVmZ pW{Vm| Ho$ Vr do jmo^
V H$aZo bJo (n. 306 IS>obdmb ) Zd ZoVd, H${dm| Zo XmgVm H$s ~o{S>m| | OH$S>r
OZVm H$mo AVrV H$m aU {XbmH$a dV dWm Wm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cho o{aV
{H$m& EH$ Ego dJ | OmJ{V H$s bha nXm H$a Xr Jr Omo emo{fV-nrS>rV, X{bV, {H$gmZ,
OXa Wm & H${dm| Zo ^r CZHo$ {V ghmZw^w{V H$Q> H$s & wJ {deofVm Ho$ n | am>rVm
Ama mZdVmdmX H$s bha| gmmm| | y$Q> nS>r& {~[Q>em| H$mo g-g na gwYmaUm H$mZwZ
bmJw H$aZo nS>o 1909 H$m mb} {Q>mo H$mZyZ Bgr H$m n[aUm Wm naVw Bgr H$mZyZ Zo 1857
Ho$ g EH$Vm H$m XeZ H$aZodmbo {hX-wpbm| H$m AbJ {V{ZYrd H$m mbm
CR>mH$a {damoY S>mbm & AZoH$ mgm| Ho$ MbVo {$a 1916 | EH$Vm H$m gPmVm nm[aV hAm&
R>rH$ Bgr g W {ddwX {N>S> Jm& wX | nyar {V~XVm Ho$ gmW ^maVrm| Z|
AJoOm| H$s XX H$s & {H$Vw 1916 Ho$ amoboQ> AQ> Zo ^maVr OZVm Ho$ A{YH$ma {N>Z H$a
CZHo$ gmW njnmV {H$m& hr H$mbIS> AmYw{ZH$ {hXr gm{h | {doXr wJ Ho$ Zm go
OmZm OmVm h &
amoboQ> EQ> | EH$ Amoa gwYma H$m ^md Wm Vmo Xgar Amoa XZ Zr{V & {OgH$m
^maVr OZVm Zo {damoY {H$m& gZ 1920 | {VbH$ wJ H$m AV hmo Jm JmYrwJ H$m
A{dH$ma hAm& Ama amOZr{VH$ ZoVd nQ>b na JmYr AdV[aV hE & JmYrOr emX 1857
Ho$ {dmoh H$m gw AZ H$a Ho$ Bg {ZH$f na Amo Wo H$s gmm OZVm H$mo amOZr{VH$
dmYrZVm AmXmobZ | CVaZm Oar bJm & Jm CXma H$m H$mH$ Xoe ^a | N>oS> H$a
dJ H$mo AmXmobZ | CVmaZo | do g$b hmo Jo & JmYrOr H$s h gdlo> CnbpY ahr h &
AghmoJ, g{dZ H$mXo^J, Aqhgm Ogo h{Wmam| go AmOmXr H$m b V {H$m &
^maVr H$mJog Ho$ ~wpXOr{dm| Zo gnyU dam H$s mJ H$a Amn{Zdo{eH$Vm am H$s Ztd
{hbm Xr & OZVm Zo am>rVm | ^mdZm H$m nyam {dH$mg hmo MwH$m Wm & AghmoJ Xmo Vam| na
Wm & EH$ {dXoer emgZ H$m {damoY Xgam dXoer dVw H$m drH$ma & ImXr am>r ^mdZm H$m
VrH$ ~Zr Ama JmYr Zo mZddmXr w Ogo Aqhgm, gmJh, ANw>VmoXma, {hX-wpb
EH$Vm, JmmoXma, OtXmar CwbZ Am{X H$m ~rOmamonZ ^maVr Z | {H$m & {ZgXoh n
go JmYr Zo AmOmXr Ho$ qhgH$ AmXmobZ H$mo aMZmH$ AmYma XmZ {H$m & Omo Xoemnr
MoVZm H$mo wIm[aV H$a am>r EH$Vm Ed dVVm AmXmobZ H$mo {ZImam Jm h&
Bgr wJ | ~Jmb Ho$ H${d Hw$bJw a{dZmW R>mHw$a gm{h Ho$ jo |
J{VerbVm Ed {ddmZddmX H$s gH$nZmAm| H$mo boH$a AmE & {Ohm|Zo ^maVr gH${V
Ed AmpH$Vm H$m Mma {H$m & H${d a{d Ama JmYrOr Bg wJ Ho$ Xmo gw Wo {Ohm|Zo
wJ H$mo ^m{dV hr Zhr {H$m {dbm[dV ^r {H$m &
dVVm gJm ~S>o Omoa-emoa go Mb nS>m & {{V {ddwX H$s gm{ Ho$ ~mX
dVVm H$m gnZm A{YH$ wIa hAm & gZ 1942 | ^maV N>moS>mo H$m Zmam JwO CR>m & JmYr
Zo "H$amo m amo' H$m Zmam OZVm | $bmH$a Ch| AmOmXr nmZo Ho$ {bE o[aV {H$m& Bgr
g {~Q>Z | ^r gmm n[adVZ hAm Ama dhm Ho$ CXma Xb H$s gaH$ma Zo ^maVr dVVm
Ho$ {V ghmZw^w{V nyU adm V {H$m & Bgr wJ | gmOdmXr {dMmaYmam H$m {dH$mg
108
hAm& nwOrdmX Ho$ ~T>Z| g dJ-gKf ~T> ahm Wm& a{d Am{X Ho$ H$maU mgdmX H$s
{dMmaYmam ^maV df | $bZo bJr Wr& Oob^amo AmXmobZ ~T>Z| bJo Wo BZ gmao KQ>ZmH$ Ho$
MbVo 15 AJV 1947 | Xoe H$mo AmOmXr m hB&
dVVm Ho$ ~mX OXam|-H$fH$m| | Zd MV Amm& EH$Vm Ho$ gmW Am H$mo
Xa H$aZo Ho$ {bE AmXmobZ hmoZo bJo& Bg g m {dmoh H$m ^md {H$gr {dXoer gmm go Zht
Wm ~pH$ dV dXoer gaH$ma go Wm& n{S>V Zoh H$o nMerb Vdm| Zo Xoe H$mo ZB D$MmB
XmZ H$s& ^maV {Vgao {dd H$m {ZmU H$Vm gm{~V hAm& dh JwQ> {Zanoj hmoH$a AnZr
gVm, gH$Vr Ama emVr{ ~wX Ho$ naM $hamZo bJm& "dgwYd Hw$Qw>~H$' H$s
n[aH$nZm H$mo gmH$ma H$aZo | {V~X hAm& hr H$maU h H$s AmO Ho$ g ^r ^maV H$mo
O~m~Xohr am> mZH$a {dd CZH$s Amoa XoIVm h& {~Zm {H$gr H$ma Ho$ {Z~Y m ~YZ
S>mbVo hE CgHo$ gmW AUwH$ama VH$ H$a MwH$m h& h ^maV H$s lo>V CnbpY h&
2. gmm{OH$ n[apWVr
AJoOm| Zo {ejm, mVmmV, CnmoJ go AmYw{ZH$ ^maV H$s Ztd S>mbr& H$B
^maVr {dmZ nmMm gmO Ed {ejm JhU H$a Cggo ^m{dV hmo MwHo$ Wo& H$Bm| Zo
{hXY H$s H$>a {T>m| H$m {damoY H$a Om{VVm H$mo Xa H$aZo H$m mg {H$m& 18 dr eVr
Ho$ AV | hr ^maV nmMm-kmZ-{dkmZ Ho$ gnH$ | Amm& S>m. ZJo Zo H$hm h -
^maVr kmZ JVmZwJ{VH$ Ama nanam wV hmo Mbm Wm O~H$s nmMm kmZ-{dkmZ Zo
OrdZ gX^m} H$s VmOJr {bo Wm& ^maVr kmZ-{dkmZ H$m b AmmpH$ Ama
nmabm{H$H$ Wm, Vmo nmMm kmZ-{dkmZ H$m ^m{VH$ Ama Bhbm{H$H$& Bg Xoe H$s {dm dJ
m Om{V {deof VH$ gr{V Wr, na nmMm {dm gdgwb^ Wr& ""Zr CX^mdZmAm| H$m
mJ AdX hmo Mbm Wm, Hw$N> bmoJ doXm{X H$s AVm, dUml-Y H$s lo>Vm,
Bhbm{H$H$Vm Ho$ {V AZmg{$ Am{X H$mo WmnyU ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ njYa Wo & ..... A~ nhbr
~ma {T>m| H$s Cnmo{JVm Ho$ AmJo Z{Mh bJ Jm Wm&'' {OgHo$ MbVo ^maV AmYw{ZH$Vm
H$s Amoa {ZH$b nS>m&
dmr XmZX gadVr Zo {hXY H$s OS>Vm Ama H$>anZ H$mo Xa H$aZo Ho$ {bE
Am gmO-gJR>Z ~Zmm& gwMo {hXAm| | OmJ{V H$s MoVZm $bmr& {$a EH$ ~ma {hX
Y H$mo Zo wJmZwn ~Zmm Ama CgHo$ CnmoJr hmoZo H$mo {gX {H$m& hr Ym{H$ gwYma
({hX Y gwYma ) Wm& O{H$eZ gmX IS>obdmb Bgna {Q>nUr H$aVo h, ""gMwM {X
Am gmO Ho$ mam H$mpV CnpWV Z H$s JB hmoJr Vmo {hX gmO ~hV {nN>S> OmVm Ama
{ZM hr X~b hmo OmVm&'' Bgr o {hXy gmO H$s CXmaVm Ama Am gmO H$s CnmXoVm
{mX hmo OmVr h& {T>m| H$m {damoY, H$H$mS> go wpV, AJoOr {ejm H$m moJ, Ho$ gmW
doXm{X H$s oaUm dmr XmZX Zo ^maV H$moo Xr& {hXr gm{h Ho$ ^maVoX wJ | gmm{OH$
{T>m| {V X ^md Bgr H$maU CnpWV hmo MwH$m h& Omo J{VdmX VH$ {ZaVa ~Zm ahm h&
~mX | Ako Zo {$a EH$ ~ma gmm{OH$ pWVr H$mo WmpWVrdmXr ~Zmo aIZo | moJ {Xm
h&
109
Am gmO H$s ^mVr ~m gmO, amH$U {eZ, mWZm gmO,
{WAmogmo{$H$b gmogmQ>r Zo VH$mbrZ gmm{OH$ Hw$WmAm| H$m {damoY {H$m Ogo, gVr nWm
H$m {damoY, {dYdm {ddmh H$m MbZ, nwZ{ddmh H$mo mVm, Om{V^oX H$mo Xa H$aZm,
AY{ddmg, gwmm, {ZfoY r {ejm H$m gWZ, Om{V-~{hH$ma H$m {damoY gwYmaH$m| Zo
XO {H$m h & {hX Y | Bg g XmoZm| H$ma Ho$ gwYmaH$, boIH$ hE h & EH$ Omo BZ g^r
gwYmam| H$mo bmZm MmhVo Wo Vmo Xgam dJ BgH$m {damoY H$aVm ahm & dVwV {hXAm| H$m
nwamo{hV dJ, ~mmMmam|, ~mmS>~am|, ~m CnH$aUm| H$mo naml XoH$a gS>r Jbr {T>m|,
nanamAmo, AY{ddmgmo, Hw$WmAm|, Hw$[a{Vm| H$mo H$m aIZm MmhVm Wm & {OgHo$ MbVo
gmm{OH$ gmm na AnZr nH$S> O~yV hmo gHo$& Ama gmO Ho$ EH$ ~hV ~S>o dJ H$m emofU
{H$m OmVm&
gwYmaH$m| Ho$ H$maU nanamdmX ~Zm AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m >rH$moU IaVm Ho$ gmW
wIa hAm& hr H$maU h H$s 19dt eVr Ho$ nyd Ama ~mX dmbo wJ d{mm| H$mo boH$a
nanamdm{Xm| Ed gwYmaH$m| | dmX-{ddmX, AbmoMZm H$s AmbmoMZm {XImB XoVr h& gwYmaH$m|
Zo gmm{OH$ Hw$[a{Vm| H$mo Xa H$aZo H$s oaUm gmm{OH$m| Xr& hr H$maU h H$s gVr ~Xr r
Ama {ejm JhU H$a ahr Wr , ~mb{ddmh H$m {damoY hmoZo bJm, ANw>Vm| Ho$ {V gXdhma,
XhoO Ogr Hw$Wm H$m {damoY, nmpMm {ejm H$m AZwH$aU mZdVmdmXr d{m H$m {dH$mg
AmXr Ho$ XeZ gdgwb^ hmoVo Jo&
nyOrdmX H$m {damoY H$aVo hE mgdmXr {dMmam| H$m {dH$mg ^maV | Bgr g hAm&
OrZXmar Wm Ho$ A{^emn H$mo Xa H$aVo hE dJ gKf C^aH$a Amm& {Og| {H$gmZ OXa
dJ amO{Z{V go gwYma H$s Amoa AmH$> hAm& VH$mbrZ g Ho$ gwYmaH$ ZoVm Zo Zmar Ho$ {V
AnZr gdoXZm $ H$s, {ZYZ Ed emo{fV gmO {dH$mg | ghmVm H$s& emX ht H$maU
h H$s "AmMb | XY Ama AmImo | nmZr dmbr' r N>~r C^maZm Ama Cg| mnyU h$
{XbmZo Ho$ {bE ghmZw^y{V XoZm namdH$ bJVm ahm h &
JmYrOr H$s H$B moOZmE Xoe H$s gmAm| H$mo gwbPmZo H$m AmYma ~Zr, Ogo,
JmmoXma, ^yXmZ AmXmobZ, {hX-wpb EH$Vm, OtXmar H$m {damoY, gmJh, Aqhgm
^md H$m {dH$mg, Ym{H$ gd, ANw>VmoXma, gmH${VH$ EH$Vm Am{X& JmmoXma H$mH$
mam JmYrOr Zo H$m {damoY {H$m m|H$s dh H$mo Zw l H$m emofH$ mZVo Wo Ama
H$fH$m| H$mo Bg A{^emn go Xa aIZm MmhVo Wo& dXoe ^mdZm H$mo ^r Chm|Zo {dH${gV {H$m&
npMr gVm Ama gH${V H$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ {bE ImXr H$mo XoerVm Ho$ dn | Chm|Zo
^maVr OZ^mdZmAm| | {V>m{nV {H$m&
Am gmO Zo ^r d{XH$ wJ H$m nwZWmZ bmm& hr H$maU h H$s Bg H$mb |
gmm{OH$ godmd{mm| H$s gm A{YH$ ahr& moJr Aa{dX Zo gmYZm Ama T> BN>m epV
go mZdVmdmX VWm AmdmX go Zw H$mo Zw Ho$ n | {dH${gV {H$m&
~ gmO Ho$ H$maU ~Jmb | {Og H$ma ZdwJma^ hAm dh ^maV Ho$ {bE
oaUmnX ~Zm& {T>JV mZg H$mo Xa H$a {Zb ^mdZmAm| H$m OZ{dH$mg Chm|Zo gm
{H$m&
110
a[dZmW Q>mJmoa H$s {dd mZdVmdmXr {>, XI{ZdmaU Ho$ mg, AVa am>r
Va na ^maVr gH${V H$mo C WmZmT> {H$m& CZH$m AmXe mnH$ Ama ^mdembr
Wm& do Ho$db mZd Ama mZdVm H$m {dH$mg MmhVo Wo&
{ddoH$mZX Zo amH$U Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo VWm {hX Y H$mo {eH$mJmo {ddY gobZ
mam {dd^a | nhMmm Ama ^maVr gVm, gH${V H$s lo>Vm H$mo {dd Ho$ gmZo bmm &
hmam> | hmm mo{V~m w$bo Zo {H$gmZm| Ama r Jwbm{Jar Ho$ gdmbm| H$mo
CR>mm& hQ>a H${eZ Ho$ gmZo {ejm Ho$ jo | ~mhUr dMd H$m {damoY OVbmH$a ~hOZm|
Ho$ {bE {ejm ma^ H$s& Xoe H$s nhbr r Am{nH$m,{e{jH$m gm{dr~mB w$bo Omo CZH$s
nZr ahr, mam r {ejm H$s Xoe | W Ztd aIr& ewm{Vew Ho$ {bE {ejm Ho$ hd H$mo
n> {H$m& mW{H$ {ejm A{ZdmVm Ho$ g~Y | do H$hVo Wo, ""| gPVm h {H$
OZgmYmaU Ho$ {bE mW{H$ {ejm EH$ {ZpMV C Ogo H$ go H$ 12 df VH$ A{Zdm
H$a {Xm OmZm Mm{hE&'' Cg g mW{H$ Ed gdgwb^, gdOZ Ho$ {bE {ejm Ho$ hd
H$mo hmm w$bo Zo OmZm Wm & 1882 | {VbH$ Ama AmJaH$a H$s Oob go [ahmB na CZH$m
EH$ gmW A{^ZXZ H$a Ho$ gmmdmX H$m {damoY Ama Om{VdmX {damoY Ho$ ~rM ZdOmJaU Ho$
g~go ~S>o V^ do aho h & Bg{bE Ch| H$mpVgw ^r H$hm Jm &
hmXod Jmo{dX amZS>o Zo mWZm gmO Ho$ O[aE ~mb{ddmh, nXmWm H$m {damoY
{H$m& {dYdm {ddmh H$m gWZ Ama r H$s dVVm Ho$ {bE ~S>m m{bH$ H$m {H$m h &
Bg H$mbIS> | gmm{OH$ dWm | ~S>o R>mog n[adVZ b{jV hmoVo h& {OgHo$
^md go gmO Ama gm{h ANy>Vm Zhr ah nmm& ^maVoX VWm {doXr wJ | h n>
{XImB XoVm h& BZ XmoZm| wJ Ho$ gmm{OH$ dWm Ho$ AVa H$mo n> H$aVo hE IS>obdmb Zo
H$hm h, ""^maVoX wJ | ZdwJ H$s MoVZm H$m {dH$mg hAm Ama gmm{OH$ AdWm |
n[adVZ H$s nwH$ma go ~S>r AempV $b JB, {doXr wJ | h AempV emV hmo JB Ama
gmO gwYmaH$ gmm{OH$ Hw$[a{Vm| Ama {T>m| H$m IS>Z H$aZo Ho$ gmW hr gmm{OH$
gmAm| H$mo gwbPmZo H$o {bE R>mog {dMma Ama gwPmd VwV H$aZo bJo&'' ^maV WmerK
gmm{OH$ {dH$mg H$s Amoa AJoga hAm& nmMm {ejm, {dH$mg Ama gwYmaH$m| Zo Xoe H$mo
AmYw{ZH$ ~Zmm& gm{h | Bhr H$m {MU hAm h&
{~{Q>em| Ho$ ^maV AmJZ Ho$ ~mX hmao Xoe | Ym{H$ Ed gmH${VH$ jo |
H$m{VH$mar ~Xbmd b{jV hmoVo h& {dMma dmV Zo l Ho$ Zm na hmoZodmbo AZmMma,
XamMma, A{Z> WmAm| nanamAm| na ~S>o hb| {H$o& bJ^J Ym{H$ WmZ AZmMma Ho$ A>o
~Zo Wo& AZoH$ Y hm M{bV Wo & do H$B gXmm| | {d^m{OV hmo MwHo$ Wo& {hX Y Z|
MmVwd dWm Ho$ VhV nrN>S>r Om{Vm| H$m ^mar emofU {H$m& ~mhUr dMddmbr
dWm Zo H$B H$ma Ho$ H$H$mS>mo Ho$ ~bna gmmm| H$mo R>Jm& MS>mo, hVm| H$m gmm{OH$
111
dMd, gX^md H$mo H$ht na ^r aIVm Zht Wm& ghmoJ H$s Anojm ewd H$mo hr EH$ H$ma go
~T>mdm {bVm ahm& bmoJ Ho$db lXmbw Zht ~H$s AYlXmbw ~Zo Wo& Eogo | ~mhgmO,
mWZm gmO, AmgmO,{WAmogmo{$H$b gmogmQ>r Zo nwamZo {hX Y H$mo Zo gmMo |
T>mbZo H$m H$m {H$m& Eogm H$aVo g H$H$mS>, {T>m|, Om{VWm, Am{X na Hw$R>mamKmV
{H$m&
Am gmO Am{X | BgHo$ g~Y | AV{damoY n> h & S>m. ZJo Zo H$hm h,
""Am gmO d{XH$ Y Ho$ wb dn H$mo ~ZmE aIZm MmhVm Wm&'' Bg{bE doXm| H$s Amoa
Mbm| H$m dmr XmZX gadVr H$m Zmam Iw~ JwOm& ~mdOyX Am gmO Zo Om{VWm H$mo
VmoS>Zo | hdnyU ^y{H$m {Z^mr& {hX Y H$m h Zm gH$aU m EHo$da dmX, {dYdm
{ddmh MbZ, ~mb{ddmh {damoY, gVr Wm {damoY, r {ejm Ed gmZm{YH$ma H$m gWZ
H$aVo hE ^maVdf | ZdOmJaU $bmZo H$m H$m H$aVo hE Wm{nV hmo ahm Wm& hr H$maU h
H$s ZdOmJaU H$mo Hw$N> {dmZm| Zo {hX Y H$m nwZWmZ Ho$ n | XoIm h&
dVwV Am gmO H$s ^y{H$m ~S>r hdnyU h& XmmX gadVr Zo ^bo hr
BgmB Y Mma H$s {V{H$m Ho$ n | Am gmO H$s WmnZm H$s& Chr | go AmJo MbH$a
Y ewpX AmXmobZ nXm hAm& gmXm{H$Vm H$s Ztd aoZ|gm | hr {XImB XoVr h& ~Jmb Ed
hmam> Zo {T>dmXr, nanam | OH$S>o ^maV H$mo AmYw{ZH$ ~ZmZo H$m H$m {H$m& {Oggo Zr
gm| ^r ^maV | nXm hB {hX-wpb gKf, gmXm{H$Vm, {hXr-CX {ddmX
Am{X& {$a ^r gmm{OH$ EH$Vm, gX^md, gmhm VWm Ym{H$ jo | H$mpVH$mar ~Xbmd
H$s Amoa ^maV ~T>Vm Jm& dmr XmZX gadVr Ho$ Xmo hdnyU H$m EH$ am>rVm H$m
gMma Ed Xgam am>^mfm H$m Mma& {dkmZ H$s A{V ~mpXH$Vm H$m {damoY H$a ^maVr
AmdmX H$m CWmZ Bgr wJ | {XImB XoVm h &
AmJo MbH$a JmYrOr H$m gddmXr >rH$moZ Omo ~Zm h CgH$s nyd{nR>rH$m hr
h& H$B Ym{H$ {T>m ~XbZo bJr, Ogo gw H$mo Z bmKZm, XhoO Wm H$m {damoY, nwOrdmXr
m OtXmar Wm H$m {damoY, Kmoa AY{ddmgm| H$m {damoY hmoZo bJm& r {ejm H$m ~b
gWZ Ed X{bVm| {V ghmZw^y{V H$s ^mdZm Zo Zo mZdr >rH$moZ H$mo {dH${gV {H$m&
hmXod JmoqdX amZS>o Ho$ g~Y | S>m. ZJo Zo {bIm h - do Zw H$s gmZVm MmhVo Wo& do
Om{V-nm{V H$s Wm Ho$ {dX Wo Ama AVaOmVr {ddmh Ho$ njYa Wo& r {ejm na
Chm|Zo ~ma-~ma ~b {Xm h& CZHo$ dVw{Z> >rH$moZ, VH$-n{V gmm{OH$ n[aH$ma Ho$
{V A{^Mr Am{X go n> h {H$ do nmMm {dMmaYmam go ^m{dV Wo {H$Vw nmMm V
H$mo ^r Chm|Zo {~Zm VH$ Ho$ drH$ma Zht {H$m& Xgao eXm| |, do ^maVr gH${V H$mo ZdrZ
dkm{ZH$ {dMma-Umbr Ho$ AZwn T>mbZo H$m Z H$a aho Wo& hr ~mV, {ddoH$mZX, dmr
gadVr, amOmam mohZ am, AZr ~oPQ> Ho$ H$m-{dMmam| | wIa hB h& mMrZ ^maVr
AVrV Ho$ Vr Jmad H$s ^mdZm BZ| ahr {H$Vw {dXoer dkm{ZH$ dVw{Z> >r, VH$ nVr
H$mo drH$ma ^r {H$m&
^maV H$mo mMrZ Ed H$mbrZ gH$sUVm go ~mha {ZH$bH$a Cgo AmYw{ZH$Vm
H$s Amoa ~T>mm& Y Ho$ {V Zm Z{VH$ {ddmg ~T>mm & Y Ho$ ^rVa J{VerbVm H$m gMma
112
H$a Cgo nwZ g{H$ {H$m &
n[Mr ar{V-Zr{V H$m drH$ma H$aVo g m BZ| AV{damoY {XImB XoVo h&
S>m. ZJo Zo R>rH$ H$hm h, ""BZHo$ AmXemo Ama dhmam| | gd EH$nVm Zht {bVr&
CXmhaUmW, Q>Jmoa n[adma ~m Wm& ~m gmO | y{VnyOm Ho$ {bE H$moB WmZ Zht h, na
Q>Jmoa n[adma Iy~ YyYm Ho$ gmW XJm}gd ZmVm Wm& AmgmO | dUdWm OZm
Zht, H$Um mZr OmVr h, na Am gm{Om| | ~hV H$ bmoJ {b|Jo Omo Om{V Ho$ ~mha
{ddmh g~Y Wm{nV H$aZo | gH$moM H$m AZw^d Z H$aVo aho hmo& Xgam AV{damoY h Wm {H$
amOm ammohZ am, amZS>o Am{X ~hV go bmoJ {~Q>re am H$mo Xoe Ho$ {bE daXmZ gPVo
Wo, bo{H$Z Om Ho$ XmohZ, emofU Am{X H$m {damoY H$aVo Wo& gmO | EH$ Amoa gH${VH$aU
~T> ahm Wm, Vmo Xgar Amoa bm{H$H$sH$aU& g^r gwYmaH$m| H$mo EH$ Amoa {dXo{em| Ho$ gmZo
AnZo Y Ama gH${V H$s dH$mbV H$aZr nS>Vr Wr Vmo Xgar Amoa Xoedm{gm| Ho$ gmZo Y
H$m Zm AWmnU H$aZm nS>Vm Wm&'' Omo ^r hmo ^maVr Y | {hX Y EH$ H$ma H$s gH${V
H$mb go JwOa ahm Wm& Y H$m Zm >rH$moZ A{dH$V hmo ahm Wm& h g~Hw$N> {~Q>rem| Ho$
H$maU g^d hAm Bgo pdH$maZo | H$moB gH$moM Zhr hmoZm Mm{hE& ^maV Ho$ AmYw{ZH$sH$aU
H$s h ma{^H$ pW{Vm Wr& {Og| Y H$mo Zo gmMo | T>mbZm Oar Wm& n[adVZ H$s
{H$m H$m h AJmO BgmBm| H$s XoZ ahr h& JUV Ho$ A{d^md Ho$ gmW hr AgmXm{H$
OZdmXr emgZ H$s Ztd nS>r& gVm, dVVm, ^mBMmao Ho$ gmW gmm{OH$ m h$ Zo Y
Ho$ dn H$mo hr ~Xb {Xm, dh VH$ Ho$ ~b na gS>r-Jbr {T>m| Ho$ dMd Ho$ {dX
AmdmO XoZo bJm h& {$a ^r Y Ho$ Zm na Zw ^mdZmAm| H$mo ^wbZo H$m H$m gmH${VH$
am>dm{Xm| H$s Amoa go ~XVwa Omar h& hr H$maU h H$s J{Verb H$ho OmZodmbo hmam> Ho$
wr Ho$ hmW JUoeOr XYnmZ H$a aho h& amOWmZ {dYmZ ^dZ n[aga | Zw-wVu H$s
{V>mnZm hmo MwH$s h& YggX H$s KmofUm Zo mZdVm H$mo nN>mS>H$a aIm h& A~ g{dYmZ
Zhr, g{hVmE hmoJr H$m ZmX JyO ahm h& gZ 1990 Ho$ ~mX H$m gm{h Bgr H$m {V$bZ h&
gm[h H$m B{Vhmg ~XbVr hB A{^{Mm| Ama gdoXZmAm| H$m B{Vhmg hmoVm h,
{OgH$m grYm g~Y Am{WH$ Ama {MVZmH$ n[adVZ go h& AWmV h n> h H$s Am{WH$
pW{Vm mZd H$s gmoM | n[adVZ - {ZYmaU H$aVr h& Bg ~mV H$mo {dOZm| Zo drH$mam h
H$s ^maV | 1857 Ho$ ~mX AJoOr Zr{V H$m Am{WH$ T>mMm {dH${gV hmo ahm Wm& EH$ Va$
H$m mb BboS> ^oOH$a no$ mb | n[adVZ Ho$ gmW A{YH$ Xm | dh ^maVr ~mOma |
CVmam OmVm Wm& Bgr | ^maVr OZVm H$mo Xmoham emofU n> hmoVm h& {OgHo$ H$maU
hJmB, Q>g, X[aVm Ama Cna go AH$mb Ogr gmAm| Zo {~Q>rem| Ho$ {dX ^maVr
OZVm | AgVmof nXm {H$m& dXoer H$m drH$ma Ama {dXoer H$m ~{hH$ma Ogo AmXmobZ
C^aH$a Amo& am>r H$mJog Ho$ XmXm^mB ZmamoOr Zo Bg na H$me S>mbH$a am>{hV H$s
^mdZm H$mo OJmm&
113
gmmdmXr emgZ Zo Ammo{JH$ {dH$mg Vmo {H$m naVw nyOrdmXr dWm H$mo ^r
O~yV ~Zmm& AnZo emgZmZwHy$b nwOrn{Vm| H$mo Chm|Zo ~T>mdm {Xm& CmoJm| Ho$ H$maU
nmanm[aH$ ^maVr CmoJ YXo m Z> hmo aho Wo Ama Jmd H$m H$m[aJa ~oH$ma& {H$gmZm| na
mb JwOmar H$m ~moP bmXm Jm& n[aUmV JmrU H$marJa Ed {H$gmZ emofU H$s M$s |
{ngVm Jm& Yrao-Yrao OXa gJR>Z ~Zo& dJgKf Zo Omoa nH$S>m& Xoemnr X[aVm Zo
l{H$ dJ H$mo gKf H$s oaUm Xr& l{H$ dJ Zo BgH$m {damoY {H$m& ^maVoX Ogo
gm{hH$mam| | n YZ {dXoe Mbr OmVr dmar H$m ^md nXm hAm& am>{hV Ho$ {bE dmVVm
gKf A{Zdm h H$s pW{V nXm hB& H$mbmVaU| nMdm{fH$ moOZmAm| Zo Xoe H$s Am{WH$
pW{V | gwYma bmZo | moJXmZ {Xm h& A~ emofU Ogr pW{Vm Zht ahr h& gwYma hAm
h& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX h mZ{M ~XbZo bJm {$a ^r gw{MV C{V Zht hmo nmB& AmOmXr go
gmmOZ, H${dm| H$m moh^J hmo Jm Yy{b CgH$s $blw{V h& gaH$ma Zo amoOJma JmaQ>r
Xr naVy moOZm Ho$ VhV {bZodmbo EH$ no H$m nh ngo {hgm Jar~ OZVm Ho$ nmg
nhMVm h Bgo amOrd JmYr Zo hr Bgo V {H$m h& dVmZ | Vmo h AgmZVm A{YH$ ~T>r
h& ImVm-{nVm {H$gmZ hmoar Ho$ OmZo | Mbm Jm h& $H$ Hw$N> Bg Vah H$m h nhbo
hmOZ, nwOrnVr {H$gmZm| Ho$ AZmO H$mo bwQ>Vo Wo, Ka na Or bmVo Wo, AmO hr H$m
AmYw{ZH$ ~H$ Ama ZmH$aemh H$a ahr h& hmoar Ho$ OmZo | emX {H$gmZ Amhm H$aVm
hmoJm {H$Vw hm hOmam| Ho$ AmH$S>o nma hmo ah| h& nwOrnVr dWm Zo EH$ hmoar nXm {H$m Wm
AmmoJrH$aU, CXmarH$aU, Zo H$B hmoar H$mo O {Xm h& dVmZ gm{h BgH$s A{^pV
h& hZo Am{WH$ JVr H$s h na ~S>o CmoJn{V Ho$ n |, gX {H$gmZ, OXa Ho$ n |
Zht& hmOZr, nyOrdmXr gVm H$m Omb AmO ^r $bm hAm h&
ewbOr Ho$ AZwgma gm{h OZVm H$s g{MV {Mmd{mm| H$m {Vq~~ h H$m AW
h gmm{OH$, amOZ{VH$, Ym{H$, Am{WH$ n[apW{Vm| H$m Ed mZdr {H$m-{H$mAm| Ho$
gmW gdoXZmAm| H$m ^md gm{hH$mam| Ho$ Z-pVH$ na hmoVm h& Bgr H$moS> | gOZ
g^d h& J wJ H$s hr {deofVm ahr h& n[aUmV gm{h Ho$ {df Ed CZHo$ {VnmXZ
H$s ebr {ZVmV AbJ h&
ar{VH$mbrZ lJm[aH$Vm nyU ^wpV gm{h H$s {deofVm h& AbH$aU H$s d{m
H$^r-H$^r AZbH$V | ~Xbr, Zmar H$m n ~Xbm, H$Vr Zo WmZ nmm, dra, lJma ag
H$s OJh {dmoh, H$U Zo bo br& AmoO am>rVm H$m nmofH$ hAm& o H$s nwH$ma OZ nwH$ma |
~Xbr& ~O^mfm H$s OJh IS>r ~mobr Zo bo br& wVH$, ~Y H$s OJh H$hmZr, Cnmg H$m
A{d^md H$m{VH$mar gm{~V hAm& Xoe Ho$ OrdZ | gm{h H$m Zm n Ama Voda
n[adVZH$mar gm{~V hAm& Bda, amOm, H$Vr H$s OJh Zw Ama CgH$s gwI-XI H$s
gdoXZmAm| Z| bo br& Om H$s {MVm gm{h H$s mZdr {MVm | wIa hB & h ZdwJrZ
g | gm{h H$s H$B {dYmAm| H$m OXmVm hAm& H$hmZr, Cnmg, ZmQ>H$, EH$mH$s,
OrdZr, aoIm{M, gaU, AmH$WZ, [anmoVmO, S>mar, n BZ {dYmAm| | yV hAm &
114
nmMm gm{h Ed gm{h d{mmo Ho$ gmW AmbmoMZm npX{Vm| H$m {dH$mg gm{h H$mo
~hma ~Zm {Xm& AZwdmX H$m jo{dVma hAm& ~mmbm, amR>r, JwOamVr hr Zht AJoOr, gr
H$m m~ ~T>m& {dd{> H$s mnH$Vm Zo gm{h Ho$ {dfJV Ed H$bmJV ym| |
n[adVZ bmH$a Zo gm{hpH$ AmXmobZmo H$mo O {Xm& J{V-moJ Ho$ ~mX, AH${dVm,
gH$mbrZ H${dVm, H$hmZr-gmVa, A-H$hmZr Ho$ Xma hdnyU ah| h&
gm{h boIZ H$s B{Vhmg {>m {dH${gV hB& BgH$m boIZ, nwZboIZ, hmoZo
bJm& "AmYo' H$mo nwam H$aZo Ho$ {bE X{bV, {hbm boIZ AnZr ApVm-ApVd H$mo boH$a
H|$ | Am MwH$m h& CZH$m OrdZ-XeZ gm{h jo H$mo {demb ~Zm MwH$m h &
5.7 Cnghma
^maVoX H$s am>rVm, {doXr wJ H$s gmO gwYma, ^mfm gwYma ^mdZm,
N>mmdmXr OrdZ->r Ho$ ~mX J{Verb AXmobZ | CnOm OZdmXr gm{hpH$ gH$ma, Zo
moJ | ~Xbm& dh ZB gH$nZmAm| o gmZo Amm& gmVa hAm& AmO h gm{h H$B
moS>mo go JwOaVo hE {ZVmV Zo Zm| H$mo {d{^ Voda go CR>m ahm h& X{bV, r,
gmXm{H$Vm, g~Yr gm{h Zo am> H$s MoVZm H$mo gmZo bmm h& J H$s e{$embr
MoVZm Zo Cgo mnH$ Ed C{MV n | VwV {H$m h& gnyU H$mb H$m wmH$Z WmoS>o go
eXm| | g^d Zht h naVy ZdrZ gKf H$s ~wpX{Odr, mZdVmdmXr >r Zo gmm{OH$,
amO{Z{VH$, Ym{H$, Am{WH$ jom| H$s CWb-nwWb H$s A{^OZm gmWH$ T>J go H$s h&
ZdMoVZm H$m h boIZ ~hwIr Ama wJmZwn h& m|H$s boIZ Ho$ jo | n Ho$ gmW-gmW
J H$m {dH$mg, IS>r ~mobr H$m gdm{YH$ moJ, am>r ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg, gmm{OH$ jo |
mZdVmdmX, Zm OmJaU, gm{h H$m {d{dY wIr moJ Ed {dH$mg, lJma go w{$, H${V
H$m gwYwa {MU, Zo dmXm| H$m gm{hpH$ jo | doe, AJoOr {dmZm| H$m {hXr gm{h na
^md, Ogo VrH$dmX, A{^OZmdmX, moJ H$s ewdmV Ho$ gmW-gmW Bda, amOm,
H${V Ho$ b~o g VH$ H|$ | ahZo Ho$ ~mX gmm {H$gmZ, OXa, moMr, Hww$Hw$awmm Ogo
{dfm| na ^mdr OZOrdZ go OwS>o {dfm| na boIZ Bgr wJ H$s XoZ h&
5.8 ~moY Z -
H$. ^maVoX wJrZ H$m {hXr H$m AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY go gn W H$m h&
I. ^maVoX d | EH$ wJ Wo {Ohm|Zo H$B gwYmadmXr ^mdZmE gm{h go H$Q>
H$s h&
J. dVVm AXmobZ H$s OrZ Vma H$aZo | h wJ ~ohX hdnyU h&
K. ^maVoX wJrZ H$m d{mm| H$m AZ H$aZm&
S>. BZ H$m d{mm| H$m ymH$Z H$a AmYw{ZH$ {hXr H${dVm H$m Ama^ H$go
hAm h gPZm O$ar h&
5A.1 VmdZm/n[aM
^maVoX ~m~w H$mo AmYw{ZH$ {hXr gm{h H$m dVH$ mZm OmVm h& ^mfm, H$m
nm| H$s {d{dYVm, Zm OmJaU gXoe Cht H$s H${dVm mam {hXr gm{h | Amm& Bg{bE
{hXr ZdOmJaU Ho$ gm{hpH$ AJXV ^r Ch| H$hm OmVm h& lJma Ama {dbm{gVm Ho$
H|$Myb H$mo Chm|Zo Xa {H$m Wm Ama H${dVm H$mo OZgmYmaU Ho$ {ZH$Q> bmm& Zm{H$m H$m
ZI{eI dUZ, Ama {dah H$s mHw$b H$m WmZ, Xoe H$s OZVm H$s XXem H$m dUZ, Xoe
dm{^mZ H$s ^mdZm Zo bo {bm& hr H$maU h H$s lJma, AbH$ma, ar{V {ZnU, H${V H$m
CrnZ {MU m: H$ hmoVm Jm& ^pV, Zr{V ^r {nN>S>Vr Jr& OmVr, am>r ~moYZ
H$mo naml {bm& am>r ^mdZmAm| H$m Xoe ^{$ H$m {MU Bg H$mcIS> | A{YH$ XoIm Om
gH$Vm h& {ejm H$m hd, {dYdm {ddmh H$m gWZ, ~mb{ddmh H$m {damoY, AJoOr amOZr{V
H$s AmbmoMZm, amO^pV, Jmo-ajm Ogo {df H${dVm Ho$ Ho$ | AmE& {~{Q>em| Zo ^m{VH$
gmYZm| VH$ n{Vm| emgZ ~YZ go Zm wJ nhbo hr bmm Wm& wU V H$m A{dH$ma,
gmMmanm| H$m {dH$mg Am{X Zo OZ-OmJaU H$mo $bmZo | hdnyU ^w{H$m {Z^mB &
gmOgwYma Ed Xoe gwYma H$s ^mdZm n{dV-nwnrV hmoVr JB&
^maVoX H$mb Ho$ wI A gm{hH$mam| Zo ^r ^maVoX H$s d{mm| H$mo
drH$mam Ama gm{h gOZ {H$m& {OZ| hdnwU h, ~XarZmamU MmYar oKZ,
VmnZmamU {l, OJmohZ qgh, amYmH$U Xmg, OJmWXmg aZmH$a, ZdZrV MVwd}Xr
117
Am{X& S>m. ZJo Zo am>rVm, gmm{OH$ MoVZm, ^pV^mdZm, lJm[aH$Vm, H${V {MU,
hm-J, ar{V-{ZnU, gmnw{V, H$mmZwdmX, H$bmnj Ho$ AVJV AmZodmbr
d{mm| H$m {dbofU AnZo B{Vhmg | {H$m h&
2. Zr gmm{OH$ MoVZm
wJrZ H${dVm Zo Zr gmm{OH$ gmAm| na H${dVm {bIr& {Og| gmm{OH$
gmAm| H$mo Xa H$aVo hE, ~m gmO, Am gmO, Ho$ AmXmobZm| H$m ^md C$ H$mb H$s
H${dVm na nS>o& {dYdm {ddmh H$m gWZ, ~mb{ddmh H$m {damoY, gVr Wm H$m {damoY,
Nw>AmNy>V Vr CXmaVm H$m >rH$moU, gS>r-Jbr {T>m| H$m {damoY, H$aZo Ho$ {bE dJ Ho$
gmm{OH$ OrdZ H$m {MU H${dVm | Amm& EH$ Vah go h H${dVm OZdmX H$s Amoa
>rnmV H$aVr h& ^maVoX wJ Ho$ H${dm| H$mo gmOgwYma Ho$ H${d mZm OmVm h& {Og na
Z ^r CR>Vo h& Hw$N> H${d CXmaVm H$m n[aM Zht XoVo& "^maV Y' H${dVm | A{~H$m Xm
mg mam dUml Y H$m T>VmnydH$ AZwmoXZ Ama amYmMaU Jmodmr mam {d{^
H${dVmAm| | mMrZ em-Zr{Vm| H$m gWZ Ed {dYdm-{ddmh H$m {damoY Eogo hr CXmhaU
h& AWmV h n> h H$r Hw$N> H${d gmOgwYma Ho$ AmJhr Wo Vmo Hw$N> WmpWVrdmX H$mo
~Zmo aIZo | YVm mZVo Wo&
119
d ^maVoX Zo m gwYmaUmdmXr >rH$moZ AnZmm h& "^maV XXem' Ogo
ZmQ>H$m| | dUdWm H$s gH$sUVm H$m {damoY Chm|Zo {H$m h - ~hV hZo $bmo Y,
~T>mm Nw>AmNy>V H$m H$ BZHo$ gH$mbrZ H${d ~mbwHw$X Jw Zo ^r gmOgwYma H$s >r
AnZmr h& Y{ZH$m| H$mo g~mo{YV H$aVo hE do H$hVo h -
""ho Y{ZH$mo, m XrZ OZm| H$s, Zht gwZVo hmo hmhmH$ma,
{OgH$m ao nS>mogr ^yIm, CgHo$ ^moOZ H$mo {Y$ma&
^yIm| H$s gw{Y CgH$o Ot o, H${hE {H$g nW go Omdo,
{OgH$m noQ> {> ^moOZ go, R>rH$ ZmH$ VH$ ^a Omd|&&''
dVwV Am gmO H$s gmm{OH$ Ed Ym{H$ gwYma dmr H$m ^md Hw$N> boIH$m|
na n> h& Hw$N> ghf drH$maVo h, Hw$N> Zht& Eogo hr doX mJ N>moS>H$a wpb Y gH${V
H$mo drH$maZodmbm| H$s H$Qw> AmbmoMZm amYmMaU Jmodmr H$aVo h&
""k,mJ, g~ oQ> noQ> ^aZ | MmVwa
{nVa {nS> Zht XoVo dZ-godm | AmVwa&
nT>o OZ V $magr N>moS>, doX maJ {Xmo&
hm hm hm {d{Y dm Zo gdZme ^maV {H$mo&''
"hm hm hm' go n> h H$s Jmodmr H$s Wm H$mZgr Ama {H$g H$ma H$s aht h &
VmnZmamU {l ^r r {ejm {V njnmVr adm AnZmVo h, ~mb{ddmh H$m
{damoY ^r H$aVo h Ama {dYdmAm| Ho$ XI go {dbmn ^r H$aV| h-
""{ZO Y ^br {d{Y OmZ, {ZO Jmad n{hMmZ,
rJU H$mo {dm Xod, H$[a n{VdVm e bmd&
PyR>r h Jwbm~ H$s bmbr YmodV hr {Q>r Om,
~mb-mh H$s ar{V {Q>mAmo aho bmbr wh N>m&
{dYdm {dbn {ZV YoZw H$Q> H$moD$ bmJV hm Jmohma Zht&''
nwamUnWr {> Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r H${dVm | ~S>r mm | gwYmaUmdmXr d{mm
{dmZ h& EH$ Vah go mZdVmdmXr {dMmam|-^mdZmAm| H$m gOZ H$ Bg Xma | ew$ hmo
MwH$m Wm, Eogm H$hm Om gH$Vm h&
6. ^pV ^mdZm -
hZo nhbo hr H$hm h H$s ^maVoX dUd ^V Wo& amYm-H$U Ho$ Vr CZ|
^pV Wr& ~^ gXm | dh Xr{jV Wo&
""oao Vmo am{YH$m Zm{H$m hmo J{V
bmoH$ XmoD$ ahm H$ Z{g OmAmo&
oao Vmo gmYZ EH$ hr h,
O ZXbmbm df^mZw Hw$mar&''
CZHo$ H$m | {dZ-^md H$s ^pV m hmoVr h& oYZ Zo "Abm{H$H$ brbm'
ZmH$ H${dVm | w$Q> ^pV nXm| H$mo aIm h, A{~H$m Xm mg H$s "H$gdY' Ogr ~Y
aMZm amYmH$UXmg H$s {dZ^mdw$ H$U VwVr H$m CoI ^maVoX wJrZ H$U^pV
H$m Ho$ gX^ | AmdH$ h& BgHo$ Abmdm oYZ H$s "gymoV', ^maVoX H$s "CmamY
^Vmb', Ama "H$m{VH$ZmZ', VmnZmamU {l H$s "Zdam Ho$ nX', Ama amYmMaU
Jmodmr H$s "Zd^Vmb' CoIZr H${Vm h&
^maVoX | ^pV XoemZwamJr ^md ^r {XImB XoVm h& AWmV dh Xoe{hV H$s
H$mZm H$aVm h& mmXm{H$ V-VmVamo na AmYm[aV Ym{H$Vm Ho$ WmZ na Chm|Zo
CXmaVm H$m n[aM {Xm h& "OZ Hw$Vwhb' | Chm|Zo Ym{H$ {dof H$s WVm H$mo {Vnm{XV
{H$m h& Y{ZanojVm H$m ^md CZ| h Eogm H$hm OmVm h& {$a ^r Cg| Ym{H$ EH$m{JVm
H$s MMm gmZo Am ahr h& CZH$s Ym{H$Vm na Z CR> ah| h& VmnZmamU {l,
amYmH$UXmg Ogo H${dm| | ^r XoemZwamJ ^pV H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h&
8. H${V {MU -
ar[VH$mb H$s Vah H${V H$m dV {MU H$m A^md ^maVoX wJrZ H${dVm |
ahm h Ama dh dm^m{dH$ h gmX ~moY | ghmH$ dV H${V {MU H$m lo {H$gr grm
VH$ R>mHw$a OJmohZqgh H$mo hr {Xm Om gH$Vm h& ^maVoX gdoV A H${dm| Zo nanam
H$m {Zdmh {H$m Jm h& ""Ap~H$mXm mg H$s "nmdg nMmgm', Jmo{dX {Jm^mB H$s
"fS>F$Vw', Ama "nmdg nmo{ZYr', Am{X H${Vm| | dgV Ama dfm F$Vw H$m Amb~ZmH$
{M mOwX h&'' ^maVoX H$s "mV graZ', oYZ H$s "H$ {hm' Ama VmnZmamU
{l H$s "o nwnmObr' | dV H${V {MU h {H$Vw g$bVmnwdH$ Zht Eogm V ZJo
$ H$a MwHo$ h m|{H$ ""H${V H$mo lJm[aH$ ZmoXemAm|, gmm{OH$ CX~moYZ, Zr{V H$WZ
Am{X go g~X H$aZo H$s A{ZdmVm Zo'' H${V H$m dV dUZ Bg H$mb | $n JmhH$ Zht
123
H$a nmm naVw ar{VH$mb Ho$ CrnH$ dUZ H$mo Z drH$maVo hE gH$V H$m | CnbY
Zg{JH$ gmX dUZ go H${V H$m gOrd {MU CZHo$ H$m | Amm h& ndV jIbm H$m
gmX {MU Bgr H$ma H$m h-
""nhma Anma H$bmg go H$mo{Q>Z CMr {eIm b{J A~a My&
{ZhmaV Xr{R> ^ n{Jm {J[a OmH$ CmJVm D$na Py &
H$me nVJ gmo Mmo{Q>Z Ho$ {~H$g| Aa{dX {bX gwPy&
bg H${Q> oIbm Ho$ OJmohZ H$mar KQ>m KZ KmoaV Yy&&''
(dhr- n. 456)
9. hm- -
hm-J H$s A{^^pV ^r Bg wJ H$s hdnyU {deofVm h& hm-J H$mo
am>r gmAm| go OmoS>Zo H$m mg Bg H$mb | hAm h& npMr gVm, {dXoer emgZ,
gmm{OH$ AY{ddmgmo, {T>m|, na H${dm| Zo H$R>moa {H$E h& CZ| {df Ed ebr H$s
{^Vm ^r ahr h& {ZZ{b{IV {dfm| na BZ H${dm| Zo hm-J {bIo h& EH$ mMrZ
{T>JV {dH${Vm| na, Xmo {dXoer gnH$ | ^maVrm| H$s pWVr na, VrZ ^pV g~Yr gH$sU
{dMmam| na, Mma {dH$V gmH${VH$ OrdZ na, nmM amOZ{VH$ dWm na hd Am{X nyU
h& amOZ{VH$ J | CoI{Z h - AJoOmo H$s emofU Zr{V, ^maVrm| H$s {ZpH$Vm Ed
ZnwgH$ Zmod{m, namYrZ d{m Am{X& N>h gm{hpH$ Ed ^mfmJV {dMma na ImgH$a CX Ho$
AmJh na& ^maVoX H$s VrZ J e{bm h - namoS>r, mnm Ama Jmbr& S>m. ZJo H$hVo h,
"~Xag^m' Ho$ JrVm| H$s aMZm Chm|Zo CX ZmQ>H$ BXa g^m Ho$ JrVm| H$s namoS>r Ho$ n | H$s
h& CX H$m mnm CX-$magr Ho$ mnm, ZmH$ H$mn H$s ebr | {b{IV h& h-h CX
hm-hm, H$hm {gYmar hm-hm, Am{X npVm| | Chm|Z| ~Zmag AI~ma Ho$ gmMma-
erfH$ CX mar Jr na J {H$m h& "g{YZ Ywmg' H$s aMZm "Jmbr' JJr{V H$s
ebr | H$s Jr h& Zo OmZ| H$s wH$ar, gH$mbrZ gmm{OH$, amOZr{VH$ {dgJ{Vm| na
{bIr h& gmW hr VmnZmamU {l H$s haJJm, ~wT>mnm, H$ma>H$, Am{X {gX aMZmE h&
^maVoX | Ara Iwgamo H$s wH$ar ebr n> hmoVr h& nmZ g~Yr J H$m CXmhaU h -
""wh O~ bmJ V~ Zhr Nw>Q>o, Om{V mZ YZ g~ HwN> byQ>o&
nmJb H$[a mo{h H$ao Iam~, m| g{I gmZ Zht gam~&&''
14. ^mfm
^maVoX wJ | H$m Ho$ jo | ~O^mfm H$m moJ hAm Vmo J Ho$ jo | IS>r
~mobr H$m& {hXr-CX H$m {ddmX Bg H$mb Ho$ amOZr{V H$s XoZ ahr {$a ^r ^maVoX Zo {hXr
Ho$ Xm{d H$mo "{hXr ^mfm' ZmH$ JW {bIH$a nyU {H$m& Chm|Zo ""CX-$magr H$s
O{Q>bV Vg eXmdbr H$m ~{hH$ma ^r {H$m'' H$m | ~O Ho$ gmW-gmW A ~mobr
^mfm eXm| Ho$ moJ {XImB XoVm h, Ogo ^moOnyar, ~wXobIS>r, AdYr, Am{X& BgHo$ Abmdm
CX-AJoOr H$m moJ ^r {H$m Jm h&
~O^mfm Ama IS>r~mobr H$mo boH$a AmXmobZ Mbm& AmomgmX Ir Zo
IS>r~mobr H$m AmXmobZ (1888) | Mbmm& Hw$N> H${dm| Zo {damoY ^r {H$m& n[aUmV
IS>r~mobr J Ho$ gmW n H$m {dH$mg hAm& AmJo MbH$a {XdoXr wJ | h {ddmX I hAm&
H$m jo | ^r IS>r~mobr H$m moJ hmoZo bJm&
15. N>X-AbH$ma
^maVoX wJrZ H${dm| Zo nanamJV N>X-AbH$mamo H$m moJ AnZr H${dVmAm| |
{H$m h & {Og| CoI{Z h, Amm, Hw$S>{bm, Xmohm, MmnmB, gmoaR>m, amobm, h[aJr{VH$m
Ogo m{H$ N>Xmo VWm H${dVm, gdm, XmH$mVm, {eI[aUr, deW, dgV{VbH$m Ogo
d{UH$ N>Xmo H$m {d{dYwIr moJ ""bmoH$gJrV H$m Jmdmo | Mma-gma H$aZo Ho$ {bE
126
^maVoX Zo H$Obr, Rw>ar, IoQ>m, H$ha~m, Job, MVr, A, hmobr, gmPr, bm~|, bmdZr,
{~ahm, MZZr, Am{X N>Xmo H$mo CnmoJ | bmm h& Bg H$ma Ho$ moJ H$m AmdmhZ ^r do
H${dm| H$mo H$a MwHo$ Wo&'' {H$gr Zo N>X H$m moJ ^bo hr BZ H${dm| Zo Z {H$m hmo naVw
H$m H$s ZB CX^mdZm {df Ed ebr Ho$ {> go m{bH$ ahr h &
5A.3 ymH$Z
Bg {ddoMZ-{dbofU go h kmZ hmoVm h, H$s ^maVoX goV A H${d AnZo
Xm H$m gwmo {Zdmh H$a MwHo$ h& AnZr AZw^yVr H$mo m ~ZmH$a, d^mfm, dY,
dOm{V H$m Mma H$a XoemoVr, Ed am>r ^mdZmAm| H$mo OJmZo H$m mg egZr h &
IS>r~mobr H$mo H$m-^mfm H$m m ~Zmm& Cg| H$m Ho$ gmW, {Z~Y, ZmQ>H$,
H$hm{Zm, Cnmg, boI {bIo Jo h& {d{^ n-n{H$mAm| H$m gnmXZ, H$meZ ^r Bg
wJ H$s hdnyU KQ>Zm h& OZdmXr {dMmaYmam H$s A{^pV, bmoH$JrV ebr H$m pdH$ma
Bg wJ Ho$ hdnyU y h& OrdZ Ho$ WmW H$mo Chm|Zo gmm{OH$ da {Xm, oH$ {dYm
|& ~hV gmao AV{damoY ^r CZHo$ H$m | nmo OmVo h& am>rVm, amO^{$, amOmoh, Zr
^mfm (IS>r~mobr), nwamZr ^mfm (~O) Zo nwamZo {>H$moZ, BZ g~ | gd H$s ^mdZm
Am{X&
^maVr gmO, gm{h, amOZr{V Ho$ B{Vhmg | h ZdwJ, ZdOmJaU, Ho$ Zm
go OmZm OmVm h& {OgH$o AJXV d ^maVoX ~m~w aho h&
5A.4 Cnghma
^maVoX wJrZ gm{hH$mam| Zo {d{^ Va na OZ OmJaU H$m H$m {H$m&
gm{hpH$ aMZmAm| Ho$ O[aE do dm{YZVm AmXmobZ go OwS>o ah|& Cg ~T>mdm {Xm& J H$m
Zo nm| | {dH$mg hAm& aJM H$m AmYw{ZH$ A{dH$ma ^r BZ gm{hH$mam| Zo, {deof
^maVoX Zo hgwg {H$m& OrdZ Ho$ gm| H$mo Z{VH$ gmhg Ho$ ~b na OZVm Ho$ gwI
aIm& VH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$, gmm{OH$, Ym{H$, OrdZ H$s gmBm| go ho ~ H$amm&
h Bg wJ hdnyU H$s XoZ h&
5A.5 ~moY Z
5Am.1 VmdZm/n[aM` -
AmYw{ZH$ H${dVm Ho$ jo _| {{dXr `wJ H$mo 'OmJaU `m gwYma H$mb' Ho$ Zm_
go OmZm OmVm h& 'gadVr' H$m H$meZ Ama {doXr Or H$m gnmXZ H$m{VH$mar KQ>Zm Ho$ n
_| {hXr gm{h` _| XoIr OmVr h& `h ghr ^r h& 1903 _| _hmdra gmX {doXr Zo
'gadVr' H$m gnmXZ ma^ {H$`m& {doXr `wJ H$m H$mbIS> ^r 1903 go 1918 VH$ _mZm
OmVm h& {doXr Ho$ `{Vd H$s Jhar N>mn Bg `wJ na ahr h& Bg `wJ Ho$ dh nWXeH$,
{Z_mVm, {ejH$, boIH$, AmbmoMH$, gnmXH$ aho h& ^mfm H$s ewXVm, `mH$aU Am{X Ho$ jo
_| ^r CZH$m _m{bH$ H$m` ahm h& ''Chm|Zo gm{h` Ama g_mO H$mo {deof _moS> {X`m&
{dXdmZm| Zo Ch| {~Zm {S>Jr Ho$ AmMm`, {~Zm _wHw$Q> Ho$ gaVmO Ama _hmZ `wJ dVH$ H$hm h&
do EH$ g\$b AbmoMH$, {Z~YH$ma, AZwdmX, gnmXH$ Wo& CZH$s aMZmAm| H$m _hd ^bo hr
Z hmo naVw CZHo$ mam {Z{_V gm{h` {V^mAm|, gm{h` H${V`mo H$m ~hV A{YH$ _hd h&
^maVoXw `wJ _| '^maV XwXem' na Xw:I H$Q> {H$`m OmVm ahm naVw {doXr
`wJ Ho$ gm{h`H$mam| Zo XwXem Ho$ gmW gm_m`m| _| dVVm mVr H$s Mmh {Z_mU H$s& CgHo$
{bE ~{bXmZ H$m _mJ gwPm`m& BgHo$ nhbo ~ g_mO, Am` g_mO, {W`mgm{\$H$b
128
gmogm`Q>r Am{X H$m H$m` ^maV df _| \$b MwH$m Wm& Bg H$mbIS> _| gnyU Cma ^maV _|
Am` g_mO Ho$ gm_m{OH$ AmXmobZ H$s Yy_ _Mr Wr& Y_, g_mO H$m nwZWmZ H$m` Omoam|
na Wm& BYa H$mJog AmOmXr H$m AbI OJmZo _| H$m\$s AmJo ~T> MwH$s Wr& {~{Q>em| H$s Amoa go
hmoZodmbo emofU go {VbH$ Ogo Ohmb ZoVm Zo Xoe^a _| 'AgVmof' H$s ^mdZm H$mo \$bm`m&
{ZdmWu g_mO godH$m| H$m CX` ^r Bgr H$mb _| hmo MwH$m Wm& ha {H$_V na g_mMma n
H$meZ H$m H$m` Bg H$mb Ho$ gnmXH$m| Zo Omar aIm&
~O^mfm H$s OJh IS>r~mobr Zo bo br& lJma-^{$ H$m WmZ Xoe^{V,
g_mOgwYma Zo {b`m& nanamJV H$m` {ZnU ebr`m ~Xbr& ^maVoXw `wJ _| ^mfm H$s Omo
ApWaVm nXm hB Wr dh `hm na I_ hB& H$m` Ho$ {bE ewX, `mH$aU g_V IS>r~mobr
H$m `moJ {H$`m OmZo bJm& AMmZH$ hr Zht ~H$s {doXr H$s H$R>moa Zr{V Ho$ n[aUm_dn,
H${dVm, AbmoMZm, lJma Am{X _| {ZIma Ama XoenaH$ g_mO{hVmZwn mT>Vm Am`r&
{doXrOr Zo J-n H$s ebr VWm {df` dVw _| n[adVZ bm`m& _mV^y{_, dXoe Jmad,
_mZdVmdmX, ~wpXdmX H$mo H$m` _| {V{>V {H$`m& H${dVm _| B{Vdmm_H$Vm H$s YmZVm
Am`r& am>r` ^mdZm H$m da JyO CR>m, amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$m {dH$mg hAm& Zmar g~Yr
{>H$moZ _| n[adVZ Am`m& gmH${VH$ am>r`Vm VWm am>dmX H$m {dH$mg ^r Bgr H$mb H$s
XoZ h& _{WbreaU JwV, am_Zaoe {nmR>r Ogo H${d {doXr Ho$ `{Vd H$s XoZ h&
JmonmbeaU qgh, J`mgmX 'Zohr', A`mo`mqgh Cnm`m` 'h[aAmY', bmoMZgmX
nmS>o`, _wHw$Q>Ya nmS>o, Bgr H$mb Ho$ _hdnyU H${d h& nwZWmZ `wJ H$m Xoe, g_mO VWm
gm{h` na `mnH$ ^md nS>m& `hr H$maU h H$s {doXr `wJ _| OmJaU Am`m& ZdrZ nanam
H$m CX^d hAm& {doXr Ama gadVr H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ _hd Bg H$mb _| h&
AJoOm| Ho$ X_Z MH$ Ama Hw$Q>Zr{VH$ emgZ H$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ {bE Bg `wJ
_| nanam H$mo N>moS>H$a, gm{h` _| nmam{UH$ VWm Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| Ama M[am| H$mo am>r`
^mdZm Ho$ n[ao` _| VwV {H$`m J`m& _`dJ Ho$ gmW {ZZdJ H$m {MU {H$`m OmZo
bJm& n[aUm_V: {H$gmZ, _OXya, r-X{bVm| H$m H$>X OrdZ C^aH$a Am`m& amOZr{VH$
MoVZm Ama am>r` ^mdZm H$m da _wI[aV hAm& Ia ~wpXdmX Ho$ H$maU OrdZ Ho$ `oH$
jo _| Zra-jra {ddoH$ H$m AmJh ew hAm& _mZdr` _w`m| H$m AmJh ^r Bgr H$mb _| ew
hAm& ^maVr` Ama `wamo{n` XeZ H$m gKf ma^ ^r Bgr H$mb H$s XoZ h& ^maV Ho$ X`
VWm `wamon H$mo ~wpX nj _mZH$a CgHo$ EH$_oH$ hmoZo H$s pWVr H$mo AmXe _mZm OmZo bJm&
Am` g_mO H$m AmXmobZ Bg g_` Omoa na Wm& JwHw$b H$mJS>r H$s WmnZm hmo MwH$s Wr&
Am`g_mO Ho$ ZoVd _| S>r.E.dr H$mboOg IwbZo bJo Wo& {ejm H$m gmd{H$ Mma-gma hmo
ahm Wm& VH$-~w{dmX, _mZdVm, am>r`Vm, r-{ejm, AmXedmX Bg `wJ Ho$ _y` Ama
oaUm ahr h& {OgH$m `mnH$ ^md gm{h` na nS>m&
129
{doXr `wJrZ H${dVm Ho$ AmYma q~Xy:-
1. ~mpXH$Vm H$m {VnmXZ:-
~g_mO, Am`g_mO, {W`mogm{\$H$b gmogm`Q>r Ho$ gmW ^maVr` am>r`
H$mJog Zo gm_m{OH$ OmJaU H$m ~S>m H$m` ^maVoXw `wJ go hr ew {H$`m Wm& doX H$mo VH$
_mU na H$gH$a CgH$s Z`r AmbmoMZm Am` g_mO VwV H$a ahm Wm& Mmho dh
A`mp_H$ C{m hmo, H$_H$mS> hmo, r Z, hmo BZ g~Ho$ {V dkm{ZH$ {>H$moZ Ed Z`r
{ejm go mV {> go XoIZo H$m `Z {H$`m J`m& n[aUm_V: nwamZo H$mo AmI _yX H$a Z
drH$maVo hE CgHo$ {V {dmoh H$m ^md H$Q> hmoZo bJm& AZoHo$da H$s OJh EHo$da dmX
BgH$m _mU h& ~wpXdmX Ho$ H$maU hr Xodr-XodVmAm| H$s Amoa XoIZo H$s {> ~Xb J`r&
H$_H$mS> Ho$ WmoWo nZ H$mo COmJa {H$`m J`m& {T>dm{XVm Ed gS>r-Jbr mMrZ nanamAm| na
Hw$R>mamKmV {H$`o Om aho Wo& XodVm H$s AdVmadmXr gH$nZm H$mo ZH$mam Om ahm Wm&
Abm{H$Vm H$s OJh bm{H$H$Vm H$m {MU {H$`m Om ahm Wm& EH$ Vah go `h ~mpXH$Vm H$m
`wJ, Vm{H$H$ Umbr go gmoMZo-{dMmaZo H$m `wJ ma^ hmo J`m Wm& OmVrdmX H$s AmbmoMZm
Bgr H$maU hmoVr ahr& H${V VWm Abm{H$H$ e{V Ho$ {V _mZdr` {>H$moZ go XoIm OmZo
bJm Wm& `h AmJh ^mfm Ho$ jo _| ^r {XImB XoVm h& ~mpXH$Vm Bg `wJ H$s YmZ dmr ahr
h CgH$m ^md AmZodmbo H$mb na ^r nS>m&
3. AmXedmX -
`h `wJ nmMm` dkm{ZH$ Ed Z`o {ejm Ho$ gnH$ _| Am`o ^maVr` VWm
nanamJV H$mb~m _w`m| H$s Q>H$amhQ> H$m ahm h& {\$a ^r Omo Omo AN>m CgH$m drH$ma
H$aZo H$s d{m ^maVr`m| _| ahr& doXm| H$mo dkm{ZH$ AmYma XmZ H$aZo H$s ^agH$ H$mo{eeo
Am` g_mO, ~g_mO, {ddoH$mZX VWm mWZm g_mO Zo H$s Wr& {ddoH$mZX Zo Vmo ^maVr`
Am`m_dmX H$mo X`dmX Ho$ n _| npM_r ^m{VH$dmX Ho$ gm_Zo aIH$a CgH$mo {V>m
{Xbm`r Wr& `h {gYm-{gYm Xmo gH${V`m| Ho$ ^rVa H$s Q>H$amhQ> Wr& npM_ Zo Xoe H$mo
130
{nN>S>m Ama gS>m-Jbm gm{~V H$a {X`m Wm& AkmZr, AY{ddmgr H$ama {X`m Wm& Bg
g~H$mo Xya H$a ^maVr`Vm H$m Jmad JmZ H$aZo H$s dmr Bg H$mb _| {d_mZ h& ~wpXdmX na
A`m_ H$s AWmV ~wXr na X` H$s {dO` Ho$ n _| ^maVr` A`m_ nanam H$m g_d`
gmYZo H$s Mo>m H$s Om ahr Wr& N>mmdmX | Bgo gmX Zo H$mmZr | A{^$ {H$m h& Bgr
H$mo gm{h`H$ma AmXe Ho$ n _o Wm{nV H$aVo Om aho Wo& ^m{VH$ gwI gw{dYmAm| H$s Anojm
_mZ{gH$ gVw{> H$s MMm Mb ahr Wr& Am`g_mO, ~ g_mO, VWm am>r` H$mJog Zo ^r
'g`_ {ed_ gwXa_' H$mo naml` {X`m Wm& EH$ Vah go BgHo$ nrN>o BgmB _V Ho$ ZH$ma H$m
^md ^r {N>nm hAm Wm& a{dZmW Ho$ _mZdVmdmX Zo {hXr H$mo ~b XmZ {H$`m, `h gMmB
h&
6. Ym{_H$ H$nZm :-
Bg H$mb H$s H${dVm _| Ym{_H$Vm H$s AbJ H$nZm H$s JB h& ~mpXH$Vm Ho$
^md Ho$ H$maU Bda AmXr Ho$ _mZdr` nm| H$s H$nZm H$s JB h& 'gmHo$V' _| _{W{beaU
JwV {bIVo h-
''am_, Vw_ _mZd hmo? Bda Zht hmo `m?''
AmXe H$s WmnZm H$aZo hoVy 'am_' H$m _mZd n H$s H$nZm _Zw` Ho$
Xw:I, H$>, haU hoVy H$s J`r gmW hr Am` Y_ ~ZmH$a, YaVr H$mo dJ ~ZmZo H$s ~mV ^r am_
H$aZo bJVo h& AmJo JwVOr H$hVo h-
''_ Am`] H$m AmXe ~VmZo Am`m,
OZ-g_wI YZ H$mo VwN> OVmZo Am`m&
^d _| Zd d^d mV H$amZo Am`m,
Za H$mo BdaVm mV H$amZo Am`m&
gXoe `hm Zht _ dJ H$m bm`m,
Bg ^yVb H$mo hr dJ ~ZmZo Am`m&''
_mZd H$s godm Ama gm_Vr g`Vm Ho$ qZXm H$m ^md H${d`m| _| ahm h&
Bg{bE CZ_| _mZd godm hr Bda godm' H$m ^md {d_mZ h& {Og H$ma 'gmHo$V' Ho$ am_
_mZd n _| Am`o Cgr H$ma '{` dmg' (h[aAmY') Ho$ H$U ^r _mZd godm H$aVo {XImE
JE h& ~wpXdmX Ho$ `wJ _| AdVma dmX H$m {VnmXZ H$aZm {doXr `wJ H$mo Ag^d Wm&
Bg{bE XrZ-X{bVm|, Xw{IVm|, l_Ordm| _| Bda H$s H$nZm H$s JB Ama Bda o_, {dd
o_ _| ~Xb J`m R>mHw$a JmonmbeaU qgh H$hVo h-
''OJ H$s godm H$aZm hr h, g~ gmam| H$m gma
{ddo_ Ho$ ~YZ hr _|, _wP H$mo {_bm _w{V H$m Xdma&''
dVwV: OrdZ, OJV Ama H$Vr _| `mV Bda Ho$ Vr H${d H$s
A{^`{V ^mdZm _| ah`m_H$Vm Am JB& dhr AmJo N>m`mdmX H$s _wI d{m ~Z JB&
Ym{_H$ ^mdZm H$mo OZgodm, {ddo_ go OmoS>H$a Cgo Hw$N> AbJ T>J go {dH${gV {H$`m J`m&
133
7. Zmar dmV` Ama CH$f :-
ar{VH$mbrZ Zmar Ho$ gmX` dUZ H$s nanam H$mo OmoaXma AmKmV {doXr `wJ _|
{_bm& Zmar g~Yr _m`VmE ~XbZo bJr& {d{^ gm_m{OH$ H$m` H$aZodmbr gWmAm| VWm
H$mJog Ho$ amOZr{VH$ AXmobZ Ho$ n[aUm_ dn r Ho$ H$mo_b ^md H$s OJh H$R>moa, dra
^md H$m {MU hmoZo bJm& CZH$s dVVm H$m CH$f hAm& nwf Ho$ H$Yo go H$Ym {_bmH$a dh
amOZr{VH$ AmXmobZ _| CVa MwH$s Wr& MrZ {T>`mo, nanamAm| H$mo do d` VmoS> ahr Wr&
OrdZ Ama OJV Ho$ Vr CZH$s AnZr {> H$m {dH$mg hmo ahm Wm& AnZr dVVm, A{YH$ma
Ho$ Vr dh gOJ hmo MwH$s Wr& nwfgmmH$ `dWm H$mo Y$m {X`m Om ahm Wm& r Om{V na
hmoZodmbo A`m`- A`mMmam| Ho$ {V H${d`m| Zo {> S>mbr& lrYa nmR>H$. _{W{beaU JwV,
am_Zaoe {nmR>r, A`mo`mqgh Cnm`m` 'h[aAmY' Am{X _wI H${d`m| Zo CgH$s ~Xbr
MoVZm mam Zd`wJ bmZo H$m `mg {H$`m& gmW hr CgHo$ Vr A`m`-A`mMma H$s ^mdZm
H$mo gm_m{OH$m| go {ZH$mbZo H$m VWm Cg_| gwYma H$aZo H$m ^md H${d`m| _| ahm h& Bda go
mWZm H$aVo hE lrYa nmR>H$ {bIVo h-
''XrZ~Yw g{> H$sO| ~mb-{dYdm Ama&''
Zmar Ho$ Z`o nm| H$mo do h_mao gm_Zo bmVo h dh OZgo{dH$m, Xoe^V amJrZr,
OZZr Ho$ n _| bmoH$go{dH$m Ho$ n _| {M{V H$s JB h&
_{WbreaU JwV Ogo H${d`mo Zo CZHo$ Cno{jV `{Vd H$mo CH${fV
{H$`m& gmHo$V H$s 'C{_bm hmo, `m `emoYam '`emoYam' m mna H$s '{dYVm'& CZna
AmYw{ZH$ {dMma-gdoXZm H$s Jhar N>mn ahr h& gmHo$V H$s 'C{_bm' Vmo g` gJR>Z H$a
amdU go `wX H$aZo Ho$ {bE Vna h& JwV Or Zo Zmar H$mo {V>m {XbmZo Ho$ {bE hr CgH$m
H$m{UH$ CH$f {XIbm`m h-
''A~bm OrdZ hm`! Vwhmar `hr H$hmZr&
AmMb _| XyY Ama AmIm| _| nmZr&&''
Ho$ gmW Cgo `mJ, g`_, Am_mogJ, e{V go H$R>moa nm| _| ^r {M{V hB
h& Bg H$mb _| H$mo_b JwUm| go Zht ~H$s e{V g_X, _hmZ JwUm| go nw[aV hmo MwH$s Wr&
CgHo$ `{V dmV` H$m A{dH$ma hmo MwH$m dh ha Va na nwfm| go g_mZVm aIVr h&
9. B{Vdmm_H$Vm :-
Bg H$mb H$s H${dVm lJma Ho$ ~moP go _wV hB& CgH$s OJh Xoe o_,
gm_m{OH$Vm, Amemdm{XVm Zo {b`m& d` _hmdra gmX {doXrOr H$m OrdZ ~S>m H$R>moa,
g`V, gmpdH$ Ed AmXe Wm OrdZ ew{MVm Ho$ gmW H$m`ew{MVm, ^mfm ew{MVm na ChmoZo
~b hr Zht {X`m ~H$s CgHo$ Vr do AmJhr Wo& em`X hr H$maU h H$s lJma H$s CN>IbVm
H$m {damoY H$a Xmn` lJma H$mo H${dVm _| gw> n _| drH$mam& n[aUm_V: H${dVm
B{Vdmm_H$Vm H$s Amoa _wS>r& CgHo$ {bE gag J ebr H$mo `wJ Zo pdH$mam& AV: H${dVm _|
bmj{UH$Vm, {M_`Vm Ama dH$mo{V ahr Zht& {dmZm| Zo Eogm _mZm h H$s Bg g_`
{doXrOr Ho$ gm_Zo Xmo e{b`m Wr ~Jmb H$s H$mo_bH$mV nXmdbr Ama _amR>r H$s dUZ YmZ
B{Vdmm_H$ ebr& Chm|Zo Xygar ebr H$mo AnZm`m& `mo{H$ dh CZHo$ _Z Ho$ AZwHw$b Wr
Ama gmW hr dh Z{VH$Vm Ho$ Mma VWm AmXe H$s {V>m Ho$ {bE ^r Cn`wV Wr&''
n[aUm_V: Bg H$mb H$s H${dVm _| AmH$fU bm{b` H$_ hAm dh ewH$ Ed {Zag hB&
_wVH$ H${dVm H$s aMZm H$m MbZ ~T>m& 'gmHo$V' _| hr JwOr Zo BgH$m `moJ {H$`m'-
doXZo& Vy ^r ^br ~Zr&
nmB _Zo AmO VwPr _| AnZr Mmh KZr&&
X X X X
XmoZm| Amoa o_ nbVm h&
g{I, nVJ ^r ObVm h, hm ! XrnH$ ^r ObVm h&
H${dVm H$m `h Jm_H$ n _{WbreaU JwV, R>mHw$a JmonmbeaU qgh,
bmoMZgmX nmS>o`, _wHw$Q>Ya nS>o` _| Am`m& ~mpXH$Vm Ho$ H$maU dh ~moArb hB
{V{H$`mdn 'ah`m_H$Vm H$s ImoO, ah`mo_wI o_' Ho$ {V H${d ^mdZm ~T>r& H$Vr
dUZ _| ^r `hr ^mdZm ahr& Jw _| ^r `h gHo$V {_bVo h-
''Voao Ka Ho$ ma ~hV h {H$ggo hmoH$a AmD$ _
g~ mam| na ^rS ~S>r h H$go ^rVa OmD$ _&''
10. H${V-{MU :-
{doXr `wJ H$m H${V {MU ~S>m gMm Ama _Zmo`moJ nyU {H$`m J`m h& lJma
H$mb _| Omo H${V dUZ {H$`m J`m h dh lJma ^mdZm CrnZ hoVy hAm h& ^maVoXw `wJ _|
gmX`mZw^y{V Ho$ A^md _| Ho$db AbH$m[aH$ {MU H$s YmZVm ahr h& naVy {doXr `wJ _| `h
dUZ gdoXZm_H$ Ama {Mm_H$ nm| _| CnpWV hAm h& {Og_o AJga h lrYa nmR>H$,
A`mo`mqgh Cnm`m` 'h[aAmY', _{WbreaU JwV, am_Zaoe {nmR>r' VWm am_M ewb
Am{X& lrYa nmR>H$ H$s H${dVm _| V_`Vm Ama _mYw` ^md g{Z{hV h, H$_ra H$m dUZ
135
Hw$N> Bgr H$ma H$m h-
''H${V `hm EH$mV ~{R>> {ZO n gdma{V&
nb-nb nbQ>{V _of N>{ZH$ N>{~ {N>Z-{N>Z Yma{V&
{~ha{V {d{dY {dbmg ^ar Omo~Z _X _| g{Z&
bbH${V {H$bH${V nwbH${V {ZaI{V {WaH${V ~ZR>{Z&''
AmMm` ewb mam Jm_ gmX` dUZ ^r {Mm_H$ n _| hAm h-
''J`m Cgr Xodb Ho$ nmg go h Jm`-nW,
doV Ym[a`m| _| H$B Kmg H$mo {d^V H$a&
Wyham| go gQ>o hE noS> Ama PmS> hao,
JmoaO go Yy_bo Omo IS>o h {H$Zmao na&''
am_Zaoe {nmR>r Zo CZHo$ H$m` 'n{WH$' Ama 'dZ _| ZXr' _| ndV, g_w
Am{X H$m ` ^` n _o {M{V {H$`m h& CZHo$ H${V {MU _| H$ht-H$ht ah`m_H$Vm
^r nmB OmVr h- 'h[aAmY' Zo H${V H$mo nmM nm| _| {M{V {H$`m h, '' Amb~Z m,
CrnZ n, {~~-{V{~~ n, CnXoem_H$ n Ed AmbH$m[aH$ n& ''
Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d`m| Zo H${V- dUZ _| ^r CnXoem_H$Vm H$s d{m aIr
em`X Bgr H$maU dh Z _mZdr, Z H${V Ho$ ah`m| H$mo Imob nm`m, Z ghO, gwXa hmo nm`m&
dh Zrag Ama ewH$ hr ahm h& H${m dUZ ^r Bg H$mb H$s _wI d{m ahr h&
11. AZwdmX
Xoer Ama {dXoer gm{h` Ho$ AZwdmX H$s ^maVoXy nanam H$m A{YH$ {dH$mg
{doXr `wJ _| hAm& `h AZwdmX _m Ho$db nm_H$ Zht Jm_H$ ^r hAm Ama R>oR>
IS>r~mobr _| hAm& d` {doXr Or 'gadVr' _| AJoOr H${dVmAm| H$m AZwdmX H$m{eV
H$aVo Wo& ~mJbm Ho$ CH$> JWm| H$m AZwdmX Bg H$mbIS> _| hAm& lrYa nmR>H$ Zo
JmoS>p_W Ho$ ha{_Q> H$m "EH$mVdmgr `moJ' VWm 'Q>dba H$m' lmV n{WH$' H$m nmZwdmX
{H$`m& S>m. adr ghm` d_m Zo AnZr nwVH$ '{hXr H$m` na Amb' ^md _| {bIm h-
''{doXr `wJ Ho$ {hXr H$m` _| AJoOr H${dVmAm| Ho$ AZwdmX {d{e> WmZ aIVo h& 1903 go
1908 Ho$ _`dVu H$mb _| _hmdragmX {doXr Zo AmYw{ZH$ {hXr gm{h` Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$
{bE AWH$ n[al_ {H$`m Wm& `o AZwdmX AZdaV n go gadVr _| H$m{eV hmoVo aho&''
eog{n`a, ~m`aZ, Jo Am{X H$s H${dVmAm| Ho$ AZwdmX hE h&
gmW hr ~mJbm Ama _amR>r 'Ho$ AZwdmX ^r {H$`o J`o&'' ~mbm go gm_Jr br
J`r Vr _amR>r go ebr'' _{WbreaU JwV Zo _mBHo$b _YwgwXZXm Ho$ _oKZmW dY Ama
dramJZm VWm ZdrZMgoZ Ho$ 'nbmgra `wX' H$m AZwdmX {H$`m& {g`mam_eaU JwV VWm
_wHw$Q>Ya nmS>o` H$s H${dVmAmo na a{dZmW R>mHy$a H$s 'JrVmObr' Ho$ ah`dmX H$m ^md
{XImB XoVm h& AZwdmX H$m` H$s nanam H$mo g_X {H$`m {doXr `wJ Zo&
14. N>X-dN>X :-
IwX {doXrOr N>Xmo~X VWm VwH$~Xrdmbr H${dVm Ho$ {damoYr Wo Bg{bE
Chm|Z| dN>X H$mo AnZm`m& gH$V dmm| Ho$ AVwH$mV `m AZwmg H$mo ^r Xya {H$`m J`m&
IS>r~mobr _| hr {d{dY N>Xm| H$m gwXa `moJ Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d`m| Zo {H$`m& {hXr, CXy, gH$V
H$mo N>Xm| H$m ^r `moJ CH$> $n go {H$`m& _wVN>X H$s H${dVm H$m `moJ hmoZo bJm&
N>m`mdmXr A{V_ Xma _| Vmo {Zambm Zo '_wVN>X' H${dVm H$m hr nwaH$ma {H$`m& {\$a ^r
lrYa nmR>H$ Zo bmdZr VWm CXy, J`mgmX ewb 'Zohr' Zo CXy, 'h[aAmY' Zo gH$V, N>Xmo
H$m `moJ {H$`m& ~O^mfm_| {OZ H${d`m| Zo aMZmE H$s Chm|Zo amobm, N>n, Hw$S>{b`m,
Jr{VH$m, h[aJr{VH$m, ZmQ>H$,bmdZr, gd`m, H${dm AmXr N>Xm| H$m `moJ {H$`m h& AZoH$
H${d N>X {deof H$m `moJ H$aVo Wo& naVw Bg H$mb H$m H${d ^mfm Ho$ gH$ma H$m` _| aV Wm&
Chm|Zo Z`o N>X {Z_mU H$aZo _| H$moB {XbMnr Zht ahr hmoJr&
5Am.3 _y`mH$Z -
{doXr `wJ _| H$m` d{dY Ho$ gmW ^mfm {ZU` ^r {H$`m J`m& IS>r~mobr H$mo
A{YH$m{YH$ n[aH$V H$aZo H$m _hdnyU H$m` _hmdragmX {doXr Zo {H$`m& CgHo$ `mH$aU
$n na ~b {X`m Cgo H$m` Cn`wV {gX {H$`m& Cgo pWa H$a Cg_| n[andVm bmB &
_Zw` {hV, g_mO{hV, Xoe{hV Ho$ gmW am>r`Vm H$m {dH$mg H$aZo _| {doXr`wJrZ H${dVm
CboIZr` h& _{WbreaU JwV Ogo 'am>H${d' H$m {Z_mU {doXr `wJ H$s XoZ h& Am{VV H$m
{MU, Jmad CZHo$ H$` {df` ^bo H$s aho hmo na dV_mZ na ZOa Amd` Wr& AmXedmX,
_mZdVmdmX, am>dmX, ~mpXH$Vm Ho$ ~b na H${dVm H$m _hb IS>m {H$`m& 'gadVr' H$m
H$me {doXrOr H$m gnmXZ, nH$m[aVm, gm{h`, {Z~Y, AmbmoMZm H$s {Xem _| {ZUm`H$
ahm& g` Ama `m` H$m g_WZ,Zmar geVVm, gm_m` OZ-OrdZ H$m {MU, _mZdr`
JwUm| H$s _hmm, J-n XmoZm| H$s ebr _| n[adVZ H${dVm H$s ^y{_ ahr, {Oggo dh g_X
hB&
{doXr `wJrZ H${dVm gmH${VH$ am>r`Vm H$s H${dVm ahr h& S>m. ZJo Zo H$hm
h,'' Bg `wJ H$s am>r`Vm, gmXm{`H$Vm Ama mVr`Vm go D$na A{V CXma Ama `mnH$
am>r`Vm h& _mV^y{_ Ho$ {b`o gdd- ~{bXmZ, dmW, `mJ VWm nmanm[aH$ d_Z` H$mo
Xya H$aZo H$s A_moK oaUm XoH$a BZ H${d`m| Zo AgH$sU am>r` ^mdZm H$mo {dH${gV {H$`m VWm
VH$mbrZ am>r` AmXmobZ H$mo ~b {X`m& '' AZoH$ CMmXem} H$mo Bg `wJ Zo {V>m{nV
{H$`m& gm{h` Ama nH$m[aVm Ho$ gm_Zo BgZo `wJ CMmXe aIm `hr H$maU h H$s Bgo
138
'OmJaU' `m 'gwYma' H$mb Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h& _`mXm, Vmn, ^m, gadVr, BXy
Ogo {gX amOZr{VH$ Ed gm{h`-gH${V g~Yr nm| H$m H$meZ Bgr H$mb _| hAm&
(IS>r~mobr) ^mfm,`mH$aU {d_e Bgr H$mb H$s CnO h& {doXr `wJ Ho$ H${d`m| Zo H${dVm H$mo
AmJo ~T>m`m& `mnH$ n _| dh g_mO-Xoe Ho$ dm _| \$b MwH$s& 'J^aS>m ah`'mam
ZWwam_ e_m 'eH$a' Ho$ H$m` Zo qhXy Y_ Ed g_mO gwYma H$s ^mdZm OJm`r& {dYdmAm| H$s
~war pWVr VWm _{Xam| _| MbZodmbo XwamMma H$m nXm\$me {H$`m h& 'hm``J' H${dVm H$m
O~aXV h_bm gm_m{OH$, Ym{_H$, amOZr{VH$, gmH${VH$, N>XmdaU na hAm& gwYma
Ama gKf H$m `h H$mb ahm& AmXedmX VWm VH$-~wpXdmX Zo CZ_| gw`mo` g_d` bm`m&
5Am.4 Cnghma :-
5Am.4 ~moY Z -
6.1 VmdZm/n[aM` -
Xmo {dd`wX Ho$ ~rM AWmV gZ 1914 go 1919 VWm 1939 go 1944 Ho$
~rM Omo H${dVm {bIr J`r Cgo gm_m`V: N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h&
dVwV: `h dN>XVmdmXr H${dVm h, {OgH$s A{^`{V H$m Zm_ {hXr gm{h` _|
N>m`mdmXr hAm& N>m`mdmXr gm{h` H$bm Ed ^md Ho$ jo _| C^aH$a Am`m hAm _hdnyU
Ed _hmZ AmXmobZ h& Omo ZdrZ {ejm nXVr, ~mbmgm{h` H$m gnH$, ^maV _|
gm_m`dm{X`m| H$s Amoa go Xoe emofU Ho$ {bE bm`m J`m ``wJ H$m {damoY, {dXoer gmm {V
{dmoh, {doXr `wJrZ Z{VH$Vm, AmXedmX, B{Vdmm_H$Vm H$s WwbVm {V gw_ {damoYr
{V{H$`m, dmYrZVm VWm _mZdr` _w`m| H$s {V>m hoVy, Zd H$nZm, {~~-VrH$ H$s gwXa
`moOZm mam H${V H$m _Zmohmar dUZ, Um`mZw^y{V H$s A{^`{V, gm_Vr _w`m| H$m
{damoY, Zmar gmX` dUZ Ed CgH$s j_Vm go _w{V Ho$ {bE AhmZ, gKf Ho$ n[aUm_m|,
Am`m_m| H$mo CXKm{Q>V H$aZo Ho$ {bE 'N>m`m' Ho$ n _| C^aH$a Am`m dmX 'N>m`mdmX' Ho$ Zm_
go OmZm OmVm h& Bg_| EH$ Ama gm_m{OH$ gmH${VH$ ^mdYmam Ho$ XeZ hmoVo h Vmo Xwgar
Amoa OrdZ Ama OJV Ho$ {V {ZVmV d`{VH$, amJm_H$ AZw^y{V`m| H$m A{^`{VH$aU&
140
Z`r Amem-AmH$mjm H$m `h Z`m H$m` {hXr gm{h` _| A_w` WmZ aIVm h& H${dVm H$mo
Z`r {Xem XoVm h, ^mfm Ho$ jo _| '_wV N>X' `m ~YZm| go a{hV H$s Anojm H$a Cgo dN>X
JrV-JrVm_H$ gJrVm_H$ nm| _|, b` _| `V H$aVm h& VrH$ Ama {~~m| H$s Z`r
H$nZm Ed {dVma ^r Bgr `wJ _| hAm& H$B {>`m| go `h H$m` _hdnyU h&
6.2 N>m`mdmX-Zm_H$aU :-
Ama^ | AmMm` ewb Zo ~mbm H$s A`m_rH$Vm, ah`dmX H$m {damoY H${dVm
_| {H$`m& ''ah`dmX Ho$ H$maU do adrZmW Ho$ H$m` go ^r Ch| {da{V Wr& {deof n go
'JrVmObr' go& CgH$s ah`m_H$ A{^`{V do H$VB ~XmV Zht H$a nm aho Wo&'' _hmdra
gmX {doXr H$mo ^r N>m`mdmXr H${dVm go {damoY Wm ChmoZo _B 1927 H$s gadVr _|
'gwH${d qH$H$a' Bg N>X^ Zm_ go' AmO H$b Ho$ H${d Ama {hXr H${dVm' Zm_H$ boI _|
N>m`mdmX H$s ^gZm H$s Wr Ch| 'N>m`mdmXr H${dVm JmoaIYYm bJr Wr.. Cgo Chm|Zo
An` _mZH$a N>moS> {X`m Wm& '' d` {doXr Or Zo 'N>m`mdmX' Ho$ AW H$mo g_PmZo H$s
Mo>m Bgr boI | H$s h- ''N>m`mdmX go bmoJm| H$m `m _Vb~ h Hw$N> g_P _| Zht AmVm&
em`X CZH$m _Vb~ h {H$ {H$gr H${dVm Ho$ ^mdm| H$s N>m`m `{X H$ht A` OmH$a nS>o Vmo
Cgo N>m`mdmXr-H${dVm H$hZm Mm{hE& '' ewb Ama {doXrOr Zo N>m`mdmXr H${dVm H$m {damoY
{H$`m Wm {H$Vw N>m`mdmX `h Zm_ _m {hXr _| wV hmo ahm Wm& {OgH$m gdW_ `moJ
1920 _| 'lr emaXm' Zm_H$ n{H$m _| _wHw$Q>Ya nmS>o` Ho$ boIm| _| hAm& Chm|Zo '{hXr _|
N>m`mdmX' Zm_ go Mma boI {bIo Wo& gmW hr {H$gr gwerbHw$_ma mam ^r "{hXr _| N>m`mdmX
'Zm_H$ Xmo boI' gadVr _| 1921 H$mo H$m{eV hE Wo& g^d h BgH$m `moJ _wHw$Q>Ya
nmS>o` Zo {H$`m hmo& H$e: _wHw$Q>Ya nmS>o` Zo AJoOr `m ~mbm gm{h` _| `wV
'{_pQ>{g_' VWm gw{ebHw$_ma Zo 'H$moao H$mJX H$s ^mVr An>', {Z_b ~ H$s {deX
N>m`m, dmUr H$s ZradVm, {ZVYVm H$m CN>dmg Ed AZV H$m {dbmg H$hm h& ''
_wH$Q>Ya nmS>o mam `wV 'N>m`mdmX' eX ``m_H$ _mZm OmZm h&
AmJo MbH$a O`eH$a gmX Zo ^r CgH$m Zm_H$aU {H$`m ''_moVr Ho$ ^rVa N>m`m
Ogr VabVm hmoVr h& dgr hr H$mVr H$s VabVm AJ _| bmd` H$hr OmVr h&... N>m`m
^maVr` {> go AZw^y{V d A{^`{V H$s ^{J_m na {Z^a H$aVr Wr& d`m_H$Vm,
bmj{UH$Vm, gmX`_` VrH$ {dYmZ VWm CnMma dH$Vm Ho$ gmW dmZw^y{V H$s {dH${m
N>m`mdmX H$s {deofVm h& AnZo ^rVa go nmZr H$s Vah AmVa-ne H$aHo$ ^mfm-g_nU
H$aZodmbr A{^`{V N>m`m.. H$m{V_` hmoVr h& ''
_hmXodr d_m Zo ^r gmX H$s Vah H$hm- ''g{> Ho$ ~mmH$ma na BVZm {bIm Om
MwH$m Wm {H$ _Zw` H$m X` A{^`{V Ho$ {bE amo CR>m& dN>X N>X _| {M{V CZ _mZd
AZw^y{V`m| H$m Zm_ N>m`m Cn`wV hr Wm Ama _wPo AmO ^r Cn`wV bJVm h&''
''N>m`mdmX'' Zm_ Mb nS>m gm_m`V: CgHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ Mma H$maU ~Zm`o OmVo h&' 1.
{doXr `wJ H$s B{Vdmm_H$Vm go ZmamOJr 2. AJoOr Ho$ amo_m[Q>H$ H${d`m| H$m ^md 3.
a{dZmW H$s dN>VmdmXr, ah`dmXr H${dVm H$m ^md 4. VH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$,
141
amOZr{VH$ Ama Am{WH$ n[apW{V go Cn {Zamem Ama CXmgr& R>rH$ Eogo g_` H${d
EH$mVdmgr '`moJr' hE H$nZm CZH$m ghmam ~Zr& Cg H$nZm, dZ Ho$ ^rVa Omo _hb
IS>m hAm dh {hXr _| N>m`mdmX Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h&
_m N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Bg `wJ H$s XoZ Zht dh {doXr `wJ go hr ma^ hmo MwH$s Wr&
lrYa nmR>H$, am_ Zaoe {nmR>r Zo Cg H$ma H$s H${dVmAm| H$m boIZ {H$`m Wm&
dN>XVmdmX Ho$ Vd CZH$s H${dVm go hr mV hmoVo h& ''Xr CZHo$ H$m`, {_bZ,n{WH$
Ama dZ H$m {d{YdV A``Z {H$`m OmE Vmo CZ_| A{YH$me 'N>m`mdmXr H$m`m|' Ho$ gy
{_b OmEJo& Hw$N> CXmhaUm| go `h ~mV n> hmo OmEJr& _gbZ '{_bZ' H$m` H$s n{V`m-
~rVr, {Zem, Cfm CR> AmB/nhZ gwZham Mra& '' {Oh| nT>H$a gmX Or H$s '~rVr {d^mdar
OmJar' H$s dm^m{dH$ n go `mX Am OmVr h& Bgr H$ma {nmR>r Or H$s 'ZrMo g_w
_Zmoha/D$na Zrb JJZ h& ' go 'H$mmZr' H$s ma{^H$ n{V`m| ''ZrMo Ob Wm, D$na {h_
Wm'' H$s _{V VmOm hmo OmVr h& {nmR>r Or Zo 'Amgy' erfH$ go ^r H${dVm {bIr Wr
{OgH$s ma{^H$ n{V`m gmX Ho$ 'Amgy' H$s ma{^H$ n{V`m| go {_bVr- OwbVr h: N>oS>mo
_V {ZH$b nS>|Jo H$h X|Jo / BZ AmgwAm| | B{Vhmg h X` Ho$& ' Bgr H$ma {nmR>r Or H$s
''AmH$a H$mZ hg J`m V_ _|' H$s {VN>{d 'H$mZ V_ Ho$ nma ao H$h' _| XoIr Om gH$Vr h&
H$mZ, `m, H$hm Ogo ZmHw$b da {nmR>r Or H$s H${dVmAm| go hr ew hmoVo h& Omo
N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Ho$ ^r M[a {ZYmaH$ da ~ZVo h& '' Bg {> go N>m`mdmXr H${dVm {bIZo
dmbo Mma AmYma V^ h, gw{_mZXZ nV, O`eH$a gmX, gy`H$mV {nmR>r '{Zambm' Ama
_hmXodr d_m& BZHo$ Abmdm am_Hw$_ma d_m, ^JdVrMaU d_m, CX`eH$ma ^>, Za| e_m,
am_oda ewb 'AmMb' h[aH$U o_r, OmZH$sdb^ emr, gw^m Hw$_mar MmhmZ,
{dmdVr H$mo{H$b Am{X`m| Zo N>m`mdmXr H$m` d{m`m| go `wJ-H$m` {bIm&
6.3 N>m`mdmX-n[a^mfm -
{d{^ {dXdmZm|, H${d`m| Zo N>m`mdmX H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aZo H$m `mg {H$`m h&
AmMm` am_M ewb Zo H$hm h- ''N>m`mdmX eX H$m `moJ Xmo AWm] _| g_PZm hmoJm 1. Vmo
ah`dmX Ho$ AW _|, Ohm CgH$m g~Y H$m`-dVw go hmoVm h AWmV Ohm H${d Cg AZV
Ama AkmV {`V_ H$mo Amb~Z ~ZmH$a A`V {M_`r ^mfm _| o_ H$s AZoH$ H$ma go
`OZm H$aVm h& Ogo nwamZo gVm|, gmYH$m| Ho$ N>m`m^mg Ama `wamonr` nm_H$ Am^mg hmoVo
h& ~Jmb _| ~ g_mO Zo d{VV H$a Am`m_rH$ VrH$dmX Ho$ AZwH$aU na JrV `m ^OZ
~ZZo bJo do 'N>m`mdmX' H$hbmZo bJo& ~Jmb _| a{d Ho$ mam `hr eX gm{h` _| Am`m& dhm
go {hXr gm{h` _|& '' Bg H$ma
''N>m`mdmX H$m gm_m` AW hAm VwV Ho$ WmZ na AVwV H$m H$WZ'' ~mX
_| ''N>m`mdmX eX H$m `moJ {deof H$m`ebr `m VrH$dmX ebr A` jom| _| `wV hmoZo
bJr&''
'N>m`mdmX' A`m_rH$Vm o_ H$mo boH$a Mbm Bg{bE dh ah`dmX Ho$ AVJV hr
AmVm h&
142
ewb Or N>m`mdmX H$s n[a^mfm XoVo hE Omo Hw$N> ^r n> H$aVo h CgH$m {ZH$f
{ZZ hmoJm-
1. ^maVr` gVm|, gmYH$m| VWm `wamonr` Am^mgm_H$ (VrH$dmXr) H${dVm H$mo ~Jmb
_| N>m`mdmX H$hm OmZo bJm dhr Ymam {hXr _| Am`r&
2. N>m`mdmX EH$ {d{e> H$ma H$s ({VH$) H$m` ebr h&
3. N>m`mdmX Ama ah`mdmX XmoZm| EH$ Xwgao Ho$ AVJV AmVo h&
4. `wamon _| {Ogo 'amo_|{Q>{g_' H$hm J`m Cgo {hXr _| 'N>m`mdmX'&
n. ZXXwbmao dmOno`r:- ''_mZd VWm H${V Ho$ 'gw_' {H$Vw '`V' gmX`
_| Am`mp_H$ N>m`m H$m ^md N>m`mdmX h& '' N>m`mdmX EH$ Amoa `V gmX` {> go g~Y
aIVm h Vmo ah`dmX g_{> gmX` Ho$ A`V gmX` {> go&''
''N>m`mdmX' H$s _w` oaUm Ym{_H$ Z hmoH$a _mZdr` Ama gmH${VH$ h&''
''N>m`mdmX _| AmYw{ZH$ `wJmZwHw$b Am`mp_H$Vm H$s ^mdZm h&''
''Bg_| _mZd Ama H${V _w` {df` h, {H$Vw BZH$m gw_-gmX`-XeZ hr
_wI h&''
dmOno`r Eogo nhbo AmbmoMH$ h {Ohm|Zo N>m`mdmX H$mo R>rH$ go nhMmZ H$a Cg
H$m` H$mo {V>m Xr& _mZdVmdmXr Ama AmYw{ZH$ {>H$moZ go CgH$m {dbofU {H$`m&
N>m`mdmX H$s 'gmX` {> H$s {d{e>Vm' H$m {VnmXZ {H$`m& '' _mZd AWdm H${V Ho$ gw_
{H$Vw `V gmX` _| A`mp_H$ N>m`m H$m ^mZ _oao {dMma go N>m`mdmX H$s EH$ gd_m`
`m`m hmo gH$Vr h& '' ah`dmX Ama N>m`mdmX Ho$ AVa H$mo g_PmVo hE 'Cgo gmH${VH$
A`mp_H$Vm' Ho$ D$Mo WmZ na {V{>V {H$`m& CZHo$ _VmZwgma N>m`mdmX H$s _wb oaUm
_mZdr` Ama gmH${VH$ h& Bg{bE dh ah`dmX {\$a Mmho dh gVmo H$m hmo `m `wamon H$m
Cg_o N>m`mdmX {^ h& '' BgHo$ ZdrZ _mZdr` OrdZ _| Am_-gmX` H$s PbH$ XoIr Ama
Bg{bE Cgo AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s dV {MVZ-Ymam'' _mZm h&
AmMm` hOmargmX {doXr Zo ewb H$s _m`VmAm| H$m IS>U H$aVo hE ~mbm go
CgHo$ AmZo H$mo ^m_H$ _mZVo h& CZHo$ AZwgma -
1. N>m`mdmX Zm_ {~Zm gmoMo-g_Po OX {X`m J`m Wm, {Og_|
(H$) ''_mZdVmdmXr {>H$moZ YmZ Wm (I) H${d AnZo {dMmam| H$mo `{VJV
{MVm Ama AZw^y{V Ho$ aJ _| aJmH$a A{^`V H$aVo Wo& (J) Cg_| _mZdr`
{ddmgm|, AmMmam|, {H$`mAm| Mo>mAm| Ho$ ~Xbo VWm ~XbVo hE _w`m| H$mo drH$maZo
H$s d{m Wr& (K) Cg_| N>X,AbH$ma, ag, Vmb, VwH$ Ogo nanam~X go Xya
ahZo H$m ^md Wm& (S>.) Cg_o emr` [T>`m| Vr H$moB AWm Zhr Wr&''
2. N>m`mdmX EH$ {demb gmH${VH$ MoVZm H$m n[aUm_ Wm, Cg_| Z`r {ejm Ho$ ^md h
VWm dh Ho$db nmMm` H$m ^md Zht h& H${d`m| H$s A`VarH$ AmHw$bmhQ> ZdrZ
^mfm-ebr _| A{^`V hB h& ''
3. g^r H${d`m| _| WmoS>r- ~hV Am`mp_H$ A{^`{V H$s `mHw$bVm Wr& AWmV
{doXOr `h n> H$aVo h H$s N>m`mdmX {ZVmV ^maVr` gmH${VH$ MoVZm go _wV
h naVy Cgna nmMm` ^md h& _mZdVmdmXr {dMmaYmam H$s d`{VH$ {MVZ
^y_r, ZdrZ OrdZ _y`m| H$s drH${V, Z`r ebr _| `V hB h& '' Cg_|
143
''_mZdr` VWm gmH${VH$ H$maUm| go Cn Am`mp_H$ AZw^y{V H$s A{^`{V
hB h&''
JJmgmX nmS>o`:- ''{H$gr dVw _| EH$ AkmV, ''gmU N>m`m H$s PmH$s nmZm
AWdm Amamon H$aZm N>m`mdmX h& '' AWmV `h n> hmoVm h H$s ah`dmX. H$s A{V_
n[aU{V N>m`mdmX h&
empV{` {doXr:- ''N>m`mdmX EH$ Xme{ZH$ AZw^y{V h& '' `h ah`mdmXr AW
_| hr N>m`mdmX H$mo g_PVr h VWm An> ^r h&
S>m. am_Hw$_ma d_m:- ''na_m_m H$s N>m`m Am_m na nS>Zo bJVr h Ama Am_m
H$s N>m`m na_m_m na `hr N>m`mdmX h& '' dm Or ^r ewb H$s Vah `h N>m`mdmX H$mo
ah`dmX H$m A{^ n _mZVo h&
S>m. ZJ|:- ''WwbVm Ho$ {V gw_ {dmoh'' Ho$ n _| drH$maVo h& `hr
n[a^mfm gdm{YH$ T> h& gw n _| H$m` Ho$ jo _| O~-O~ WwbVm H$s WmnZm hmoZo
bJVr h, V~ CgHo$ Vr {dmoh hmoZo bJVm h& dh {en, ^mfm, {df` BZ {VZm| H$m`mJmo _|
WwbVm O~ doe H$aVr h V~ CgHo$ {V {dmoh gw_Vm go WmZ JhU H$aVm h& do
CXmhaU ^r XoVo h& {doXr H$mbrZ H${dVm {df`, ^mfm Ama {en H$s {> go ~S>r hr
B{Vdmm_H$, A{^Ym^ybH$ Ama Wwb h& CgHo$ {V {dmoh dm^m{dH$ hr Wm&
amOZr{VH$ n go ''N>m`mdmX-`wJ ^maV Ho$ {bE Ap_Vm H$s ImoO H$m `wJ h& ''
EH$ Ama OZVm XmgVm Ho$ H$maU A_Ho${V hr JB Wr, {T> JV hmo MwH$s Wr& Eogo _| BgmB
Y_ MmaH$ ^r ^maVr` Y_ H$s {ZgmaVm H$mo {Vnm{XV H$a aho Wo& '' EH$ Amoa amOZr{VH$
j_Vm Xygar Amoa go gmH${VH$ AmH$_U' Zo {MVH$m| H$mo gmoMZo Ho$ {bE dm {H$`m& JmYr
H$m doe amOZr{V _| hmo MwH$m& gm_m`dm{X`m| Ho$ {V {dmoh ^md Vrd hAm VWm g`mJh,
Aqhgm, A`m_, Cndmg, _mZ Ogo Ym{_H$, A`mp_H$ Ogo gw_ _w`m| Ho$ {VlXm ~T>
JB S>m. ZJ| Zo Bgo hr ''Wwb go {d_wI hmoH$a gy_ Ho$ {V {dmoh ''H$hm h&
S>m. am_{dbmg e_m:- N>m`mdmX H$mo _`dJu` MoVZm _mZH$a {bIVo h-
''N>m`mdmX Wwb Ho$ {V gy_ H$m {dmoh Zht ahm daZ WmoWr Z{VH$Vm, {T>dmX Ama
gm_Vr-gm_m`dmXr ~YZm| Ho$ {V {dmoh H$hm h& ''
dVwV: `h {H$gr ^r H$ma Ho$ ~YZm| Vr, {deofV: gm_m`dmX, gm_VdmX,
Xoer nwOrdmX Ho$ {V _mgdmXr {dmoh Ho$ n _| am_{dbmgOr XoIVo h&
AbmoMH$m| Ho$ Abmdm N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo ^r 'N>m`mdmX' H$s n[a^mfm Xr h&
O`eH$a gmX:- ''N>m`m ^maVr` {> go AZw^y{V Ama A{^`{V H$s ^{J_m
na A{YH$ {Z^a H$aVr h& d`m_H$Vm, bmj{UH$Vm, gmX`, H${V-{dYmZ VWm CnMma
dH$Vm Ho$ gmW dmZw^y{V H$s {dd{m N>m`mdmX H$s {deofVmE h& '' gmX Or N>m`mdmX _|
dmZw^y{V H$s d{m, H$Vr H$m gwXa gOrd dUZ, Ama ebr {d{dYVm _| `wJmZn doXZm H$s
A{^`{V H$mo drH$maVo h&
gw{_mZXZ nV:- nV N>m`mdmX H$mo `wamonr` amo_m{Q>{g_ go ^m{dV _mZVo h&
Bg{bE Cg_| ''doXZmZw^y{V' amo_m{Q>H$ emoH$'' Ho$ n AmB h& dS>gdW H$s H${dVm _|
mH${VH$ gwXaVm Ho$ gmW mH${VH$ H$U Ama {Zamem Ho$ ^md PbH$Vo h AWmV gmX
144
N>m`mdmX H$mo ^maVr` gH$aU _mZVo h Vmo nV `wamonr`& 'nbd' H$s ^y{_H$m _o `h _V
Am`m h''
_hmXodr d_m:- ''N>m`mdmX Wwb H$s {V{H$`m _| Cn hAm Wm& ... N>m`mdmX
Zo H$moB {T>JV, A`m_ `m dJJV {gXmVm| H$m gM` Z XoH$a h_| Ho$db g_{>JV MoVZm
Ama gw_JV gmX` gmm H$s Amoa OmJH$ H$a {X`m Wm, Bgr go Cgo `WmW n _| JhU
H$aZm h_mao {bE H${R>Z hmo J`m& '' _hmXodrOr Zo ''Wwb H$s {V{H$`m Ed gw_ gmX` gmm
H$s Amoa OmJH$Vm', '`wJmZwn doXZm H$s {ddmr, nbm`Z Zhr,' '`{VJV AmZw^y{V H$s
dN>XVm'', H${V Ho$ Vr gdm_dmX H$m AZw^d AmXr H$s A{^`{V JrVm_H$ nmo _|
R>rH$ T>J go hmo gH$Vr h, Eogm _mZm h&
CV g^r n[a^mfmAm| go N>m`mdmX H$m dn {H$g H$ma H$m Wm `h n> hmo
OmVm h& gdgm_V n[a^mfm H$m A^md ahm h& {\$a ^r `oH$ n[a^mfm EH$ d{m H$mo COmJa
H$aVr h {H$Vw h_ gm_m` n go H$h gH$Vo h H$s, N>m`mdmX {d{e> AZw^y{V H$s {d{e>
A{^`{V h& H${dVm {df`, d{m, ebr, ^mfm, g_{>, Zmar, H${V, Ama ^r Hw$N> Ho$ g~Y
_| Bg {deof H$m` {> H$mo h_ nmVo h& N>m`mdmX EH$ `wJ {deof KQ>Zm ahr h& {Ogo {d{^
{dmZm| Zo {d{^ {>H$moZm| go XoIZo, OmZZo g_PZo, Ho$ `Z {H$`o h&
n[a^mfmAm| XoIVo g_` h_Zo N>m`mdmX H$s {d{^ d{m`m| H$m {OH$ {H$`m h&
{\$a ^r `h `mZ aho H$s H$m` H$s {df` dVw H$s ImoO _| N>m`mdmXr H${d ~mha Zhr PmH$Vm
~H$s ^rVa H$s Ama bmQ>Vm h& Bg{bE dh g~go nhbo gmO go, H${V go, CgH$s Amoa go
Zht ~H$s AnZr Amoa AWmV {> go XoIVm h& Xme{ZH$ Ed A`m_rH$ nj Ho$ gmW Zmar
gmX` am>r`-gm_m{OH$ ^mdZm ^r {XImB XoVr h& CgH$s _hdnyU d{m`m| H$m {ddoMZ
{ZZ h-
1. d`{VH$Vm :-
`h N>m`mdmX H$s YmZ d{m h& AmYw{ZH$ gm_m`dmX, Ammo{JH$Vm go
nw[aV emofU gm_Vr `dWm VWm ^maVr` nwOrdmXr `dWm Ho$ {dH$mg _|
d`{VH$Vm H$m {dH$mg hAm h& ~mX _| BgH$m ~hX {dH$mg XeZ. gmX`dUZ,
H${V, ah`m_H$Vm, {en, ^mfm Ho$ {damoY d dUZ _o `V hAm h& {doXr
`wJrZ B{Vdmm_H$Vm, Wwb XeZ Ho$ Vr N>m`mdmX _| gy_ gmX` Ama d`{VH$
amJ-{damJ H$s WmnZm H${dVm _| hB& d`{VH$Vm Ho$ H$maU dN>VmdmX
N>m`mdm{X`m| _| nZnm& Chm|Zo H$m` Ho$ ^md VWm H$bm nj _| ZrVr `{Vd H$mo hr
CVmam& gm_m{OH$ {T>`m| Ho$ {V, AmYw{ZH$ {ejm Ho$ n[aUm_ dn {dmoh hAm&
S>m. Zm_da qgh {bIVo h- nhbo Vmo Cgo new-n{j`m| H$s Vah mH${VH$ OrdZ _|
hr AnZr ZrOVm, dVVm Ama Am_^md H$s g^mdZm {XImB nS>r, {H$Vw ~mX _|
O~ H$X_-H$X_ na CgH$m gKf gm_m{OH$ {T>`m| go hmoZo bJm Vr CgZo AnZo
`{Vd H$mo CgHo$ {VamoY _| IS>m {H$`m&'' 'Am_H$`' CgH$m {df` hmo J`m
145
'_' CgH$s ebr hmo JB& {Zambm Zo Vmo n> H$hm-
_Zo _ ebr AnZmB, XoIm EH$ Xw:Ir {ZO ^mB
Xw:I H$s N>m`m nS>r X` _| PQ> C^S> doXZm AmB&&''
AJoOr {ejm go `{V H$s Ap_Vm, {d{e>Vm Ama CgHo$ ^rVar Ah go `{VJV
MoVZm H$m {dH$mg hmo OmVm h& Bg{bE ^r Bg `wJ _| 'd`{VH$Vm H$s MoVZm' Ho$ XeZ, Y_,
amOZr{V, gm_mOZr{V, AWZr{V Ogo OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY jom| _o {XImB XoVo h& n[aUm_V: `h
'_' AWmV 'd' H$m H$m` hmo J`m, ZrOr ^mdZmAm| dZm| H$m H$m` hmo J`m& CgH$s AnZr
Xw~bVmE ^r CgZo H$m` _| aI Xr& g_mO ^` go do Hw$N> ^r {N>nmVo Zht, U`mZw^y{V H$mo ^r
Zht& ''nV Or Zo 'CN>dmg', 'Amgy' Ama 'J{W' _| U`mZw^y{V H$s A~mY A{^`{V H$s&
'CN>dmg' H$s gab ~m{bH$m H$moB Am`mp_H$ gmm Zht h, Ama Z CgHo$ gmW `V
{H$`m hAm U`-g~Y H$moB A`mp_H$ ^mdZm h& grYo eXm| _| '~m{bH$m _oar _Zmoa_ {_
Wr'& bo{H$Z g_mO Vmo Eogr MrOmo H$mo ~XmV H$a Zht gH$Vm, Bg{bE Cg bmN>Z Ho$
{dX AnZo o_ H$s n{dVm'' H$mo ^r Kmo{fV H$aVm h-
A^r Vmo A~ VH$ nmdZ o_
Zht H$hbm`m nmnmMma
hB _wPH$mo hr _{Xam AmO
hmW `h JJm-Ob H$s Ymam&
gmX nV, _hmXodr {Zambm _| d`{VH$Vm AV_wIVm go CnOr h, H$^r do
AnZr AZw^y{V H$m ^md H${V, dVw AWdm `{V na XoIVo h Vmo H$^r dVw, H${V,
AWdm `{V H$m ^md AnZr AZw^y{V`m| na& gmX Ho$ 'bha', 'PaZm', 'Amgy' nV Ho$
'nbd', 'drUm', JWr', {Zambm H$s 'Jr{VH$m' gamoO _{V, dZ ~obm _hmXodr H$s m_m,
Xrn{eIm Am{X aMZmE Bg H$ma H$s h&
'H$m_m`Zr' H$m _Zw `{VJV H$s ImoO H$aVm hAm AmHw$bmVm h dh H$hVm h-
dh Jwhm O _ AMb _o h ImoO ahm AnZm {dH$mg ! ''Am_{dH$mg H$s Q>moh _|
{ZH$bm `h AmYw{ZH$ _Zw Yrao-Yrao `wJmV VH$ OmVo-OmVo BVZm `{VdmXr hAm ""_ Vmo
A~mYJ{V _V g`, h Mmh ahm AnZo _Z H$s!'' Ama AV _| `h doN>mMmar _Zw gnyU
g_mO Ho$ {dX hr `wX Kmo{fV H$aVm h& {d{MVm Vmo `h h H$s OmV H$s Zmd ma^ _|
Cgr Zo S>mbr, dhr gd gmmYmar {ZaHw$e emgH$ hAm Ama g_mO {damoY Ho$ H$maU AV _|
Km`b hmoH$a g_mO go Xya H$bmg ndV na nbm`Z H$aVm h& ''`{VdmX Ho$ H$B q~Xy
N>m`mdmX _| h& H$^r dh AnZo hr `{Vd _| d`{VH$ h, H$^r {ZOZ H${V _|, H$^r
g_mO _o, AnZr hr H$nZm-{dbmg _|, gm_m{OH$-gm_Vr _y`m| Ho$ {dX AgVmof Ama
{Zamem _|& {OgH$m n[aUm_ `h hAm H$s dh `{V{Z> ~Z J`m& '' {dd-`Wm go `{WV
hmoZo H$s ~Om` AnZr `Wm go {dd-`{WV hmoZo H$s H$nZm H$aZo bJm& '' BgH$m EH$ N>moa
a{d H$s {MH$m[aVm, _| h Vmo Xwgam 'B{Vdmm_H$Vm' _| naVy BZH$s `{VJVVm UVm H$s
Zht MoVZm H$s gyMH$ h& CZH$s `{VJVm Yrao-Yrao gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ nj _| CXmmVm H$m
dn JhU H$aVr h& {Zambm H$s 'gamoO _{V' gmX H$m_m`Zr, nV H$s 'ZmH$m{dhma',
_hmXodr H$s H$Um, Xw:IdmX `h g^r g_{>JVVm Ho$ CXmhaU h&
146
`{VdmX H$s dN>XVm H$m EH$ Xwgam nj dN>XVm `m hbmdmX H$s _pV ^ao
Amb_ _| C^aH$a Am`m&
2. gmX` ^mdZm :-
N>m`mdmXr gmX` ^mdZm ar{VH$mb H$s Vah Zmar Ho$ eara VH$ gr{_V Zht h,
Z {doXr `wJ H$s Vah Wwb, ~H$s gw_ gmX` Ho$ XeZ Cg_| hmoVo h& d`{VH$Vm
Ho$ H$maU CZH$s gmX` {> H$m {dVma hAm& `h gmX` ~moY Ho$db H${V {MU
VH$ gr{_V Zhr h, ~pH$ _mZdr` gmX` ~moY _| 'Wwb emar[aH$Vm H$s OJh
dW _mgb VWm ^mdm_H$ emo^m ^r h'' N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ {bE Zmar H$Um
H$m gmX` AmH$me ^mVr Wm-
''H$nmobm| _| Ca H$m _Xy ^md
ldU Z`Zmo _| {` ~Vmd
gab gHo$Vm| _| gH$moM
_Xwb AYam| _| _Yya Xwamd''
BZ n{V`m| _| Zmar Ho$ ~mh`mH$ma Ho$ gmW CgHo$ gwXa AJm| g_doV AV[aH$
^md-gmX` H$s PmH$s {XImB XoVr h& gmX H$s 'H$m_m`Zr' _| Am`m Zmar bmm H$m gmX`
hmo, `m {Zambm H$s 'gamoO _{V' _| Am`m gamoO H$m ^mdm_H$, CH$Q>, lJmarH$ Ed ew^
VWm Z`m gmX` dUZ-
""Vy Iwbr EH$ CN>dmg-gJ
{ddmg-VY ~Y AJ-AJ
ZV Z`Zm| go AmbmoH$ CVa
H$mnm AYam| na Wa-Wa-Wa&''
gmX` H$s AZoH$ H$mo[Q>`m N>m`mdmXr H${dVm _| Am`r h& dVw, ^md, _Z Ho$ AZwn_
gmX` H$m JhamB go AZw^d H${d`m| Zo {H$`m Bg{bE 'Amgy' H$Um H$m, 'bha|' Cgmh H$m
Ama 'MmXZr' na_ gmm Ho$ gHo$V XoVr h& gmX` Ho$ Vr do ~S>o VQ>W ^r h Vmo Am_r` ^r&
H${V gmX` Zo Bh| _mZ{d` gmX` VH$ nhMm`m& CZH$s gmX` ^mdZm H$mo CXmm, ^` Ama
{X`Vm XmZ H$s& EH$ Amoa gmX Zo lXm Ho$ ear[aH$ gmX` H$m {MU a_Ur` n go
{H$`m-
''Zrb n[aYmZ ~rM gwHw$_ma,
{Ib ahm _Xwb AY{Ibm AJ&
{Ibm hmo `m| {~Obr H$m y$b,
_oKdZ ~rM Jwbm~r aJ& ''
Vmo Xwgar Amoa {Zambm 'o`gr' _| AmXe H$mo Wm{nV H$aVo h-
''XmoZm| h_ {^ dU, {^ Om{V, {^ n,
{^ Y_ ^md, na Ho$db AnZmd go, mUm| go EH$ Wo&''
dU Ed OmVr {^Vm Ho$ ~mdOyX AnZd H$m `h o__` AmXe gm_m{OH$m| Ho$
gm_Zo do aIVo h&
147
3. o_ H$m dn :-
o_ Ho$ {d{^ n N>m`mdmXr H${dVm _| aho h& Zmar H$mo "o_ _wVu' Ho$ n _|
{V{>V Vmo {H$`m hr na gmW hr H${V o_, _mZd o_, {eew o_, AkmZ {MaVZ
Ho$ {V o_, Am`mp_H$ o_, _mVo_, Ho$ {d{dY Am`m ^r h_| {XImB XoVo h& BZ
H${d`m| Zo o_ Ho$ g~Y _| {T>dmXr `m nanamJV o_ ^md H$mo ZH$mam `hr H$maU h
H$s CZH$m o_ {demb-`mnH$ h do OmVr,dU, jo Ho$ ^rVa ~Yo Zht aho& o_ dUZ
_| ^r d`{VH$Vm H$s ^mdZm H$m Am{Y` ahm h& Zmar o_ g~Yr dUZ _| ^r
WwbVm na ~b Zht ~pH$ CZH$s _mZ{gH$ XemAm| H$m {MU {H$`m h& Bg{bE
Cg_| gw_Vm Am`r h& {_bZ H$s AZw^y{V Ho$ Anojm {dahmZw^w{V`m| Ho$ {MU _| do
A{YH$ g\$b aho h&
{Zambm 'XmoZm| h_ {^, {^ Om{V, {^ n, {^ Y_ ^md, na Ho$db
AnZmd go, mUm| go EH$ Wo&''
{Zambm H$m `h AmXe^md hmo `m gmX H$m {dah ^md-
''{d_V hmo do ~rVr ~mV|, A~ {OZ_| Hw$N> gma Zht&
dh ObVr N>mVr Z ahr, A~ dgm erVb `ma Zhr&&
g~ AVrV _| brZ hmo Mbr Amem', _Yw, A{^bmfmE&
{` H$s {Zy>a {dO` hB,na `h Vmo _oar hma Zhr&&''
X` H$s nrS>m H$m H$ht, CboI `hm Zht na {`-{`ogr H$s ^mdZmAm| H$m
gmX`-{dah-dUZ `hm h&
`m _hmXodr Ho$ ^rVa H$s o_ ^mdZm H$s brZVm n> hB h-
''Vw_ _wP _| {` {\$a n[aM` `m?''
hmo `m gmX H$m Ob-Wb, AdH$me _| \$bm namoj gmm Vr o_, Omo g>r _|
gd`mnr, AJmoMa h-
^am Z`Zm| Zo _Z _| n, {H$gr N>m{b`m H$m Ab AZyn,
Ob-Wb-_V-`mo^ _|, Omo N>m`m h g~ Amoa!
o_dUZ Ho$ _m{_H$ ` `moOZm N>m`mdmX H$s _hdnyU {deofVm h& X` Ho$
gw_m{Vgw_ ^mdZmAm| H$m _Zmoa_ {MU BZ H${d`m| Zo {H$`m h&
4. ah`dmX:-
N>m`mdmXr ah`dmX ''mMrZ Am`m_dmXr ^mdZm go Am~X Zht h, dh
^mdZm Ho$ jo _| {H$gr ^r {V~Ym| H$mo pdH$maVo Zht& ''R>rH$ `ht na dh
_`H$mbrZ ah`dmX go AbJ hmo OmVo h& ah`dmX H$s Mma ^y{_`m _mZr J`r h&
nhbr Abm{H$H$ gmm Ho$ {V AmH$fU, Xwgar CgHo$ {V T>mZwamJ, {Vgar
{dahmZw^y{V H$s {VdVm Ama MmWr h {_bZ H$m AmZX& Omo H$~ra XmXy X`mb _| nm`r
OmVr h& ''{dah _| H$~ra Ogo AIS> gmYH$ H$m X` ^r hmhmH$ma H$m AZw^d
H$aVm h& CgHo$ amo_-amo_ go doXZm \y$Q>Vr h, {Ogo ghZo H$s Anojm _`y AmqbJZ
~ohVa, lo`H$a bJVm h- `m {da{hUr H$mo _mV Xo, `m Amnm {XIbm`& AmR> nha
H$m XmPUm _mo n gm Z Om`!!'' Ogr H$R>moaVm, N>m`mdmXr H$m` _| Zht naVy
148
CZH$s Xme{ZH$ AZw^y{V ~m nXmWm} H$s Anojm AmV[aH$Vm _| A{YH$ h& _hmXodr
H$m o_ Ama doXZm go ^am ah`dmX Bgr H$mo[Q> H$m h& `h ~mV ghr h H$s ah`dmX
{V V_`Vm, {dahmZw^y{V H$s {VdVm H$m _``wJrZ H$m` H$s VwbZm _| A^md
h& dhm H$m ah`mdmXr H${d b{H$H$Vm _o Ab{H$H$Vm H$s Amoa ~T>m Ama Wwb go
gw_Vm H$s Amoa {H$Vw `hm N>m`mdmXr`m| _o H$_ CbQ>m h& - ''drUm' _| nV
ah`dmXr Wo, 'JwOZ' _| 'nZr' `m 'o`gr' dmXr Ama '`wJmV' Ho$ ~mX Wwb
^m{VH$dmXr ~Z JE&''gmX H$s 'H$m_m`Zr' _| ^r XeZ H$s ewH$Vm h, {Zambm Zo
'AV XeZ' H$m nmR> {H$`m na H${dVm _| Cgo Zht CVmam& _hmXodr _m T>Vm go
ah`dmX H$s Amoa AJoga ahr {H$Vw H$~ra H$s Vah Zht& _hmXodr H$s 'Xrn{eIm '
d '`m_m' VWm gmX H$s 'PaZm' Ama 'bha' _| AkmV Vd Ho$ {V _mYw` ^md
ahm h& _hmXodr H$hVr h-
{` {MaVZ h gOrZ
jU-jU ZdrZ gwhmJrZ _&
Vw_ _wP_| {`, {\$a n[aM` `m?
gmX H$m `h {Okmgm_wbH$ ah`^md-
ho AZV a_Ur` H$mZ Vw_?
`h _ H$go H$h gH$Vm&
H$go hmo? `m hmo? BgH$m Vmo,
^ma {dMma Z gh gH$Vm&
_hmXodr Zo {dahmZw^md H$s, Am_m-na_m_m H$s nrS>m -
''A{b H$go CZH$mo nmD$?
do Amgy ~ZH$a _oao, Bg H$maU Tw>b-Tw> b OmVo;
BZ nbH$m| Ho$ ~YZ _| _| ~mY-~mY nN>VmD$ &''
ZXXwbmao dmOno`r Zo ''nanamJV A`mp_H$Vm go _wV ah`dmX Ho$ hmoZo H$s
~mV N>m`mdmX Zo H$s `h dV {MVZ Ymam Ho$ n _|'' H${dVm _| Am`r h&
5. H$nZm erbVm:-
H$nZm H$m` Ho$ _wb _| hmoVr hr h& naVy N>m`mdmXr H$nZm 'dZ' `m
'{XdmdZ' Ho$ n H$s h& ''N>m`mdmX-`wJ H$s A{YH$me {V^mE N>m`mOrdr h,
Cgr Vah AZoH$ nm H$nZmVrV' dZOrdr h& {Zambm H$s 'am_ H$s e{V nwOm'
BgH$m gdm}m_ CXmhaU h& {Ogo Ord gKfm] _| hmaVo hE am_ H$nZm Ho$ mam
e{V A{OV H$aVm h `m Am_{ddmg Ho$ {bE {dO` H$s H$nZm H$aVm h&
AV{>-Xm{`Zr Ama OrdZ e{V-Xm{`Zr BZ XmoZm| H$s A{^`{V N>m`mdmX _|
hB h& H$m_m`Zr H$m _Zw dV_mZ Ho$ AgVmof H$mo XoIH$a AVrV _| gwI_` hmoZo H$s
H$nZm H$aVm h-
Amh, H$nZm H$m gwXa dh
OJV _Ywa {H$VZm hmoVm&
149
gwI dZm| H$m Xb N>m`m _|
nwb{H$V hmo OJVm-gmoVm& ''
Bg ggma _| BZ H${d`m| H$mo Omo ^r lo>, gwXa, CXmm _Yw^, AnamOo` {XIVm h
Cgo Chm|Zo 'H$nZm' H$m Zm_ {X`m h& nV 'nbd' _| H$hVo h- ''H$moB ^r J^ra, `mnH$
VWm _hdnyU AZw^y{V H$mn{ZH$ hr hmoVr h& '' Bg{bE Chm|Zo '~mXb' H$mo '{dnwb H$nZm
go {^wdZ H$s', 'A~w{Y H$s H$nZm _hmZ' Am{X H$hVo h; 'Zj' H$s 'Eo AZV H$s AJ_
H$nZm' ~VbmVo h, 'N>m`m' H$mo ^r '' JyT> H$nZm- gr H${d`m| H$s' _mZVo h, Vmo 'AZJ'
H$mo 'W_ H$nZm H${d Ho$ _Z _|' Ama 'Agam' H$mo ^r 'A{Ib H$nZm_r Agam'
g~moYZ H$aVo h& Bgr Vah gmX Or ^r {h_mb` H$s CXmmVm ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE hr CnmZ
MwZVo h- '{dd H$nZm-gm D$Mm dh!'' {Zambm Zo ^r H${dVm H$mo 'H$nZm Ho$ H$mZZ H$s
amZr' H$hm h& AWmV `h nQ> h H$s Bg H$nZm Zo hr Ch| ah`_` ~Zm`m, AQ>,
Agr_, AZV H$s AZw^y{V H$nZm Zo hr Ch| XmZ H$s& S>m. Zm_daOr Zo R>rH$ {bIm h-
''A{Vn[a{MV dVwAm| _| ^r An[a{MV gmX`m}XKmQ>Z H$s AV{> H$s VWm {dn dVwAm|
H$mo ^r n_` ~ZmZo H$s j_Vm XmZ H$s, Bgr Zo H${d _| ZdrZ Eop`-~moY OJm`o Ama
A^yVnyd gdoXZerbVm C^mar& '' H$nZm H$s Bg A{Ve`Vm Ho$ H$maU hr N>m`mdmXr H${dVm
H$mo OZ-OrdZ go Xya `m 'nbm`ZdmXr' H$hm OmVm h&
6. _mZdVmdmXr {>:-
Bg H$mb IS> _| a{dZmW Ama Aa{dX Xmo Eogo _hmnwf hE {OZH$s
{dd_mZdVmdmX Ed H$`mU {> H$m ^md `wJ na nS>m& gmW hr JmYrOr, dm_r
{ddoH$mZX, am_H$U na_hg Ogo _mZd{hV H$s H$m_Zm H$aZodmbo {MVH$m| H$m
^md Bg Xma H$s H${dVm na nS>m& `wJ H$s XmgVm H$s 'H$mam' _| '~{XZr' Zmar Ho$
_w{V H$s H$nZm-^md Bg `wJ _| _hdnyU hmo CR>m& Zmar gmX` _| VZ-_Z H$mo
A{^`{OV {H$`m& Cgo '^mo`m' Zhr 'Xodr, _m, ghM[a' H$hVm h&
emo{fVm| Ho$ {V ghmZw^y{V ^r `V H$aVm h& {Zambm H$s '{^jyH$',
'{dYdm', 'Bbmhm~mX' Ho$ nW na' (VmoS>Vr nWa) _| _mZdVmdmXr {>H$moZ mV
hmoVm h& l_ Or{d`m| Ho$ Vr {deof H$Um CZ_| h& '~mXb amJ' _| {H$gmZmo {V
Jhar gdoXZm Ho$ H$maU hr ~mXbm| ~wbmVm h -
""VwPo ~wbmVm H$fH$ AYra....
Mwg {b`m h CgH$m gma
hmS> _mg hr h AmYma&''
_hmXodr ^r AnZr H$Um _| g~H$mo g_m{hV H$aZm MmhVr h& `m ~wX Ho$ Xw:IdmX
Ho$ emdV hmoZo H$m {VnmXZ H$aVr h& 'H$m_m`Zr' _| '_Zw' mam gmX 'AmZXdmX'
Ama 'g_agmm' H$s Mmh H$mo `V H$aVo h& nV, {Zambm H$mo X{bVmo, Xw:{IVmo
/emo{fVm| Vr ghmZw^y{V ahr h& Bg{bE nV _Zw` H$mo- '_mZd Vw_ g~go
gwXaV_' H$hVo h& {H$gr AmbmoMH$ Zo R>rH$ H$hm h H$s 'N>m`mdmX _| _mZd dVVm
Ed Jmad H$s ^mdZm h& '' CgH$s dVVm _| ''_w{V Ama Jmad _| g_mZ H$m ^md
150
h& N>m`mdmX _| `hr _mZdVmdmX h&
7. H${V {MU:-
H${VgmX` H$s AZwn_ amer hr N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo {~Ioar h& H${V H$m
Amb~Z, CrnZ, _mZdrH$aU, ah`_`r e{V Am{X nm| H$m dUZ Bg H$m` _|
hAm h& '' N>m`mdmXr H${d Zo H${V Ho$ AV:nXZ H$m gw_ AH$Z {H$`m'' h&
{\$a dh {Zambm H$s 'g`m gwXar' H$m dUZ hmo AWdm 'Owhr H$s H$br' H$s
{ZamJgVm H$m& CgH$s `oH$ AdWm H$m _mZdrH$aU {H$`m J`m h& Cgo MoVZ n
_| XoIm J`m h& H${V gmX` Ho$ gmW hr ah`dmX, Zmar gmX` {ZIam hAm h&
'Owhr H$s H$br' Zo H$Vr dUZ mam nwf Ama Zmar Ho$ gJ_ H$m hr {MU C^aH$a
AmVm h-
gmoVr Wr
OmZo H$go {` AmJ_Z dh
Zm`H$ Zo Mw_o H$nmob
S>mob CR>r dbar H$s OS>
Ogo qhS>mob!
gmX Zo 'H$m_m`Zr' _o {H$`m 'Cfm H$m {MU'H$mo bha _| 'nZKQ> _| Sw>~r'', Cfm
ZJar' _| XoIVo h-
~rVr {d^mdar OmJ ar&
A~a nZKQ> _| Sw>~mo ahr
Vmam KQ> Cfm ZJar&
g^r H${d`m| Zo OrdZ H$s g^r AZw^y{V`m| H$s A{^`{V H${V Ho$ _m`_ go H$s
h& _hmXodr H$s H${dVm 'gm`-JrV' _| AnZo OrdZ Ama H${V Ho$ ~rM Ho$ gmY` H$mo `V
H$aVr h-
{` gm` JJZ, _oam OrdZ&
`h {j{VO ~Zm YwYbm {damJ,
Zd AU AU _oam gwhmJ,
N>m`m-gr H$m`m drVamJ
H${V dUZ _| do Zmar gmX` Ama o_ ^mdZm H$s `OZm H$aVo h _mX H$hVo h -
nJbr hmo g^mb bo H$go Ny>Q> nS>m Voam AMb&
XoI {~IaVr h {ZamOr Aar CR> ~ogwY MMb&'
gmX mam amr H$mo {H$`m J`m `h g~moYZ {H$gr Zd-`mdZm H$mo OJmZo Ama
CgHo$ gwY-~wY Imo ~R>Zo Ho$ lJma^md H$m hr {MU h&
13. Jr{VVd :
N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Ama H${d o_ Ama gmX` H$s ^mdZm go nw[aV h& CZH$s
Bhr ^mdZmAm| Ho$ H$maU d`{VH$Vm Ama Am_m{^`{V H$m` _| hB& `hr H$maU
h H$s ghO Ed Vrd ^mdm| H$m H${Q>H$aU JrVm_H$Vm Ho$ n _| n> hAm h&
dmZw^y{V N>m`mdmXr H$m` H$m _ybmYma h CZH$m H$m` Mmho N>X~X hmo `m _wV
N>X H$m Cg_| JrVVd Ho$ _mYw` Ed gmX` ^am nS>m h& {Zambm N>m`mdmX Ho$ geV
Ama mT> JrVH$ma _mZo OmVo h& AmMm` ewb Ho$ AZwgma ''gJrV H$mo H$m` Ama
H$m` H$mo gJrV Ho$ {ZH$Q> bmZo H$m `mg {ZambmOr Zo {H$`m& '' {Zambm H$s JrV-
{> H$mo nmM ^mJm| _| aIm Om gH$Vm h& 1. mWZmnaH$ JrV- Bg_| ChmoZo H$m_Zm
H$s ^mdZm `V hB h& OZZr H$m {X` gmX`-_wY JmZ _mJ{bH$ ^mdZmAm| go
AmoVmoV h& 2. Zmar gmX` naH$ JrV:- Bg_| Chm|Zo _mZdr`Vm H$s {> go Zmar Ho$
{d{^ ^md-gmX` H$m _Zmoha dUZ VwV {H$`m h '{` ^m{_Zr OmJr', 'ne go
bmO bJr,' '_mZ ahr ma', 'Z`Zm| Ho$ S>moao', bmb Jwbmb ^ao Iobr hmobr' Am{X
JrV Bg H$mo[Q> Ho$ CH$> CXmhaU _mZo OmVo h& 3. H${V naH$ JrV:- BZ_| H${V
H$s gmX` _Uramer {dnwb _mm _| {~Ia nS>r h& H${V H$m lJmarH$ gmX` dUZ
{Zambm H$s AnZr Im{g`V h& '' gwIr hr `h S>mb dgZ dmgVr boJr; gIr
dgV Am`m _oK Ho$ KZ Ho$e,' aJ JB, nJ-nJ Y` Yam-Yam'' Am{X CZHo$
{gX JrV h& 'g`m gwXar' H$m gdm}m_ JrV Vmo {gX h hr& 4. XeZ naH$
JrV:- h_Zo nhbo hr n> {H$`m h H$s {Zambm na AVdmXr XeZ H$m ^md ahm h&
A{YH$me JrVm| _| dmo CVa Am`m h- 'nmg hr ao hrao H$s ImZ, ImoOVm H$hm {\$ao
ZmXmZ, Vwhr JmVr hmo AnZm JmZ, nmVm ao _ g_mZ' Am{X JrVm| _| Xme{ZH$
^mdZmAm| H$m dUZ Am`m h& 5. Ama AV _| am>r` JrV- ^r ~hVm{YH$ _mm _|
J^raVm go nm`o OmVo h& '' ^mdmdoe `m `W Omoe-Iamoe'' CZHo$ am>r` JrVm| _|
Zht h& H$ht _m ^maVr H$s dXZm h, H$ht OmJaU H$m daZmX, H$ht gwIX ^{d`
H$s H$m_Zm h& ''OmJmo {\$a EH$ ~ma,' 'da Xo drUm dm{XZr,' Am{X'' JrV am>r`Vm
157
Ama ^maVr` OZ_mZg _o aMo-~go h dVwV {Zambm H$s 'Jr{VH$m' BgH$m gdm}m_
CXmhaU h&
gmXOr Ho$ 'H$m_m`Zr' _| ^r JrV h -
""Vwwb H$mobmhb H$hb _|
_ X` H$s ~mV ao _Z !
{dH$b hmoH$a {Z` MMb
ImoOVr O~ ZtX Ho$ nb
MoVZm YH$-gr ahr V~
_ _b` H$s dmV ao _Z&
gmWhr ''~rVr {d^mdar OmJar !'' ''Ogm {`m H$mo OJmZo H$m lJmaYmZ
_Zmo^md h,dgo gw_ n>^y{_ go g_wMr MoVZm Ho$ OJmZo H$m CnH$_&'' na nyam JrV
H${dVm ^md _| Am`m h-
''AYam| _| amJ AX {n`o,
AbH$m| _| bO ~X {H$`o-
Vw A~VH$ gmoB h Abr&
AmIm| _| ^ao {dhmJ ar&
`m gw{_mZX nV Ho$ JrVm| H$m ^mdm_H$ gmX` '{Vjm'_| C^aH$a Am`m h-
""H$~ go {~bmoH$Vr Vw_H$mo,
Cfm Am dmVm`Z go ?
g`m CXmg {\$a OmVr,
gyZo Jh Ho$ AmJZ go
bha| AYra gagr _|
Vw_H$mo VH$Vr CR>-CR>H$a
gma^ g_ra ah OmVm
o`{g, R>S> gmgo ^a&''
JrVm| Ho$ nmM Vd JrZo OmVo h, Jo`Vm-gJrVm_H$Vm, d{VH$Vm, AZw^y{V
H$s VmOJr Ama gMmB, ^mdm| H$s KZr^yV Vrd A{^`{V, ^mdmonmXH$Vm AmXr
N>m`mdmXr JrVm| _| ^mdmZw^y{V Ho$ gmW Jo`-gJrVm_H$,b`m_H$Vm Ho$ ~Y Am`o h&
15. ^mfm :-
{doXrH$mbrZ B{Vdmm_H$Vm Ho$ {damoY _| gmX` go _wV H$mo_b-H$mV
nXmdbr H$m `moJ N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo {H$`m h& N>X~XVm Ho$ {damoY _| '_wV N>X'
H$s AdYmaUm H$mo {Zambm Zo bm`m h& BZH$s ^mfm _o ZmX, b`, _mYw` h& ZmX,
gJrV H$m ~S>m Cn`moJ H${dVm _| hAm h& Bg H$ma H$s {deofVm b`m_H$Vm ~O _|
Zht IS>r ~mobr _| bm`r h& CZH$m eX gH$ma gH$V H$m` go hmoVo hE _``wJrZ
~O ^mfm Ho$ gH$mam| _| AmH$ma nmm J`m& a{dZmW VWm AJoOr H$s amo_{Q>H$
eXmdbr Ho$ nT>Vo nT>Vo ''nVPa H$s ^mfm... Hw$gw{_V eXm| go bX J`r&'' eX
g`moOZ _| N>m`mdmXr H${d {enr H$s ^y{_H$m {Z^mVm h& {OgH$m {OH$ nV H$s
'nbd' H$s ^y{_H$m _| {_bVm h& nV, gmX, {Zambm, _hmXodr Ho$ eXm| Ho$ ~mao _|
Zm_daOr H$hVo h- nV Ho$ eX AnojmH$V N>moQ>o, Ag`wV dUdmbo, hHo$ VWm
dmdr h& gmX Ho$ eX A{YH$ JmT>, _Yw_` Ama ZmXmZwH${V_` h& _hmXodr Ho$
eXm| _| n`o H$s-gr n> R>ZH$ Ama IZH$ h Ama {Zambm _| gpY-g_mg `wV
{d{dY Om{V Ama d{Zdmbo eXm| _| ^r AZwmg_` `OZ-gJrV CnZ H$aZo H$s
Mo>m h&'' IS>r ~mobr H$mo ZmXm_H$, _mYw` go _wV H$aZo Ho$ {bE eXm| Ho$ Vr
'AZmd`H$ _moh' Ama CgH$s '{\$OwbIMu' H$nZm Ho$ H$maU Am`r h&
''^mdmoN>dmg H$s YmZVm Ho$ H$maU N>m`mdmXr dm` dmh go eXm| H$m H$_ m`:
JS>~S>m J`m& gmX H$s ^mfm _| Bg Vah Ho$ Xyamd`dmbo dm` ~hV {_bVo h&
BgHo$ A{V[aV ^mfm H$mo H$mo_b ~_mZo Ho$ {bE m`: g^r N>m`mdmXr H${d`mo Zo 'h',
VWm 'Wm' Am{X ghm`H$ {H$`mAm| H$m ~{hH$ma {H$`m&'' Bg H$ma H$s ^mfm H$m
'ZdH${dVm' H$m EH$ CXmhaU ^r Zm_daOr Zo {X`m h-
""Vda Ho$ N>m`mZwdmX gr
Cn_m gr, ^mdwH$Vm gr
A{d{XV ^mdmHw$b ^mfm gr
H$Q>r N>Q>r Zd H${dVm gr''
{Og_| {ZpH$` dm`m| H$s lIbm hr {XImB XoVr h Ama Hw$N> Zht& 'H$m_m`Zr' H$s
^mfm Ho$ g~Y _| Vmo {XZH$a Zo {bIm h- H$m_m`Zr _| IS>r~mobr H$m {OVZm Ag_W
n H$Q> hAm h, CVZm Ama {H$gr H$m` _| Zht {_boJm '' IS>r~mobr _wVH$m| H$s
dV aMZm _m N>m`mdmX H$s XoZ h& 'H$m_m`Zr' hr BgH$m _mU h& {Zambm Zo ^r
'Jr{VH$m' H$s ^y{_H$m _| {bIm h, _ IS>r~mobr _| {Og CMmaU-gJrV Ho$ ^rVa go
OrdZ H$s {V>m H$m dZ XoIVm Am`m h, dh ~O^mfm _| Zht&'' {Zambm _|
gH$V H$s Vg_ eXmdbr H$m A{Y` ahm h& 'am_ H$s e{VnwOm' Ogm H$m`
BgH$m CXmhaU h&
161
6.4 _y`mH$Z :-
6.5 Cnghma :-
N>m`mdmXr H$m` d{m`m| go `h ~mV h_mao gm_Zo AmVr h H$s `h H$m` Kmoa
`{VdmXr h Ama CgH$m H|$ d` H${d H$m Am_H|$ ahm h naVy CZH$s `{VdmXrVm
OZVm H$s Amem-{Zamem Ho$ ~rM A{^`V hB h& Bg{bE dh g_mO go Xya Zht h& `h
{ZpMV h H$s gm_m{OH$ gVmof go ^mJH$a dh dZbmoH$ _| Om ~R>m, EH$mVVm H$s eaU br
naVy CgHo$ nrN>o H$m H$maU ^r VH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ OrdZ hr h& Cg_| doXZm
Ama {Zamem Ho$ ^md am>r` AXmobZ H$s Ag\$bVm Ho$ H$maU Am`o Wo& {\$a ^r dh Cggo Xya
Zht ahm& 'A$U `h _Yw_` Xoe h_mam' Ogr _mV^y{_ na Jd H$aZo H$s d{m N>m`mdmXr`m|
_| ahr h& {H$gr {dmZ Zo H$hm h AZw^y{V _o `h gm{h` ^{VH$mbrZ gm{h` H$s g_H$jVm
162
_| AmVm h Ama H$bm_H$Vm _| ar{V`wJ H$s VwbZm _| AmVm h& Bg nanam _| ^mdm| H$s
H$mo_bVm, AZw^y{V H$s JhamB Ama OrdZ Ho$ Vr EH$ gdoXZm h& `h H${dVm `{VdmXr
H${dVm h naVy AmYw{ZH$ `moJdm{X`m| Ogm Hw$R>mJV Ed gH$sU Zht h&'
EH$ Amoa 'Amgy' Ama 'VwbgrXmg' Ogo IS>H$m` h Vmo Xygar Amoa 'H$m_m`Zr'
Ogm _hmH$m`& BgHo$ A{V[aV nV H$s 'n[adVZ' {Zambm H$s 'am_ H$s e{VnwOm' gmX
H$s 'b` H$s N>m`m' _hmXodr H$s Xrn{eIm, `m_m Ogr CboIZr` H${V`m Bgr `wJ _|
g{OV hmo nm`r h&`h AV_wIr gm{h` ~{h_wIr MoVZm OJVm h&
6.6 ~moY Z -
gm_m{OH$ MoVZm go _wV, EH$ AmXmobZ Ho$ n _| 1936 _| {Og H$m`Ymam H$m
N>m`mdmX H$s H$moS> go hr O_ hAm Cgo J{VdmXr `m J{Verb AmXmobZ H$hVo h& {OgH$s
oaUm _mgdmX _| ahr h& `h AmYw{ZH$ {H$gr gm{h` _| `WmWdmX Ho$ boH$a Am`m& {df`-
gm_m{OH$ pW{V`m| na nhma H$aVo hE gm{h` H$m g~Y OrdZ {Z_mU go Bgr g_` OmoS>m
J`m& N>m`mdmX go hr VmH$mb nVOrZo N>m`mdmX Ho$ '`wJmV' H$s KmofUm H$a '`wJdmUr' H$mo
OmZm, AnZm`m `h '`wJdmUr' H$fH$m|, X{bVm|, l_rH$m| gdham ~hOZm| H$s dmUr H$m gwJnmV
Wm& AJmO Wm& nVOr Zo hr H$hm Wm '' J{VdmX dJ df` H$mo Xya H$a l{_H$m| VWm H$fH$m|
H$s _Jb ^mdZm go o[aV h& Cg_| nyOrn{V`m| VWm emofH$m| Ho$ {dX H$m{V H$m AmhdmZ
H$aZodmbm {dmoh H$m da h'' _hmn{S>V amhb gmH$m`Z Zo ^r H$hm Wm- ''J{VdmX
164
H$moB gH$sU gXm Zht h& J{VdmX H$bm H$s AdhobZm Zht H$aVm& `h Vmo H$bm Ama
CM gm{h` Ho$ {Z_mU _| ~mYH$ {T>`m| H$mo hQ>mH$a gw{dYm XmZ H$aVm h& `h {T>dmX Ama
Hy$n_mSy>H$Vm {damoYr h& '' `wJ H$s Amd`H$Vm Ho$ n _| J{VdmX H$mo XoIm J`m AVam>r`
Ama am>r` `wJrZ n[apW{V`m| Zo Bgo {dMma Ho$ jo _| Wm{nV {H$`m& ~mX _| h amOZr{VH$
Jbr`m| go hmoVo hwE gm{hp`H$ jo _| Am`r&
^maV _| dVVm gJm_ JmYrOr Ho$ ZoVd _| Omoam| na Wm {H$Vw JmYr H$s
'A{hgm' H$mVrdram| Ho$ {bE An`mV bJ ahr Wr& n[aUm_Vm {dmoh, H$mVr dam| H$mo
VmH$mb _mgdmX Ho$ n _| JmYr {damoYr VWm JmYrdmX _| H$g_ ImZo dmbm| Zo pdH$mam&
H$mJog Ama JmYr Zo {H$gmZ-_OXyam| _| EH$Vm nXm H$s Wr& CgHo$ emofU H$mo ^r
OmZm Wm naVy Cgo Xya H$aZo Ho$ H$maJa Cnm` dmbr H$moB `dWm CZHo$ nmg Zhr Wr&
_mgdmX Zo dhr {dH$n Cgo {X`m Wm Vmo dh n> Zhr Wm& nwOrdmX, gm_m`dmX Ama
gm_VdmX H$mo EH$ gmW {damoY H$a Cgo {_Q>mZo H$m, dV H$aZo H$m ^md H$m{V ^mdZm Ho$ n
_| _mgdmX Zo {X`m&
^maVr` gm_m{OH$, Ym{_H$ jo _| gT>r Jbr nanamE, Hw$ar{V`m, T>rmmX,
AY{ddmg Ed _Zw` H$mo nyU noZ Jwbm_ ~Zm`o aIZodmbr ^mdZm, ~mUr {dMmaYmam-
`dWm Zo r Ed X{bV H$mo Vm{S>V {H$`m Wm& Am`, ~mmo g_mO Ho$ AmXmobZ Ho$db
gwYmadmXr Wo n[adVZH$mr Zht& '{doXr`wJ _| ^r `hr AmXe _mZdVm H$m ahm& n[aUm_V
CgHo$ {dX ^r J{VdmX Zo AJmO {H$`m& CZHo$ XwI, XX, {nS>m H$mo A{^`{V gm{h`
Ho$ jo _| nhbr ~ma {br& Wm{nV _Zw`Vm {damoYr `dWm Ho$ {dX jwY ^mdZmAm|,
MoVZmAm| H$mo `V H$aZo H$m Adga J{VdmX Zo hr {X`m& nhbr ~ma gm{h` gdgm_m`
H$s J{V Ho$ {b`o boIZ H$a ahm Wm&
AVaam>r` Va na 1917 _| g H$s H$mVr hmo MwH$s Wr CgZo gm_m`dmX H$m
Imm {H$`m Wm& gmm gdhmam Ho$ hmWm| Am`r Bg H$mVr Ho$ _wb _| _mg Ho$ {dMma aho Wo&
dJhrZ g_mO aMZm Ho$ AmXe H$mo boH$a g, gm_m`dmXr VWm Ho$db nwOr Ho$& lo> _mZH$a
CgHo$ O[aE emofU H$aZo dmbr VmH$Vm| H$m {damoY H$aZodmbo Z`o {dd H$m nmWo` ~Zm hAm
Wm& ''amOZr{V Ho$ jo _| {Vr` {dd`wX Ama \$m{g_ H$m Z n ~S>m ^`mdh hmo CR>m Wm
BgH$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ {b`o _mgdmX H$m dmJV hAm& '' Xwgao _hm`wX Ho$ n[aUm_ d$n
C^am amOZr{VH$ gH$Q>, gZ 1930-32 H$s {dd`mnr Am{WH$ _Xr, ~oamoOJmar, nwOrdmX
Ho$ H$maU ~T>Vm emofU, X[aVm H$m \$bVm gm_m`, ~T>Vr Am{WH$ {df_Vm Zo dJ gKf H$mo
Vrd ~Zm`m BgHo$ {damoY | {H$_mZ _OXyam| Zo CZHo$ emofU Ho$ {b`o H$maU-^yV d{m`m|,
`dWm Ho$ {dX _| AmXmobZ Mbm`m&
^maV _| ^r gdhmam Ho$ gm_Zo Hw$N> Eogo hr gH$Q> Wo& {~{Q>e Ama ^maVr`
{df_Vm-_wbH$ g_mO`dWm Zo X{bV, nrS>rV, H$fH$, _OXyam| H$s hmbV IVm hmo ahr
Wr& do {ZaVa X[aVm, ^wI go VS>n aho Wo, {~b{~bm aho Wo& CZH$m Am{WH$ Ama gm_m{OH$
emofU hmo ahm Wm Cho {dnmdWm _| aIZo Ho$ Ym{_H$, Bdar` A-em H$m Cn`moJ
{H$`m Om ahm Wm& Eogo | 'Y_ A$s H$s Jmobr h' H$m {dMma CZHo$ {dmoh H$m H$maU ~Zm,
'H$mVr hr n[adVZ' bm gH$Vr H$s ^mdZm na Ch| {ddmg hAm& g H$mVr H$m AmXe CgHo$
gm_Zo Wm& {dd CgH$s Ama VoOr go ~S> ahm Wm& ^maVr` gdhmam-~hOZ A{^OZm| Ho$
165
{dX IS>o hmo MwHo$ Wo& do ^r EH$ Eogr `dWm H$s Vbme _o Wo Ohm _Zw` H$m emofU Z hmo,
_Zw`-_Zw` _| AVa Z hmo, g^r g_mO Va, gwI,AmZX go Or`|Jo H$m ^md 'J{VdmX' Zo
^maVr` OZ_mZg _| nXm {H$`m& CgH$s ew$dmV gm{h` _| 'Jmm' go hmoVr h, Jm_rUm| go
hmoVr h, gdhmam go hmoVr h& {dd gm{h`H$ma ^r OZdmX H$mo AnZm ahm Wm& Bgr g_`
AJoOr gm{h` _| 'moJo{gd {bQ>aoMa' H$m ~mob~mbm JwO ahm Wm& gZ 1935 Ho$ Amg-nmg
hr B.E_. \$mQ>a H$s A`jVm _| no[ag _|, 'moJo{gd amBQ>g Egmo{g`eZ' Zm_H$
AVamQ>r` gWm H$m nhbm A{YdoeZ hAm& {Og_| ^maV go S>m. _wH$amO AmZX Ama
gOmX Ohra em{_b Wo& Chm|Zo bXZ _| '^maVr` J{Verb boIH$ gK' H$s WmnZm H$s
Wr& O~ do ^maV Am`o 1936 _| hr o_MX H$s A`jVm _| 'J{Verb gm{h`' H$m Mma-
gma H$aZo Ho$ {bE bIZD$ _| nhbm A{YdoeZ gnZ hAm& Bgr gm{h` AmXmobZ Ama
A{YdoeZ Ho$ Xwgao A`j a{dZmW R>mHy$a Wo& n[aUm_V 'JVr' H$m ^md ^maVr` ^mfm _|
gOmX Ohra mam 'CXy' Ama a{dZmW mam "~Jmb' _| Am`m& ~Jmb H$s bha Xoe ^a _|
\$br& Ama {hXr _| dh 'J{VdmX' Ho$ Zm_ go 1936 _| hr Am`m&
J{VdmX Eogm nhbm gm{hp`H$ AmXmobZ h Omo gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ H$moS> _| go AmXmobZ
Ho$ n _| hr C^aH$a Am`m& CgHo$ gm{h`{df`H$ _mZXS> nhbo hr Wm{nV Wo& OrdZme
CZHo$ gm_Zo Wm b{Vd CgHo$ AZwn C^aH$a Am`m& CgH$s lo>Vm Ho$ g~Y _| S>m.
hOmargmX {XdoXr Zo H$hm- g_{> _mZd H$s _w{V Ho$ {bE, CgH$mo mYm` XoVo hE
J{VdmX Am`m& O~-O~ Eogo ~S>o AmXe Ho$ gmW _Zw` H$m `moJ hmoVm h V~-V~ dh
gm{h` Z`o H$m` nm| H$s CX>^mdZm H$aVm h& Bg ~ma ^r Eogm hr hAm& ''J{Verb
gm{h` Zo ggma Ho$ ^m{VH$ d$n H$mo, CXmm d$n H$mo, MoVZ_` d$n H$mo h_mao gm_Zo
bm`m& VH$ mam CgHo$ {dH$mg H$s `oH$mdWm H$mo CXKm{Q>V H$aZo H$m `Z {H$`m&
Bg{bE dh ah`dmX, Bda, ^m`dmX H$m {damoY H$aVm h& {dd n[adV{Z hmoZo H$s ~mV
H$aVm h '' n[adVZ g{> H$m {Z`_ h, `hr n[adVZ, gm{h` _|, _mZdVm Ho$ {dH$mg _|,
gZmVZ ${T>`m| Ho$ {damoY _|, gZmVZ Y_, Bda Ho$ {damoY _| J{VdmX Wm{nV H$aVm h&
S>m. Zm_da qgh Zo ~S>r gOJVm Ed JhamB go CgH$s OmM-nS>Vmb H$s h& Hw$N>
{dMma {ZZ h Omo 'J{VdmX' Ho$ _hd, Amd`H$Vm Ama gwZhbo, gwI_` ^{d` Ho$ {b`o
Oar h-
1. 'J{VdmX Ho$ BZ ~rg dfm] H$m B{Vhmg gm{h` _| dW gm_m{OH$Vm, `mnH$
^md^y{_ Ama CM {dMma Ho$ {ZaVa H$m {dH$mg B{Vhmg h, Omo Ho$db amOZr{VH$
OmJaU go Ama^ hmoH$ma H$_e OrdZ H$s `mnH$ g`mAm| H$s Amoa, AmXedmX go
Ama^ hmoH$a H$_e dW gm_m{OH$ `WmWdmX H$s Ama AJga hmoVm Om ahm h&'
2. '' J{Verb gm{h` H$moB pWa _VdmX Zht h, ~pH$ `h EH$ {ZaVa {dH$mgerb
gm{h`-Ymam h& ... `h gm{h` boIH$ H$s d`^y AVoaU go CX>^yV Zht
hmoVm, ~pH$ gm_m{OH$ Ama gmH${VH$ {dH$mg Ho$ H$_ _| dh ^r n[ad{VV Ama
{dH${gV hmoVm ahVm h&''
3. ''JVrdmX H$m Ama^ gm{h` _| Am{WH$ Ama amOZr{VH$ AmXmobZ Ho$ n _|
hAm&''
4. ''N>m`mdmX `{X Bg gXt Ho$ gmH${VH$ nwZOmJmU H$s CnO Wm Vmo JVrdmX
166
amOZr{VH$ OmJaU H$s&''
5. ^{V-AmXmobZ Ho$ ~mX {\$a Cg Vah H$m A{Ib ^maVr` gm{h`-gJ_
J{VdmX Ho$ hr `wJ _| g^d hmo gH$m&''
6. ''J{Verb boIH$m| Zo AnZo g_H$mbrZ gm{h` _| ^r \$bo hE Am`mp_H$
Hw$hmgm, Hw$R>mdmXr JmZm| Ama `mZgX^ H$mo gm\$ H$aZo _| ~S>m H$m` {H$`m&''
7. ''`{X J{VdmXr g_rjm-Umbr Z hmoVr Vmo `o AdW gm{hp`H$ d{m`m
gm{h` Ho$ {dH$mg _| {H$VZr ~mYm nhMmVr, `h H$hZm H${R>Z h&''
8. ''lo> aMZm H$aZo Ho$ {b`o gm{h`H$ma H$mo A{Zdm` n go OZVm H$m njYa hmoZm
hr nS>oJm&''
9. ''{OZ gm{h`H$mam| Zo nr{S>V, X{bV Ama gVmE hE H$m nj {b`m Wm Ama Bgr
Va\$Xmar Ho$ H$maU CZ_| CMH$mo{Q> H$s _mZdVmdmXr ^mdZmE Wr& O~ {H$ g_mO _|
dmWm] H$m gKf hmo Vmo _mZdVm X{bV bmoJm| Ho$ nj _| hmoVr h, VQ>WVm _| Zht
hmoVr&''
10. ''lo> gm{h`H$ma amoO Zht nXm hmoVo Ama Z lo> H${V`m ha jU {bIr OmVr h& do
gnyU Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dH$mg H$m n[aUm_ hmoVr h& CZHo$ nrN>o OmVr` CWmZ H$s
e{V hmoVr h&''
11. Ama AV _| Bg AmXmobZ nr OZ A{^`mZ Ho$ g~Y _| ~S>o Am_{ddmg, Ama
{V~X Ho$ g~Y _| T>Vm go do H$hVo h- ''Bg {damQ> OZdmXr A{^`mZ _| Omo
H$m gmo Ny>Q>m : {OgZo BgH$m {damoY H$aZo H$s {h_mH$V H$s, dh J`m Ama {OgZo
BgHo$ Co` Ama H$m` _| gXoh H$Q> {H$`m, dh gXohdmXr Qw>Q>m& do Jw moUmMm` hmo
Mmho ^r_ {nVm_h, do H$U hmo AWdm O`W- Bg _hm^maV Ho$ {damoY nj _|
OmH$a Ch| JVlr hmoZm hr h& AnZo nyd d^d Ho$ mam AmO do Mmho {OVZo ~S>o VrV
hmo aho hmo, bo{H$Z `{X B{Vhmg {dYmVm Ho$ AZoH$- ~mhXadZo-dmbo {damQ> dOw
H$s dmUr gwZo Vmo nVm MboJm {H$ `o V_m_ _hmaWr dVwV _mao Om MwHo$ h, B{Vhmg
Zo ^rVa go BZH$m gmam VoO ha {b`m h&''
`h dm`-gw CZHo$ ^rVa H$m JVrdmX g~Yr JO~ H$m Am_{ddmg CgH$s
VmH$V, lo>Vm H$mo hr A{^`V H$aVo h& gm{h` H$mo OZVm Ho$ gmW, Ama gm{h` _|
Cno{jVm| Ho$ gwI-XwI H$s ^mdZmAm| H$mo H$Q> H$aZo H$s CZH$s bbH$ H$mo n> H$aVo h& Ama
AV _| AmMm` hOmargmX H$s `wJ {> H$mo `V H$aVo h gmW hr AnZr {V~XVm Ama
g_rjm H$meb- AmOma H$mo ^r& {XdoXr ^maVr` ^{d` H$mo XoIH$a H$hVo h- 'J{Verb
AmXmobZ ~hV _hmZ Co` go M{bV h& Bg_| gmXm{`H$ ^md H$m doe Zht hAm Vmo BgH$s
g^mdZmE A`m{YH$ h& ^{V AmXmobZ Ho$ g_` {Og H$ma EH$ AX` ` AmXe-
{Z>m {XImB nS>r Wr, Omo g_mO H$mo Z`o OrdZ-XeZ go Mm{bV H$aZo H$m gH$n dhZ H$aZo
Ho$ H$maU A{Vamo` e{V Ho$ n _| H$Q> hB Wr Cgr H$ma `h AmXmobZ ^r hmo gH$Vm
h&'' AmO J{VdmXr AmXmobZ Ho$ gm_Zo X{jUnWr, XoerdmXr, {VJm_r VmH$V| amOZr{VH$
167
jo _| OZmYma, gm{h` Ho$ jo _| {jV, namoj {dVma nm ahr h& Eogo Cg Cgoo Ama
A{YH$ gKferb H$aZm JVrerb gm{h`H$ma H$m Xm{`d h&
"J{V' H$m AW {dH$mgmo_wIVm H$s Amoa ~T>Zm, `dWm Ho$ gmW g_mO, _Zw`
_| n[adVZ bmZm, OrdZ H$mo J{Verb ~ZmZm, dW, gwXa ~ZmZm h& amOZr{V _| H$`y{Z>
nmQ>u H$m `hr b` ahm h& Vmo gm{h` _o J{VdmX H$m& Omo {H$gr ^r {H$`mdmXr Wm{nV
`dWm H$m {damoY H$aVm h& b~o g_` VH$ 'MVwdJ\$bmVr' AWmV Y_, AW, H$m_,
_moj Ho$ {b`o gm{h` {bIm Om ahm Wm& A~ gm_m` _Zw` H$s {V>m, CgHo$ OrdZH$s
Oar g_`m, CgHo$ MH$ZmMya hmoZo dmbo gnZo, ^mdZmE, gdoXZmE, hf, gwI, XwI H$s
nrS>mE, gdhmam Ho$ {b`o JV e Ho$ n _| CZHo$ hmW _| Am`r& gm{h` _ZmoaOZmW H$m
^md {ZH$mbH$a gm_mOm{WH$ {hVmW H$mo A{^`V {H$`m OmZo bJm& {dX>dmZm| Zo Bgo ^r
n> H$a {X`m h H$s 'amOZr{V Ho$ jo _| Omo gm`dmX h, dhr gm{h` Ho$ jo _| J{VdmX
h&''
`h n> hmo MwH$m h H$s amOZr{V Ho$ jo go J{VdmX gm{h` Ho$ jo _| Am`m h&
OZVm H$m gKQ>Z, CZ_| gKf ^md, `WmWdmXr _w`m| H$s {V>m, Wm{nV `dWm
~XbZo Ho$ {b`o H$mVr ^mdZm-MoVZ, H$mo OJmZm CgH$m b` h& dJ hrZ g_mO `dWm H$s
WmnZm CgH$m Co` h, g~H$mo gJR>rV hmoH$a bT>Zm, gKf H$aZm Oar h V^r J{V
g^d h& J{VdmXr gm{h` Bgr OZdmXr ^mdZmAm| H$s A{^`{V h&
N>m`mdmX Ho$ H$nZmbmoH$, ah`dmX go C~H$a H$B H${d J{VdmX H$mo AnZm MwHo$
h& am>r` AXmobZ H$Vm ^r g_mOdmX Ho$ gnZo ^maVr`m| _| OJm aho Wo& dZOrdr bmoH$,
H$bmH$ma, gm{h`H$ma Bg Ia AmXmobZ H$s Amoa Amem ^ar {ZJmh go XoI aho Wo& N>m`mdmX
Ho$ wJ '_|' Ag\$b hmoVo Agh`moJ Ogo AmXmobZ Zo Xoedmgr`m| _| Omo CXmgr, {Zamem nXm
H$s Wr Cgo Xwa H$aZo _| J{VdmX H$m ~S>m gh`moJ ahm h&
J{VdmX Zo Xoe, g_mO, `{V _| ~mpXH$, A`mp_H$, Ym{_H$, gm_m{OH$,
^m`dmXr, Bdar` j_Vm go _wV hmoZo H$s oaUm Xr& H$nZm H$s OJh `WmW, AmXe {H$
OJh `WmW, dZ H$s OJh `WmW, ah` H$s OJh bm{H$H$Vm, d`{VVm H$s OJh
gm_m{OH$Vm, H${V H$s OJh _Zw` H$mo bmZo H$m gmam lo` J{VdmX H$mo hr OmVm h&
N>m`mdmX Ho$ gwHw$_ma H${d nV Zo hr N>mmdmX H$m '`wJmV' H$a OZdmXr {dMmam|
H$s '`wJdmUr' H$mo AnZm`m& 'Jm`m' _| Jm_ gmX`, Jm_ dYw, Jm_ r-nwf Ho$ gmW
{H$gmZ, {Q>Q>dr, Ymo{~`m| Ho$ Vr ghmZw^y{V `V H$s& {Zambm Zo Z`r ^mfm Xr, emofH$m| na
`J {H$`m, nyOrdmX, Y_dmX, Om{V`Vm H$m {damoY {H$`m& {^jwH$, Hw$Hw$a_wmm, J nH$mS>r,
{S>Q>rgm~h, VmoS>Vr nWa, Hw$mm ^mH$Zo bJm, Z`o nmo, IOmoha, _hJy _hJm ahm, Am{X
168
H${dVmAm| go J{VdmX H$mo AmJo ~T>m`m& 1943 _| 'A{U_m', ~mX _| AMZm ( ), AmamYZm
( ) _| gV a{dXmg, gmX, ~wX, {dO`mb_r n{S>V na H${dVmE {bIr&
N>m`mdmXr `m| H$mo N>moS>H$a dV J{VdmXr AmXmobZ go CnOo H${d`m| Zo OZdmXr
{dMmaYmam H$mo OZ_mZg _| {~R>m {X`m& {OZ_| _hdnyU h - Ho$XmaZmW AJdmb, ZmJmOwZ,
amJo` amKd, S>m. am_{dbmg e_m, ^dmZrgmX {_l, {ed_Jb qgh 'gw_Z', Zao e_m,
AMb, {bmoMZ, A_Vam`, AmXr& Ho$XmaZmW AJdmb, ZmJmOwZ, VWm {bmoMZ H$s
{d{e>Vm J{Verb gm{h` _| ahr h& nadVu H${d`m| _| '_w{V~moY, Ho$XmaZmW qgh ' Ogo
CH$> H${d`m| H$s {dMmaYmam ^r Bgr XeZ go ~Zr-~wZr h& dVwV {hXr H${dVm H$mo
g_X, {dVV, Ama `wJqMVmAm| go `mV {H$`m J{VdmXr H${dVm Zo&
H$Wm-gm{h` Ho$ jo _| dh nhbo go hr Wm& CXy H$s JVrerbVm H$mo o_MX Zo
{hXr _| ~rOmamonrV {H$`m& ~mX _| ^adgmX, JwV, {edgmX qgh, amOo `mXd, am_Xae
{_l, _mH$S>o`, ^r_ ghmZr, M{H$aZ gmoZ[agm Zo ~S>r ^m{VH$ `WmWdmXr aMZmE Xr&
`enmb, AH$, A_Vbmb ZmJa, {dUw ^mH$a, amJo` amKd Zo AZoH$ Cn`mgm| _| _`dJ
H$mo {M{V {H$`m& J{V{eb H$WmH$mam| _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| H$m boIZ ^r {H$`m `enmb
H$s '{X`m' amhb gmH$nm`Z H$s 'dmoJm go JJm' qgh goZmn{V, O` `mYo` Am{X&
AmbmoMZ Ho$ jo _| ewb H$s 'bmoH$_Jb H$s gmYZmdWm' bmoH$H$`mU ^mdZm
go nwarV h& {edXmZqgh MmhmZ, em{V{` {doXr, H$meM JwV, S>m. am_{dbmg e_m,
AmXr CbIZr` h& nad{V H$mb _| _w{V~moY, dV_mZ _| S>m. Zm_da qgh Zo gm_m{OH$,
OZdmXr aMZm, gwXaVm, ^m{VH$ {Xem-{ZX}eZ J{Verb AmbmoMZm _| bm`r h&
`h gmam gm{h` dkm{ZH$, VH${> go `wV h& gm_m` OZVm go {V~X h&
o_MX Zo g{h` Ho$ Z`o ^md-~moY H$mo `V {H$`m Wm, W_ A{YdoeZ _|- '' gm{h`
Ho$db _ZmoaOZ Ama {dbm{gVm H$s dVw Zht h& dhr g{h` Iam CVaoJm {Og_| CM qMVZ
hmo, dm{YZVm H$m ^md hmo, gmX` H$m gma hmo, gOZ H$s Am_m hmo, OrdZ gMmB H$m doe
hmo Ama Omo h__| J{V, gKf Ama ~oMZr nXm H$ao&''
h_Zo nhbo hr n> {H$`m h H$s J{VdmX H$s Xme{ZH$ n>^y{_ H$m _wbmYma
'_mgdmX' h& Omo Xm_H$ ^m{VH$dmX Ed A{V[aV _w` {gXmV Ho$ n _| ^r OmZm
OmVr h& `h gm_m{OH$ `dWm H$mo Am{WH$ {>H$moZ go XoIVr h& `dWm H$m gKfm_H$
n hr dJ gKf Ho$ n _| drH$ma {H$m Jm h& {Og_| EH$ dJ l{_H$m| H$m h Vmo Xwgam
l{_H$m| H$m emofU H$aZodmbm& Bg dJ dmX H$m _wb _mg Ho$ m_H$VmdmX Ho$ ^rVa h& Omo
g_mO Y_, XeZ, gH${V, B{Vhmg, H${V Ho$ 'CH$m{V'`m {dH$mg Ho$ g~Ym| H$mo| {ZVmV
dkm{ZH$ Ed dVw{Z> {>H$moZ go XoIVm h& {dkmZ _| VH$ _hdnyU hmoVo h Omo ha {dMma,
dVw, KQ>Zm, `dWm Ho$ ~mao _| Z IS>m H$aVo h& Bgr Umbr go {dH$mg hmoVm h& dVwV
_mg Zo hrJob Ho$ dmX, \$m`ma~mI Ho$ ^m{VH$VmdmX Ama Mmbg hmb Ho$ dJgKf H$mo
AmYma ~ZmH$a _mZd g`Vm Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo ~S>o dkm{ZH$ T>J go VwV {H$`m h& CZHo$
169
amOZr{VH$ Ed Am{WH$ {gXmVm| Zo Z`r gVmAm| H$mo O_ {X`m&
_mg H$s {dMmaYmam H$mo h_ VrZ ^mJm| _| ~mQ> gH$Vo h-
1. m_H$ ^m{VH$ {dH$mgdmX
2. _w`-dpX H$m {gXmV
3. _Zw`-g`Vm Ho$ {dH$mg H$s `m`m
_wbV `h {dMmaYmam amOZr{VH$ jo _| gm`dmX `m _mgdmX, gm_m{OH$ jo
_| g_mOdmX Ama XeZ Ho$ jo _| m_H$ ^m{VH$VmdmX Ho$ Zm_ go OmZr OmVr h& Cgo hr
gm{h` Ho$ jo _| h_ J{VdmX `m J{Verb Zm_ go A{^{hV H$aVo h& AnZo {dMmam| H$m
_hb _mg Zo VrZ ~mVm| na IS>m {H$`m h, EH$ gdhmam H$m H$`mU, CgHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ {b`o
gKf, Ama g_mO _| `mV dJu` ^mdZm H$m Zme `m C_wbZ& Bg{b`o Cgo gm_m{OH$
`WmWdmX Ho$ Zm_ go ^r nhMmZm OmVm h&
Cn`wV {ddoMZ go `h n> hmo MwH$m h H$s J{VdmX Zo g_mOdmXr `dWm H$m
b` gm{h`H$ma Ho$ gm_Zo aIm& N>`mdmX Ho$ dZOrdr H${d`m| Zo hr CgH$m {damoY H$a
J{VdmX H$mo AnZm`m& H${dVm _| H$nZm H$s OJV dmV{dH$Vm, d`{VH$Vm H$s OJh
''gm_m{OH$Vm H$mo gZ 1930 Ho$ ~mX AnZm`m OmZo bJm& '' J{VdmX Ho$ Zm_ na nVOr Zo
_mgdmX Ama JmYrdmX, ^m{VH$dmX Ama A`m_dmX, gm_w{hH$Vm Ama d`{VH$Vm,
172
~{hOJV Ama AVOJV, ^md Ama n dJah H$m g_d` H$aZm Mmhm {Og_| N>m`mdmXr
nanam H$m AmJh n> h& Bgr Vah J{VdmX Ho$ Zm_ na {XZH$a, ^JdVrMaU d_m Ama
ZdrZ Zo Omo {dZme Ama {ddg H$m AhmZ {H$`m Cg_| nyddVu `{VdmX H$s
AamOH$VmdmXr VWm {dnWJm _Zmod{m H$m hr {d\$moQ> h& J{VdmX Ho$ Zm_ na A_Vbmb
ZmJm, Zamom_ ZmJa Am{X 'CN>Ib' Xb Ho$ boIH$m| Zo `mZ {dH${V`m| H$m Z CXKmQ>Z
{H$`m, dh ^r n> n go N>m`mdmXr Aearar ^mdZmAm| H$s _mgb VWm ear[aH$ {V{H$`m h
Ama Bg CN>IbVm Ho$ _yb _| ^r dhr `{VdmXr AamOH$Vm h& BZ g^r d{m`m| Ho$
gp_{bV ^md _| {Zambm Zo Omo 'A{U_m' Ho$ H$Um ^ao mWZm JrV Jm`o, EH$mH$snZ na
{dbmn {H$`m, 'Hw$Hw$a_wmm' Ho$ jw _wI go Ah-^ar KmofUmE H$s Ama adrZmW H$s
'{dO{`Zr' H$s namoS>r H$aVo hE IOmoham- nr{S>V ~wAm H$m aoIm{M ItMm- h g~ CZHo$
N>m`mdmX- `wJrZ gH$mam| H$m hr H$ht ~T>md Ama H$ht {V{H$`m h& ... J{VdmX Ho$ Ama^ _|
`h Omo A`m_dmX, AamOH$VmdmX {dH$V `WmWdmX AWdm mH${VH$dmX H$s d{m`m
{XImB nS>Vr h, CZH$m [aVm _mgdmX go ~hV Xya H$m h& '' _mgdmXr gH$mam| _| nbr
~T>r Z`r nrT>r Ho$ n _| h_mao gm_Zo Ho$XmaZmW AJdmb, ZmJmOyZ, {ed_Jbqgh gyZ, S>m.
am_{dbmg e_m, ^dmZrgmX {_l, {bmoMZ, _w{V~moY, Ho$XmaZmW qgh Ogo H${d gm_Zo
h& {OhmoZo J{VdmX na JhamB go gm{h` gOZ {H$`m CgH$s d{m`m| H$mo h_| XoIZm h-
4. `` H$s YmZVm :-
gm_m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`m|, nanamAmo, {df_VmAm| H$mo gm{h` _| C^maZo hoVy `` H$m
`moJ {H$`m J`m h& BZ H${d`m| Ho$ `` _| gm_m{OH$ gwYma H$s ^mdZm {Z{hV h& CZHo$ ``
{df` _| nyOrn{V, {dbmgr, `{Vd, CZHo$ emofU H$s d{m, amOZr{V, PyR>r {bS>a{en,
Am{WH$ gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm H$mo b` {H$`m J`m h& Vmo gdham Ho$ XwI,X` H$m dUZ ^r
{H$`m h& {Zambm H$s '{^Imar' H${dVm Bgr H$ma H$s h& 'Hw$Hw$awmm' Ho$ 'A~o ! gwZ ~o Amo
Jwbm~' _| Am`m Jmbr H$m da {df_Vm Ho {V AmH$moe ^md H$mo V H$aVm h& H${d {XZH$a
Zo ^r gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm H$m {MU H$aVo hE {bIm h-
dmZm| H$mo {_bVm XyY-Xhr, ~Mo ^yIo VS>nmVo h&
_m H$s h>r go {R>Rw>a {MnH$, OmS>m| H$s amV {~VmVo h&&
`wdVr H$s bOm dgZ ~oM, O~ mO MwH$m`o OmVo h&
{_b- _m{bH$ Vob \w$bobm| na, nmZr-gm ` ~hmVo h&&
_w{V~moY, ZmJmOwZ, ^JdVrMaU d_m Am{X H${d`m| H$s H${dVm Bg {> go
CboI{Z` h& ZmJmOwZ H$s `mVrbY H${dVm 'oV H$m ~`mZ' `J H$m gdm}H$> CXmhaU
h& {OgHo$ g~Y _| Zm_daOr Zo {bIm h- ''ZoVmbmoJ Omo Aga H$hVo h {H$ h_mao hm ^yI
`m AH$mb Zht h; na Cg `_amO VWm EH$ _ao hE _mQ>a H$s ~mVMrV Ho$ mam `hm {H$VZm
gwXa `J {H$`m J`m h& ZaH$ Ho$ _m{bH$ `_amO 'oV H$m ~`mZ' boVo hE nwN>Vm h {H$ H$go
_am Vy ? Odm~ _| 'ZmMH$a b~o M_Mm|- gm nMJwam hmW, Ir nVbr {H$Q>{H$Q> H$s AmdmO
_|' V AnZm nwam nVm ~VbmVo hE H$ao_m| H$s n{m`m ImZo H$s AmYr hr H$Wm H$h nmVm h {H$
XS>nm{U _hmH$mb A{ddmg H$s hgr hgH$a H$hVo h- '' ~S>o AN>o_mQ>a hmo ! AmE hmo
_wPH$mo ^r nT>mZo !! dmh ^mB dmh ! Vmo Vw_ ^wI go Zht _ao?'' Bg na hX go `mXm Omoa
S>mbH$a oV H$hVm h {H$ ''Ama Ama Ama Ama ^bo ZmZm H$ma H$s `m{Y`m Ama ^bo ZmZm
H$ma H$s `m{Y`m hmo ^maV _| {H$Vw-{H$Vw ^wI `m jwYm Zm_ hmo {OgH$m Eogr {H$gr `m{Y
H$m nVm Zhr h_H$mo !'Ama ^mn H$m Amdoe {ZH$b OmZo Ho$ ~mX emV-p_V da _| {\$a H$hVm
h- {H$ Ohm VH$ _oam AnZm g~Y h, gw{ZE _hmamO-
''V{ZH$ ^r nra Zht
XwI Zht, Xw{dYm Zht
gabVmnydH$ {ZH$bo Wo mU
gh Z gH$s AmV O~ no{Me H$m h_bm ...
AVam>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm : ^r H${d`m| Zo A{^`V H$s h& dh AnZo XwI H$mo
gmdH$m{bH$ n _| H$Q> H$aVm h `mo{H$ nyOrdmXr, gm_VdmXr, XmgWm, ^mS>dbr emofU
naH$ `dWm Ho$db ^maV _| hr Zht ~pH$ {dd _| \$br h& Bg{bE dh g Ama gr H$mVr
{dMmam| H$mo _mZdVm CXma n _| XoIVo h& CgH$s egm H$aVo h, CgH$m _mJ AZwgaU
H$aVo h& {ed_Jb qgh 'gw_Z H$so '_mH$mo h Xya A^r', 'Mbr Om ahr h ~T>r bmb goZm'
Ogr H${dVmAm| _| dh `V hAm h-
''~{bZ A~ ZOXrH$ h
\$m{gVm| H$s H$mb-am{ _| Kmoa KQ>m {Ka AmB&
181
Mbr bmb goZm `m| MbVr gmdZ _| nwadmB&''
`m Zao e_m H$hVo h-
'' bmb $g h T>mb gm{W`m|! g~ _OXya {H$gmZm| H$s,
dhm amO h nMm`V H$m, dhm H$hm h ~oH$mar&''
gnyU {dd_mZd {V dh AnZr _Jb H$m_Zm H$mo H$Q> H$aVm h& nyOrdmX Ho$
{dX OwPZodmbr `h emVr_wbH$ {dMmaYmam h& dgo _mg Zo Xw{Z`m H$mo Xmo dJm] Ho$
{d^m{OV H$a EH$Vm H$mo Wm{nV {H$`m Wm& ^maV Ho$ _mgdmXr AnZm ZmVm g Ho$ gmW
OmoS>Vo h& Bgr _| CZH$s {dd_mZdVmdmXr ^mdZm {XImB XoVr h&
7.7 Cnghma :-
7.8 ~moY Z -
1943 _o Ako`Or Ho$ gnmXH$d _| "Vma gVH$' W_ H$m gnmXZ {hXr H${dVm
_o '`moJ' d{m H$mo boH$a, _hdnyU KQ>Zm ahr h& dVwV: `h H$mbIS> AZoH$ Zmm| go
OmZm OmVm h "`moJdmX', 'ndmX', 'ZB H${dVm' Am{X & {~hma Ho$ VrZ H${d`m|
Z{bZ{d_moMZ, Ho$ear Zmam`U ewb, Zaoe Zo "ZHo$ZdmX', m 'ndmX' H$m dVZ {H$`m&
`h `moJdmX H$m {damoYr hmoVo hE ^r Cgr H$s EH$ emIm h& {Og na AZoH$ {dXoer dmXm| H$m
^md n> ahm h& {Og_o _wI h A{V `Wm`dmX (Amo ~oaZ Ama CZH$m {_ {\$brn
gmonmoQ> 1920), VrH$dmX ({\$Jmam| n{H$m mam ~{XboAa, AWa ~o[a~mo, daboZ, _bm],
nmb dobar 1885), q~~dmX (Q>r. B. h`y_, EOam nmD$S>, [aMS> Eb{S>Q>Z, E\$. E_.
pbQ>- 1908), XmXmdmX ({MH$ma OrZ An VWm AQ> _mg- 1916), ApVddmX
(gmoaoZ {H$H}$JmS>, E\$ Zreo, _m{Q>Z hS>S>Ja Ama Oo. nr. gm- 1813-1905)
_Zmo{dbofU ({g_S> \$m`S>, `wJ, ES>ba-) AmXr& BgH$m _Vb~ `h h H$s {hXr gm{h`
na nmMm`dmXm| H$m ^md nS>Zo bJm Wm, `m m| ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h {H$ {hXr Ho$ H${d,
H$WmH$ma nmMmVm| H$s gm{h` d{m`m| H$m AZwH$aU "`moJ' H$a aho Wo & `moJ Vmo gm{h`
187
H$m d{e>` h Mmho dh Am{XH$mb hmo `m ^{V, ar{V, N>m`mdmX, J{VdmX hmo& H$moB ^r H$mb
`m H$m`mXmobZ Z`o `moJ Ho$ ~Ja Wm{nV Zht hmoVm& Ako` Zo Hw$N> Z`o Ama AZOmZo H${d`m|
H$mo boH$a W_ gVH$ H$m H$mmZ {H$`m& {OgHo$ H${d h- W gH$ | -
1. Ako`, 2. JOmZZ _mYd _w{V~moY, 3. {J[aOmHw$_ma _mWwa, 4. ^mH$a _mMdo, 5.
Zo{_M OZ, 6. ^maV ^yfU AJdmb, 7. am_{dbmg e_m
Xwgao gVH$ _|- 1. ^dmZr gmX {_l, 2. eHw$Vbm _mWwa, 3. h[aZmam`U `mg,
4. e_eoa ~hmXya qgh, 5. ZaoeHw$_ma _ohVm, 6. aKwdra ghm`, 7. Y_dra ^maVr
Vrgam gVH$ _|- 1. `mJZmam`U {nmR>r, 2. H$s{V MmYar, 3. _XZ dm`m`Z,
4. Ho$XmaZmW qgh, 5. Hw$daZmam`U, 6. {dO`Xod Zmam`U gmhr, 7. gd}daX`mb ggoZm.
h_ OmZVo h H$s Cn`wV g^r H${d "`moJdmX' H$mb _| H$m{eV' Vma gVH$ go
{hXr OJV _| Am`o naVy Jma {H$ OmZodmbr ~mV h ^r h {H$ nadVu H$mb _| do Cgr Ho$ gmW
{V~X Zht aho& Ako` Zo _m 'Z`o `moJH$mb' H$m dVZ {H$`m& H$m` Ho$ d` {df` VWm
{en _| Hw$N> Z`mnZ bm`m Ama Z`o `moJY_uVm go EH$ AmXmobZ Mbm`m J`m& Ako` H$s
H${dVm {Og g_`-H$moS> H$s CnO h Cgo `mZ _| aIH$a hr `moJdmX H$mo OmZm Om gH$Vm
h& Bg na H$R>moa Xmofmamon H$aZodmbo ~hV go {V{>V AmbmoMH$m| Zo BgHo$ _y`hrZ hmoZo H$s
KmofUm h&
Ako` H$m `{Vd, `{V dVVm go b~mb~ ^am h& Cgo hr do gOZm_H$Vm
H$s H$gmQ>r ^r _mZVo h Ama 'g` H$m AdofU' Cgr go g^d h, gm_m{OH$Vm H$s naI ^r
Cgr go H$s Om gH$Vr h H$m Xmmm H$aVo h& gH$Q> H$m ~moY, g` H$s ImoO H$s Amoa `{V H$mo
dm H$aVm h Ama aMZmH$ma Am_ajm hoVy `{VdmXrVm H$s Amoa ~T>Zo bJVm h& Ako` _|
`h gH$Q>-~moY ^rVar Ed ~mhar XmoZmo H$ma H$m h& ^rVar gH$Q> g_mO _| H${d H$mo Z
{_bZodmbm g_mZOZH$ WmZ ahm h& `{VdmXr d{m _| gmZ nmZo H$s "`wwgVm'
hmoVr h Ama Z {_bZo na boIH$ nbm`Z H$a OmVm h naVy Bg_| gm_m{OH$ {VamoY, nrS>m-
~moY _| `V hmoVm h& "nrS>m, Xw:I Ama OrdZ H$s AnyUVm' na _`dJ Ama CMdJ go
Cna CR>H$a gmoMZo H$s H$mo{ee Ako` H$aVo h& Ako` Ho$ ^rVa H$hr na ^r OS> Z nmZo H$s
{ddeVm ~b h& "ZXr Ho$ rn' CgH$m CXmhaU h& S>m Zm_da qgh Zo H$hm h- AnZo dJ Ho$
YZr-_mZr Ama {V{>V bmoJ {ZYZ H${d H$mo AnZo ~rM g_mZ XoVo Zht Ama {H$gmZ-
_OXyam| Ho$ ~rM CVaH$a g_m{ZV hmoZm CgHo$ {bE hoR>r hr h; Z dh BZH$m JrV Jm gH$Vm h,
Z CZH$m& ... Bg{bE dh BZ g~go nao ahH$a H$mn{ZH$ "{ZnjVm' H$m dV boVm h& bo{H$Z
Yrao-Yrao Bg "{ZnjVm' H$m ^r dm Qy>Q>Vm h Ama dh AV _| AnZr _em gm\$-gm\$ BZ
eXm| _| H$Q> H$aVm h {H$ dh "n[apW{V' Ho$ ^rVa hr AnZo {bE EH$ "gVmofOZH$'
n[apW{V JT> gH$Vm h& `h "n[apW{V' Ama Hw$N> Zht dVwV: dh _`dJu` nd{m hr h&
Bg H${d H$s gmar OmJH$Vm `hr {gImVr h {H$ {H$gr ZdrZ g_mO-`dWm _| hr {H$gr
Vah {Xb ~hbmZo H$s Mo>m H$aZr Mm{hE `m Vmo dh g_mO-`dWm WmoS>r Ama ^r bMrbr
hmoH$a H${d Ho$ AZwHw$b hmo Om`o AWdm d` H${d hr WmoS>m-gm Ama PwH$H$a Cg g_mO-
`dWm Ho$ AZwHw$b hmo OmE, Xygao eXm| _| {H$gr H$ma {ZZ _`dJu` `{V H$s Am{WH$
Ama gm_m{OH$ pW{V Hw$N> AN>r hmo OmE-dh goR>m| H$s Vah YZr ^bo Z hmo, naVy dV:
188
g_W Ad` hmo Om`o& _Vb~ `h {H$ {H$gmZ-_OXya Mwh|-^mS> _| OmE, {ZZ _`dJ H$m
`h ~w{Ordr `{V Hw$N> Ama D$Mo MT> OmE& '' _`dJ go CgH$m ew ^md I_ hAm Bg
Vmd na', Cgo gajU m hmo' Ho$db Bg Qw>H$S>o na C-_`dJ H$m gmam A`mMma Ama
AnZr gmar nrS>m ^wbmB Om gH$Vr h& ''... {\$a _`dJu` H${d Ho$ gmW YmoIm hAm, CgH$m
_moh^J hAm... CgH$s Bg EH$mH$s `mMZm na _`dJ Zo `mZ Zht {X`m& Eogr pW{V _|
CgZo AnZo H$mo gdW: ''{Z:ghm` AZw^d {H$`m'' '{dWm{nV hAm'... _`dJu` n[adoe go
gm_m{OH$ n _| H$Q>H$a ^r _mZ{gH$ n go `h H${d CgHo$ _moh H$mo N>moS>Zo _| {OVZm
Ag_W h, CVZm Vr Ag_W OZ-OrdZ Ho$ gmW VXmH$ma hmoZo _| ^r h&''\$bV: Bg bmdZ
Ho$ g_wI CgH$m 'pWa g_nU' h& Bg 'pWa g_nU' _| ^r d`{VH$ 'EoR>' {Z{hV h&''
{\$a ^r Cg_| T> {ddmg h H$s CgH$m ApVd gwa{jV ahoJm& AnZr Bg '{eHy$' pW{V
Ho$ {V Cg_| 'pWa g_nU,' EH$mH$snZ 'Ama' {ZpH$` n[aVpV' _| Sw>~o'' ahZm nS>m,
AnZo AmnH$mo JmadpdV H$aZo Ho$ {bE CgZo "Xw:I' H$m '\$bg$m' JT>m'& `hr CZH$m
Xme{ZH$ gw h- 'Xw:I g~ H$mo _mOVm h& '' Bg H$ma CZH$s AmV[aH$ ~ZmdQ-~wZmdQ>>
Cho AHo$bmnZ, {dmoh, ^mS>m-`mZ-XeZ, _Zmo{dkmZ Am{X go OmoS>Vm h& AnZm 'Ah',
'jUdmX', {Zamem, nbm`Zdmr, 'gm_m{OH$ AZwn`mo{JVm' Ho$ {dX AnZr Cn`mo{JVm H$mo
_m{UV H$aZo' H$m `Z dh H$aVo h&
am_dn MVwd}Xr Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo BgHo$ g~Y |, XoIZm hmoJm, ''{Vr` {dd`w
Ho$ g_` bJ^J g^r am>m| Zo Am_gajU Ho$ {bE ^rVar X~md H$mo Vrd n go _hgwg {H$`m
Cgr H$m n[aUm_ '{dkmZ Ama {d{Y' Ho$ {dH$mg _| h_ XoIVo h& AmV[aj-`mm H$m
Am`moOZ, AUwe{V H$m A{dH$ma Vmo `wXH$mbrZ _Z:pW{V Ho$ X~m~ _| A{YH$ hAm& `wX
H$mb Ho$ CIS>o hE _w` {ddmh, n[adma, Y_, nanamJV Z{VH$Vm Am{X _m{bH$ gX^m} _| -
{\$a Zhr O_ gHo$ `mo{H$ _hm`wX Vmo g_mV hmo MwH$m Wm na AXa-hr AXa gwbJmVo
aMZodmbm ha X_ V`mar _| aIZodmbm _Zmo^md, `wX, erV`wX ew hmo MwH$m Wm, Omo H$^r
I_ Z hmoZodmbm Ama _mZdr` d{m`m| na X~m~ ~T>mZodmbm ahm& Bg H$ma H$s _Zmod{m H$m
^md jo ~T>Vm J`m& ^mar CmoJ Ama {d{Y H$s bnoQ> ^r ~T>Vr JB& OrdZ _| gH$Q>
H$mbrZ pW{V H$s gm_m`V: AmB& ... AZw^y{V H$m kmZ hmoZo bJm AWmV _mZdr` gmhm _|
Cmamoma H$_r VWm EH$ Vah H$s H$R>moaVm H$m {dH$mg hAm& _Zw` H$m _Zw` go gnH$ ~T>m,
Ohm `{V go `{V H$mo {_bZo Ho$ {bE b~m g_` Ama gKf hmoVm Wm dhm VrdVm ~T>r,
`h ~T>Vr _y`hrZ pW{VVm H$m YmZ H$maU ~Zm, _mZdr` gdoXZerbVm na ~hV ~S>m
X~m~ ahm {Og_| AZw^y{V H$m jaU hmoVm h, Ama Zm`{dH$ amoJm| H$s ~T>momar&''
gOZmH$Vm Ama `{Vd H$m gajU hr Ako` H$mo Oar bJm Ama Cgo `{VdmX go
gmYZo H$m, 'EH$mV' go gmYZo H$m `mg Chm|Zo {H$`m& '' emX hr H$maU h H$s do
{$dmX Ho$ {d$ {$ dVVm H$mo hd {Xm h& Ako` Zo AnZo H${Vd _| ~w{Z`mXr
Vma na _mZd `{Vd H$s Bg dmYrZVm, gOZm_H$Vm Ama Xm{`d H$mo gy_ Ama ^mdr
$n _| A{H$V {H$`m h&'' `h nhMmZ hr `{Vd Ho$ ApVd H$s g~go ~S>r gmWH$Vm h&
Bgr{bE 'ZXr Ho$ rn _|' CIS> Om`oJo, H$ht O_ Om`oJo H$m ^md `mV h& Ako` H$m
`{Vd Ed H${Vd `moJdmX' H$s d{m H$m ~moY H$amVo h& `h `moJ g^dV: A{YH$Va
ebr Ho$ jo | g_aUr` h&
189
8.1 Zm_H$aU
`moJdmX `h gkm `moJ `moJdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ Hw$N> dV` Ho$ H$maU hr M{bV
hB h& dgo AJoOr H${dVm _| '`moJ' Ho$ {bE 'Egno[a_|Q>' eX `wV hAm& {hXr _| dhr
`moJ Ho$ n _| T> hAm naVy ''AJoOr _| '`moJdmX' AWmV 'Egno[a_|Q>{b_' Zm_H$
H$moB dmX Zht h&'' dV_mZ `wJ-{dkmZ {Og H$ma VH$ Ama `w{V mam nXmWm} H$m {dbofU
H$aVm h Cgr H$ma `moJdmX _mZd eara Ama _pVH$-Vd H$m {dbofU H$aVm h&
_mZ{gH$ ^mdZmAm| H$m {dbofU H$aZo Ho$ {bE dh AZoH$ `moJ H${dVm Ho$ jo _| H$aVm h&''
''`moJdmX H$m AW Hw$N> {dX>dmZm| Zo 'ndmX' AWm \$m_{b_' {b`m h naVy
`h CgH$s EH$ emIm _m h& m`: g^r `moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo Ho$db n-{dYmZ na `mZ
Zht {X`m, {X`m ^r Vmo do g`m _| ZJ` h&'' `moJdmX H$moao ndmX go `mnH$ d{m VWm
{dMmaYmam H$m H$m` h& H$_- A{YH$ _mm _| `h 'hgmo_wIr _`dJu` _Zmod{m`m| VWm
{dMmaYmamAm|' H$m dmhH$ h& 'Eo{Vhmg n _| dh Cma-N>m`mdmX H$s g_mO{damoYr A{Ve`
`{VdmXr _Zmodmr'' H$m H$m` h&
`moJ Ho$ mam Z`m g`mdofU CgH$s {deofVm ahr h, Omo nwamZo g`, nanamJV
n _o Wm{nV {H$`o Om MwHo$ Wo, H$m` {df`, ebr, CnmZ , VrH$, ^mfm, eX Ho$ n _|
CgH$m Z`m AdofU `moJdmXr H${dVm _| {H$`m J`m h& `moJ dmX Ho$ g~Y _| {d{^
`moJdmXr boIH$m| H$s {dMmaYmam go CgH$m AW JhU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h-
Y_dra ^maVr- ''Ohm VH$ Bg H$m` Zo ZB n[apW{V`m| go ^m{dV ZB AZw^y{V`m|
H$s A{^`{V Ho$ {bE Zm H$m` $n, ZB H$nZmE, ZB JR>Z ImoOr dhm VH$ `h H$m`
{ZM` hr {dH$mg Ama J{V _| Z Ho$db ghm`H$ {gX hAm h daZ dh EH$ ~hV _hdnyU
MaU ahm h&''
_XZ dm`m`Z- ''Cfm XodVm go boH$a JYo VH$, Z `mZ ^mdZm go boH$a gm_m{OH$
H$mpV VH$, XohmVr A_amB go boH$a H$b-nwOm} VH$, AdMoVZ go boH$a Wwb Ho$ AZwmo{OV
{MU VH$ BVZm `mnH$ {dVma em`X nhbo {H$gr 'dmX' H$s H${dVm | Zht hAm&''
b_rH$mV d_m- ''`moJ H$m Coe h _m` g` H$m narjU Ama narjU mam g`
Ho$ Z`o AmYmam| H$m AdofU& `moJH$Vm M_H$ma, {T> AWdm AY{ddmgm| H$mo Zht _mZVm&
{H$gr ^r g` H$mo A{V_ g` Ho$ n _| Zht pdH$maVm& H$moB H$h ahm h, Bg{bE ^r dh Cg
na {ddmg Zht H$aVm& dh Cg AZw^d go IwX JwOaZm MmhVm h& jU-{VjU H$s
AZw^y{V`m| H$mo ^r dh _hd XoVm h& Ia ~mpXH$Vm Ama {ddoH$ hr CgH$m ~hV ~S>m AmYma
h& `moJ EH$ _m`_ _m h, Co` h g` H$s ImoO&'' Bg {> go '`moJ' Z`m 'dmX' ahm
h&
`moJdmXr H${dVm Ho$ {bE Hw$N> bmoJm| Zo 'ZB H${dVm' H$m Zm_ {X`m Vmo H$Bm| Zo
Bg_| g_mZ d{m`m| H$mo ^r nm`m h&
{Og H$ma N>m`mdmXr H${d`mo H$s AMr Ho$ ~mdOyX N>m`mdmX Zm_ Mb nS>m Cgr
H$ma `moJdmX' ^r `wV hAm& Xwgam gVH$ H$s ^y{_H$m _| Ako` Zo hr CgH$m {damoY
190
H$aVo hAm {bIm h- ''`moJdmX H$moB dmX Zht h& h_ dmXr Zht aho h& Z `moJ AnZo Amn _|
> `m gm` h& R>rH$ Bgr Vah H${dVm H$m ^r H$moB dmX Zht h, H${dVm ^r AnZo Amn _| >
`m gm` Zht h& AV: `moJdmXr H$hZm CVZm hr gmWH$ `m {ZaWH$ h {OVZm H${dVmdmXr''
H$hZm&
S>m. Zm_da qgh Zo `moJdmX _| Ho$db {enJV d{m H$mo ZH$ma H$a Cg_|
OrdZ->r Ho$ `moJ XeZ H$m {dMma {Vnm{XV H$aVo hE H$hVo h- 'dmX' Ho$ {dX {dmoh
`moJerb H${d`m| H$s nhbr {deofVm h& Ako` Ho$ Cn`wV H$WZ H$m AmYma boH$a do AmJo
H$hVo h, 'dmX' H$m {damoY H$aVo hE `moJerb H${d amOZr{VH$ d Xme{ZH$ {H$gr ^r 'dmX'
H$m {ZfoY H$aVo h, dmX AWmV '_VdmX' `m {gQ>_& `moJdmXr `h _mZVo h H$s O~ dmX
drH$mam OmVm h Vmo H${d H$s `{VJV Ed {dMmaJV dVVm _| ~mYm nS>Vr h `mo{H$
{dMma H$s {> go 'dmX' EH$ ~X Umbr h& `moJmerb {> H$m gwnmV hr Bg YmaUm go hAm
{H$ nyd{ZpMV H$moB ^r dmX g` VH$ nhMmZo _| g_W Zht h& '' dmX go ~MZo H$s H$mo{ee _|
hr g` H$m {ZaVa AdofU A{Zdm` hmo OmVm h, Ama dh ha EH$ H$mo d` H$aZm nS>Vm h&
Bg pQ> go `oH$ `{Vd g`mdofU Ho$ {bE dV h& AWmV `moJerbVm '`{VJV
AdofU' H$s dVw h& Zm_daOr Zo Bgo JmYrOr H$s Vah H$m 'g `moJ' _mZm h& OmZo -
AZOmZo `moJdm{X`m| Zo Bg {gXmV H$mo drH$mam& JmYr H$s Vah `moJdmXr ^r 'g` H$mo
AmV[aH$' Vd _mZVo Wo& ~wpX H$s Anojm AZw^d H$mo YmZVm XoVo h Bgo hr `moJdmX _|
~mpXH$Vm H$m AmXmobZ H$hm J`m&''
H$m` Ho$ ^rVa `moJdm{X`m| Zo 'gmhg' Ama' Omo{I_' Ho$ `moJ {H$`o {Ogo
Ako` Zo 'JmoVmImoa' H$s Cn_m Xr& BZ H${d`m| Zo g`mdofU Ho$ `moJ A{^`{V Ama
AZw^y{V Ho$ jo _| {H$`o h& CZH$m _mZZm h H$s Z`o `moJ Ho$ {bE Z`r ^mfm Ama Z`m
A{^`{V n Oar hmoVm h& Bgr{bE H$m` Ho$ dVw Ed {en XmoZm| _| `moJ h&'' H$hZm Z
hmoJm {H$ {hXr H$m`em Ho$ B{Vhmg _| `h EH$ Z`r H$m` {> Wr&
gmX`~moY H$s Z`r nanam _| '`moJ' H$s ZB `m`m aKwdra ghm` Zo n> H$s h-
''gr{T>`mo na Yyn _| gJh _| `WmW, Z`r gm_m{OH$ MoVZm, Z`o _mZd-g~Y, Z`o H$m`-
Vd Ho$ {bE Z`o N>X, ^mfm Am{X _| {H$gr ^r YamVb na Zhr hmoVm& ... `o H$m` jo h&..
aMZm EH$ Ama hr YamVb h Ohm EH$ gnV ~wpOrdr `{V _| A`V _m{bH$ Ed
A`V {MaVZ Hw$N> AmV[aH$ Vd H$m_ H$aVo h& do Vd `m h? AnZo go D$na CR> OmZo
H$s BN>m...'' AV: ghm` Ho$ AZwgma' AnZo `{Vd H$s ImoO' ^r `moJ Zht h,'' H$bm
H$s AnZr gmX`-nanam _| H${d mam BZ H$bm_H$ AZw^d Ho$ jUm| H$m aIZm hr `moJ
h'' AVV: '`moJ' H$bm_H$ AZw^d H$m jU h& Bg H$ma '`moJ' eX Ama 'dmX' XmoZm|
H$m {dVma {hXr H$s H${dVm _| hAm& Ako` Ho$ ~mX aKwdra Ogo H${d`m| Zo Cgo D$MmB XmZ
H$s& CZH$s >r _o n[adVZ Am`m Chm|Zo {dMmaYmam H$s 'dmX' H$s amOZr{V go _wV {H$`m&
{dMma Ch| {m VrV hE, ^mdZmE ^mdyH$ bJZo bJr& Ep` ~moY- `m gdoXZ hr `WmW
bJZo bJo& n[aUm_V: Ep`-~moYmZw^d H$s {V{H$`mE H$m` _| Am`r Eogo _| gwI Ho$ jUmo _|
_mXH$ C_mX Ama Xw:I Ho$ jUmo _| AY {dmoh AWdm {Zo` {Zamem' H${dVm _| Am`r&
AmJo MbH$a Z`o H${dVm _| jUmdmXr {> Am`r `h `moJdmX H$s `mnH$ OrdZ {> H$m
191
'{dVma g_Pm J`m& Y_dra ^maVr Zo `moJdmX H$s gr_mAm| `m H$h| CgHo$ g` H$mo H$Q>
H$aVo hE H$hm H$s ''`moJdmXr H${dVm _| ^mdZm h, _m ha ^mdZm Ho$ AmJo EH$ Z{Mh
bJm h& Bgr Z{Mh H$mo Amn ~mpH$Vm H$h gH$Vo h; gmH${VH$ T>mMm Ma_am CR>m Ama
`h Z Cgr H$s d{Z _m h&''
Ogm H$s h_Zo nhbo H$hm h& {Vr` {dd`wX, Ho$ ~mX {dd^a _| _y`m| H$m
{dKQ>Z Vrd hAm& {dkmZ, `, gma _m`_m| Zo gdoXZmAm| H$s A{^`{V-AZw^y{V _|
O{Q>bVm Am`r& nanamJV OrdZ _y`m|-Z`o n[adoe _| AV: gKf VZmd ^am, `{VdmX,
~mpH$Vm, {dmoh, `mZ J{W`m| _| CgH$mo ~mYZo H$m `mg `moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo {H$`m&
`{VdmXr AZw^y{V H$mo g_{> _| H$bm_H$ jU {deof A{^`V H$aZo H$s ~mV, aKwdra
ghm`, b_rH$mV d_m Zo H$s h&
`moJdmXr H$m` {> H$mo g_PmZo Ho$ {bE Ako` Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo OmZZm Amd`H$
h& `moJdm{X`m| Ho$ gm_Zo gdoXZm, AZw^y{V, A{^`{V, `{V, g_{>, Ogo gmYmaU
eXm| _| ~S>m AW ^aZo H$s d{m, ^mfm `w{V H$s gr_m, A{^`{V Ho$ jo _| Ch| IbVr
ahr `hr H$maU h H$s {dam_ gHo$V, grYr-{VaN>r bH$sa|, N>moQ>o-~S>| Q>mBn H$m grYo-CbQ>o
AWm} _| `moJ, bmoJ-WmZm| Ho$ Zm_m|, AYwao dm`.... CbPr gdoXZm H$mo nmR>H$m| VH$
nhMmZm CgH$m gm` ahm h& Bg{bE `moJ CZHo$ {bE Ho$db gmYZ h, gm` Zht& Bg{bE
`moJ H$s {ZaVaVm na Chm|Zo ~b {X`m& `moJdmXr`m| Zo gofUr`Vm H$mo _hd {X`m& ^md
gofU H$s {> go AZmoIo `moJ `moJdmX H$s {d{e>Vm ahr h& Bg{bE N>m`mdmX Ho$ {en
H$m, ^mfm H$m gw_ {damoY m`moJdmX _| n> h&
`moJdmXr H${dVm Ho$ O_ Ho$ Xmo H$maU _mZo J`o h& EH$ gm_m{OH$ Ama Xwgam
gm{hp`H$& _`dJ Ed CdJ Ho$ nmQ>m| Ho$ ^rVa H${d {ngVm Om ahm Wm `m Bg H$ma H$m
AZw^d H$a Wm& gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _| Am`r {JamdQ>, nanam H$s OH$S> ~Xr go N>wQ>Zo H$s
N>Q>nQ>mhQ>, _w`m| Ho$ ZH$ma H$mo CZH$s gdoXZmAm| Zo JhU {H$`m& Bg H${dVm H$mo _`dJ H$s
hmgmo_wI OrdZ H$m {MU H$aZodmbr H$hm J`m& `moJdmX VH$ AmVo-AmVo N>m`mdmX Ho$
H$mo_b bjUm YmZ Ed gH$V{Z> dmm`dr` H$nZm _| H${dVm Zo gmWH$Vm VWm AWdmm
Imo Xr Wr, Vmo J{VdmX Zo {H$gmZ-_OXyam| Ho$ `WmW {MU _| A{Zdm{XVm VWm Mmam_H$
Zmao~mOr H$s H$m{V`wV gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ Zm_ na gnmQ>~`mZr, `m{H$ A{^`{V H$s Wr&
`mZ aho `moJdmXr H${d ^r _`dJu` aho h& do AnZr H$mo_b gdoXZm VWm n[apW{V Ho$
X~md _| BZH$m '`{V' _mZg-VZmd ~T>Vm Mbm J`m& gm_m{OH$ ~YZm| VWm Am{WH$
gH$Q>m| H$m AZw^d do H$aZo bJo& AnZo AmnH$mo do g_mO go H$Q>m hAm, hmam hAm, Ama H$hr
OS>m hAm Z nmZo bJo, Qw>Q>m hAm XoIZo bJo& `{V dVVm H$s gmWH$Vm H$mo Chm|Zo
nhMmZm Cgr Ho$ AmYma na Z`r g_{> Ho$ gmW VmXm` Wm{nV H$aZo H$s Mo>m Chm|Zo H$s
naVy CZHo$ hmWm| _moh^J hr ha ~ma Am`m& S>m. Zm_daOr Zo "H${dVm Ho$ Z`o {VmZ' _| n>
{H$`m h H$s, ''g_H$mbrZ gH$Q> H$s drH${V, _mZ{gH$ {d^mOZ H$m {VamoY Ama
`WmWJmhr, `WmV` H$m`-^mfm H$m {Z_mU-`o VrZm| H$m` 1938 B. Ho$ Amgnmg hr ew
hmo JE Wo& {gXmV Ho$ Va na N>m`mdmXr ^mdyH$Vm, H$mn{ZH$Vm Ama AmXedmX Ama
CmaN>m`mdmXr ~o{\$H$s go ^ar AhS>Vm H$s {ZgmaVm {gX hmo MwH$s Wr& Amd`H$Vm Wr
Vmo Cgo gm_w{hH$ ^mdembr n XoZo H$r& gZ 1943 |o 'VmagVH$' H$m H$meZ Cgr
Amd`H$Vm H$s ny{V h&''
gVH$ Ho$ g^r H${d AnZr-AnZr >r go AbJ Wo Ogo d` Ako` Zo H$hm h-
'do g~ {H$gr Hw$b Ho$ Zht h {H$gr EH$ _{Ob na nhMo hE ^r Zht h, A^r amhr h- amhr
Zhr, amhm| Ho$ Adofr& CZ_o _V` Zht h, g^r _hdnyU {df`m| na CZH$s am` AbJ-
AbJ h- OrdZ Ho$ {df`m| _| g_mO, Y_ Ama amOZr{V Ho$ {df` _| H$m`-dVw Ama ebr
Ho$, N>X Ama VwH$ Ho$, H${d Xm{`dm| Ho$ `oH$ {df` _| CZH$m Amngr _V^oX h& `hm VH$ {H$
h_mao OJV Ho$ Eogo gd_m` Ama d`{gX _m{bH$ g`m| H$mo ^r do g_mZ n go drH$ma
Zht H$aVo Ogo bmoH$V H$s Amd`H$Vm, CmoJm| H$m gm_mOrH$aU, `m{H$ `wX H$s
193
Cn`mo{JVm, dZn{V Kr H$s ~wamB AWdm H$mZZ~mbm Ama ghJb Ho$ JmZm| H$s CH$>Vm
Am{X&'' `hr H$maU h H$s nadVu H$mb _| _w{V~moY, ^dmZrgmX, e_eoa, am_{dbmg Ogo
H${d `moJdmX go AbJ OrdZ-gKf, {dMmaYmam go OwS>Vo J`o& Ako` go AbJVm hr CZH$m
d{eQ>o hmo J`r&
BZ H${d`m| Zo H$m` Ho$ H$bm Ed ^md nj _| Z`o `moJ go Zd`wJ bm`m& Omo T>Vm
H$m {damoY H$a Zd-AdofU H$m g_WZ H$aVm h& dVwV: do nanamAm| H$m {damoY Zht H$aVo,
{H$Vw CZ_| Am`r T> VWm {ZOud Vdm| H$mo `mJH$a ZE OrdV Vd H${dVm _| ^aZm MmhVo
h& Z`o H$m AdofU `{VJV g` go `mnH$ Ama CH$fH$mar hmoVm h Eogr YmaUm BZH$s ahr
h& Bgr go do g_{> g` VH$ nhMZm MmhVo h& BgHo$ {bE do ~mpXH$Vm H$m nwaH$ma H$aVo h&
`oH$ AZw^y{V _| ~mpXH$Vm H$mo ^mdyH$Vm Ho$ WmZ na aIVo h& _`dJ H$s g_V Hw$R>m,
OS>Vm, AZmWm, namO`, _mZ{gH$ gKf H$mo do ~mpXH$Vm go hr `V H$aVo h& `WmW H$m
Z n, U n ^r CZH$s H${dVm _| Am`m h& AV: A{^`OZm Ho$ {bE Z`o VrH$,
Cn_mZ, q~~, ^mfm-ebr _| _Zmo{dbofU Am{X H$m drH$ma `moJdmX H$s ZB H${dVm go
AbJ d{m`m h&
1. `{VdmX:-
`moJdmXr `{VdmX N>m`mdmXr `{VdmX go AbJ h& `moJdmXr Kmoa
`{VdmXr h& CZH$m `{VdmX ''Xmo gr_mVm| Ho$ ~rM \$bm hAm h& CZ_| go EH$ gr_mV h
_`dJu` n[adoe Ho$ {V _`dJu` H${d H$m d`{VH$ AgVmof Ama Xygam gr_mV h-
OZ-OmJaU go S>ao hE H${d H$s Am_ajm H$s ^mdZm& Hw$b {_bmH$a `h Ma_ `{VdmX hr
`moJdmX H$m Ho$-q~Xy h Ama {d{^ amOZ{VH$, Z{VH$, gm_m{OH$ _m`VmAm| Ho$ n _|
`h gH$sU `{VdmX AnZo H$mo `V H$aVm h&''
`moJdmXr H${d AnZo AmnH$mo _`dJ go H$Q>m hAm _hgyg H$aVm h& {OgHo$
n[aUm_ dn dh A{YH$ Ah dmXr, Am_H|${V hmoVm J`m&Am_ajm Ho$ {bE hr dh AnZo
Amn _| {g_Q>H$a ahZo bJm& CZH$m ApVd Cho H$ht Zht {XI ahm Wm& ha OJh
gm_w{hH$Vm Ho$ X~md _| dh ~mZmnZ _hgyg H$a ahm Wm& Bggo Xya H$aZo H$s Mmh ^r CZ_o aht
h& Eogo _| N>moQ>m hmo H$a ahZm Ama {damQ> `{Vd YmaU H$a boZo H$m ^md `moJdmX H$s
{deofVm h& Ogo Y_dra ^maVr H$hVo h-
''ha _Zw` ~mZm h bo{H$Z
_ ~mZm| _| ~mZm hr ~ZH$a ahVm h
hmamo _V, gmhg _V N>moS>mo
Bggo ^r AWmh ew` _|
~mZm| Zo hr VrZ nJm| _| YaVr Zmnr''
H${d AnZr d`{VH$Vm go gwa{jV ahZm MmhVm h {H$Vw g_wh X~md _| `h
Ag^d bJVm h& {\$a AZwHw$b g_` nmH$a AnZo AmnH$mo gmO | OS>m nm`oJm H$m {ddmg
^r aIVm h& Ako` H$s 'ZXr Ho$ rn' Bgr H$ma H$s h-
''h_ ZXr Ho$ rn
194
.... pWa g_nU h_mam....
{\$a N>ZoJo h_... H$ht {\$a na Q>oHo$J|
H$ht {\$a ^r IS>m hmoJm Z`o `{Vd H$m AmH$ma''
dVwV: `moJdmXr H${d AnZr gm_m{OH$ Cn`mo{JVm H$mo d`{VH$Vm go {g
H$aZm MmhVo h& ''nbm`ZdmXr d{m`m| H$m {damoY H$aHo$ Amap^H$ `{VdmXr `moJdmX Zo
''{VamoY'' Ama '`w`wgw-^md' H$m Zmam {X`m&'' g^d h `h J{VdmX H$s 'A{V
gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ {damoY _o A{V `{VdmXr hmo J`o& N>m`mdmX H$m `{VdmX Abm{H$Vm VWm
ah`dmXr ^mdZm _| ~XbVm h {H$Vw `moJdmXr `{V gH$sUVm Ho$ H$maU AnZo _| hr
{g_Q>H$a ah OmVm h& {\$a AnZo Xw:I, nrS>m ~moY H$mo _mOZm' ew H$aVm h Ogo Ako` Zo
H$hm ''Xw:I g~H$mo _mOVm h'' {\$a H$hm H$s dh, ''g~H$mo _wV hmoZo H$s grI XoVm h,''
Cho h grI XoVm h {H$ g~H$mo _wV aI|& '' 'Xw:I Am_ H$s ewXr H$aVm h H$s ^mdZm go
^r CgH$m {ddmg CR>Vm J`m Ama 'pWa g_nU' H$aVm Mbm'', J`m naVy Cg_o | ^r
`{VJV Ah hr A{YH$ ahm& `h 'Ah' hr Cgo gm_m{OH$ hmoZo go amoH$Vm h& {H$Vw CgH$m
_Z _m CgH$m AmH$mjr ahm h& ''Ako` ma^ go _`dJ Ho$ {dX d`{VH$ AgVmof
CJmb aho Wo'' dVwV: Ako H$m {$d hr dJ H$m h H$mamVa go h H$h gH$Vo h {H$
h dJ H$s gmB H$m AmBZm h&
6. A{V Z `WmWdmX :-
N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo AnZr Z ^mdZmAm| H$mo H${V gmX` Ho$ ^rVa `V
{H$m h& em`X H${d gm_m{OH$ ~YZm| H$mo drH$m` g_PVm hmo naVy `moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo
gm_m{OH$ {> go {V~{YV `m A`V H$m_ dmgZm Ho$ Z `WmW H$mo AnZr H${dVm _| bm`m
h& AnZr Hw$R>mAm|, X{_V dmgZmAm| AVV BN>mAm| H$m IwbH$a dUZ `moJdmX H$s {deofV:
h& H$m_ OrdZ H$m Cg h, naVy `moJdmXr H${dVm _| dh {dH$V ^mS>o n _| VwV {H$`m h&
dVwV: Ako` Am{X na \$m`S,> bmaom H$m ^md A`m{YH$ ahm h& AZVHw$_ma nmfmU H$s
H${dVm | ^r h XoIZo Ho$ {bE {bVm h -
''_oao _Z H$s A{Y`mar H$moR>ar _|
AVV AmH$mjm H$s do`m ~war Vah Img ahr h&
...
nmg Ka Am`o Vmo
{XZ ^a H$m WH$m {O`m _Mb-_Mb Om`o&''
`m eHw$Vbm _mWwa H$s H${dVm 'gwhmJ ~obm'-
''Mbr AmB dobm gwhm{JZ nm`b nhZo...
~mU {d haUr gr
~mhm| _| {bnQ> OmZo H$s,
_moVr H$s bS>r g_mZ&''
g^moJ d{m H$m {MU `hm {H$`m J`m h& gwhm{JZ H$mo '~mU {d haUr' ~Zm`m
h, ~mU H$mo nwfop` H$s Cn_m Xr JB h& `mZ ^mdZmAm| H$m {MU IwbH$a moJdmXr
H${dVmo | hAm h&
7. o_ H$m dn :-
`moJdmXr`m| Ho$ o_ _| ZVm, _mgb-~moY, A{YH$ h& N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| H$m
o_ embrZVm _| ~Ym Wm, Bg{bE ChmoZo {Ma {dah H$mo `V {H$`m {H$Vw `moJdmXr H${d
{dah Zht MmhVm dh _mgb CmV eara nmZo Ho$ {bE CgwH$ h& o_ H$m `h Z`m n \$m`S>,
bmaog Ho$ ^md go {hXr _| Am`m& Ako` 'gmdZ _oK' _| Bgr o_ H$mo `V H$aVo h-
""{Ya J`m Z^, CS> Am`o _oK H$mbo,
^y{_ Ho$ H${nV CamoOm| na PwH$m-gm
{deX, dmghV, {MamVya
N>m J`m B H$m Zrb dj-
198
dO gm, `{X V{S>V go Pwbgm hAm-gm&
Amh, _oam dmg h Cmn-
Y_{Z`m| _| CS> AmB h bh H$s Yma-
`ma h A{^eV
Vw_ H$hm hmo Zmar?''
'gmdZ _oK' hm H$m_-`J nwf H$m nH$ h Vmo 'Zoh go bm{dV' ~rO Ho$
H${dV` go C\w$b, g`-gr {Zbm, ZJr Amo 'g_{nV' Omo Y[ar h, dhr Zmar h&
H$m_ H$mo BZ H${d`m| Zo nmn Zht _mZm, Z hr emn ~H$s dh CgHo$ OrdZmZX
^moJ go n[aVV hmoZm MmhVm h& H$Zw{`m _| Y_dra ^maVr Hw$N> Cgr ^md H$mo `V H$aVo h-
""AJa _Zo {H$gr Ho$ hm|R> Ho$ nmQ>b H$^r My_o,
AJa _Zo {H$gr Ho$ ZZ Ho$ ~mXb H$^r Mw_o,
AJa _Zo {H$gr H$s _X^ar AJS>mB`m My_r,
AJa _Zo {H$gr H$s gmm H$s nwadmB>`m My_r,
_hO Bggo {H$gr H$m `ma _wPna nmn H$go hmo?
_hO Bggo {H$gr H$m dJ _wPna emn H$go hmo?
BZH$m `mZ-gwI-em[a[aH$ Ama _mZ{gH$ XmoZm| Vam| na MbVm nbVm h& Cgo
do jU^Jwa Zht _mZVo, Z hr Bggo gVw> hmoVo h& Eop` gwI Ho$ gmX` na do IwbVo Ama
{IbVo h& Bg{bE ~ma-~ma CgH$s H$m_Zm H$aVo h-
''H$mZ H$hVm h {H$ E|{H$ gwI
gr{_V h, ^Jwa h;
Vwho nmH$a
ha n, ag, JY, JmZ _|
OmZo H$gr `h AZVVm AJmYVm Jm JB h:
{H$ ha ^moJ Ho$ eof _|
AZm`mg {H$gr ZwVZ ^moJ H$m
H$n-H$m_ H$_b {Ib CR>Vm h:
ha n-gmX` Ho$ S>moa na nhMVo hr
Ama ^r ZdrZVa, J{hZVa, {dnwbVa
gmX`-bmoH$ H$m ma AmMH$ hr Iwb nS>Vm h&''
S>m. Zm_daOr Ho$ eXm| _o H$ho Vmo, ''N>m`mdmX H$m Nw>B-_wB gm o_ A~ _mgb
n _| H$Q> hmoZo bJm& '' gmX` A~ Xwa go XoIZo H$s {MO Zht ahm. ^moJZo Ama VV hmoZo H$m
hmo J`m&
d` Ako` Zo AnZr AZoH$ H${dVmAm| _| Zmar, o_,_mXH$Vm, EopH$Vm Ho$
{MU {H$`o h& 'ZI-{eI', Ama Xohdr BgHo$ CXmhaU h&
''Vwhmar Xoh
_wPH$mo H$ZH$-Mno H$s H$br h
Xya hr go
_aU _| ^r JY XoVr h&''
199
Vmo {`m `mX _| do namO` ~moY H$m AZw^d H$aVo h& Ako` H$m ~mpH$,
A{^_mZr X` o_ _| ^mdH$ hmo Zht nmVm S>m. Zm_da Zo R>rH$ {bIm h H$s 'Ako` Ogm {H$
XX A{^_mZr H${d hr Bg namO` H$s {dH$bVm H$m AZw^d H$a gH$Vm h&'' `h A{^_mZ
Ch| Amgy ^r ~hZo Zht XoVm-`ma _| A{^_mZ H$s H$gH$ na hmoZo Zht XoVr'' H${dVm | dh
{dH$bVm `V H$aVo h&
U` Ho$ IwbH$a {MU Ho$ gmW o_ _| ~mpH$Vm Am`r h& Ako` Zo
'VmagVH$' H$s ^y{_H$m _| H$hm h,'' AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m gmYmaU `{V gog g~Yr
dOZmAm| Zo AmH$mV h, CgH$m _pVH$ XZ H$s JB gog H$s ^mdZmAm| go ^am hAm Wm&
Bg{bE CgH$s gmX` ^mdZm ^r gog go nr{S>V h& Ama `hr H$maU h {H$ `moJdmXr H${d _|
Z Vmo o_ H$m gm_m{OH$ n h, Z ah`m_H$ AmdaUdmbm Ama Z N>m`mdmX H$m-gm gw_
Ed ^mdm_H$&'' _Zmo{dbofU H$m dN>X n BZH$s H${dVmAm| _| ^am nS>m h&
8. jUdmX :-
jU ^md H$mo OrdZ H$s emdVVm Ho$ n _| Ama gm{h` gOZ Ho$ n _|
`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo XoIm h& `{V OrdZ _| jU^a H$m gwI gnyU OrdZ H$mo narV{V XoVm
h& jU^a H$m AZw^d H${dVm gOZ H$aZo H$s jVm XoVm h& {\$a 'VjU', 'OmJaU Ho$
jU', XoeH$mb _w{V Ho$ jU H$mo boH$a AZoH$ H${dVm Ako` Zo {bIr h& Ogo 'gOZm Ho$
jU', _Zo XoIm EH$ ~yX'. hmoVo h jU' H${dVmE _hdnyU h- "gOZm Ho$ jU H${d Ho$ AZwgma
b~o Zhr hmoVo'-
'' EH$ jU-^a Ama;
b~o gOZm Ho$ jU H$^r ^r hmo Zht gH$Vo&
~yX dmVr H$s ^bo hmo
~oYVr h __ grnr H$m Cgr {Z__ dam go
dO {Oggo \$moS>Vm M>mZ H$mo
^bo hr {\$a `Wm Ho$ V_ _|
~ag na ~ag ~rV|
EH$ _wVm-n H$mo nH$Vo''
'_Zo XoIm EH$ ~yX' _| VjU H$m XeZ Ama A{^`{V Ho$ n {XImB XoVo h-
''_Zo XoIm
EH$ ~yX ghgm
CN>br gmJa Ho$ ^mJ go:
aJr J`r jU^a
T>bVo gwaO H$s AmJ go&''
`m OmJaU Ho$ jU H$s ImoO H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h-
''~agm| _oar ZtX ahr&
dh J`m g_` H$s Yma _| Omo
H$mZ _wI CgH$mo dmng _mJo?
_ AmO OmH$a ImoO ahm h
200
dh jU {Og_| OmJm h& ''
Xoe-H$mb _wV jUm| H$mo Z h_ Xmoham gH$Vo h, 'Z Vmo AnZr BN>m go bm
gH$Vo h -
''CZH$m hmoZm, OrZm, ^moJm OmZm
h da{gX, g~ dV:nyV
- h_ Bgr{bE Vmo JmVo h&''
AWmV jU AnZo Amn _| n[anyU h g_J h-
'"EH$ jU! hmoZo H$m
ApVd H$m AO A{Vr` jU!
hmoZo Ho$ g` H$m
g` Ho$ gmjmV H$m
jU Ho$ AIS> nmamdma H$m
AmO h_ AM_Z H$aVo h&''
Y_dra ^maVr H$s H$Zw{`m H$s amYm ^r o_ OrdZ H$s V_`Vm Ho$ jUm| _| hr
OrdZ H$s gmWH$Vm XoIVr h& CgHo$ Abmdm OrdZ H$s gmWH$ `m hmoJr H$m Z hr dh
nwN>Vr h-
''AN>m _oao _hmZ H$Zw
_mZ bmo {H$ jU^a H$mo
_ `h drH$ma H$aVr h
{H$ _oao `o gmao V_`Vm Ho$ Jhao jU
{g\$ ^mdmdoe Wo
gwH$mo_b H$nZmE Wr
aJo hE AmH$fH$ eX Wo....
Vmo gmWH$ {\$a `m h H$Zw?''
jU H$s j{UH$Vm, OrdZ H$s AZVVm Ho$ n _o `moJdmXr H${dVm _| {M{V hB
h& jU H$m ~S>m _hd boIH$, gm_m`, o_r gX` Ho$ {bE hmoVm h& CgH$s nhMmZ Ako` Zo
h&
Am. {~~ :-
`moJdmXr H${d`m| na q~~dmX H$m ^md ahm h& dVwV: q~~ H$m gm_m` AW h
_mZd-{V_m Omo kmZo{`m| go n, ag, JY, ne, eX go gdoXZmE JhU H$aVr h, `o
{V_mAm| Ho$ n _| _Z _| AmdpWV ahVo h& H${d _Z {d{^ gdoXZmAm| Ho$ g`moJ go q~~
{Z{_Vr H$aVo h& EOam nmD$S> VWm q~~dmX Ho$ dVH$ Q>r. E. h`y_ go `h nanam {hXr _|
Am`r& H${dVm gwXaVm Ho$ {bE H$_ go H$_ eXm| _| {M Ho$ VwVrH$aU H$mo g\$b q~~ `moJ
_mZm OmVm h& `moJdmX _| `mZ q~~-VrH$m| H$s ^a_ma h& `o h_mao nanamJV gmX`~moY na
AmKmV H$aVo h& Ako` H$s '{e{ea H$s amH$m {Zem' H$m ` q~~ Xo{IE-
""{ZH$Q>Va-YZr hB N>V, AmS> _| {Zd}X
_y g{MV _{mH$m Ho$ dm _|
VrZ amJm| na IS>m, ZVJrd
Y`YZ JXhm
{ZH$Q>V_
arT> ~{H$_ {H$E, {ZMb qH$Vw bmobyn
IS>m ~X {~bma-
nrN>o Jmo`R>m| Ho$ JY_` Am~ma&''
Bg H$ma Ho$ q~~-{VH$m| Ho$ g~Y _| d` Ako` Zo H$hm Wm {H$, AmYw{ZH$ `wJ
H$m gmYmaU `{V `mZ-dOZmAm| H$m nwO h' Am{X& gpb> q~~ H$m EH$ Ama CXmhaU-
""gmg& ~wPVm {j{VO&
_Z H$s Qy>Q>-Qy>Q> nN>mS> ImVr bha
H$mbr C_S>Vr naN>mB`m
V~ EH$
Vmam ^a J`m AmH$me H$s JhamB`m''
Y_dra ^maVr Zo ^r Bg H$ma Ho$ `moJ {H$`o h-
205
""WH$m hAm ~mXb
npM_ Ho$ `m_ {Zamdm {eIam| na
erVb H$nmob na
jU Jhar ZtX gmo J`m''
AWdm
""{ZVmV Hw$_mar KmQ>r
Bg H$m_mVya _oKYy_ Ho$
AmMH$ AmqbJZ _| {ngH$a
a{VlmV-gr _{bZ hmo JB!
WH$m hAm ~mXb&''
_w{V~moY _| AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s {df_Vm H$s AmZw^y{V H$s boH$a `h VyV
q~~-
""_ H$Z\$Q>m h, hoQ>m h
eodboQ>-S>mO Ho$ ZrMo _ boQ>m h
Vo{b`m {b~mg _| nwaoOo gwYmaVm h
Vwhmar AmkmE hmoVm h&''
B. VrH$-`moOZ :-
Ako`, e_eoa Am{X H${d VrH$dmX go ^m{dV h& VrH$ AZw^y{V H$m dh
g{j n hmoVm h Omo H$` H$mo Z`m Ed `mnH$ gX^ XmZ H$aZo _| gj_ hmoVm
h&''N>m`mdmXr bmj{UH$ dH$Vm go AmJo ~T>H$a A`m{YH$ gmHo${VH$ VrH$m| H$m `moJ
''Chm|Zo {H$`m h&''`WmW H$s H$Qw>Vm, ZVm Ama ^`H$aVm go ~MZo Ho$ {bE m`: go gHo$V
J^u VrH$m| H$m `moJ H$aVo h& .. Ako` Ho$ VrH$ Cht Ho$ eXm| _| `mZ VrH$ Wo'
""{Ka J`m Z^, C_S> AmE _oK H$mbo
^y{_ Ho$ H${nV CamoOm| na PwH$m-gm
{deX, dmghV, {MamVya
N>m J`m B H$m Zrb dj
dO gm, `{X V{S>V go Pwbgm hAm gm&''
naVy ~mX _| ChmoZo gm_m{OH$, Am_m-na_m_m g~Yr, `{V ApVd
g~Yr VrH$m| H$m `moJ {H$`m h& '`h Xrn AHo$bm' _| 'Xrn Ama 'n{V' `o Xmo eX `{V
Ama g_mO Ho$ VrH$ h-
""`h Xrn AHo$bm Zoh ^am
h Jd ^am _X_mVm, na
BgH$mo ^r n{V H$mo Xo Xmo&''
`h gnyU H${dVm VrH$dmXr h&' ZXr Ho$ rn' ^r 'ApVd-gH$Q>' H$m VrH$
h& A` `moJdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ g~Y _| Zm_daOr Zo H$hm h, H$s do VrH$dmXr Z hmoVo hE ^r
^mdm| Ama dVwAm| Ho$ gw_ {MU Ho$ {bE AZoH$ gwXa AVwVm| H$m {dYmZ {H$`m h- Yrao-
206
Yrao PwH$Vm OmVm h ea_mE Z`Zm|-gm {XZ, {gZo_m H$s arbm|-gm H$gHo$ {bnQ>m h g^r Hw$N>
_oao AXa, {Xb H$s YS>H$Z ^r BVZr ~o_mZr {OVZr `h {Q>H$-{Q>H$ H$aVr hB `hr, {ZH$b
ahr {N>nH$br-gr bS>H$s XadmOo go, hH$s _rR>r Mm-gm {XZ, MmXZr H$s CJ{b`m MMb
H$mo{eE go ~wZ ahr Wr Mnb \o$Z-Pmba ~ob _mZm|, _mZ Amhm| _| ~wPr Vbdma VaVr h ~mXbm|
Ho$ nma, ImoIbr ~XyH$ go T>S>o nS>o Xmo hmW!'' e_eoa, Ako`, Y_dra ^maVr, _w{V~moY
Am{X`m| Zo VrH$m| H$m gwXa `moJ {H$`m h& ^maVr Ho$ 'AYm `wJ', 'H$Zw{`m' KQ>Zm, M[a
H$s {> go VrH$ hr ~Zo h& gmW hr Hw$daZmam`U H$s 'Am_O`r' Zaoe ohVm H$s 'ge` H$s
EH$ amV', e~wH$ Am{X&
C. ZdrZ Cn_mZ :-
207
nanamJV Cn_mZm| H$mo Z drH$maVo hE `moJdm{X`m| Zo Z`o Ama dkm{ZH$
gmYZm|-CnH$aUm| H$m `moJ ~S>o n_mZo na {H$`m h& _`dJu` J{hUr H$m {MU H$aVo hE
gd}da H$hVo h-
""W_m_rQ>a Ho$ nmao-gr
MwnMmn {Og_| ^mdZmE MT>Vr CVaVr h
AIS> H$sVZ H$s
WH$s hB An> YyZ-gr
{OgH$s qOXJr h...
`ma H$m Zm_ boVo hr
{~Obr Ho$ Q>mod gr
Omo EH$X_ gwI hmo OmVr h&''
`moJdmXr`m| Zo Zom| Ho$ {bE ar{VH$mbrZ, N>m`mdmXr IOZ-Z`Z, _rZ Ogo
`moJ Zhr {H$`o& Ch| AmO Ho$ _Zw` Ho$ na I^o Ogo bJVo h, {OZna Zom| H$s bmbQ>oZ Q>Jr
h-
""AV_Zw`
ar$-gm Joh
Xmo bmbQ>oZ go Z`Z
{Zm` V^
Xmo IS>o nmd''
AWdm A{V ZdrZ Cn_mZm| H$m do `moJ H$aVo h-
""_oao gnZo Bg Vah Qy>Q> JE
Ogo ^wOm hAm nmnS>''
`moJdmX Z`o C_of H$m H$m` ahm h& AZoH$ AmbmoMH$m| Zo Cgna O_H$a
h_bm {H$`m Cgo d`{VH$, gm_m{OH$Vm go Xya, ~wpJVVm go ~mo{Pb Am{X _mZm naVy `h
Wr _`dJ H$s dmV{dH$Vm& CZ_o Am`r hrZ-XrZVm, AZmWm, H$Qw>Vm, AVwI, nbm`Z
Am{X {Og H$m {MU `moJdmXr`m| Zo {H$`m h& `h ^mS>r ZVm OrdZ H$m EH$ nj h_mao gm_Zo
bmVr h& Ogm H$s h_Zo nhbo hr H$hm h {Vr` {dd`wX Ho$ ~mX _y`m| _| Vrd Qy>Q> Am`r Cgo
nmQ>Zm Ag^d hAm {dd Ho$ gmW ^maV _| ^r `hr pW{V`m Am`r Bg{bE `hm gm_m{OH$
T>mMm ImgH$a, n[adma, {ddmh gWm na CgH$m AmKmV hAm& gmo Cgr H$m Am_{Z> {MU
H${dVm _| Am`m h& ha ~S>m H${d AnZr H${dVm Ho$ gmW AnZm gmX`em JT>Vm h, `m `y H$ho
gmX`em Ho$ gmW H${dVm, Ako` Zo ^r `hr {H$`m& 'Xw:I g~H$mo _mOVm h' H$s `{V{Z>
^mdZm go EH$ AnZm n_mZm ~Zm`m {Oggo g_{> na AZw^d Ho$ n _| H${dVm _| A{^`V
{H$`m, CgH$m `moJ {H$`m&
208
8.4 _y`mH$Z
`moJdmXr 'AdofU Ho$ amhr' `m| Zo, {deofV: Ako` Zo CV H$mbrZ pW{V`m|
Ho$ {V {dmoh, {djmo^ `V {H$`m naVy Bg_o _y` {dKQ>Z, {dkmZ H$m ^md, _Zw`
ApVd gdoXZm na C^am Z{Mh, ``wJ, am>r` dmVmdaU Ho$ gmW gm{h` na
nmMm` H$m`mXbmoZm H$m ^md, ~m{H$Vm, Cg Ho$ AmJo gXd bJm Z {Mh,
_Zmo{dbofU go CnOm Am_mbmoMZ ^md, AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY, H$m`{en _| ZwVZVm H$m
AmJh `moJdmX H$s A` {deofVmE ahr h& EOam nmD$S>, ~mXboa, B{b`Q>, S>r. EM. bmaog
H$m ~hVm{YH$ ^md d` Ako` na ahm {H$Vw nmMm` {dMmam| Ho$ ^md go _wV hmoH$a
Ako` ^maVr` ~m _V Ho$ _mZ H$mo AnZmVo h& Xw{Z`m ^a Ho$ {dMmam| XeZm| H$m nR>Z-nmR>Z
H$aZo Ho$ ~mX do ~mX _V Ho$ '_mZ' H$mo ' Agm` Ho$ ~rM aIVo h& Hw$N> {dXdmZm| H$s Ama go
Ako` H$s O_eVmXr df _| Am`mo{OV gJmo{>`m| _| _Zo gwZm h H$s Ako` H$s H${dVm '_mZ'
ahr O~{H$ _w{V~moY _wIa hmo J`o& `mo{H$ _mZ VmoS>Zo Ho$ ~mX 'A{^`{V Ho$ IVao CR>mZo
hr hmoJo, _R> Ama JT> VmoS>Zo hmoJ| H$m OwPmaZ ^md `m d{m Ako` H$s H${dVm _| Zht h& Bg{b`o
dh gm_m{OH$ {> go CnmXo` Zhr h& naVy Eogm Zht h& Amn ~marH$s go 'Aar Amo H$Um
^m_`', AmJZ Ho$ nma ma _| `V PmZ H$mo XoIoJo Vmo Ako` _| OnmZ Ho$ MrZ Ho$ OoZ _V
H$s gdoXZm ahr h& OrdZ H$s AmV[aH$Vm _| Cn `h A`mp_H$ PmZ CZHo$ A{V_ H$m`
gJhm| _| n> h& CZH$s OnmZ `mm, hm`Hy$ H$m boIZ ^r Bg {> go _hdnyU h& dVwV:
^maV go hr ~mX _V MrZ, OmnmZ nhMm& Ako` Cggo A^m{dV Zht ah gHo$& AVw:&
`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo {hXr H${dVm Ho$ B{Vhmg _| gw_ ^md gdoXZm, Z`o
Cn_mZ, JhZ A{^`OZm Ho$ mam, B_mZXma {H$Vw {ZVmV d`{VH$ ^mdZmAm| H$mo `V
{H$`m h& 'Am_{Z>m'Ho$ ~mdOyX g_mO Ho$ EH$ AJ H$s `Wm` _Z: pW{V H$mo ^m{dV {H$`m
h& ''
~mpH$Vm Ho$ H$maU H${dVm _| ^mdZm_H$Vm H$m Am^md nXm hmo J`m,
N>m`mdmXr H$nZmnaH$ gmX` C\w$Vm H$s OJh OrdZ `Wm` go ^ar Hw$R>m, {Zamem,
dmgZm_H$Vm H$s A{^`{V hB& H$m` ~S>m H${R>Z hmo J`m& 'ZdrZVm Ho$ WmZ na
AH$m`m_H$ Vdm| H$mo$ WmZ {X`m'' pb> eXm|, {deofUm| H$m _Z_mZm `moJ' 'Abrb
Ed A{MH$a `m| H$m AH$Z'. 'H${dVm Ho$ Zm_ na eXm| Ho$ gmW {IbdmS>' BgHo$ Xmof _mZo
J`o h& JUnVr M JwV Zo Vmo `hm VH$ H$hm h H$s.' H$m`-em _| H$m`JV Xmofm| Ho$ {OVZo
^oX ~Vm`o J`o h, CZ g^r Ho$ gwXa Ed Cn`wV CXmhaU `moJdmXr Z`r H${dVm _| {_b
OmVo h& ' H$m` _| hmoZo dmbo Z`o '`moJm|' na Bg H$ma Ho$ Xmof bJmZm AZw{MV Bg{bE _mZm
Om gH$Vm h H$s do {ZVmV Z`o eXm| _| Z`r gof{U` A{^`{V ghOVm go H$aZm
MmhVm h& Bg {> go `moJdmXr H${dVm AN>r Ed gMr h&
209
8.5 Cnghma :
AnZr AZoH$ {deofVmAm| Ho$ H$maU dh M{MV ahm& Chr Hw$N> {deofVmAm| H$mo
AnZmH$a 'Adof Ho$ amhr`m| Zo' 'Z`r H${dVm' H$m AmXmobZ Mbm`m& Hw$N> `{VdmXr H${d
{\$a J{VdmX, gmdmX, H$s Ama _wS>o Vmo Hw$N> Zo Z`r H${dVm Ho$ ~rM AnZr amh Ty>T>
{ZH$mbr& H$m`mXmobZ _m M{MV ahm&
8.6 ~moY Z -
ma^ _| hr Bg ~mV H$mo n> H$aZm Oar h H$s `moJdmXr VWm ZB H${dVm _|
Hw$N> g_mZVmE ^r h Vmo {d{^ZVmE ^r> {H$Vw BgH$m CX^d _m `moJdmX Ho$
AdrH$ma _| hr hAm h& Ogm H$s Zm_da qgh Zo H$hm h, '`moJ' eX H$mo dmX-Xy{fV nmH$a
'ZB H${dVm' Zm_H$ gkm H$m MbZ hAm& 1951 _| Xygam gVH$ Ho$ H$meZ Ho$ gmW 'ZB
H${dVm' Ho$ {OZ {gXmVmo H$m gynmV {H$`m, J`m CZH$m {dVma Vrgam gVH$ Ho$ H$meZ-
H$mb 1959 VH$ A~mY J{V go hmoVm ahm&'' OJXre JwV Ama b_rH$mV d_m Zo `moJ' go
`mnH$ ^y{_ na 'Z`r H${dVm' H$m Zm_ Mm[aV {H$`m& BgHo$ _wb _| AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m dh
gnyU n[adoe C^a H$a Am`m h& {Og_| gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, dkm{ZH$, `m{H$Vm Ho$ gmW
Hw$N> {dXoer H$m`mXmobZ _hdnyU h& Z`r H${dVm H$s n>^y{_ H$mo XodamO Zo Xmo Vam| na
aIH$a XoIm h EH$ am>r` Ama Xygar AVam>r`& Bg_| Z Ho$db amOZr{V h ~H$s {dXoer
gm{hp`H$ Ed gm_m{OH$, Z{VH$ _y`~moY ^r h& ZB H${dVm gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ d{d`nyU
211
_mZd_w`m| H$s CXmm nanam H$mo boH$a MbVr h& {Og_| mgXr, {dS>~Zm, KwQ>Z, gmg,
jUdmX, ApVd~moY, AV{damoY go CnOm 'Am_gKf' EH$ Amoa h Vmo Xygar Amoa BZ Z`r
n[apW{V`m| go CnOr gdoXZmAm| H$s gofUr` A{^`{V H$m Z _hdnyU hmo MwH$m h&
Bg H$m`Ymam Ho$ {dH$mg _| amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$, Am{WH$ n[apW{V`m H$maU^yV ahr h&
{mr {dd`wX go CnOr _y`hrZVm Zo amOZr{V go Z{VH$Vm H$mo I_ {H$`m&
gm_m{OH$ pW{V _| gmoMZr` pW{V CnZ hmo J`r& nm[admarH$, gm_m{OH$ T>mMm m` Xh
J`m Ama m` `{VdmX H$m Omoa ~T>Vm J`m& ^maVr` amOZr{V _| JmYr-Zoh ^{V Zo
AnZm-AnZm AbJ ^md N>moS>m& dVVm nyd pW{V _| dVVm Ogo-Ogo ZOXrH$ AmVr
JB h_mao ZoVmAm| _| AmV[aH$ gKf Vrd hmoVm J`m& '' `h gKf Ho$db ZoVmAm| _| hr Zht.
'ZoVmAm| Ama OZVm Ho$ ~rM VWm ~yT>r Ama `wdm nrT>r Ho$ ~rM'', ^r C^aH$a Am`m& O~ VH$
JmYr H$m ZoVd ZB nrT>r Zo nm`m V~ VH$ R>rH$ Wm naVy ~mX _| Zd`wdH$m| H$m emofU hmoZo bJm,
`oH$ ZoVm AnZo dmW Ho$ {bE Ch| `wV H$aZo H$s {\$amH$ _| ahZo bJm& VmH$s CZH$m
nbS>m ^mar hmo'' ''gZ 1942 H$s H$mpV _| hr AmXmobZ H$s VrZ ebo Wr, EH$ Vmo CZH$s
Omo Zd`wdH$mo H$mo Ho$db InZodmbr gm_Jr g_PH$a, CZH$m BVo_mb H$aHo$, Ch| \|$H$ XoZo
_| {ddmg H$aZodmbr ZoVm nrT>r Wr Vmo Xwgao do Wo Omo CZH$s gMr Ama B_mZXma ^mdZmAm|
H$mo VmoS>-\$moS>H$a OZ-`wJ Ama OZ-`wX Ho$ Zm_ na AJoOr gaH$ma H$s {IX_VJmar H$aZo
Ama H$amZo Ho$ {bE Vna Wo AWmV `h dJ H$`y{ZQ> nmQ>u H$m Wm, Omo ghr Ama gMo AWm]
_| AJoOr emgZ Ho$ {V {dmoh H$aZo dmbm| H$mo Iwbo Am_ AamOH$VmdmXr Ama OJImoa Ho$
Zm_ go g~mo{YV H$aVm Wm& BgHo$ A{V[aV EH$ Vrgam dJ ^r Wm, Omo Cg g_` Xoe Ho$
Zd`wdH$m| _| Eogm Cgmh ^aZm MmhVm Wm, Omo g~ Hw$N> XoH$a ~T>Vr hB AJoOm| H$s Jwbm_r H$s
{H$`m H$mo g_mV H$aZo _| ghm`H$ hmo& '' b_rH$mV d_m-{hXr gm{h` Ho$ {nN>bo drg
df-3, H$nZm- _B 1967 AH$ 5. n-12' go CXYV n[aUm_ `h hAm H$s amOZr{V _|
'gw{dYmnaH$Vm' VWm '_y`{hZVm' H$m CX^d JmYr Ho$ g_` hr hmo MwH$m Wm& g_mO Ed
gm{h` _| ^r dh doe H$a J`o& XodamO Zo Bgo gZ 1935 go 1945 Ho$ ~rM nXm hE
gH$_UH$mbrZ pW{V _| gm{hp`H$-gmH${VH$ jo _| Cn ^_m_H$ _y`m| H$m {dH$mg''
H$hm h& {Og_| EH$ Amoa JmYr H$s J{Verb am>r`Vm Vmo Xwgar Ama Zoh H$s eXmS>~a dmbr
H$mn{ZH$ {H$Vw ~S>o Omoa emoa go Wm{nV AVam>r`Vm H$s Xmo YmamAm| H$m {dH$mg hAm Eogm
_mZVo h&
CgHo$ n[aUm_ b_rH$mV d_m Ho$ eXm| _| H$B AJ^ra {H$Vy J^raVm H$m n[aM`
XoH$a Z`o dmX Wm{nV hE do, `WmW dmX Ho$ Zm_ na gnyU OrdZ Ho$ `m`mVm H$`w{ZQ>
nmQ>u Zo BgH$m bm^ CR>m`m, n[aUm_V: J{VdmX Zo AnZo {ZVmV Am_{ddmg Ho$ H$maU
Ama `mnH$ dm H$m AmYma N>moS>H$a {dewX nmQ>u H$s amOZr{V Ho$ AmYma na AnZo dm _|
boIH$ dJ H$mo H$gZm ew {H$`m, Bgr H$mo AmYma _mZH$a Omo J{VdmXr AmXmobZ IS>m hAm
dh am>r` Ed gmH${VH$ gX^ go hQ>H$a EH$ {d{e> amOZ{VH$ da _| T>bZo bJm, {\$a
A{Zdm`Vm ~mpH$ dJ H$mo gm{hp`H$ Va na CZ _y`m| H$s Amoa C_wI hmoZm nS>m Omo
gm{h` H$s {dYmJV Ed gnyUVm H$mo Wm{`d XoVr h&''
dmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX Xoe Ho$ gm_Zo AZoH$ g_`mE IS>r hB& EH$ Ama dmYrZVm
H$m Chmg Wm Vmo Xwgar Amoa qhgm H$m VmS>d& 'gmXm{`H$ XJ| Ed eaUmWu H$s g_`mZo
212
^`H$a n JhU {H$`m& 'am>r` EH$sH$aU H$s g_`m' Ho$ n _| H$_ra Z CbPVm J`m
n[aUm_V. nhbm ^maV-nmH$ `wX hAm& ' {OgZo ^maV H$s Am{WH$ pW{V H$mo n`mV
^m{dV {H$`m& ' JmYr h`m ^maVr`m| Ho$ lXm, {ddmg, _y`mo H$s h`m gm{~V hB&
{dH$mg `moOZmAm| Zo gwI_` dmVmdaU nXm Vmo {H$`m naVy eaUm{W`m| Zo Am{WH$ gH$Q> H$mo
O_ {X`m, ImmZ Ho$ A^md H$s g_`m gm_Zo Am`r, dVVm-m{ go nyd ^maV _|
H$m`aV AJoO A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ {bE gmT>o Zm H$amoS> n`o BbS> H$mo XoZo Ho$ {bE {dde hmoZm
nS>m'' JmYr Ho$ AmJh na nm{H$VmZ H$mo... H$amoS> XoZo nS>o VWm gmW hr gaH$ma mam Xoe _|
{dXoe nwOr {Zdoe H$s gw{dYm XmZ H$s& Bggo ^maVr` gn{m ^mar _mm _| {dXoe OmZo
bJr& '' Zoh `wJ go gm_m` OZVm _| AmOmXr Am`oJr, Iwehmbr Am`oJr, X[aVm, Jar~r,
^yI_mar, ~r_mar Xya hmoJr H$m '^_' Qw>Q>Vm J`m& Eogo | gZ 1962 _| MrZ H$m AmH$_U,
^maV H$mo {_br Ag\$bVm, ImoIbr {dXoe Zr{V H$m nXm\$me hAm& {\$a _mM 1965 _| nmH$
Zo ^maV na AmH$_U {H$`m, ^maVr` goZm Zo OrV hm{gb H$s naVy g, A_arH$m Ho$ hVjon
Ho$ H$maU VmeH$X _| emrOr H$mo Ag_mZOZH$ g_PmVm H$aZm nS>m, Hw$N> KQ>m| ~mX _| dh
H$mb Ho$ AmYrZ hmo J`o& B{Xam JmYr gmm _| Am`r& 20 AJV 1969 _| am>nVr MwZmd Zo
H$mJog H$mo {d^m{OV {H$`m B{Xamdmbm BS>rHo$Q>' Ama Xwgam {gS>rHo$Q> ~Zm ''`hr go Xbrb
VmZmemhr Ama `{VnwOm Ho$ Z`o `wJ H$m ma^ hAm&'' {\$a 1971 _| ~mbmXoe dVVm Ho$
{bE ^maV-nmH$ `wX hAm, 10 hOma nm{H$VmZr goZm Ho$ gmW ~S>m ^y^mJ ^maV Ho$
A{YH$ma _| Am`m, B{Xam H$m 'XwJm' n ~mX dmbo MwZmd _| CgH$mo ^mar _Vmo go OrV {Xbm
MwH$m, {\$a EH$ ~ma '{e_bm g_PmVo' Zo goZm H$s OrV H$mo hma _| ~Xb {X`m& ''
dVwV: {e_bm-g_PmVm ^maV H$s ~hV ~S>r Hy$Q>Zr{VH$ hma {gX hB '' Cggo
~wp Or{d`m| H$mo Jham Y$m bJm''.... Xoe _| AempV ~T>Vr Om ahr Wr& ^>mMma, ^mmB-
^VrOmdmX, Om{VdmX [adV Imoar, H$m_Mmoar AnZr Ma_ gr_m H$s Amoa ~T> aho Wo&
~oamoOJmar, {e{jV Zd`wdH$m| _| {Zamem, Hw$R>m Ama AnamYd{m OmJm ahr Wr... Bgr g_`
1974 _| O`H$me Zmam`U Zo `wdH$m| H$s ^>mMma {damoYr AmXmobZ `mm JwOamV go ma^
H$a {~hma _| Am`r.. 'gnyU H$m{V' H$s KmofUm H$s J`r& '' Bg g_` H$m dmVmdaU
B{Xam{damoYr YaUm|, Owbygm| Ho$ VUmd go ^am Wm& 26 OyZ 1975 H$mo g_V {damoYr nm{Q>`m|
mam YmZ_r nX H$m `mJn _mJZo Ho$ {bE {Xr Ho$ am_brbm _XmZ na {demb abr H$m
Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m& R>rH$ EH$ {XZ nhbo gaH$ma H$s Amoa go B{Xam Or Zo 25 OyZ 1975 H$mo
Xoe^a _| AmnmVH$mb bmJy H$a {X`m J`m& 12 OyZ 1975 H$mo Bbmhm~mX `m`mb` Zo CZHo$
{dX \$gbm {X`m Wm& ChmoZo `mJn Z XoH$a Xoe na AmnmVH$mb bmX {X`m&'' 19
_hrZo AmnmVH$mb Xoe _| ahm& ZoVmAm| H$mo Oob _| Ry>g {X`m J`m, ^mar X_Z go OZVm ^r
JwOar& 1977 _| CgH$m {dmoh MwZmd Ho$ ^rVa go Am`m& IwX B{XamOr am`~aobr go MwZmd
hma J`r& 'OZVm nmQ>u' Zm_H$ {IMS>r Xbm| dmbr gaH$ma gmm _| Am`r& {Ogo 'Xygar
AmOmXr' H$hm J`m& CZ_| YmZ_r nX H$mo boH$a gKf {N>S>$J`m _moamaOr XogmB, MaUqgh
Ama OJOrdZam_ d` H$mo XmdoXma _mZVo Wo& Oo.nr-H$nbmZr Ho$ hVjon go XogmB
YmZ_r Vmo ~Zo naVy T>mB gmb _| dh gaH$ma Qw>Q> ^r J`r& ~mX _| MaUqgh H$mo g_WZ XoZo
H$m dmXm H$a B{XamOr Zo ~h_V Ho$ Am^md dmbr Bg gaH$ma go AnZm g_WZ dm{ng bo
{b`m& 'Hw$b Mmo{dg {XZ Ho$ Bg amOZr{VH$ ZmQ>H$ _| B{Vhmg _| nhbr ~ma Xoe H$mo Eogm
213
YmZ_r {_bm Omo ggX _| Om hr Zhr gH$m& '' gZ 1980 Ho$ MwZmd _| {\$a B{XamOr H$mo
'{dde hmoH$a OZVm Zo' MwZmd _| OrV {Xbm`r& mXo{eH$ Xb Omoa go C^a aho Wo, ~rOonr
(OZgK), bmoH$Vm{H$ g_mOdmXr nm{Q>, ^maVr` bmoH$Xb, gO` {dMma _M, Ho$ gmW
VobJwXoe_, H$mpV aJm, X{bV nWa CboIZr` h& _wH$, Am S>r.E_.Ho$,AH$mbr Xb,
ZoeZb H$m\o$g, _wpb_ brJ Vmo nhbo go ^r Wo naVy 'Bggo ~o amoH$-R>moH$ ApWaVm H$m
dmVmdaU nXm hAm&'' `h amOZ{VH$ ApWaVm, EH$ X{b` bmoH$Vm{H$ {ZaHw$eVm Ama
`{VnwOm H$s nanam H$m g~go Xw:IX nhby h- gmgXr, {dYm`H$mo Ama gaH$mar
A{YH$m[a`m| _| OZmo_wIVm H$m A^md& '' n[aUm_V: OZVm Ho$ gmW ~wpOrdr dJ AmhV
hAm& Z`r H${dVm H$mo Bhr n[apW{V`m| Zo ~Zm`m& EH$ Eogr nrT>r H${dVm _| Am`r {OgZo
d`, Hw$R>m, KwQ>Z, VZmd, A{ddmg, ^>mMma, AZmMma, XwamMma, dg- H$mo ^oJm-{O`m
Wm& Z`r H${dVm Zo Mmhm H$s '_Zw` H$mo `m{H$ AZpVd H$mo g_m H$aHo$ mH${VH$
ApVd H$mo nmZm h, gZ 1952 go boH$a AmO VH$ (AWmV- 1962-80) Ho$ Am_ MwZmdm|
_| Bg Xoe _| Omo n[adoe C^am, {Og H$ma H$s Z{VH$Vm O_r, {Og H$ma H$s OrdZ-
`dWm nZnr Cg g~H$mo Z`o H${d Zo H$m` H$m {df` ~Zm`m&''
''am> Zm`H$m| Zo ^maV df H$mo g_-^md, dVVm Ama g_mZVm Ho$ AmYma na
{dH${gV H$aZo H$s KmofUm H$s ^r {H$Vw pW{V {dnarV hr ahr& Bg H$mb _| Xoe _| AZoH$ dJ
nXm hmo JE& EH$ dJ ZoVmAm| H$m-Omo dmW gmYZm _| am> H$mo ^yb J`m, Xygam dJ gaH$mar
A\$gam| d bmH$m} H$m-Omo {V{XZ \$mBbm| Ho$ A~ma _| X~Vm Ama OZVm go Xya hmoVm Mbm
J`m Vrgam dJ emofH$ dJ-Omo n`m Ama gmoZm AnZr {VOmoar _| R>gmR>g ^aZo _| bJ J`m,
MmWm l{_H$ dJ-Omo {XZ-amV _erZm| _| IQ>Zo Ama emofU H$m {eH$ma hmoZo Ho$ {bE {dde hmo
J`m, nmMdm dJ CZ R>oHo$Xmam| H$m-Omo OrU-erU _m`VmAm| H$mo doX-g_V H$hH$a-
An`Vm Ama gmXm{`H$Vm \$bmZo _| `V hmo J`m VWm N>Q>m dJ CZ _[a`b {H$gmZm|
H$m Omo IS>ha H$s ^m{V _aZm ew hAm AmO g~Ho$ ~rM _a ahm h, bo{H$Z amOZoVmAm| Ho$
mam g~go A{YH$ ^wZm Om ahm (h) Wm& Z`r H${dVm Ho$ H${d`m| Zo BZ_| go `oH$ dJ H$mo
A{^`{V XmZ H$s& Bg H${dVm _| Omo gKf C^am h, dh n[adoe go H$Q>m hAm EH$mH$s
gKf Zht h, `wV g_J nrT>r H$m gm_m` gKf h& '' Z`r H${dVm {Og gKf go JwOaVr
h Cgo 'Am_gKf' H$hm J`m h& EH$ Z`r gmXm`mZw^y{V H${dVm _| A{^`V hmo ahr Wr&
{OgHo$ H$B Va Wo& EH$ gVhr Ed 'dmV{dH$ gX^m} go hrZ hmoH$a,' AnZr Hw$R>m, ~oMZr,
{Zamem, H$mo A{^`V H$a ahr Wr Vmo Xgar Bg 'Am_JVVm' H$m {dbofU H$a dJu`
gmX`mZw^y{V Ho$ AmYma na 'g|ga A{^Mr' dJ {deof _| nZn ahr Wr CgHo$ 'AmV[aH$
{dgJ{V`m| Ho$ {dX Am_r` gKf {H$`m&'' Zm_da Ho$ AZwgma Eogo H${d`m| _| _w{V~moY
gd _wI Ed EH$ m h& do AmV[aH$ Ed gm_m{OH$ gKf {gXmV Ho$ {V {Z>mdmZ Wo Ama
nadVu H$m` _| `h Xmoham gKf jrU hmo ahm h& `h OmZH$a Chm|Zo H$m`gOZ-{H$`m Ho$
{dbofU na ~b {X`m& '' 'kmZm_H$ gdoXZm Ama gdoXZm_H$ kmZ' H$mo Z`r H${dVm _|
hmoZo H$m {dMma dVZ {H$`m Ama A`mV[aH$ Vbme ma^ H$s, H$B ~ma, {ZdmgZ, nrS>m,
AdgmX, {Zamem, ~oMZr, gKf go CnOr Amem _w{V~moY H$s H${dVm _| 'AYoao _|' CnZ
^Q>H$Z H$mo aoIm{H$Z H$aVr h& EH$ Ama gKf, Vmo Xwgar Amoa nhMmZ `m {eZmV go `h
H${dVm CnOr h& XwYZmW qgh H$s 'AnZr eVmXr Ho$ Zm_' ^dmZrgmX H$s '{H$mb g`m'
214
Hw$N> Eogr hr H${dVmE h&
gm_m{OH$ H$maU
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g_` H$s ~S>r g_`m Ho$ n _| gm_Zo Am`r& n[aUm_V: amOZr{VH$ VmS>d go ^am
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gH${V Ama nyamZr '~yOAm' gH${V' Ho$ ^rVa H$s Q>H$amhQ> Zo `{V Ama g_mO Ho$ ^rVa
VUmd ^am gKf CnZ {H$`m Z`r H${dVm Bgr ^md^y{_ _| nbr-~T>r h& `{VdmX H$m
Omoa Wm Vmo nanamJV VWm AmYw{ZH$ _y` hm`mnX hmo MwHo$ Wo&
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^rVar 'amJm_H$' g~Y VWm 'K{Z>Vm' H$m A^md ~T>Vm J`m& ^rS> _| An[aM`Vm Ho$ H$maU
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ImZm- nrZm Ho$ $n | Am_ hmo J`m& gmYmaU gr ~mV hmo J`r& ''`mZ-OrdZ A{Z`{V hmo
J`m ~mX _| Bgr A{Z`{VVm Zo '{\$ gog' AmXmobZ H$mo O_ {X`m& '' EH$ Vah go OrdZ
_| A`dWm Am`r&
Ammo{JH$aU Zo gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z ^bo hr bm`m hmo {H$Vw Hw$N> Z`o _w`m| H$m
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J`o& nmanm[aH$ n[aM` Ama ZOXr{H$`m CZ_| ~T>Vr J`r& Ym{_H$-Om{VJV g{H$UVm Xya
hmoVr J`r& ''gmH${VH$ AkmZVm Ama AOZ~rnZ H$s pW{V g_m hB VWm EH$ Eogr
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g~Y Ama nam`mnZ, g~Ymo H$s amJm_H$Vm H$s {e{WbVm, OrdZ `mnZ H$m IMubm hmoZm,
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_mZ{gH$ UVm _| ~T>momar, H${V go AbJmd, OrdZ Ho$ {V A{ddmg, Am_h`m Ho$
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VUmd, AOZ~rnZ, AHo$bmnZ, gmg~moY, _Zw` Zo _hgwg {H$`m& Bg H$ma H$s pW{V
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215
go Cn {df_Vm, ZoVmAm| H$m dmW, ZmH$aemhr H$m ^>mMma Zo AmOmXr H$mo namYrZVm _|
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h_mao gmX` H$mo {dkmnZ Z ~Zm`m OmE Am{X& '' nmMm` Zmar _w{V AmXmobZ H$m ^md ^r
~T>m, ''A_o[aH$s Zmar _w{V H$s _wI' Ho$Q> {_boQ> 'mam {bIm J`m 'ggwAb nm{b{Q>g'
O_Z JrAa mam {bIm J`m' X \$s_ob `wZH$' VWm \$mgrgr Cn`mgH$ma {g_Z X ~CAm
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Z{VH$Vm Ho$ g~Y _| nZnVr {ZVmV, Z`r _m`VmAm| H$m {MU, _wV ^moJ H$m AH$Z, r-
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O_mImoar, ~oB_mZr, dmW, gHw${MV {> Bg H$mb _| nZnr& H${d`m| Zo Z{VH$ {O_oXmar H$mo
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aho h& _mZd _w`m| H$s nhMmZ H$amZm `{Vd H$mo nyUV: m H$amZm, do Oar g_PVo h&
AV: `{V Ho$ AVa-~mh` H$m gKf H${dVm _| ChmoZo aIm h&
gm{hp`H$ dmVmdaU
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go H${dVm H$mo ~mha H$a OZVm Ho$ ~rM, OZVm Ho$ Xa~ma _| bmZm H${d`m| H$mo A{^oV Wm& Z`r
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Z`r H${dVm H$s {^Vm `hr h& b_rH$mV d_m Zo 'Xygam gVH$ Ho$ ~mX Ho$ H${d`m| Zo gmar
H${dVm H$mo Xwgam gVH$ Ho$ {ZH$Q>dVu nmVo hE {H$ht AWm} _| Hw$N> {^Vm H$m AZw^d
{H$`m'' `o dhr gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Am{WH$, gm{hp`H$ {^Vm h Omo Z`r H${dVm
d{m`m| _| {dH${gV hB& gmW hr {dXoer dmXm| H$m ^md ^r Cg na ahm h& ImgH$a dmX
{df` _| _Zmo{dbofU H$m Vmo A{^`{V jo _| q~~ {VH$ H$m& {Zambm mam 'IyZ gtMm
ImX H$m VyZo A{e>, S>mb na _S>am ahm h H${nQ>{bQ>'' H$s KmofUm Zo n[apW{V H$s
dmV{dH$Vm H$mo nhMmZm Wm& {Og_o `WmW H$m Xm_Z nH$S>H$a J{VdmX C^aH$a Am`m&
216
dhr `moJdmX _| gm_m{OH$ A{V`WmWdmX, _| AnZr Hw$R>m H$s `OZm gm{h` _| H$aVm ahm&
Z`r H${dVm _m g^r H$ma Ho$ XyfUm| go _wV mJU _| Am`r& `moJdmX H$mo ZB
H${dVm H$s ^y{_H$m H$hm Om gH$Vm h& XodamO Zo ghr H$hm h H$s, 'BZ H${dVmAm| H$mo Z`r
H${dVm H$s nyddVu H$hm Om gH$Vm h, BZ H${dVmAm| H$s H${V H$m A``Z H$aZo go Bg_|
Ama 'Z`r H${dVm' AmXmobZ H$s H$m`-MoVZm _| AVa n> n[ab{jV hmo OmVm h, {H$Vw
`h AVa {damoYr Zhr h, `h {dH$mg {H$`m H$m AVa h&'' Bg{bE XodamO Bgo Z`r
H${dVm ^r Zht H$hVo Ch| 'gH$_UH$mbrZ H${dVmE' H$hVo h {H$Vw 'Z`r H${dVm' Zm_ A~
CgHo$ {bE EH$ ~ma Mb nS>m gmo dhr ahm h&
'ZB H${dVm' `h Zm_ ~S>m ^m_H$ h Bg_o A{V`{V H$m Xmof h& Bg{bE H$s `h
{H$gr ^r `wJ _| C^ar ZB ^mdZm, d{m, gdoXZm Ho$ {bE `wV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h& {\$a
dh N>m`mdmX hmo `m J{VdmX, `moJdmX hmo `m hmbmdmX dVwV: H${dVm Ho$ jo _| h Z`o
AmXmobZ hr h& ZB 'Z`m' `h {deofU AnZo g_` gX^m] H$mo `V H$aZodmbm h&
{hXr _| `moJdmX Ho$ ~mX H$s H${dVm Ho$ {bE 'ZB H${dVm' Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm
h& Hw$N> AmbmoMH$ `moJdmX Ed ZB H${dVm H$mo EH$ hr _mZVo h naVy d` Ako` Zo 'VrH$'
Ho$ OyZ 1951 Ho$ AH$ _| 'ZB H${dVm' eX H$m `moJ {H$`m h& Ch| ZB H${dVm Ho$ {bE
'`moJdmX' eX AnyU, A`mV Ama nydJh `wV bJm& ZB H${dVm eX `moJ Xwgam
gVH$ go hr ma^ hAm& ~mX _| Ako` Zo BZ H${d`m| H$s ^gZm ^r H$s {H$Vw `moJdmX Ho$
~mX H$s H$m` d{m 'ZB H${dVm' Ho$ n _| A~ OmZr OmVr h&
Ogm H$s h_Zo nhbo hr H$hm h H$s '`moJ' eX H$mo dmX-Xy{fV nmH$a 'ZB
H${dVm' Zm_H$ gkm H$m MbZ hAm& 1951 _| Xwgam gVH$ Ho$ H$meZ Ho$ gmW 'ZB
H${dVm' Ho$ {OZ {gXmVm| H$m gynmV {H$`m J`m CZH$m {dVma Vrgam gVH$ Ho$ H$meZ-
H$mb VH$ (1959) A~mY J{V go hmoVm ahm& {Ogo OJ{Xe JwV VWm am_dn MVwd}Xr Zo
1954 _| AYdm{fH$ 'Z`r H${dVm' n{H$m gnmXrV H$s BgHo$ gmW Cgo {V>m ^r {_br&
b_rH$mV d_m Zo Cgo A{YH$ `mnH$ jo XmZ H$aVo hE. H$hm H$s, Eo{Vhm{gH$ {> go ZB
H${dVm 'Xygam gVH$ (1951) Ho$ ~mX H$s H${dVm H$mo H$hm Om gH$Vm h, {H$Vw Bg
Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$_ Ho$ A{V[aV ^r ZB H${dVm H$m dmV{dH$ n Cg g_` {V{>V hAm, O~
'Xygao gVH$' Ho$ ~mX Ho$ H${d`m| Zo gmar H${dVm H$mo 'Xwgam gVH$' Ho$ {ZH$Q>dVu nmVo hE,
{H$hr AWm] _| {^ZVm H$m AZw^d ^r {H$`m&
Hw$N> AmbmoMH$m| Zo Z`r H${dVm H$m {dH$mg {Zambm Ho$ 'Z`o nmo' (1946 Ho$
H$meZ go _mZVo h& ''d{mJV d{d` Ho$ A{V[aV {Zambm Ho$ XrKH$m`-{dH$mg _| AJbo
aMZm AmXmobZm|-J{VdmX, `moJdmX Ama Z`r H${dVm Ho$ ~rO {_b OmV| h& CZHo$ gH$bZ
'Z`o nmo' (1946) go MbZo dmbo A{V_ Xma _| Bg H$ma H$s AZoH$ H${dVmE >` h,''
AmJo am_dn MVwd}Xr Zo `h ^r n> {H$`m h H$s ''Z`r H${dVm'' AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m Vrgam
Xma h Omo, _aU aho, dmYrZ ^maV H$s nhbr aMZm_H$Vm h& ... Z`r H${dVm _| AZw^d H$m
217
OZV nhbr ~ma Wm{nV hmoVm h, Ama OrdZ VWm H$m`mZw^d XmoZm| _| AmYw{ZH$ ^md-~moY
nyar Vah g_ag hmo OmVm h& '' dVwV: Z`r H${dVm N>m`mdmX, J{VdmX Ama `moJdmX H$s
CnbpY`m| H$mo g_oQ>o hE h& em`X `hr H$maU h H$s `moJdmX Ed J{VdmX Ho$ H$B H${d
AnZr gr_mAm| H$mo bmKH$a ZB H${dVm H$s J{V_mZ, OZVm{H$ Ymam Ho$ gmW hmo J`o&
ZB H${dVm _| d{d`nyU d{m`m| Ho$ H${d h {OZH$s `mnH$ OrdZ {> Zo Ch|
~mYH$a aIm h& H${dVm {dH$mg H$s A~mY nanam H$m CXJ_ Z`r H${dVm h {dmoh H${dVm H$m
Wm`r ^md h& N>m`mdmX _| 'Wwb Ho$ {V gw_' H$m {dmoh Wm, J{VdmX _| '`{V Ho$ {V
g_wh H$m' `moJdmX _| 'gm_w{hH$Vm Ho$ {V d`{VH$Vm' H$m Vmo ZB H${dVm _| '`{Vdm{XVm
Ho$ {V AmYw{ZH$Vm' H$m {dmoh h& `h {dmoh {dH$mgm_H$Vm H$m n[aMm`H$ h& H${dda nV Zo
h_o 'Cmam{YH$marUr' H$hm h& {OZ_| g^r 'dmX' H$s d{m`m g_m{hV h& b_rH$mV d_m Zo
BgHo$ Mma _w` Vd _mZo h- AmYw{ZH$Vm _| {ddmg, _wV `WmW H$m g_WZ, {ddoH$ na
AmYm[aV `WmW H$m gmjmH$ma Ama jU VWm g_gm_m{`H$Vm H$m Xm{`d& '' `hr H$maU h
H$s Z`o H${d`m| Zo 'AZw^d H$s m_m{UH$Vm' na Omoa {X`m h, Ama 'n[adoe Ho$ {V dh gOJ'
h Ama CZ_o 'AZmhV {OOr{dfm' ^ar h&
AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX _`dJ VWm {ZZdJ _o Am`m IbZ H$B g_`mAm| H$mo O_ Xo
MwH$m& _hJmB, [adVImoar, ^>mMma, ~oB_mZr, H$mbm~mOmar, Om{V`Vm, gmXm{`H$Vm,
Y_mYVm, ``wJ Ho$ H$maU ~T>Vr ~oamoOJmar, `mZ OrdZ _| Am`m IwbmnZ, Qw>Q>Vo nm[admarH$
g~Y, `{V _Z _| ~T>Vm VZmd, Am{X Zo `WmW Ho$ jU H$s _hmm H$mo aoIm{H$V {H$`m&
bKw_mZd Ho$ ~hmZo CgH$s {V>m, _hmm Oar bJr& H$bmH$mam|, H${d`m| H$s Z{VH$
{O_oXmar Zo CZ_o ~MZr, N>Q>nQ>mhQ>, Zam` , VUmd Ama BZ g~Ho$ {dX {V~X gKf
H$s A{^`{V Z`r H${dVm _| hB& _mZdr` g~Ym| Ho$ gmW AZw^y{V `{V Ho$ {bE Z`r ^mfm
H$m {Z_mU hAm Omo OZ-OZ H$s ^mdZm, H$mVr, gKf, AmWm H$mo boH$a gnmQ>~`mZr,
Jm_H$Vm, _wVN>X H$m `moJ {H$`m OmZo bJm& `wJrZ n[apW{V Ama `{V Ho$
nmanm[aH$ gKf Ama g_d` H$mo H$m` {df` Ho$ n _| Z`r H${dVm Zo pdH$ma {H$`m& S>m.
aKwde Zo {bIm h- ''Z`r H${dVm AnZr A{^`{V, ofUr`Vm VWm CnbpY H$s {> go
`moJerb H${dVm Ho$ AmJo H$s pW{V h & `moJerb H${dVm Zo nanam go {dmoh Ho$ n _|
`moJ VWm AdofU H$m _mJ drH$ma {H$`m Wm, na Z`r H${dVm Ho$ gX^ _| do CgH$s d{m Ho$
gyMH$ h& `moJ `wJ H$m H${d AnZo gKf Ho$ {V {ZpMV Zht Wm, AmO H$m H${d AnZr gmar
eH$mAm| Ho$ ~rM AnZo `{Vd Ho$ {V AmWmdmZ h& '' (gm{h` H$m Z`m n[ao`)]
dVVm Ho$ ~mX AmOmXr go CgH$m _moh^J hmo J`m& ~mX _| ^r CgH$s gm_m{OH ,
Am{WH$, amOZr{VH$ pW{V _| H$moB gwYma Zhr hmo nm`m& n[aUm_V: _`dJ _| AnZr pW{V
Ho$ {V gKf ^md CnZ hAm& Bg_| ^r CgZo {damoY H$mo nm`m, ''EH$ Amoa am>r` dmYrZVm
Ama CZ{V go CgHo$ _Z _| AmWm Ama {ddmg {Z_mU hmo ahm Wm Vmo Xwgar Amoa AnZr
~T>Vr hB _hdmH$mjmAmo H$s ny{V Z hmoZo go {Zamem Ama AdgmX go dh {Ka ahm Wm& '' Hw$N>
218
Eogr hr O{Q>b g_`mE CZHo$ gm_Zo Am`r Bgr H$ma Ho$ ~XbVo _Zw` VWm g_mO H$mo Z`r
H${dVm Zo `V {H$`m& CgH$s d{m`m {ZZ h&
bKw _mZd H$m H$nZm-~moY Z`r H${dVm H$s {d{e>Vm h& ''Z`r H${dVm Zo {Og
_mZd H$s H$nZm H$s dh `mnH$ _mZd-Am_m H$m bKwV_ ~moY H$hm J`m h& '' 'Z`r
H${dVm' {H$gr ^r H$ma Ho$ {damQ>d Ho$ g_j _Zw` Ho$ ApVd H$mo Z> Zht H$aZm MmhVr''
{damQ>d Ho$ gm_Zo `{V Ho$ ApVd H$mo H${d`m| Zo gH$Q> _| nm`m Bg{bE ChmoZo CgH$s
_hmm H$mo H${dVm _| aoIm{H$V H$a CgHo$ ApVd H$mo ~MmZm Mmhm& Bgr Z`o _Zw` H$mo
b_rH$mV d_m Zo 'bKw _mZd' H$hm& Ama CgH$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm h, CgH$s 'gdoXZm
^rS> H$s gdoXZm Zht h'... dh {ddoH$ Ama Am_gmjmH$ma na AmYm[aV gdoXZm h', dh Mmho
{OVZr ZJ` hmo, Mmho {OVZr AdhobZm Ho$ `mo` hmo, Cg g_whdmX go A{YH$ _w`dmZ h,
Omo Ho$db ` mam h_mar B{`m| H$mo Mm{bV H$aHo$ AnZm _V` Vmo {gX H$a boZm h {H$Vw
Omo Cg ^rS> H$s ha BH$mB H$mo ImoIbm Ry>T> ~ZmH$a N>moS> XoVm h& '' Z`o bmoH$V Ama
Amo{JH$ `dWm go {Z{_V Omo gH${V-g_mO Z`o H${d`m| H$mo {_bm Cg_| CgH$m {ddoH$
Ama dVVm AmhV hmo J`r& CZ_| Hw$R>m nXm hB Ama AnZr Bg gnyU pW{V Ed 'nanamJV
gm_m{OH$-gmH${VH$ `dWm' {V {dmoh H$m O_ hAm Ama ''Eogo _| _Zw` H$s H$nZm
H$mo mogmhZ {X`m Omo gmar `dWm Ho$ gm_Zo N>moQ>m hmoVm hAm ^r AnZr dVVm Ama
{ddoH$ H$m {Z`Vm'' dh hmo J`m& b_rH$mV d_m Ho$ AZwgma bKw _mZd H$s {ZZ {deofVmE
h&
1. bKw _mZd Ho$ bKw n[adoe H$s ~mV BZ Hw$R>mAm| go nWH$ h Ama _mZdmZw^y{V Ama
_mZd gmWH$Vm Ho$ _hd go g~X h&
2. bKw _mZd H$m n[adoe AZw^y{V H$s JhamB Ama {ddoH$ H$s _`mXm go em{gV hmoVm
h&
3. ^{d` Ho$ {V dh AnZr AWm Vmo aIVm hr h, {H$Vw bKw n[adoe H$s gmWH$Vm Ho$
gmW&
4. CgH$s A{^`{V _| `h {ddmg ^r {Z{hV h {H$ CgH$m ^md~moY {H$gr nyd
{ZpMV {Z`{VdmX `m M_H$ma go ^m{dV Zhr h&
5. dVVm H$s H$moB Ama n[a^mfm {~Zm Bg _mZdr` Va Ho$ AWmV bKw-_mZd Ama
CgHo$ bKw n[adoe Ho$ nyar Zhr hmoVr&
6. dh OrdZ {H$`merb Ho$ (`m {H$`merb OrdZ Ho$) Cg n H$mo MmhVm h, {Og_|
g_JVm hmo, gH$sUVm Z hmo&
7. OrdZ H$s g_JVm H$m `dhm[aH$ n EH$-Xygao H$mo ghZ H$aZo _| h Z {H$ Cg
A`mdhm[aH$ Am{Yn` _|, {Og_| {damoYm| H$m Zme H$aHo$ Ho$db EH$ gmm T>
`{V Ho$ {V g_V MoVZm A{nV hmo OmE&
Bggo bKw-_mZd H$s EH$ Eogr 'N~r' C^aH$a AmVr h Omo 'AnZo bKw n[adoe,
219
dVVm, {ddoH$ Ama OrdZ nX{V Ho$ {V nyUV gOJ h&'' ChmoZo KmofUm H$s _mZd
BH$mB H$mo nyU g_mZ'' {X`m OmE& AWmV Z`r H${dVm OrdZ Vr dm{^_mZ, gXd{m.
AWm aIVm h& Ama Eogo hr _Zw` H$mo gOJ-bKw _mZd H$hm J`m& OJXre JwV Ho$ eXm| _|
H$ho Vmo ''Z`m _Zw` {T>JV MoVZm go _wV, _mZd _y`m| Ho$ n _| dmV` Ho$ {V gOJ,
AnZo ^rVa, AZmamo{nV gm_m{OH$ Xm{`d H$m d` AZw^d H$aZodmbm, g_mO H$mo g_V
_mZdVm Ho$ {hV _| n[ad{VV H$aHo$ Z`m n XoZo Ho$ {bE H$V-gH$n, Hw${Q>b dmW ^mdZm
go {daV, _mZd_m Ho$ {V jmo^ H$m AZw^d H$aVo dmbm, ha _Zw` H$mo O_V: g_mZ
_mZZodmbm _mZd `{Vd H$mo Cno{jV, {ZaWH$ Ama ZJ` {gX H$aZodmbr {H$gr ^r
X{dH$ e{V `m amOZ{VH$ gmm Ho$ AmJo AZdaV, _Zw` H$s AVaJ-gXd{m Ho$ {V
AmWmdmZ, `oH$ `{V Ho$ dm{^_mZ Ho$ {V gOJ, T> Ed gJ{R>V AV:H$aU g`wV,
g{H$` {H$Vw AnrS>H$, g`{Z> VWm {ddoH$gnZ hmoJm&''
Z`r H${dVm _| Cgr _mZd H$mo _hd {X`m J`m h, Omo {H$gr H$ma ^r Abm{H$H$
e{V go AgnZ hmo, gmYmaU OrOr{dfy hmo& _mZdoma Zht _mZdr hmo, H${_ Zhr
dm^m{dH$ d{m dmbm hmo& bKw-~ZH$a, ahH$a hr gKf g^d h& {damQ>, gwnaZ go gKf
Zht M_H$ma hmoVm h& Omo _Zw` ApVd H$mo ZH$maVm h& Z`r H${dVm CgHo$ Cno{jV, ho`,
ApVd _| dVVm ^md H$m {VnmXZ H$aVr h& XodamO Zo bKw-_mZd Ama Z`o _Zw` H$mo
gVw{bV {> go XoIVo hE CgH$s {deofVmAm| H$mo `V {H$`m h&
1. dh AnZo Mmam| Amoa {~Iao n[adoe go {H$gr H$ma H$s Am_hrZVm AZw^d Zht
H$aVm&
2. dh AnZr gr{_V e{V H$mo {H$gr H$ma H$s namO` H$m H$maU Zhr _mZVm, ~pH$
g_` nS>Zo na AnZr g_V MoVZm go {H$gr ^r ~S>o gH$Q> Ho$ {dX IS>m hmoZo H$m
gmhg aIVm h&
3. dh {ZpMV n go `h _mZVm h {H$ BH$mB H$s Ap_Vm H$s gwajm Ho$ {~Zm
gm_m{OH$-Ap_Vm H$s gwajm H$m H$moB AW Zht h `mo{H$ BH$mB g_mO H$m _wI
Vd h&
4. dh _mZVm h {H$ `{V Ama `{V Ho$ ~rM _mZdr`-_y`m| Ho$ Va na H$moB ^oX
Zht hmoVm&
5. dh AnZo OrdZ-{Z_mU _| {H$gr ^r Cg e{V H$mo ^mJrXma Zht ~ZmZm MmhVm Omo
H$mn{ZH$-_hd go g~X h `m|{H$ Eogm H$aHo$ Cgo AmO VH$ N>bm J`m h&
6. dh AnZo dV_mZ Ho$ {V nyUV gOJ h&
7. dh AnZo ApVd H$m dmhH$ hmoZo na ^r {H$gr H$ma gm_pQ>H$Vm H$m {damoYr Zht
h `m|{H$ _ybV CgH$m gKf gm_m{OH$Vm go Zhr, g_mO _| \$br _y`hrZVm Ama
AbmoH$Vm{H$ d{m go h&
8. dh AnZr O` Ama namO` XmoZm| H$m daU d` H$aVm h, VWm `h `mg H$aVm h
{H$ dV_mZ Ho$ dn go ^{d` H$m {ZYmaU {H$`m OmE& gwI Ama Xw:I XmoZm| H$mo
^moJZo Ho$ {bE CgHo$ nmg OmJH$ {> h&
220
2. AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY H$s nhMmZ -
Z`r H${dVm _| AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY H$s nhMmZ H$m Vmn` h- '_mZd pW{V Ho$
gmjmH$ma H$s {ZVmV ZdrZ OmJH$ nX{V', OrdZ H$s g_P H$s J`m_H$ H${V',
'AnZo H$mb H$mo Am_gmV H$aZo H$s AWnyU MoVZm', 'AWnyU OrdZ-_y`m| H$mo m H$aZo
H$s {d{Y,' 'n[adoe Ho$ {V `{V H$s gVV gOJVm' Am{X& '' BZH$m AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY
n[adVZr` h, Bg_| H$moB 'T>' `m 'OS>' YmaUm Zht& Omo {T>`m, nanamE n[adVZ d
'_Zw` dVVm H$m {dH$mg' gmYZo Zht XoVr CgH$m {damoYr H$m` h Z`r H${dVm&
CgH$m `h AW ^r Zht H$s dh g_X AVrV nanam Ho$ H$Q>r h& ~H$s CgHo$
JVrerb Vdm|, _y`m|, {ddmgm|, H$mo Z`o gOZm_H$ gKf j_Vm go CnOr` ~ZmVr h& `hr
CgH$m dV {ddoH$ h, g_` Ho$ Vr {V~XVm Ed gOJVm h& ''Bggo'' AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY
`{V H$mo AnZm ghr Xm{`d {Z~mhZo H$s Amoa o[aV H$aVm h& AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s {>
{ddoH$nyU {>H$moZ H$s WmnZm H$aVr h& `{V AnZo n[adoe H$mo gdmaZo H$s {Xem _|
{H$`merb aho Ama {H$g J{V go {H$g Amoa Om ahm h `h g~ gmoMZo H$s e{V AmYw{ZH$Vm
~moY H$s eV h&'' (S>m. Za| _mohZ AmYw{ZH$Vm Ama g_H$mbrZ H${dVm gVqgYy (Zd
H$m` {deofmH$- EH$) AJV, 1973 AH$ 8, n. 22) AWmV `h Ho$db ^m{VH$ {dH$mg
gmYZo H$s Zhr _mZ{gH$ CZVr nmZo H$s H$mo{ee ^a h& Bg{bE Cg_| 'EH$ Amoa drH${V h
Vmo Xygar Amoa AdrH${V& ' dh OrdZ H$mo JVr, {dH$mg XmZ H$a ahr h H$s CgHo$ ApVd
H$m Zme H$a ahr h, Bgr H$s Vbme h Z`r H${dVm& S>m. XodamO Ho$ AZwgma CgH$s {deofVmE
h-
1. AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY dh ghO; dm^m{dH$ Ama J{Verb {H$`m h, Omo OrdZ H$mo ghr
gX^ _| g_PZo H$s {> XmZ H$aVr h&
2. `h _yb n _| nana{damoYr Zht h- `wV `dWm_wbH$ _w{V H$s ^mdZm YmZ
hmoVr h&
3. AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY dh {> h Omo _Zw` _| {N>nr gOZm_H$Vm H$mo _wI[aV H$aVr h
Ama Cgo g` go grYo gmjmH$ma Ho$ {bE V`ma H$aVr h&
4. AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY _| gH$sUVmAm| Ho$ {bE H$moB WmZ Zht hmoVm, CgHo$ _yb _|
_mZdVmdmXr {> hmoVr h&
5. AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY H$moB ~mh`mamo{nV Vd Zhr h, ~pH$ J{Verb OrdZ Ho$
{dH$mg-H$_ Ho$ AZVa mV MoVZm h, Omo _y` Z hmoVo hE ^r dmV{dH$ OrdZ-
_y`m| Ho$ {V gMoV H$aVr h&
3. AmWm H$m da :-
Z`o H${d H$m AnZo `{Vd na ^amogm H$aVo h& do H${R>U go H${R>U {dnXm _| ^r
AnZr AmWm Ho$ ~b Cgo ghZo Ed Xya H$aZo H$m ^md CZ_| h& ^{d` H$s COdVm na
CZH$m T> {ddmg h& OrdZ Ho$ `WmW nj H$mo ^r do Bgr {> go XoIVo h& Bgr H$maU do
OrdZ-gKf go N>m`mdmXr`mo VWm `moJdmXr`mo Ogm nbm`Z Zht H$aVo& Cgo AnZmH$a
221
CZ_| ^ar {dnVm H$mo Xya H$aVo h& Eogo g_` CZH$s H${dVm _| `J Yma-Yma dm{hV hmoVm
h& AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ go ghmZw^y{V Ama gmhm m` g_mV hmo MwH$m h& _mZd-_mZd _| PyR>
Ama KUm H$m `dhma MbVm Om ahm h& Bg H$ma H$s '{nemM gH${V' na H$bmg dmOno`r
H$m `` XoIrE-
""{H$VZm AN>m h
g^r PyR> ~mobVo h
{H$VZm AN>m h
g^r KUm H$aVo h
An[aM` Ho$ _m`_ go OwS>Vo h
An[a{MV {~Nw>S>Vo h-
...Z H$moB amoVm h
Z H$moB hgVm h
{H$VZm AN>m h A~
ha H$moB S>gVm h&''
OrdZ `WmW H$s A{^`{V H$aVo hE Ho$db AmWm hr CZ_o h Eogm Zhr, S>a.
^`. AZmWm, eH$m, {Zamem, A{ddmg ^r CZ_| h& Ogo _w{V~moY H$s 'AYoao _|' H$m
Zm`H$ CZ g^r pW{V`m| go JwOaH$a AnZo 'Jw' H$m '{e`' hmoVm h& VWm ~amjg'
'OrdZ_y`m| H$s ImoO _| ^Q>H$Vo gemoYH$ H$s H$hmZr, Xw:I XX Ho$ gmW `V hB h&
AmYw{ZH$ gm_m` `{V H$s `h 'Q>OS>r' ^r h Vmo '~wpXOr{dVm' ^r& OrdZ MwZ{V`m| H$m
pdH$ma ^r Z`m H${d H$aVm h Cg_o CnZ {dfmV _ZpW{V H$mo ^r& {\$a ^r dh OrdZ _|
AmWm aIVm h&
Z`r H${dVm jUmZw^y{V H$mo A{YH$ _hd XoVr h& gOZ Ho$ {bE jU hr ~moY
OJmVo h& jU ~moY H$s AZw^y{V hr CZ H${d`m| Ho$ {bE g` h& OrdZ jU-gdoXZm go ^am h&
Cgr _| Cgo OrdZ Ho$ gwI XwI {_bVo h& Cggo hr OrdZ gVV n[adVZerb hmoVm h& jU
H$s gdoXZm H$mo AZw^d H$aZm H$m` _| Cgo gwa{jV H$aZm {\$a {H$gr Xwgao jU- gdoXZm H$mo
OrZm, ''Bggo nQ> h {H$ `oH$ jU AnZr gr_m _| hr JhZ AZw^y{V_wV hmoVm h Ama Bgr
H$maU Z`r H${dVm _| jUmZw^y{V Ho$ AH$Z H$mo n`mV _hd {X`m J`m h& '' XodamO Zo BgHo$
Xmo H$ma _mZo h EH$ gy_ Ama Xwgam Wwb, '' gy_ jU _| H${d g` Ho$ gmjmH$ma H$amZo
dmbo jU H$s AZw^y{V`m| H$mo `V H$aVm h& `h _w{V H$m jU hmo gH$Vm h& .... O~{H$ Wyb
jU _| Ag`, ^m{VH$, Amg{V`wV H$mbIS> H$s A{^`{V hmoVr h& '' jU AZw^y{VnyU
Ed Jhao hmoVo h& {Og_o 'Wyb Ed gw_' AZw^y{V`m nXm' hmo OmVr h, CgH$s AZw^y{V Ed
^mo`m H$s VrZ pW{V`m XodamO Ho$ AZwgma hmoVr h- EH$ Va dh, {Og_| gdoXZm gw_ Ama
A{YH$ JhZ hmoVr h, Xygam dh {Og_| Wyb H$mo ^moJH$a AZw^y{V EH$ H$aZo H$s AX`
bmbgm hmoVr h Ama Vrgam dh {Og_| Xmo jUm| Ho$ OwS>Zo H$m VZmd ahVm h& Bgo `{V ^moJZm
Zht MmhVm, {H$Vw Cgo ^moJZm nS>Vm h& '' (dhr-n-81)
222
jUdmX H$s Z`r WmnZm hr Z`r H${dVm H$m {deof h& CgHo$ g~Y _| CZH$m
{dMma h,'' jU H$mbhrZ hmoVm h, Cg_| g` Ama `WmW Ho$ gmjmH$ma H$s gdm{YH$ JhZ
pW{V hmoVr h, Cg_| AJbo jU H$s oaUm {N>nr hmoVr h, `h g` H$s CnbpY H$amVm h,
Bg_| Am_m{^`{V H$m gy_ n {d_mZ hmoVm h Am{X& '' Bhr H$maUm| go OrdZ Ho$
gm_m` H$m`-`mnma _| Z`m AW ImoOVm, ^aVm h& CgH$s Jhar nH$S> Ho$ H$maU H${dVm
_m{_H$ ~Z OmVr h& Z`r H${dVm _| jU~moY emdV OrdZ ~moY H$m {damoYr Zhr "~pH$ Cgo
m H$aZo H$s `WmW {H$`m h& jU _| AZw^yV hmoZodmbm OrdZ Chmg Y_dra ^maVr H$s
H${dVm _| Am`m h- 'O~ H$moB ^r _Zw` AZmgV hmoH$a MwZm{V XoVm h B{Vhmg H$mo Cg {XZ
Zjm| H$s {Xem ~Xb OmVr h& {Z`Vr Zhr nydm{ZYm[aV CgH$s ha jU _mZd {ZU` ~ZmVm
{_Q>mVm h& ''
AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY Ama AZw^d H$s m_m{UH$Vm Ho$ H$maU Z`r H${dVm n[adoe Ho$
{V gOJ h& {OgHo$ H$maU gm_m{OH$ `WmW H$m CXKmQ>Z hAm h& AnZo n[adoe {V dh
Xm{d~moY H$mo pdH$maVo h& bKw _mZd H$s {> H$mo _hd XoZo Ho$ nrN>o H$s ^y{_H$m `h ^r ahr
h `mo{H$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| gdm{YH$ Cno{jV, mgX, {dS>~Zm go `wV OrdZ Cgr Ho$
{hgo _| Am`m h& CgHo$ _Z _| C^aH$a Am`m Zam`, gmg, gH$Q>~moY, gKf H$s
A{^`{V H$s geVVm Zo Z`r H${dVm H$mo OrdZ Ho$ gmW OmoS> {X`m h& g_mO AHo$bonZ
Ama doXZm Ho$ H$maU g~go ~S>m Xw^m`embr bKw _mZd hr ahm h& N>m`mdmX go boH$a
`moJdmX _| `{V H$s pW{V-J{V _| Omo ~Xbmd Am`m CgHo$ gmW Z`r H${dVm-g_` _|
dh {ZnQ> AHo$bm Ed mgX OrdZ OrVm ahm h& aKydra ghm` Zo H$hm h-
""{H$VZm AN>m Wm N>m`mdmXr
EH$ XwI boH$a dh EH$ JmZ XoVm Wm
{H$VZm Hw$eb Wm J{VdmXr
ha XwI H$m H$maU dh nhMmZVm Wm
{H$VZm _hmZ Wm JrVH$ma
Omo XwI Ho$ _mao AnZr OmZ boVm Wm
{H$VZm AHo$bm h _ Bg g_mO _|
Ohm gXm _aVm h EH$ Ama _VXmVm&''
Z`r H${dVm H$m gdoXZerb H${d O~ amOZoVm H$m OZV Ho$ Zm_ na,
emVrdmXrVm Ho$ Zm_ na AZoH$ H$ma Ho$ \$ao~ H$aVo ZoVmAm| H$mo XoIVm h, Vmo dh {Vb{_bmh
CR>Vm h - lrH$mV d_m H$hVo h-
""Hw$N> bmoJ _y{V`m ~ZmH$a
~oMoJ| em{V H$s (AWdm fS>` H$s)
Hw$N> Ama bmoJ
gmam g_`
223
H$g_o Im`oJ|
bmoH$V H$s&
`WmW, OZV Ho$ Zm_ na emofU V, X_Z V, fS>`, H$m geV {damoY
_w{V~moY H$s H${dVm _| hAm h& 'AYoao _|' CZ g^r {V{>V g_mO H$s {eZmV dh H$aVm
h& CZHo$ {damoY _| dh IS>m hmoVm h h EH$ MwZmVr h& H$hVm h-
""A~ A{^`{V Ho$ gmao IVao
CR>mZo hr hmoJ|&
VmoS>Zo hmoJ| _T> Ama _T> g~''
Z`r H${dVm Zo Z`o _mZd H$s {V>m H$m` _| H$s h& `hr CgH$m b` ^r h&
b_rH$mV d_m Zo CgH$s gOJVm Ho$ g~Y _| H$hm h,'' Z`r H${dVm H$m AmJh {Og {deof
Vd na h, dh Cg _mZd `{Vd H$s WmnZm Ama CgH$s Cn`mo{JVm go {dH${gV hmoVm h,
Omo g_V {dnVmAm| Ama H$Qw>VmAm| Ho$ ~mdOyX _Zw` H$mo CgH$s _wb _`mXm Ho$ {V,
{ZOd Ama ApVd Ho$ {V OmJH$ aIZm MmhVm h& '' `hr H$maU h H$s dh IVam| H$s
CR>mVm h& X_KmoQw> n[adoe go _wV hmoZo Ho$ {bE ^mJVm-XmS>Vm, gKf H$aVm, AnZo-Amn go
gKf H$aVm {OOr{dfy ~ZVm h& {\$a do Ako` hmo `m _w{V~moY, lrH$mV d_m hmo `m OJXre
JwV, aKwdra ghm` hmo m H$sVu MmYar do g^r g_` Ho$ {V gOJ h&
6. `WmWdmXr {> -
`WmW H$m {VnmXZ `oH$ H$mb H$m H${d H$aVm h naVy CgHo$ {V CgH$s
{d{^Z {> H$m AmJh ^r hmoVm h& J{VdmXr`m| _| gm_m{OH$ `WmW Wm Vmo `moJdmXr`m| _|
`{V `WmW, `m A{V`WmW dmX naVy Z`r H${dVm _| g_` `WmW _| ~ZVo-{~JS>Vo
`{Vd Ho$ `WmW H$mo H$m` _| {Vnm{XV {H$`m h& '_Zw` H$m XX _wbV: EH$ hr h Ama
AmO H$m H${d ~S>r B_mZXmar Ho$ gmW Cgo gdoXZmnyU T>J go `V H$aVm h& ' Ako` Zo H$hm
h-
''.... `o Ag`
AmIo Wr
XX g^r _| Wm
OrdZ H$m XX g^r Zo OmZm''
J{Verbm| H$s Vah Ho$db Hw$R>mAmo Am_H|${VVm Ed `mZ dOZmAm| H$mo `WmW Ho$
n _| Z pdH$maVo hE Cgo g_J gm_w{hH$ n _| AnZm`m h&
9. `J H$s YmZVm :-
`` gwYma H$s ^mdZm go o[aV hmoVm h& ''Z`r H${dVm _| `{V, g_mO Ama `wJ
VrZm| H$s {df_-X`Zr` pW{V`m| na `` {H$E JE h& Ako` H$s 'gmn' Ama ^dmZrgmX
{_l H$s 'JrV \$amoe' Ogr H${dVmAm| _| _mZdr` Agm_O`m| H$s {MVZr` pW{V H$m
{MU {H$`m J`m h& '' OJXre JwV Zo H$hm h, ZdboIZ _| EH$ YmZ da `` Ama {dn
H$m h, {OgH$m g~Y Xoe H$s {df` n[apW{V`m| VWm _y`hrZVm H$s X`Zr` XemAm| go h,
N>moQ>r-_moQ>r BYa H$s aMZmAm| Zo A`V gmhg Ho$ gmW BZ na Jhar MmoQ> H$s h& '' `` Ho$
O[aE dh g_mO H$mo ~XbZm MmhVm h, Z{VH$Vm _| gwYma bmZm MmhVm h&
`J Ho$ gmW OwS>m EH$ Ama _y` Z`r H${dVm _| h Ama dh h ''AZwHy$b
A{^`{V H$m dn'' CgHo$ {V B_mZXmar& Z`r H${dVm Zo nanamJV _mZXS>m|, T>,
_m`VmAm| Ed gS>o-Jbo _y`m| H$mo AdrH$ma {H$`m h& CgZo gnyU emgZV Ed `dWm Ho$
{dX {dmoh {H$`m h, AnZo T>m|Jr n[adoe H$m nXm\$me {H$`m h& '- Eogo g_` ^r H${d`m| Zo
`` H$m ~S>m gwXa `moJ {H$`m h-
""_ Ag` h `mo{H$ Iwbo ZJo nmdm| MbVm h
.. .. ..
Amn g` h `mo{H$ hdm _| CS> OmVo h Cna
Amn g` h `mo{H$ AmJ ~agm XoVo h ^y na...
Amn g` h `mo{H$ O~S>o IyZ gZo h
Amn ~S>o qM{VV h _oao {nN>S>onZ Ho$ _mao
Amn gmoMVo h {H$ grIVm `h ^r T>J h_mao
_ CVmaZm Zht MmhVm Om{hb AnZo ~mZo
226
YmoVr-Hw$aVm ~hV Omoa go {bnQ>m`o h `mZo!''
AWdm CZH$s {gX `` H${dVm 'JrV \$amoe' H${d H$s X`Zr` pW{V Ho$
gmW, gm_m{OH$Cnojm H$mo `` _| C^maVr h-
''... `m ^rVa OmH$a nyN> AmBE Amn,
h JrV ~oMZm dgo {dHy$b nmn,
`m H$$ _Ja bmMma
hma H$a JrV ~oMVm h!
Or hm, hOya _ JrV ~oMVm h&''
A. ^mfm:-
Z`o H${d`m| _| `h {dMma nZnm H$s 'nanamJV ^mfm go `wJ-OrdZ Ho$ ghr {MU
H$s Amem Zht H$s Om gH$Vr Wr& _yb n _| `hr H$maU Wm {Ogg| Z`o H${d H$mo ^mfm gH$ma
H$s Amd`H$Vm nS>r& '' Z`r H${dVm ^mfm H$s {deofVm `h h H$s 'dh {H$gr EH$ nX{V _|
~YH$a Zht MbVr' {H$Vw ^m{d Ed geV A{^`{V Ho$ {bE CH$> H${d ~mobMmb H$s
^mfm-`moJ H$mo mYm` XoVm h& Z`r H${dVm ^r Cgr H$m drH$ma H$aVr h& ^dmZr gmX H$s
'gVnwS>m Ho$ OJb' H${dVm OJb H${V Ama d{m XmoZmo H$mo gm_Zo bmVr h& AmemoH$
dmOno`r H$s H${dVm 'eha A~ ^r g^mdZm h, H$m CXmhaU XodamO Zo {X`m h, ''_m/bmQ>H$a
O~ AmD$Jm/`m bmD$Jm/`mm Ho$ ~mX H$s WH$mZ/gyQ>Ho$g _| Ka ^a Ho$ {bE
H$nS>|/{_R>mB`m, {IbmZo/~S>r hmoVr ~hZm| Ho$ {bE/AXmO go Z`r \$eZ H$s Mnb|/''
gH$V, AJoOr CXy, OZnXr` ~mobr-eX H$m `moJ Z`r H${dVm _| hAm h&
{bmoMZ, Ho$XmaZmW AJdmb, Yw{_b, gd}da Am{X _| h XoIo OmVo h& 'bmoH$ ^mfm, bmoH$
YyZ' Ama 'bmoH$ gH${V' H$m `moJ 'Jr{V gm{h`' _| hAm h& Ako` H$s H$bJr ~mOao H$s
H${dVm CH$> CXm h&
Z`r H${dVm Ho$ Z`o _whmdao ^mfm H$mo 'gmdOZrH$' ~ZmVo h& ^mfm H$m
gmYmaUrH$aU Z`r H${dVm H$s {d{e>Vm h& H$ht H$hr gnmQ>~`mZr `m 'dV` Zw^m' ^mfm
H$m `moJ ^r Mwa hAm h& Yw{_b Am{X H$s ^mfm Bgr H$ma H$s h&
gm_m` AmX_r, gm_m` ^mfm CZH$s Im{g`V h-
""amnr go CR>r hB AmImo Zo _wPo
jU^a Q>Q>mobm
Ama {\$a
Ogo n{V`mVo hE da _|
dh hgVo hE ~mobm-
~m~yOr! gM H$h-_oar {ZJmh _|
Z H$moB N>moQ>m h
Z H$moB ~S>m h
_oao {bE, ha AmX_r EH$ OmoS>r OwVm h
Omo _oao gm_Zo _a_V Ho$ {bE IS>m h&''
Z`r H${dVm _| J ^mfm H$m `moJ ^r gd pdH$V hmo J`m h& A{YH$ma b~o MmS>o
dm`, dV` XoVo, ~mV g_PmVo, dUZ H$aZo Bgr H$ma H$s ^mfm `wV hB h& Ako` H$s
228
H${dVm H$m EH$ CXmhaU-
''Ama EH$ MmWm _moQ>a _ ~R>Vm hAm Mnamgr go \$mBb| CR>dmEJm-
EH H$moB ~r_ma ~Mo H$mo ghbmVm hAm AmdmgZ XoJm-XoImo,
hmo gH$m Vmo Oa bo AmD$Jm'-
Ama EH$ H$moB AmdmgZ H$s AgmaVm OmJVm hAm ^r _wH$mamH$a H$hoJm-
'hm, Oa, ^ybZm _V&'
Bggo `m {H$ EH$ H$s H$_a PwH$s hmoJr
Ama EH$ C_J go Jm ahm hmoJm- '_mogo JJm Ho$ nma......'
Ama EH$ Ho$ M_o H$m H$mM Qy>Q>m hmoJm
Ama EH$ Ho$ ~Vo _| Hw$b H$s {H$Vm~| Am{Y go A{YH$ \$Q>r hB hmoJr?
EH$ Ho$ Hw$aVo H$s Hw$h{Z`m {N>Xr hm|Jr,
EH$ Ho$ {ZH$a _o ~Q>Zm| H$m WmZ EH$ AmbnrZ Zo {b`m hmoJm&
Z`r H${d`m| Ho$ aMZmAm| _| {Mh gHo$Vm| go ^r H${dVm n{V`m {bIr Om MwH$s h&
EH$ eX EH$ n{V ~Zm h& Vmo Xwgar Amoa {dam_, AY{dam_, nyU{dam_ Ho$ {Mhm| H$mo
{VbmO{b Xr J`r h& Ogo-
""^mfU _| Omoe h
nmZr hr nmZr h
na
H$s
M
S>
Im_moe h''
_wVN>X H$m, _wVH$ ebr H$m drH$ma Z`r H${dVm Ho$ Ymam _| hAm h& O{Q>b Ed
CbPr hB AZw^y{V`m| H$mo `V H$aVo g_` Ogm Mmhm dgm `moJ hAm h& BgH$m| XodamO
^mfm jo _| '{dmoh' H$hVo h Ama BgHo$ nrN>o 'M_H$ma H$s Anojm {ddeVm' H$s A{YH$Vm
_mZVo h& '~Xbo hE n[ade H$mo {M{V H$aZo Ho$ {bE' Chm|Zo 'EH$ Eogm _whmdam drH$ma H$a
{b`m Wm, {OgHo$ AZwgma AmnmX-_VH$ H$sMS> go ^ao _mZd H$mo ^r _mZd Vw_ g~go
gwXaV_ H$hZm Oar Wm&'' Bg{bE Chm|Zo Zo ^mfm H$mo hr Z`o gH$ma {X`o& J{V-`moJ
H$mb H$s Anojm Z`r H${dVm H$s ^mfm-ebr Z`r hr ahr h&
Am. {VH$
Z`r H${dVm _| nanamJV VWm Z`o VrH$m| H$m `moJ hAm h& Hw$N> H${d`m| Ho$
H${dVm erfH$ hr VrH$m_H$ h Ako` H$s 'ZXr Ho$ rn', gmJa VQ> H$s gr{n`m, _w{V~moY
H$s '~h_amjg', '^yb-JbVr' 'bH$S>r H$m amdU' AYoao _| 'AYoam, H$mbm nhmS>, {VbH$ H$s
_wVu, JmYr, AmH$me _| VmbVm` AmXr VrH$ hr h&
'~amjg' dV_mZ _| ~mh`mVarH$ gKfm} Ho$ ~rM nr{S>V _mZd H$m VrH$ h, Vmo
'bH$S>r H$m amdU' emofH$ gmm H$m Ama 'dmZa OZdmXr H$m{VH$m[a`m| Ho$ VrH$ h& '' ~T> Z
229
Om`& N>m Z Om`& _oar Bg A{Vr`/gmm Ho$ {eIam| na dUm^/h_bm Z H$a ~R>o
IVaZmH$/ Hw$hao Ho$ OZVr& dmZa `o Za `o&''
Z`r H${dVm _| VrZ VrH$ nm| H$m `moJ hAm h& EH$ {OZH$m g~Y ^maVr`
H$m`em H$s nanam go h& BZ_| mH${VH$, nam{UH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$, A`mo{V _ybH$, nH$
_ybH$ Ama {~~ _ybH$ Am{X AmVo h& Xwgao do VrH$ h {Oh| Z`o H${d`m| Zo JT>m h& Ama
Vrgao do VrH$ h Omo ^maVr` gm{h` _| {H$gr EH$ ^md-~moY Ho$ {V{Z{Y h VWm Xygao Xoem|
Ho$ gm{h` _| {H$gr Xygao ^md-~moY Ho$ {H$Vw Z`o H${d`m| Zo Xygao Xoe H$s _m`Vm Ho$ AmYma
na hr Ch| AnZo H$m` _| `wV {H$`m h-
''bmo {j{VO Ho$ nmg-
dh CR>m Vmam, Aao! dh bmb Vmam Z`Z H$m Vmam h_mam
gdhmam H$m ghmam''
_| ^maV^yfU AJdmb Zo 'bmb Vmam' $gr H$mVr Ho$ n _| `wV {H$`m h O~H$s
^maV _| dh AneHw$Z H$m VrH$ _mZm OmVm h& Ako` H$s 'gmn' '~mdam Amhoar' Bgr H$ma
H$s H${dVm h& IS>H$mm| _| nam{UH$ VrH$m| H$m Mya `moJ hAm h& H$U, moU, A{^_`y,
EH$b`, AdWm_m, grVm, monXr, Am{X&
B. {~~:-
{~~ H$mo _wV eX-{M H$hVo h& H${dVm Ho$ {bE dh _hdnyU gmYZ h Omo H${d
AZw^y{V H$mo ^mdj_Vm Ho$ gmW nmR>H$m| VH$ nhMmVm h& d`{Z{_V _m{bH$ {~~ H$m Mya
`moJ Z`r H${dVm _| hAm h& {~~ H$B H$ma Ho$ hmoVo h& _w{V~moY Zo {~~m| H$m g_W `moJ
H${dVm _| {H$`m h& Chm|Zo _mZd-X` H$s O{Q>bVm H$mo EH$ mH$V Jwhm Ho$ g_mZ {~~ _mZm
h- ''^y{_ H$s gVhm| Ho$ ~hV ZrMo/A{Y`mar EH$mV/mH$V Jwhm EH$&''
H$B dkm{ZH$ q~~m| H$m `moJ AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$mo `V H$aZo Ho$ {bE _w{V~moY
Zo {H$`m h-
{gVmao Amg_mZr N>moa/na \$bo hE/AZ{JZV Xebd go/Xebd-q~XyAmo Ho$
gdV/ngao hE CbPo J{UV _XmZ _|&
AWdm-
EH$ EH$ dVw `m EH$-EH$ mUm{Z-~_ h/`o na_m h, jonm h, `_
h/ey`mH$me _| go hmoVo hE do/Aao, A[a na hr Qy>Q> nS>o A{Zdma&
jonm, eodboQ>-S>mO, ao{S>`mo EpQ>d aZ, H$_am, ao\$sOaoQ>a Ogo q~~ {_bVo
h Omo nyar Vah AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ gdoXm| H$mo `V H$aVo h& VrH$m_H$ q~~m| H$m Vmo IOmZm hr
Z`r H${dVm _| h& _w{V~moY _| ~amjg, AYr Jw\$m, ^yV AmXr& Ho$ gmW hr ge` H$s EH$
amV, H$Zw{`m, Agm`drUm, mo{Mam^, Am{X _| H$B q~~m| H$mo VwV {H$`m J`m h&
_Zmodkm{ZH$ VWm `mZ q~~m| H$mo ^r `wV {H$`m J`m h& naVy Cmamoma Z`r H${dVm Zo q~~m|
H$s OJh gnmQ>~`mZr dV` {X`o h& ~mX Ho$ H${d`m| Zo g^dV q~~mo H$mo H$m` H$m gmYH$
_mZZo Ho$ ~Om` ~mYH$ hr _mZm h& Ho$XmaZmW qgh Ogo H${d {Oho q~~m| H$m H${d H$hm OmVm h
do ^r H$h aho h-
230
""Vw_Zo Ohm {bIm h '`ma'
dhm {bI Xmo 'gS>H$'
\$H$ Zht nS>Vm&
_oao `wJ H$m _whmdam h
\$H$ Zht nS>Vm
Ama ^mfm Omo _ ~mobZm MmhVm h
_oar {Ohdm na Zht
~pH$ XmVm| Ho$ ~rM H$s OJhm| _|-
gQ>r hB h&''
S>m. Zm_da qgh Zo R>rH$ H$hm h- 'dVwV: Bg q~~-_moh Ho$ Qy>Q> Zo H$m H$maU
gm_m{OH$ Ama Eo{Vhm{gH$ h& N>R>o XeH$ Ho$ AV Ama gVd| XeH$ Ho$ Ama^ _| gm_m{OH$
pW{V BVZr {df_ hmo CR>r {H$ CgH$s MwZm{V Ho$ gm_Zo q~~-{dYmZ H${dVm Ho$ {bE
AZmd`H$ ^ma VrV hmoZo bJm& {Og H$ma gZ 36' VH$ AmVo-AmVo d` N>m`mdmXr
H${d`mo H$mo ^r gwXa eXm| Ama {Mm| go bXr hB H${dVm {Zgma bJZo bJr, Cgr H$ma gZ
60' Ho$ Amg-nmg ZB H${dVm H$s q~~-Y{_Vm H$s {ZaWH$Vm H$m Ehgmg hmoZo bJm& g_`m
n[apW{V`m| Ho$ grYo 'gmjmH$ma' H$s Wr, Z ha MrO H$mo CgHo$ ghr Zm_ go nwH$maZo H$m
Wm, `mo{H$ Ogm {H$ Ho$XmaZmW qgh Zo H$hm h-
""MrO| EH$ Eogo Xma go JwOa ahr h
{H$ gm_Zo H$s _oO H$mo grYo _oO H$hZm
Cgo dhm go CR>mH$a AkmZ Anam{Y`m| Ho$ ~rM aI XoZm h&''
~mX _| ''{M_`Vm H$mo ImoE {~Zm Cgo (H${dVm) H$mo amoOam H$s OrdVVm Xr''
J`r& 'VmOr H${dVm' Ho$ Xma _| b_rH$mV d_m Zo 'ZJr' ^mfm `moJ H$s AmJherbVm aIr,
''ChmoZ| {bIm h- q~~m| H$s `h {ZaWH$Vm hr h_| A~ 'ZJo eXm|' H$s Amoa bo Om ahr h-
AmdaUhrZ, gOmhrZ, gH$mahrZ, Ama BZ g~go h& '' A{YH$ Eogm ZJmnZ {Og_|
Am{^Om` OJbrnZ Ho$ D$na EH$ g_`-~moY H$s N>mn bJm gHo$& '' ''H${dVm _|
gnmQ>~`mZr H$m `h AmJh dVwV J-gwb^ OrdZ dm`-{d`mg H$mo nwZ {V{>V H$aZo
H$m `mg h& '' {hXr H${dVm Ho$ B{Vhmg _| b~o g_` go {~~mo, VrH$mo H$m `moJ hAm naVy
Z`r H${dVm Zo Cgo ^md 'A_yVZ' H$m H$maU _mZm. AdmV{dH$, gofU A`mo` _mZm
'dmV{dH$Vm go ~MZo H$m EH$ T>J' Ho$ n _o {~~m| H$s Amoa XoIm OmZo bJm 'H${dVm H$mo
~mobMmb H$s ^mfm go Xya' nm`m OmZo bJm CgH$s 'ghO b` I{S>V hB, dm` {d`mg H$s
e{V H$mo YH$m bJm, ^mfm Ho$ AVJV {H$`mE Cno{jV hB, {deofUm| H$m AZmd`H$ ^ma ~T>m
Ama H$m`-V` H$s VmH$V H$_ hB, BZ H$_Omo[a`m| H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE hr H${dVm _|
'gnmQ>~`mZr' ''Am`r'' A~ H${dVm H$s ^mfm H$UZmam`U H$H$S> Ho$ eXm| _| 'nwamZo
H${d`m|' H$s hmo JB& Zm_da H$s {> go `o nwamZo H${d H$~ra, gya, Vwbgr Ogo _ybV q~~-
Y_}Va'' H${d h& A~ Z`r H${dVm ^mfm H$s `h gmWH$Vm ^r _mZr OmZo bJr h&
231
B. b`, VwH$ Ama N>X-
b`, VwH$ Ama N>X H$s AdYmaUm N>m`mdmX go hQ>Zo bJr h& {Zambm Zo _wV N>X
H$s KmofUm H$s nV Zo ^r Z`r H$m` ^mfm H$mo AnZm`m& Z`r H${dVm Zo Vmo N>X H$mo AdrH$V
hr {H$`m naVy CgHo$ Z`o `moJ ^r hE h& XodamO Zo R>rH$ H$hm h- Z`r H${dVm _| N>X H$mo
Ho$db Kmoa AdrH${V hr {_br hmo- `h ~mV Zht h, ~pH$ dhm Bg jo _| {d{dY `moJ ^r
{H$E JE h& Bg g~Y _| nhbm `moJ {hXr Ho$ nwamZo N>Xm| H$mo VmoS>H$a Z`m _wV N>X ~Zm`m
J`m, Ogo {J[aOmHw$_ma Zo H${dm d gd`m _| VmoS>-\$moS> H$s am_{dbmg e_m Zo N>Zmjar go
~mB H$m {Z_mU {H$`m Xygao `moJ _| {d{dY Xoer-{dXoer ^mfmAm Ho$ N>Xm| H$mo Z`r H${dVm _|
bm`m J`m& Xoer ^mfm _|, ~Jbm, _amR>r, gH$V Ama {d{dY bmoH$-^mfmAm| Ho$ N>X g_`-
g_` na `moJ {H$E JE& {dXoer ^mfmAm| _| AJoOr Ho$ 'gmZoQ>', '~boS>', OnmZr H$m 'hm`Hy$'
Ama MrZr \o$M Ama A_arH$s H${dVm Ho$ {Mm| H$mo Z`r H${dVm _| `moJ {H$`m J`m& '' N>X H$m
g~Y gJrV go ahm h Ama gJrV VwH$, b` go OwS>m h& Z`r _wV N>X H${dVm 'Jrm H${dVm'
Ho$ n _| {dH${gV hB h naVy BZ JrVmo _| Ho$db ^mdmZwHw$bVm Zht OrdZ H$s gm_m{OH$,
Am{WH$, amOZr{VH$ d _Zmodkm{ZH$ pW{V`m| H$m AH$Z h& 'JrV' Z`r H${dVm H$s _hdnyU
{deofVm _mZr OmVr h& Omo bmoH$JrV 'bmoH$YwZm|' bmoH$ nanamAm|, bmoH$ gH${V' go OwS>m h&
9.5 _y`mH$Z:-
Z`r H${dVm g~Yr Bg {dVV MMm Ho$ ~mX `h H$hm Om`oJm H$s CgH$m dU-
{df` jo H$m\$s {dVV h& AmYw{ZH$ _Zw` H$s 'Q>oOS>r' go `h OwS>r ahr& Bg{bE OrdZ Ho$
g^r gJm|, AN>o-~yao, Hw$n-{dn, H$s gnyUVm Cg_| Am`r h& `` H$m `moJ Bgr
H$maU H${dVm _| IaVm Ho$ gmW hAm h& bKw _mZd H$s H$nZm {deof Zo Cgo dV_mZ Ho$
gmW OmoS>m h& H$m` ^mfm Ho$ n _| `h nyddVu H${dVm go {deof h& N>X Ho$ gmW CgHo$ ~YZm|
H$mo VmoS>H$a `h gnmQ>~`mZr, dV` H$s ^y_r na nhMr h& ''Z`o AW Ho$ {bE Zd{Z{_V
eXm| H$m `moJ' hAm h& {\$a EH$ ~mX `h H${dVm OZmo_wIVm H$s Amoa bmQ> nS>r h& {~~,
VrH$, AbH$marH$Vm Ho$ _moh go dh _wV hmo ahr h& Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$s H${dVmE CgH$m
_mU h&
{\$a ^r Cg_| {dXdmZm|, Ho$ gmW Z`o H${d`m| Zo hr Hw$B Xmof nm`o h& d`
_w{V~moY Zo H$hm h, ''Z`r H${dVm _|, ~hV ~ma, Eogo ^md-{dMma H$Q> {H$`o OmVo h Omo
{ZVmV {V{H$`mdmXr h,'' Z`r H${dVm H$mo npM_r {dMma Zo {gIm`m H$s ''OZVm g_wh
h- dh AYH$ma h, A`H$a-JV h, dh OXr hr ^rS> ~Z OmVr h& CgH$m gmW _V Xmo&
Vw_ gMoV `{Vdembr mU-H|$ hmo& Cg_| AnZo-AmnH$mo {dbrZ _V H$mo& AnZo ApV_
{ZH$f _| `h {dMmaYmam A`V {H$`mdmXr h, dh OZ Ho$ {V KUm na AmYm[aV h, Ama
~wpXOr{d`m| H$mo OZVm go AbJ H$aHo$ aIZo H$m Cnm` h& '' Bg{bE do {\$a H$hVo h- _
'Owby_ _| em{_b hmo OmD$Jm; bo{H$Z '^rS> ' Ama 'Owby_' Vmo _Zw` Ho$ `{Vd Ho$ n[ahma
H$m, AV`{Vd Ho$ ghma H$m gyMH$ h, Bg{bE _oar _w{V H$ht ^r Zht h& '' {\$a ^r
g_wh "AgmYmaU H$m` H$aVm' h ~eV} CgH$m EH${V hmoZm Co`nyU hmo H$m {dMma ^r dh
aIVo hE H$hVo h H$s _w{V AHo$bo _| Zht hmoVr-
233
''`mX aImo,
H$^r AHo$bo _| _w{V Zht {_bVr,
`{X dh h Vmo g~Ho$ gmW h&''
Bgr H$maU Z`r H${dVm '^rS>', 'g_wh' Ho$ gmW hmo J`r& dh OZVm{^_wI hmo
J`r& ma^ _| dh gHo${VH$Vm, {VH$m_H$Vm, q~~m_H$Vm Ho$ H$maU dh O{Q>b hmo J`r& AW
JhU Ag^m` hmo J`m naVy Cmamoma `h dmr H$_Va hmoVr J`r& A~ Cg_| R>>oR> ^mfm,
OZ^mfm, gab ^mdm{^`{V hB h& {OgH$m `moJ H$^r ZmJmOwZ Zo {H$`m Wm A~
Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$a aho h& ZmJmOwZ H$s 'AH$mb Ama CgHo$ ~mX' VWm Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$s
'H$moB \$H$ Zht nS>Vm' BZ H${dVm A``Z go `h ~mV n> hmo Om`oJr& Ako`, e_eoa,
lrH$mV d_m, Yy{_b Am{X H$s H${dVmE CgH$m _mU h& CZ H${d`m| Zo ^mfm _| {M_`Vm Ho$
WmZ na gnmQ>Vm Am`r& AemoH$ dmOno`r Zo Bgr ~mV H$mo `mZ _| aIVo hE H$hm H$s, ''ZB
H${dVm q~~ H|${V ahr h Ama Aga H${d`m| _| q~~ H$m Eogm KQ>mQ>mon V`ma hAm {H$ gmVdo
XeH$ VH$ AmVo-AmVo H$B H${d`m| H$mo `h _hgwg hAm {H$ H${dVm H$mo q~~ go _wV H$amHo$ hr
Cgo OrdV Ama mg{JH$ aIm Om gH$Vm h& CZHo$ gm_Zo q~~-YmZ H${dVm Hw$N> eH$ H$s
MrO ~Z JB Ama gnmQ>~`mZr H$s Va\$ H$B H${d PwHo$ Ama Cgo {ddmgZr` _mZm OmZo bJm&
'' Bgr H$_ _| aKwdra ghm`, Ho$XmaZmW qgh, lrH$mV d_m, VrZ H${d`m| H$m {deof n go
CboI H$aVo hE do AmJo `h ^r OmoS>Vo h {H$, ''CZ_| go ha EH$ Zo gnmQ>~`mZr Ho$ _y` H$mo
nhMmZm bo{H$Z Cgo AnZr ~w{Z`mXr q~~-Y{_Vm Ho$ {VHw$b Z aIH$a CgHo$ gm` g`mo{OV
{H$`m Ama AnZo _whmdam| H$mo Ama CZgo COmJa hmoZodmbo H$m`-ggma H$mo g_X {H$`m,
{M_`Vm H$mo ImoE {~Zm Cgo amoOam H$s OrdVVm Xr& '' Z`r H${dVm _| Am`m `h ~Xbmd ^r
H${dVm H$mo {\$a EH$ ~ma, OZVm go Xya hB 'm`mo{JH$' 'ZB' H${dVm H$mo OZVm Ho$ ~rM bmH$a
IS>r H$aVr h&
9.6 Cnghma :-
ZB H${dVm OZVm H$s Ama OZVm Ho$ gmW H$s H${dVm h& dh nanam go {dN>oX
hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX nanam go _wV Zhr h& Bg H${dVm AmXmobZ goo {hXr gm{h` _| _w{V~moY,
^dmZr gmX {_l, e_eoa ~hmXya qgh, H$s{V MmYar, ^maV^yfU AJdmb, gd}da X`mb
ggoZm, Ho$XmaZmW AJdmb, b_rH$mV d_m, OJXre JwV, _wm amjg, Zo{_M OZ,
^mH$a _mMdo, amOH$_b MmYar, aKwdra ghm`, lrH$mV d_m, Xw`VHw$_ma, Yy{_b, Hw$da
Zmam`U, H$bme dmOno`r, lram_ d_m, XwYZmW qgh Ogo geV _hdnyU H${d C^aH$a
Am`o& XodamO Zo H$hm h H$s 'Bg H${dVm Zo hr nhbr ~ma `{V H$mo `{V H$s nanam _|
aIH$a XoIZo H$m `mg {H$`m& ^{VH$mb go boH$a J{VdmX VH$ `{V H$mo _{Xa, _hb,
dJ, AmH$me, Ama _mg H$s VWmH${WV _mg dm{X`m| mam d` H$s JB Adm^m{dH$
`m`mAm| Ho$ aJrZ nQ>m| _| bnoQ>m Om ahm h& Z`r H${dVm Zo hr Cgo Am_ {OXJr H$s
AN>mB`m| Ama ~wamB`m| Ho$ ~rM _Zmodkm{ZH$ n _| {M{V {H$`m h& AV Z`r H${dVm Zo
`{V H$mo nanam go H$mQ>m Zht, ~pH$ OmoS>m h& '' `h _V ghr ^r {VV hmoVm hmo naVy H$~ra
234
Ogo H${d`m| Zo OZVm H$s ~mV OZVm H$s ^mfm _| H$hr h, dh {hXr gm{h` _| nhbm H${d Ama
CgH$s H${dVm h {OgZo OZm{^`{V' H$mo nyU noZ pdH$ma {H$`m Wm& Z`r H${dVm _| `h
nanam {\$a {dH${gV hmoVr h& `h CgH$s H$Q>r nanam go OwS>r ^mdZmE h Eogm H$hm Om`oJm&
'^{V H$mb' eX `moJ O~ XodamO H$aVo h Vmo H$~ra Cgr H$mb _| AmVo h& Ama Ch| `m|
Im[aO H$aZm, A`mo` hmoJm, `mo{H$ ewbOr Ho$ AZwgma 'D$M-ZrM Ama Om{V-nmVr Ho$
^md H$m `mJ Ama ^{V Ho$ {bE _Zw` _m Ho$ g_mZm{YH$ma H$m drH$ma Wm& '' H$~ra _|
_Zw` _m Ho$ {bE g_mZm{YH$ma H$s ^mdZm Zo Ch| gm_m{OH$, OZVm{^_yI ~Zm`m Ama
Cht Ho$ Xw:I, nrS>m, {df_Vm H$mo H${dVm _| bm`m& _Zw` na Bda, Y_, nanam, {T>`m| H$s
Jwbm_r Ho$ dMd H$mo CR>m`m&
dU-{df` Ho$ gmW ^mfm ^r Cgr H$ma H$s ahr h& '{IMS>r' AWmV gmYmaU
OZ H$s ^mfm h& Z`r H${dVm _| ^r '^rS>', 'g_wh' A{^`V hAm h& Cg H$s dVVm H$s
ajm H$m Z IS>m {H$`m J`m h& CgHo$ AV~mh` `{Vd H$s A{^`{V Zo Cgo H$~ra H$s
nanam go OmoS>m Eogm H$hZm A{Vemo{$ Zht hmoJr&
9.7 ~moY Z -
H$. {hXr | JrV H$s nanam H$m {dH$mg H$go hAm h OmZZm&
I. ZdJrV h Zm Bgo m| {Xm Jm Ama BgH$s d{mm {H$g H$ma H$s h
BgH$m AZ H$aZm&
K. ZdJrV | eha Ama Jmd H$s gdoXZm H$mo A{^V H$aVo hE CgHo$ H${d {H$g
H$ma H$m AZw^d VrV H$aVm h Bgo XoIZm-gPZm&
S>. ZdJrV {hXr gm{h H$s EH$ ge$ {dYm h Omo hm H$s OrZ go OwS>o ahZo H$m
~moY H$amVr h&
10.1 CX^d :-
{hXr _| Jr{V H$m` H$s nanam Am{XH$mb go hr ahr h>& {dmn{V, A_ra Iwgamo _|
Bgo XoIm Om gH$Vm h& ^{V H$m` Ho$ H${d`m| Zo Vmo Bgo Ma_ CH$f na nhMm`m ImgH$a
H$U^V H${d`m| _| gyaXmg, ZXXmg, _ram~mB Ho$ nX Jo` aho h& ar{VH$mb _| Z`, gJrV
Ogo H$bmAm| H$m ~h_wIr {dH$mg hAm& `hm go ^maVoXww H$mb VH$ JrV nanam H$s OS>m| go
nmo{fV aho h& {doXr `wJ H$s B{VdVm_H$Vm H$s d{m Zo H${dVm H$mo J n _| drH$mam
Jo`Vm H$m A^md Bg H$mb _| ~Zm ahm {H$Vw gmX, nV, {Zambm Ama _hmXodr Zo g\$b JrVm|
H$m boIZ {H$`m& `o H$m\$s {gX ^r hE ^mdm_H$Vm, d`{VH$Vm, AZw^y{V H$s
amJm_H$Vm, gJrVm_H$Vm, g{jVVm Am{X JwUmo do b~mb~ ^ao JrVm| Zo {\$a EH$ ~ma CH$f
H$mb XoIm& CgHo$ ~mX ~MZ, {ed_Jb qgh "gw_Z', am_oda ewb 'AMb' Zao e_m,
^JdVrMaU d_m, Ho$XmaZmW {_l 'YmZ', JmonmbXmg ggoZm 'ZraO' Xod| em "B'
moJo Xm em, CmH$mV "mbdr' dVmZ | ^maVoX {l, YZO, Hw$da ~oM nmb
Agr, {dkmZ Am{X`m| Ho$ JrV __ neu, Ed gm_m{OH$ gamoH$ma Ho$ gmW AmemdmXr,
_mZdVm Ho$ Jm`H$ aho h&
236
10.2 Zm_H$aU :-
gZ 1950 Ho$ ~mX JrV H$s MoVZm _| n[adVZ Am`m Ama ''`h _mZm OmZo bJm {H$
JrVm| H$m da Z`o OrdZ Ama Z`r J{V Ho$ {V AmWm Ama {ddmg H$m da aho h& '' Bg
Z`r MoVZm H$mo XoIVo hE hr 'Z`m JrV', 'AmO H$m JrV', 'AmYw{ZH$ JrV', 'Z`o JrV' Am{X
{d{^Z Zm_m| go Cgo {MphV {H$`m J`m& gZ 1975 _| drao {_l Zo 'Z`r H${dVm, Z`o JrV:
_y`mH$Z H$s g_`m`| '{df` na Bbmhm~mX Ho$ gm{h`H$ma g_obZ _| AnZm AmboI nT>m&
'ZdJrV' gkm gd W_ lr. amOo gmX qgh Zo 'JrVm{JZr' Ho$ _m`_ go gZ 1958 _|
XmZ {H$ Bhr H$s 'AmBZm' n{H$m Zo ZdJrV H$mo Cda ^y_r {Xbm`r& gZ 58 _| 'bha' Ho$
gnmXH$ H$me OZ H$m H${dVmH$ Am`m& Bgr | go JrV Ho$ Z`o Voda H$m nVm MbVm h&
gnmXH$ _ho eH$a H$s 'dmgVr' mam Am`mo{OV 'Z`o JrV: Z`o da' H$s lIbm Zo ^r
ZdJrV H$mo J{V Xr& BgHo$ ~mX _m dV ZdJrVH$mam| Ho$ gH$bZ VWm g_doV gH$bZ
Am`o& {OZ_| _hdnyU h, 'JrVm{JZr' Ho$ Abmdm 'H${dVm' 64 (1964), JrV-EH$
(1966) JrV-Xmo (1967), gmVd| XeH$ Ho$ C^aVo ZdJrVH$ma' (1967) nmM OmoS> ~mgwar
(1969), ZdJrV XeH$-EH$ (1982), ZdJrV XeH$-Xmo (1983), ZdJrV XeH$-VrZ
(1984) Ama `mm _o gmW-gmW (1984) Am{X _hdnyU h&
ZdJrV Zo CnZo Cg H$mo Jm_ MoVZm Ho$ gmW ~XbVo ZJa ~moY _| Am`r OrdZ H$s
{dgJ{V`m| _| nm`m& OrdZ `WmW VWm Imb ~ZmVr Om ahr BgmZr`VVm H$mo da {X`m
ZdJrV Zo& '' Bg g_` ZdJrV AnZr nyar e{V Ed gmYZ go mMrZ nanamJV {T>`m| Ed
_V aMZm-Y{_Vm H$mo VmoS>H$a gm_{OH$ n[apW{V Ho$ {dn_` pW{V H$mo da XoVm {XIVm
h& 'ZdJrV' `wJ H$s V_m_ _Zmod{m`m| H$mo g_m{d> H$a Cgo VwV H$aZm MmhVm h& Bg{bE
Bg g_` 'ZdJrV' _| {OVZm AmH$moe h, {OVZm VZmd h, {OVZr ZnwgH$Vm h, {OVZr
T>Vm h, {OVZm jmo^ h, {OVZr nrS>m h, {OVZr CXmgr h, Cbmg Ho$ {bE {OVZr bbH$
h, _w{V Ho$ {bE {OVZr Vrd N>Q>nQ>mhQ> h, CVZm g~ Hw$N> em`X hr H$^r JrV _| XoIm J`m
hmo& `h ~Xbmd AH$maU Zht h& BgHo$ _wb _| Am-gm_Vr, AY nyOrdmXr-
AYCn{ZdoedmXr gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Am{WH$ `dWm Ho$ gH$ma {Z{hV h Omo nyar
j_Vm Ho$ gmW H${d g_mO H$mo AnZo AmXe H$s Amoa T>Ho$b aho h& '' ZdJrV AnZr gH${V,
_mZdr` amJm_H$Vm, bmoH$ gX^ go OwS>r _wbV: AmM{bH$ d{m h& eharH$aU Ho$ H$maU
{dH${gV hmoVr gdoXZmAm| go OwS>H$a dh {dVV hmo MwH$s h& `h H$moB Am`m{VV nanam Zht
Bgr {_>r H$s CnO h& dVwV: 'ZdJrV AnZr gOZ {H$`m _| gXd gOJ Ed gH$s` ahm''
h& AZoH$ {dXdmZm| Zo Cgo N>m`mdmX Ama Z`r H${dVm H$s JrV nanam H$mo OmoS>Zodmbm goVy
_mZm h& `h ghr ^r h& ''N>m`mdmXr JrV nanam Ho$ {bO{bOo, _mgb, _mXH$, JwXJwXo,
H$nZm{lV d`{VH$Vm H$s O_rZ H$mo N>moS>H$a OrdZ Ho$ IwaXaonZ H$mo da Xo ahm Wm, Vmo
Xwgar Amoa Z`r H${dVm Ho$ Zrag ZmJarH$aU Ama `m{H$ n[adoe-{Og_| ~oJmZmnZ, {dKQ>Z,
AOZ~rnZ, KwQ>Z, AZmWm, gmg, IrP, namO`, Hw$R>m H$m {MU Wm&'' Eogo _| ZdJrV
_m BZ gmar {MOm| H$mo ZH$ma H$a, ''_mZd Ho$ MoVZm_H$ Va na mH${VH$ Zo{hb Am`mm|
mam Eogm g_d` VwV H$a ahm Wm Omo _pVH$ H$mo CX~w H$aVm nXm Ama gmW hr X`
237
H$mo agmbm{dV ^r& '' ZdJrV Zo N>m`mdmX H$s amo_m{Z`V H$m gH$ma Vmo {H$`m hr Z`r
H${dVm H$mo ^r AnZr Zo{hV b`mpd{V Ed ghO ~moYJ`Vm go ghmam {X`m& Z`r H${dVm Ho$
Qw>Q>Vo hE gm_m{OH$ gamoH$ma H$mo ZdJrV Zo AnZr Cda Ed geV bmoH$m{^`{V Ho$ _m`_
go nwZ: g_mO go OmoS>Zo H$m `mg {H$`m'' Ama H${dVm H$s XwhVm H$s OJh Zo{hb ^md
gdoXZ go `{V _Z H$mo PH$V Ama PH$PmoaVm ahm h&
ZdJrV H$m AmYw{ZH$ {dH$mg VrZ H$mbIS>mo _| {d^m{OV H$a XoIm Om gH$Vm h&
1. W_ Va (1950 go 1960 VH$)
2. {mr` Va (1960 go 1970 VH$)
3. VVr` Va (1970 go A~ VH$)
ZdJrV H$s {V~XVm AmYw{ZH$sH$aU Ho$ Xma _| ~ZVo-{~JS>Vo _Zmo^md MoVZm Ho$
{d{dY Am`m_m| go JwOaVo hE {damQ> AZw^dm| H$s A{^`{V dn C^ar, nZnr, ~T>r h&
BZH$m g~Y A{YH$Va gm_m{OH$ gamoH$mamo go ahm h&
1. gm_m{OH$ `WmW:-
ZdJrV `WmW Ho$ Vr AmJhr ahm h& dVwV: 'X{hH$ amo_mZ VWm H$mn{ZH$
Am`mZ go _wV hmoH$a AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ {dgJV njm| H$mo A{^`V H$aZo Ho$ nrN>o `hr
`WmW-~moY H$m_ H$a ahm Wm& Xygar Vah go H$ho Vmo `h {H$, ZdJrV AnZr Bgr dmr Ho$
MbVo 'ZdJrV' gkm A{OV H$a gH$m h& n> h {H$ ZdJrV H$s gnyU gmX`_`Vm Bg
`WmW {MU Ho$ H$maU hr {Z{_V hB VWm ZdJrV gm{h` _| AnZm dV ApVd H$m`_
H$a gH$m& '' dra| {_l Zo Bgo hr n> {H$`m h -
''Xya hmoVr Om ahr h H$nZm
nmg AmVr Om ahr h qOXJr''
(dra| {_l - JrV_)
Bgr Vah ZdJrV nwamZo ^md~moY go {ZH$bH$a AmYw{ZH$ hmo J`m Ama CgZo OZ
OZ Ho$ gmW AWmV g_mO Ho$ gmW AnZm [aVm H$m`_ {H$`m& Bgr OJh dh gm_m{OH$
`WmW Ho$ {V {V~X `m `mo H$h| X`m~moY aIVm h& dra| {_l hr AmJo H$hVo h-
''nra Voar H$a ahr J_JrZ _wPH$mo
Ama Cggo ^r A{YH$
239
Voao Z`Z H$m Zra amZr
Ama Cggo ^r A{YH$
ha nmd H$s OOra amZr& ''
(dhr)
R>mHw$a gmX qgh Bgr H$ma gm_m{OH$ dU {df_Vm VWm Zmar emofU H$mo EH$
JrV _| ~mYVo h-
''_oao Ka Ho$ nrN>o MXZ h
bmb MXZ h,
Vw_ Cna Q>mobo H$s
_ {ZMbo Jmd H$s
amh| ~Z OmVr h ao
H${S>`m nmd H$s
g_Pmo {H$VZm _oao mUm| na ~YZ h
Am OmZm ~XZ h
bmb MXZ h&''
(R>mHw$agmX qgh- der Ama ~mXb, n-23)
mUm| na ~YZ' _Z _| {dfmX ^a XoVm h, H$Um nXm H$aVm h, Vmo 'Am OmZm
~XZ h' {df_Vm_wbH$ `dWm H$mo `V H$aVm h, Zmar emofU H$mo gm_Zo bmVm h& 'bmb'
Ho$ Vr Zoh Ama '~YZ' Z {_b nmZo H$m ^md JrV Ho$ gmX` H$mo ~S>mVm h& 'H${S>`m nmd H$s'
{df_ dU `dWm H$m gHo$V H$aVr h&
ZdJrVH$mam| _| 'gm_m{OH$ A`dWm' go `WmWmZw^yVr H$m ^md C^am h& `h
A`dWm, _y`, gH$ma, _erZrH$aU, emofU_wbH$ `dWm, {df_Vm, AmYw{ZH$Vm go
CnOr _Zmodmr`m| Ho$ n[aUm_dn C^ar h& Bgr H$mo A{^`V H$aVo hE _mZdr` {nS>m H$mo
JrVm| _| ~mYm h& A`dWm Ho$ {Ibm$, ZdJrV {dH$mg H$mbIS> Ho$ {Vr` VWm VVr` MaU
_| {dmoh H$m `h da Ama ^r VrIm h& dh g_W _mZd H$mo XoIVm hAm ^r CZHo$
qH$H$V`{d_yT>Vm go jwX h& H$^r-H$^r dh A`m{YH$ Hw$X hmo OmVm h-
'"IS>ha _Wb, ~rhS> OJb go hmoH$a h_
Am`o {Og R>ma {d`m~mZ h- AYoam h,
~Oa, Hw$R>m, AH$mb, mg, ^wI_ar, {MVm
H$s YaVr H$mo H$mbo {j{VOm| Zo Koam h
A{^em{nV Xoe `hm
H$^r Hw$N> Zht hmoJm
Mmho {H$VZo XYr{M ApW-~rO ~mo Om`|&''
(Amo_ ^mH$a, nwn-a{MV, n. 87)
ZdJrV H$s gdoXZm Ho$ {d{dY nj h& `WmW {MU, AmYw{ZH$Vm, ZJa~moY,
Jm_~moY, AmmoJrH$aU, _y`m| H$m hZZ Am{X& AmOmXr Ho$ Vr, gmR>momar H${dVm H$s Vah
_moh^J H$s pW{V ZdJrVH$mam| _| ^r nm`r OmVr h& ''AmOmXr Ho$ nyd, gwI Ho$ Omo gnZo bmoJm|
240
Zo gOmo`o Wo, AmOmXr {_bZo na CZH$s ny{V Vmo Xya, Z{g{I`m| H$s `dWm Zo CZ na Z`o
AHw$e bmXo VWm ^>mMma, amOZr{V go hmoVr hB h XbZ Ed XZ d{m gm_m` OZ _|
{d> hmoZo bJr& Eogo _| bmoJm| H$m `dWm Ho$ Vro jwY hmoZm bmO_r Wm& '' Bgr ^md H$mo
Xodo e_m B Zo 'nWarbo emoa _|' `V {H$`m h-
''OmZo AZOmZo _| h_Zo `h ^yb H$s
XoIo gwI Ho$ gnZo N>md _| ~~yb H$s&
PyR>o {ZH$bo gmao
AmdmgZ,
`W hB gmYZm&
{hbm Zht ^yVm H$m
qghmgZ,
{Z\$b AmamYZm&
VQ> na h_ IS>o IS>o `mX| ~wZVo aho-
Qy>Q>o Ob`mZ Ho$ IpS>V _Vyb H$s& ''
gm_m{OH$ `WmW H$s ^mdm{^`{V ZdJrV H$s _hdnyU {deofVm ahr h& ZdJrV
d`{VH$Vm go {ZH$bH$a g_mO, Xoe H$s pW{V H$m {ZXeH$ ahm h& `hr CgH$m _y`~moY
ahm h&
2. Jm_ ~moY -
ZdJrVH$ma m` Jm_ OrdZ Ho$ {ZH$Q> ahm h& CgHo$ {V AZwaV, `m H$ho
'_mohJV' ahm h& Jmd BZHo$ {bE 'gmH${VH$ Yamoha' ahr h& ''Jm` OrdZ H$m
Am_r`VmnyU, nm[adm[aH$ gX^m] Am{X H$mo _{V Ho$ ghmao ZdJrV _| dh bmVm h& {Og na
eharH$aU Ho$ AmH$_U {ZaVa hmo aho h& BgH$m _yb H$maU Am{WH$ X~m~ h {OgHo$ ZJa _|
nyao hmoZo Ho$ Adga A{YH$ h& Bg{bE Jmd Ho$ bmoJ eha H$s Va\$ ^mJ aho h& ZdJrVH$ma
ehaOrdr h na Jmd H$s _Ywa _{V CgHo$ _Z _| {OXm h& dh bmoJm| H$mo AJmh H$aVm h''
eha _V AmZm-
'"Ka H$s {H$bV ^yI-{~_mar
hg H$a gh OmZm
^`m!
eha Zht AmZm&''
(AZyn Aeof, ZdJrV XeH$-2 n-39)
`m|{H$ dh _mgw{_`V, ^mobonZ H$mo CS>m bo OmVm h& Jmd Ho$ {V AWm Ama ZJa
{V AZmWm H$m ^md ZdJrVH$mam| _| A`m{YH$ ahm h& _mYdogmX Zo R>rH$ H$hm h H$s,
''ZdJrVH$ma {Og gmX` H$m gOZ H$aVm h dh ^r eharH$aU Ho$ ImoIbonZ VWm Jm`-
OrdZ Ho$ _{V_ybH$ Am_n[adoe go AZw{UV h& ~moY Ho$ Va na ZdJrVH$ma `hm
njYaVm H$m {eH$ma hmo J`m h& EH$ Amoa Ohm Cggo Jm`- OrdZ H$s ~Xhmbr, _y`hrZVm,
AmMma ^>Vm Ny>Q> J`r h dht Xygar Va\$ eham| H$s AN>mX`m| H$mo ^r ZOa AXmO H$a XoVm
241
h& ~moY H$m `h n[adVZ gmX` H$m dh ` CnpWV H$aVm h {Og_| Jmd g~Ym| H$s {_R>mg
H$m n`m` h- _rR>mnZ Omo bm`m Wm Jmd go/Hw$N> {XZ eha ahm/ A~ H$S>dr H$H$S>r' BVZm
hr Zhr eha n[adma {~Iamd Ho$ H$maU ~Z J`o h, CgH$s MMm ^a go Xrdma| XaH$Zo bJVr h
'Xrdma| {hbVr O~ Ka H$s/MMmE O_Vr/eha H$s& '' ~wT>mno _| _mVm-{nVm AnZo ~Mmo go
~S>r AmemE aIVo h {H$Vw do eha OmH$a g~H$mo ^yb OmVo h& Jmd H$go hmo MwHo$ h BgHo$ AZyn
Aeof Zo `V {H$`m h-
''~yT>o {XZ h, Jmd AHo$bo
bS>Ho$ eha J`o
IoVm| _| H$Mo C{O`mao
CZH$mo ~mo`o H$mZ
WH$s nwamZr Xoh
Yyn H$mo ~oMo AmYo-nmZ
Zr_ Vbo boQ>o gmQ>o {\$a Xmonha-J`o&''
(dh _oao Jmd H$s hgr Wr-n-60)
Jmd _| A~ Ho$db ~wT>o aho h `m {Oh| eha OmZm AmgmZ Zht bJVm dh& ZJam|,
_hmZJam| H$s Am{WH$, gw{dYm, M_H$-X_H$ H$m AmH$fU, amoOr-amoQ>r Ho$ gdmb H$mo gwbPmZo
^a H$m ahm h {\$a ^r Jmd CZH$mo Nw>Q>Vm Zht& CgHo$ Vr Am_r`Vm, ^mdyH$Vm AH$maU Zht,
gH$maU h& ehar OrdZ-_y`m| go Vmb_ob {~R>mVo-{~R>mVo dh ~ma-~ma Jmd H$s Amoa bmQ>Vm
h& Bg_| dh H$^r Qw>Q>Z, Nw>Q>Z, mgXr, {dgJVr, I>m-{_R>mnZ nmVm h& {ed~hmXya qgh
^Xm[a`m H$m EH$ JrV Jmd Ho$ _hd H$mo aoIm{H$V H$aVm h-
''Jmd go ^mJm bo{H$Z
`hm ^r Zht gdam,
MbVo jU ZmB Omo {XIm J`m Amagr
`W ahr, AjV g~
PyR>m Wm `mo{Vfr,
e{Z H$mon nhbo-gm hr
`m| H$m `m| R>ham&''
(ZdJrV XeH$-1 n-101)
`m EH$ Xwgao JrV _o `moJ|Xm e_m H$hVo h-
""~pV`mo _| H$mM-gm _Z
Qy>Q> OmZm h,
Jmd O~ nrN>o eha go
Ny>Q> OmVm h& ''
(Iwe~wAm| Ho$ Xoe-n-26)
`m _`H$ lrdmVd H$hVo h-
''Jmd ZJm H$a {X`m h
H$maImZm| Zo
242
Ama Iw{e`m N>rZ H$a
aI br g`mZm| Zo&''
(gh_m hAm Ka-n. 17)
BZ CXmhaUm| _| Jm_-~moY H$s AZw^y{V hmoVr h& ZdJrVH$mam| Ho$ {bE, ''Jmd
gH${V H$m gajH$ h& dhm Am_r`Vm h, g~Ymo H$m {Zdmh h naVw BZ g~Ho$ ~mdOyX Jmd _|
(dh) gVw> Zht h Ama eha H$s Va\$ ^mJVm h Bgo ZdJrVH$mam| H$s {dgJ{V ^r H$hm OmE
m gw{dYm naVr& `h ZdJrV H$m AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ {V AmJh h& dh AnZo OrdZ _|
~Xbmd MmhVm h, AnZr gh^m{JVm H$s ghr g_P nmZm MmhVm h& naVy gmW hr dh AnZo
_y`m| _| ~Xbmd H$m BNw>H$ H$VB Zht h, AnZr gH${V H$mo boH$a dh J{dV ^r h Ama eham|
H$s _y`hrZVm H$mo hH$maV H$s {> go XoIVm h& ''
3. ZJa ~moY :-
ZdJrV _| eha V_m_ ZH$mam_H$ _y`m| Ho$ VrH$ n _| C^aH$a Am`m h&
gmH${VH$ hmg, {dKQ>Z, nm[adm[aH$ Qy>Q>Z, ZH$brnZ, CXmgr, {~Iamd, g~Ymo H$m
Im_m, Cn^moVm gH${V Ho$ O_, Am{WH$sH$aU, emofU, `Um, D$~, KwQ>Z, VZmd,
AOZ~r`V, AZ{VH$Vm, B`m{X H$m H$maU eharH$aU H$mo _mZVo hE ZdJrVH$ma Zo AnZo
~moY H$mo BgHo$ {Ibm$ IS>m H$a {X`m h Ama gmX` Ho$ Cg Z`o _mZH$ H$m emoY {H$`m h Omo
{g\$ _mZd Ho$ Cbm{gV VWm _Yya gX^m] go hr {Z{_V Zht hmoVm daZ OrdZ Ho$ XwIm_H$
nhbwAm| H$mo ^r gne H$aVm h& '' dVwV ZdJrV _| eha OrdZ H$s gdoXZ{gVVm H$m
^anya {MU Am`m h& Jm_ H$s VwbZm H$aVo hE ZdJrVH$mam| Zo ZJa ~moY H$s A{^`{V H$s
h& BZH$s BZ gmar gdoXZmAm| H$mo amOo JmV_ Ho$ eXm| _| `V {H$`m Om gH$Vm h-
''dgH$ AUw-Am| Ho$ AmVH$ Ho$ gm`o _|, `m{H$ `wJ Ho$ ^`mdh VZmd _|, ^m{VH$Vm Ho$
{d\$moQ> go _mZdr` g~Ym| H$s I{S>VVm Ho$ ~rM, AmXem} Ho$ Qy>Q>-{~Ia OmZo dmbo ImoIbonZ
Ho$ XmamZ, A{ZM` H$s AYoamo, gwaJm| go JwOaVo hE, _wImQ>mYmar amOZr{V Ho$ n[ahmg-
ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ~rM VWm _y`m| H$s {^{m H$mo ^a^amH$a {JaVo XoIVo hE ^r OrdZ _| gmX` H$s-
EH$ ZdrZ gmX` H$s- ImoO hr _mZdr` {ddmg H$s CnbpY H$s EH$ _m amh hmo gH$Vr Wr
Ama `h ImoO {Og H$ma Ho$ gmX` VH$ Bg nrT>r H$mo bo J`r, CgH$s _yb-gaMZm H$m gmX`
H$s 'H${_Q>r' go {^ hmoZm ^r An[ahm` Wm, g^dV: Bgr{bE ZdJrVH$ma Zo _erZr
H$mobmhb Ho$ ~rM b`m| H$m gYmZ {H$`m h, VZmdm| Ho$ ~rM gdoJm| H$mo A{^`{V Xr h, EH$-
ag ^m{VH$Vm Ho$ ~rM mUdmZ {~~m| H$m gOZ {H$`m h, {~Iamd Ama Qy>Q>Z Ho$ ~rM {en H$mo
gpb>rH$V n {X`m h&''
ehar OrdZ H$s Amnm-Ymnr, `VVm Ho$ H$maU `m{H$ OrdZ OrZo Ho$ {bE
`{V {dde h, _O~ya h& Bgr H$maU CZH$m OrdZ ag gwI J`m h& _`dJu` ZmoH$ar noem
dJ Ho$ {bE eha H$gm hmo J`m h Bgo _mhoda {Vdmar Zo AnZo JrV haqgJma H$moB Vmo hmo' _|
`V {H$`m h-
'"eha hmo J`o,
gmao Jwb_moha, A_bVmg
^rS> _hmZJa hmo J`o&
243
gw~h| OJt,
Obr AJr{R>`m
YwAm nhZZo bJo _H$mZ
MrIm| go
^a JB {Xem`|
emoa nhZ
gw hE H$mZ
gmo` H$_aoo
CR>H$a g\$a hmo J`o &''
ehadmgr`m| _| ~ZmdQ>rnZ C^aH$a Am`m h & EH$ H$ma go do AmnMm[aH$Vm H$m
{Zdmh H$aVo OmVo h {Oggo Amngr [aVm| _| bJmd, `m H$ho 'ag" Ho$ gmoVo \w$Q>Zm ~X- gm hmo
J`m h& a_oe aOH$ Ho$ eXm| _| - "{\$a Z ao{JVmZ hmoVo/ Xoh _| Eogo/ {\$a Z AmVo ma na/
_oh_mZ hmo Ogo/ h{S>S>`m| H$mo H$mQ>Vr `m|/ AmnMm[aH$Vm '' ~mV `hm VH$ H$s Zht eha Zo
Jm_ OrdZ H$s Kmoa Cnojm H$s h& CgH$m XmohZ {H$`m h ''eha ~wbS>moOa H$s Vah Cgo amX
ahm h & '' ,'' em_| g~ gaH$mar hmo J`r / AnZmnZ noQ> _| X~moMH$a/ N>mVr na go eha
JwOa J`m/ OmZo {H$VZm {Zarh gmoMH$a&
ehar `dWm go ZdJrVH$mam| H$mo {MT> h & do Cggo naoemZ ^r h na Cggo Xya ^r
Zht ah nmVo, CgH$s aVma _o do em_rb hmo OmVo h IwX H$mo Cg_| OmoS>Zm MmhVo h& na O~
H$^r D$~ OmVo h {Zame hmo OmVo h Vmo H$hVo h - ' AS>o/ `mO/ _wJ \${b`m|/ Ho$bmo Ho$
{N>bH$m|/ `V {ZamoYm|/ Ama ar H$mJO Ho$ Qw>H$S>m|/ {gJaoQ> Ho$ Imbr {S>~m| go/ AQ>r-
nQ>r `o b~r gS>H|$/ `o gmjr h dkm{ZH$ {dH$mg H$s & '' (Xodo e_m B, Hw$hao H$s `mMm,
n-29)
g\o$Xnmoe bmoJm| H$m EH$ {M lrH$U {Vdmar H$m JrV 'gmQ>o H$s Prb' _o Am`m
h& dVwV '' ehar {OXJr Ho$ {Og AmMaU Zo ZdJrVH$ma H$mo Iy~ _Wm h dh h CgH$s
_wImamYmar d{m D$na go XoIZo _| g^r ear\$ naVy dmV{dH$Vm _o {Zhm`V JXo Ama Hy$a&
'' (n-139) ZdJrVH$mam| H$mo YmoIm Bhr dJ go {_bm em`X `hr H$maU h H$s Bg dJ Ho$
Vr CZ_| A{YH$ AmH$moe {XIVm h -
""~mha go hgVo h bmoJ
AXa go amoVo h bmoJ
OmZo `h H$gr Am~mohdm
OmZo `h H$go bmoJ,
AmImo _| ~\$sbr Prb,
AmoR>m| na ~m$Xr \$mg,
H$mZm| _| OJb H$m emoa,
~ham h _Z H$m AmH$me&''
(gmQ>o H$s Prb- n- 5)
I_ hmoVr _mZdr`Vm Ama Cgna H$s AmWm Ho$ gH$Q>~moY Ho$ Xma go ZdJrVH$ma
JwOa ahm h& `h gH$Q> nhMmZ H$m h, h_mar g`Vm, _w`m| H$s ajm H$m h& 'AmZodmbr nrT>r
244
Ho$ gm_Zo H$m `wJ H$gm hmoJm' H$s qMVm BZ_| h& ~T>Vo ImoIbonZ, g_m hmoVr OrdVVm H$s
Vbme BZHo$ JrVm| _| h&emVr gw_Z H$m JrV 'Amo Vr{jV' _| `hr ^md `V hAm h-
'' `h eha nWam| H$m eha
Qy>Q>r hB gw~h `hm
PwH$s hB em_
Oobm| go XVa VH$
em{nV Amam_
JmR>m| gr Jm{b`m| _| ^ar-^ar ~X~y
gm\$ hdm H$s OJh {n`| g^r Oha
nWam| H$m eha&
KwQ>Vo g~Ym| H$s
MMm ~XZm_,
YwE Ho$ N>bm|-gm
OrZm ZmH$m_
_H$S>r Ho$ Ombm|-gr {~N>r hB CbPZ|
gVhr eVm} go g~ X~o hE nha
nWam| H$m eha& ''
n- 31
g~Ym| H$s Qy>Q>Z, gdoXZhrZVm, `m{H$Vm, XwfU, JXJr, {ZaWH$Vm H$m `WmW
ZdJrVH$mam| Zo VwV {H$`m h& g~Ym| Ho$ Qy>Q>Zo VWm AmnMm[aH$Vm Ho$ H$maU ehar `{V
nWa ~ZVm Om ahm h&
eha ZdJrVH$mam| Ho$ {b`o ''Cn^moVm gH${V Ho$ ^moJdmXr T>mMo H$m Zm h
{Og_| AmXe, _y`, Z{VH$Vm g^r Hw$N> ^_ hmo MwHo$ h & BgHo$ A{V[aV amOZr{VH$
fS>`, g\o$Xnmoe AnamY, ZH$brnZ, `m{H$Vm g~ {_bH$a eha H$mo ~X$n H$aZo Ho$ {b`o
n`m h Ama `{X Eogo _| eha ZmQ>H$-Ka bJZo bJo Vmo AmM` Zht - '_oam eha _hmZ
ZmQ>H$-Ka / Ogm bJVm h/... Hw$N> _m{ha h AmJ-bJmH$a / hmW g|H$Zo _| / bJo hE Hw$N>
Ja_-Ja_ / A\$dmh \|$H$Zo _|/ ~mob aho h IrP-IrP H$a / Aja aho hE&''
mha H$B g_`mAm| go JV hmoVm Om ahm h & gmXm{`H$ XJo, amOZr{VH$
AImS>o, Xmdn|M, JXJr, AOZ~rnZ, D$~ Am{X& Bgr H$m {MU ZdJrVm| _| Am`m h&
4. H${V o_
Jmd H${V H$m g_mohZ ZdJrVH$mam| _| ahm h& {Og Jm_rU OrdZ go dh OwS>m h
Cgr H$mo JrV H$m {df` Z ~Zm`m OmE, Eogm hmoVm Zht& Jmd Vr {Z>m, gmH${VH$ {Z>m,
nanam ~moY Ho$ gmW H${V o_ H$B ZdJrVH$mam| _| h& {\$a ^r H${V H$mo dV {df`
~ZmH$a CgH$m dUZ am_Xae {_l, adr ^_a, am_Zaoe nmR>H$, e^wZmW qgh,
R>mHw$agmX qgh Am{X`m| _| nm`m OmVm h& CZHo$ H${V {MU _| '_Z Ho$ Cbmg, g`moJ-
{d`moJ, hf-C_mX Ama amo_mpQ>H$Vm A{YH$ {_bVr h& '' e^wZmW {gh H$m JrV ' _m`_
_ ' _| 'H$m{VH$ H$s YaVr' H$m dUZ Am`m h-
245
'' amo_ amo_ _| N>{~ h N>mB,
{dbr gr h ItMr hamB,
gmoZOwhr gr $n bwZmB,
AJ AJ go PaVr
H$m{VH$ H$s YaVr ''
H$Vr Ho$ {d{^ $nm| H$m {MU BZ_| nm`m OmVm h& Amb~Z, CrnZ,
AbH$aU, _mZdrH$aU, VrH$ Am{X& {\$a ^r BgH$ma Ho$ dUZ _| ''Am_r`Vm VWm Jm`
n[adoe H$m g_d`'' ahm h-
''N>mZo AmH$me Ho$ YaVr na PwHo$-PwHo$
C`mZr {jm VQ> , _oKXyV $Ho$-$Ho$& ''
AWdm 'bmoH$-OrdZ' H$m {MU H${V {MU Ho$ gmW-gmW hmoVm ahm h& a_oe
aOH$ H$m 'JrV {dhJ CVam' _o Bgo XoIm Om gH$Vm h-
''{~Ia JB nwadm H$s AbH|$
gmao KQ> _|
\$b JB EH$ bha J^ J^
AVa _|
AHw$bm`o `mXm| Ho$ \y$b &''
A{YH$me ZdJrVm| _| H${V {V o_ H$m dUZ hAm h&
5. U`~moY
H${V H$mo _m`_ ~ZmH$a U` H$m {MU N>m`mdmX H$s Img {deofVm h& {Zambm
H$s 'Owhr H$s H$br' BgH$m Cm_ CXmhaU h& {\$a ^r {Zambm Ho$ JrV nanam H$m `m H$ho Bgr
d{m H$m `moJ ZdJrVH$mam| Zo {H$`m h {H$Vy `mZ aho BZH$m {MU N>m`mdmX go {ZVmV
{^ h& U` {MU _| ZdrZVm, VmOJr, C\w$bVm, ghOVm, dm^m{dH$Vm H$s bbH$ h&
''ZdJrV _| U` H$mo EH$ Zm ~moY {_bm {Og_| Zmar ^mo`m Zht, ghYm{_Ur h, g_`mAm|
H$s {_b-~mQ>H$a hb H$aVr h& H$m_ H$aVr h, {Zame _mZd H$mo OrdZ H$s Zd-oaUm XmZ
H$aVr h& dh ^ma Zhr h, nw$f na Am{lV ^r Zht h& ghO gmX` go C\w$b AmX_r H$s
H$mo_b MoVZm H$s ga{jH$m hmoZo Ho$ gmW nmanm[aH$ _mZd-_y`m| H$s gdm{hH$m h Zmar&
AmWm,{ddmg, dmg`, H$Um, X`m Ogr CXmm MoVZm H$s A{Y>mr hmoZo Ho$ gmW e{V
H$m AO moV ^r dh h& ZdJrV _| Omo Zmar AmVr h dh {g\$ 'Xod' _m Z hmoH$a _mZdr`
^mdZmAm| H$m AmYma ^r h& Xoh H$MZ H$s Zht/dmgZm ^tJr/ Vw_ ^mdZmAm| H$m/ _Ywa
AmYma ^r Vmo hmo/''(JrV nd Am`m h, amOo JmV_)-'' (n.-143)
AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ Xma _| ~T>Vo eharH$aU _| U` g~Ym| na ge` IS>o hmo J`o&
Cgna "" Am{WH$ X~md VWm ^moJdmXr AmH$fU Zo Am_r`Vm Ho$ jU H$mo gr{_V H$a {X`m h &
'' Ohra Hw$aoer H$s aMZm 'EH$ ZXr gmJa go {_b H$a/JmZm ^yb J`r' Bgr Xama H$mo XemVr
h `m| {H$ 'nZr {ZH$br gw~h / em_ H$mo XVa go bmQ>r/ n{V H$m ZmBQ> {eQ> gmV {XZ _|
{\$a go bmQ>r& '' (EH$ Qw>H$S>m Yyn-n-81) Eogr n[apW{V _o U` ~mY Qy>Q>Zm dm^m{dH$ hr
h V~ ~wpXZmW {_l H$hVo h-
246
"" `o Vwhmar H$m|nbm|-gr Z_ ~mho
Ama _oao Jwb_wha Ho$ {XZ
AmO Hw$N> AZhmo{Z`m H$aHo$ ah|Jo
`ma Ho$ `o _ZMbo nb-{N>Z ''
(Omb \|$H$ ao _N>oao, n-12)
ZdJrVH$mam| H$m U` ~moY AnZr A{^`{V _| _{V_wbH$ h dh AmO H$m gM
Zht h, ~pH$ {nN>br {OXJr Ho$ ag`wV jUm| H$mo _{V Ho$ _m`_ go AnZo OhZ _| CVma
H$a ZdJrVH$ma gVw> hmo boVm h `mo{H$ AmO H$s n[apW{V`m BVZr {df_ h {H$ Am_r`Vm
H$m jU ^r ~m_wpH$b hr {_b nmVm h& '' O{ha Hw$aoer, ~wpZmW {_l Ho$ JrV Cgr H$s
A{^`{V h& Bgna eharH$aU H$s `m{H$Vm Ama {ZagVm H$m ^md h& ~mOmadmXr
gH${V H$m ^moJdmXr {>H$moZ [aVmo _| `m{H$Vm bmVm h& [aVm| _o ^r Cn`mo{JVmdmX bmVm
h& Eogo _| ^mdZm, gdoXZm H$m H$moB _hd Zht ah OmVm& Ohra Hw$aoer H$hVo h-
''[aVm| H$s gS>H|$
A~ OmVr Zht ^mdZm VH$
AmO AmX_r na hmoVm h
H$`yQ>a H$m eH$
JmVo {\$aVo h '[aH$mS>' go
AnZo XwIS>o bmoJ& ''
(ZdJrV XeH$- 3. n- 93)
ZdJrV _| \$m`S> H$m XohdmXr $n ^r nm`m OmVm h& 'Xoh' go o_ VH$ nhMZo H$s
d{m empV gw_Z Ho$ JrV 'naN>mB Qw>Q>Vr" _| nm`m OmVm h- KQ>mo Bg Vah {XIVr hB
/AOVm `mX AmVr /AmI _wXo egm {n`o/CJ{b`m {WaH$mVr /AbJ-jU Ho$ AbJ `o
{H$go/ZtX hr Imo JB & ''
H$^r AZw^yV EH$m{VH$ jUm| H$s _{V- AmdoJ VwV n{V`m| _| h& 'AOVm"
H$s _{V hmo OmZm 'ZJmnZ' hr h Om aMZmH$ma Ho$ AMoVZ _| gwa{jV nS>m h & `m|{H$ `h
AZw^y{V 'AbJ-jU.. $AbJ {H$go' H$s h & AmO CZ {H$gm| H$mo `mX {H$`m Om ahm h&
OrdZ Ho$ CZ gwIX jU Vr AmH$fU EH$ AmemdmX hr h Vmo {Zamem~moY H$s N>Q>nQ>mhQ ^r&
ZdJrVH$ma H$m `h Zd amo_mg h& XwI Zht& `moJoXm e_m Zo 'Iwe~wAm| Ho$ Xe' _| `hr ^md
`V {H$`m h- A~ Z bmQ>oJo H$^r& C_mX Ho$ do nb gwhmZo!& Imo J`o do _oY C_Z& dV-
jV A_amB`m> h& _mZ noS>mo H$s {eIm na Sy>~Vr naN>mB`m h& Prb WH$ H$a gmo JB h gmo JB
C_Z _whmZo& ''
U` H$s H$n{ZH$Vm, ZdVm, Zd C_mXVm, AmH$fU, WmoWr Z{VH$Vm H$m {damoY
Am{X {deofVm ZdJrVm| H$s h& Zmar H$mo D$OmpdZr ~ZH$a dh Cgo ^moJZm MmhVm h CgH$m
R>S>mnZ Cgo H$MmQ>Vm h `m|{H$ `h nwamVZVm h, CgH$m {damoY ^r dh H$aVm h- H$hVm h-
H$~ VbH$ Vw_ ~\$ gr boQ>r ahoJr& ~ hmo& AmO WmoS>r AmM Vmo gwbJo& (_Ywa H$_b,
_hAm Ama _hmda- n-31) `h ZdJrVH$ma H$s AbrbVm Zhr, AmYw{ZH$ {dgJ{V H$s XoZ
h {H$ nZr ~\$ gr R>S>r hmo boQ>r h Bg{bE m|{H$ OrdZ H$s g_`mAm| Zo CgHo$ U` H$s
AmJ H$mo R>S>m H$a {X`m h& ''
247
6. {OOr{dfm H$m Z`m gmX`-~moY
_mYd|gmX Zo H$hm h '' ZdJrV Z`o gmX`-~moY H$m H$m` h {Ogo {en Ama
H$ XmoZm| Vam| na ZdVm m hB h& {OOr{dfm H$m gmX` ^md-dUVm H$m {ZXeH$ h...
ZdJrV _| dV_mZ OrdZ H$m {dgJ{V~moY h& D$na go g~ R>rH$ bJ ahm h, bo{H$Z ^rVa
JS>~S> h& ereo H$s Xrdma H$s Vah ... ZdJrVH$ma Bgo VmoS>Zm MmhVm h `m|{H$ _y`hrZVm H$m
ma^' {OgH$s n[aU{V {Zamem _| hmoVr h,`hr go hmoVm h& '' Bg{b`o dh H$hVm h- '' H$moB
Vmo hmWm| _|/nWa bo/VmoS>o ereo H$s Xrdma H$mo& (_mhoda {Vdmar, haqgJma H$moB Vmo hmo, n-
77) `h ZdJrVH$mam| H$s 'H$g_gmhQ>' `m '{dmoh' h& Ohm {Zamem ^r h Vmo Amem ^r& dh
'Qw>Q>m' h, 'nammnZ' Cgo 'gmbVm' h naVw ' _V-JrV' dh H$^r Zht JmVm& dh Ohm
'`yQ>b' hmo J`m h dhm 'H$moB $H$ Zht nS>Vm' Ogm _whmdam CgHo$ {bE ^r AmJ hmo J`m h''
- H$Yo Hw$br/~moP ehOmXo/ H$moB \$H$ Zht,/amOo H$^r/H$^r _hmamOo/H$moB \$H$
Zhr/AI~mam| H$s aJr gw{I`m/~S>~mobm| H$s ~mV/gyaO gmo`m JmoXm_ _|/ R>har H$mbr
amV/PyR>r H$g_|/PyR>o dmXo H$moB \$H$ Zht'' (S>m. gwaoe,ZdJrV XeH$-3 n-47-48) Bg
A`m`nyU pW{V {V dh ~oMZ hmo CR>Vm h& CgHo$ {damoY _| dh 'VZ H$a IS>m hmoZm MmhVm
h& '' A~ Cgo, ''nma OJb Ho$ Z`o Hw$N> gy` A~ {XIZo bJo h& '' `h g^mdZm hr h Omo Cgo
{Zamem Ho$ JV} go ~mha {ZH$mbVr h `m|{H$ dVwV ''AamOH$ V Zo bmoJm| H$s Am_r`Vm,
CgH$s ghOVm, Cbmg, AmH$mjm, C_J, Cgmh, oaUm, g^r Hw$N> H$mo g{XY H$a {X`m
h& AmX_r Ho$ nmg AnZr g_`mAm| go OwPVo OrdZ H$mo {KgQ>Zo Ho$ {gdm Hw$N> Zht ~Mm h
ZdJrVH$ma Zo Bhr g_`mAm| H$mo ^moJm h& hr BZH$m gm Ehgmg h& '' V^r Vmo Hw$_ma
adt `h ZdJrVH$ma {bIVm h-
""nwnm|H$s/Z`r H$Wm
gwZVo AmH$me&
Q>ogy H$mo gmW {b`o
Ky_Vo \$bme
_Z _| {\$a OJm aho Yyn Ho$ gdmb&''
(AmV h dZ, n-18)
{OOr{dfm Ho$ MbVo hr dh n[adVZ H$s nwH$ma H$aVm h& JV{ebVm Zo OZdm{X
MoVZm H$mo OJm`m {OgH$m ^md ~mX _| `moJdmX. ZB H${dVm, gmR>momar H${dVm | Am`m naVy
''ZdJrV _| `h MoVZm nyOrn{V VWm gdham dJ H$s MoVZm Ho$ $n _| Zht Am`r, daZm Omo
gmm na H$m{~O Wo Ama {OZHo$ hmW _| `dWm Wr, ^bo hr do OZVm Ho$ {V{Z{Y `m| Z hmo
,ZdJrVH$ma Ho$ {b`o emofH$ Wo& BgHo$ {dnarV nyar OZVm, Mmho dh _`_dJ hmo, Jm_-eha
Ho$ gH${_V bmoJ hmo, AWdm OrdZ H$s ZdVm Ho$ njYa hmo, g^r ZdJrV _| nr{S>V _mZd Ho$
$n _| JhrV hE& Bg_| Am{WH$ H$maU CVZm ~b Zht {XIVm h, {OVZm _y`JV mg Ed
gmH${VH$ {dKQ>Z H$s {H$`m Wr& `m|{H$ ZdJrV nmanm[aH$ _mZd _y`m| Ed gmH${VH$
Yamoha H$s MoVZm Ho$ $n _| C^am& Bg{bE O~ BZna AmKmV hAm Vmo ZdJrVH$ma Hw$X hmo
CR>m Z{MHo$Vm H$s `h hS>~S>mhQ> 'AYo A{Ymao H$m& Jbm h X~moM b| (AmXH$X I~a|-n-
21) Bgr H$moY H$m n[aUm_ h& Xodo e_m 'B' H$mo bJZo bJm {H$ `h 'der' ~OmZo Ho$ {XZ
248
Zht, gKf Ho$ {XZ h& n[adVZ H$s {H$`m H$mo gn H$aZo Ho$ {XZ h - 'der H$mo {Jadr aI /
bo Am`o eI' (Hw$hao H$s `mMm, n-22) `h 'eI' `wX H$m VrH$ h& ''bmoH$Vm{H$
`dWm _| nZno emofH$m| Ho$ {dX ZdJrVH$ma H$s `h AJmO h& gKf Ho$ {b`o dh V`ma h&
CZHo$ gm_Zo ey `m {dnj n> Zht h {\$a ^r CgHo$ {Ibm$, Cgna AmKmV dh H$aZm
MmhVm h `m|{H$ `dWm A_yV hB h& CgHo$ bmoJ ^r& {\$a ^r dh OZ H$mo MoVVm h&
OZe{V mam A`dWm _| n[adVZ bmZm ZdJrVH$ma H$s {OOr{dfm hr h& 'n[adVZ H$s
{Vjm' A~ Cggo Ama Zht hmoVr Bg{b`o dh OZVm H$mo 'AnZo A{YH$mam| Vr' gOJ H$aVm
h& g`Zmam`U {bIVo h-
""Ow_ H$m MH$a Ama Vdmhr {H$VZo {XZ
{H$VZo {XZ
h_ na Vw_ na gX {gnmhr {H$VZo {XZ
{H$VZo {XZ?
~XboJm A~ Vmo `h Am~_ ~XboJm,
{\$a hmdm ~XboJm, AmX_ ~XboJm
`h Jmobr, ~XyH$, {gnmhr {H$VZo {XZ?
{H$VZo {XZ?''
(Vw_ Zm Zht H$a gH$Vo, n-45)
{OOr{dfm hr hmoVr h Omo OS>, nwamVZ H$mo CIS> \|$H$Zo H$m _mKm aIVr h&
~mYmAm| H$mo I_ H$aVr h& Bg{bE e^yZmW H$hVo h- `o CJr OJbr Pm{S>`m H$mQ> X|& AmI
H$s Mma ObVr _embo {b`o& gy` H$s ^y{_H$m h {Z^mVr H$hmo& '' `m Hw$da ~oMZ H$hVo h-
'' AmO VH$ B{Vhmg _|
Omo ^r nbr hmo
XmgVm Ho$ dj H$s OS> ImoIbr hmo
brH$ aKQ> Ho$
{_Q>mZr h h_| do
AmJ H$s bnQ>|
~wPmZr h h_| do
ApW`m Or{dV Ohm AnZr Obr hm|
AmWm H$s
Cg H$S>r H$mo VmoS>Zm h
I h_|/CZ amVm| H$m _moS>Zm h
nr{T>`m {OZna {~Zm g_Po Mbr hm|& ''
({nZ ~hV gmao, n-59)
ZdJrVH$ma H$s {OOr{dfm g^r _Zw` H$s MoVZm h& OrZo Ho$ Vr bbH$ h& OrdZ
Ho$ Vr AmWm h& gKf _| {ddmg h& `hr CZHo$ JrV H$m gmX` h&
249
7 ZdJrV H$s dMm[aH$ {V~XVm :-
ZdJrV dVwV ^maVr` bmoH$OrdZ VWm CgHo$ ehar gH$_U go {Z{_V
{dgJ{V-~moY H$m H$m` h& EH$ Amoa nanam VWm gH${V H$m nmbZ dh H$aVm h Vmo Xwgar
Amoa AmYww{ZH$ ehar gH$_U Ama Cggo OwS>r _`mAmo H$s A{^`{V& ZdJrVH$mam| _|
Jm_rU gH$Vr Vr Am_r`Vm, bJmd h Vmo ehar OrdZ gH$Vr Vr D$~, KwQ>Z,
`m{H$Vm Vr, AgVmof h& ZdJrVH$mam| Zo {H$gr dMm[aH$ {V~XVm Ho$ VhV JrV Zht {bIo
Ama {bIm ^r Z OmE `m|{H$ OrdZ H$m gmX` CgH$s Am_m | {d{hV hmoVr h& dMm[aH$Vm
Cgo gr{_V H$Q>Kao _| bmH$a aIVr h& {d{dY _VdmXm| Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r '' ZdJrVH$ma `h
{ZM Zht H$a nm`m {H$ Cgo {H$g {dMma H$m EH$mpVH$ AZwgaU H$aZm h& AnZr-AnZr
T>nbr AnZm-AnZm amJ-Ama Bgr{bE A`V geV H$m`mXmobZ hmoVo hE ^r,
bmoH${`Vm Ho$ ~mdOyX ZdJrV AnZo A{V_ Xma go JwOaVm VrV hmo ahm h&'' {\$a ^r CgHo$
{dMma {V~XVm H$mo VrZ erfH$m| _| {d^m{OV H$a XoIm Om gH$Vm h&
I. amOZr{VH$ {dMma :-
AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX H$s amOZr{V H$m ^mZ{M ZdJrVm| _| Am`m h& gmR>momar H${d`m|
H$s Vah _m AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX Am`o demgZ {V CZH$m ^r _moh^J hmo MwH$m h& dV ^maV
H$m gwIX ^{d` H$m gnZm Qy>Q> MwH$m h, ''gmm na nyOrdmXr _mZ{gH$Vm dmbm| Ho$ A{Yn`
251
Zo emofU Ama A`mMma H$m Omo VmS>d {H$`m {H$ g^r Ho$ gnZo {~Ia H$a ah J`o& bmoH$Vr`
`dWm _| nyao g_mO Ho$ {V{Z{Yd H$s AmS> _| MwZmdr hWH$S>m| H$mo AnZm H$a OZVm Ho$
gmYZm| H$m _Z_mZm Xwn`moJ gmmYm[a`m| mam {H$gr VmZmemh emgH$ H$s Vah {H$`m OmZo
bJm& OZVm ~oMZ hmo CR>r& {Og AmOmXr H$mo BVZr H${R>ZmB Ama `mJ Ho$ ~mX CgZo hm{gb
{H$`m, dh Hw$N> EH$ ^mdembr hmWm| _| H$X hmo J`r& ^>mMma, M[a-h`m, YZ mam dmoQ>m|
H$s IarXXmar, AZ{VH$ gmYZm| Ho$ `moJ go OZVm AnZo H$mo R>Jm hAm _hgyg H$aZo bJr
VWm CgH$m AgVmof ~T>Vm hr J`m& dVVm m{ Ho$ nMmV ^maV-nmH$ {d^mOZ Ama
Cggo Cn gmXm{`H$ {dof, ^maV-MrZ `wX, H$mJog H$m VmZmemhr emgZ, OZVm
nmQ>u H$m JR>Z, nOm~ g_`m, B{Xam JmYr H$s h`m, Ag_ N>m AmXmobZ, H$_ra H$s
g_`m, amOrd JmYr H$s h`m B`m{X _wI amOZr{VH$ KQ>ZmE hB {Oggo nyam Xoe Wam
CR>m& AV: amOZr{V Ho$ {V ZH$mam_H$ I H$m {Z_mU dm^m{dH$ hr Wm& Eogo _| AmOmXr
AZ{VH$ YYm| H$m _m`_ ~Z H$a gm_Zo Am`r Ama ZdJrVH$ma Cgo `{X 'AmOmXr H$s H$mbr
H$_br' H$ho Vmo AmM` Zht& `WmerK ""dVVm m{ Ho$ ~mX Wm{nV 'bmoH$V' H$s
n[aU{V 'VZmd' _| hmoVr h& `h VZmd d`{VH$, Am{WH$, gm_m{OH$, Ama amOZr{VH$ jom|
H$m VZmd h& EH$ Aago Ho$ ~mX AJoOr hHw$_V H$m Im_m hAm Ama Z`r Amem Ho$ n _| H$B
nr{T>`m| H$s Vr{jV dVVm ^maVr` OZ H$mo {_br Omo g: hr emofU Ama CnrS>Z Ho$
{eH$Oo _| Om \$gr& V_m_ H$moerem| Ho$ ~mdOyX AmX_r AnZr OaVm| Ho$ {bE _mohVmO ahZo
bJm& ''
amOZoVmAm| H$mo gmm gwXar na H$Om nmZo Ho$ {bE bmoJm| H$s OaV Zhr ~H$s
'^rS>' H$s Amd`H$Vm ahr dh ^r Eogr ^rS> Omo ' JyJr hmo, ~har hmo'-
''^rS> H$s OaV h-
^rS> Omo AYr hmo
JyJr hmo / ~har hmo /
^rS>-
Omo ~Yo hE nmZr gr R>har hmo/
^rS> -
Omo {_Q>Q>r Ho$ _mYm| H$s _yaV h&''
(gw~h aV nbme H$s)
ZdJrVH$ma Zo amOZr{V H$m gQ>rH$ dUZ {H$`m h& gZ 70 Ho$ XeH$ H$s
AmnmVH$mbrZ amOZr{V Ho$ {d{^Z nhbwAm| H$mo Chm|Zo gm_Zo bm`m h& ''VmZmemhr emgZ,
Oo. nr. AmXmobZ, MwZmdr hWH$S>o, bmoH$V H$m ImoIbmnZ, emofU, OZ-{V{Z{Yd H$m
An_mZ B`m{X {d{^ _wm| na ZdJrVH$ma Zo.... AZw^y{V H$s gKZVm Ho$ gmW amOZr{VH$
{dMmam| H$s nw>Vm AnZm _hdnyU 'amob' {Z^mVr h&''
AmnmVH$mb H$s AbmoMZm H$B`m| Zo H$s AZwn Aeof Zo ^r 'bmQ> Am`oJo gJwZ njr,
_| H$hm h-
''~R>r h ~Vr ES>r na
OyVo \$Q>o CVma
XheV nZn ahr H$moIm| _|
252
Hw$agr na Vbdma& ''
(bmQ> Am`oJo gJwZ njr-n-25)
Xodo e_m 'B' H$mo Oo. nr AmXmobZ {ZaWH$ bJVm h& `wdm AmXmobZ `W _hgyg
hmoVm h& - Bg{bE do H$hVo h-
''~X H$amo JOZ VOZ
Mwn ^r ~R>mo
H$mZ gwZoJm, Amo
A~ ~wT>o eoa Vwh|&''
(Hw$hao H$s `mMm-n-75)
OZVm gaH$ma ~Z Vmo JB naVy CgHo$ Wm{`d H$m gdmb C^aH$a Am`m& `hr
gdmb Hw$da ~oMZ H$s qMVm H$m H$maU ~Zm-
"`h g{X`m|' H$s ^moa h
H$go MT>oJr gr{T>`m
g~ H$h aho h `h gw~h
{Xb H$s ~hV
H$_Omoa h& ''
(^rVa gmH$b-~mha gmH$b-n-72)
J. Xme{ZH$ {V~XVm
ZdJrVH$ma Zo amOZr{VH$ gdoXZmAm| H$s A{^`{V ^md n _| hr H$s h naVw
^maVr` bmoH$V, bmoH$, _y`, Am{X Ho$ {V H$s qMVm CZ_| ahr h& EH$ Vah go Xoe na N>m`m
`h Xygao H$ma H$m amOZr{VH$ gH$Q> hr h&
ZdJrV {H$gr dmX Ho$ IwQ>o go ^bo hr Z ~Ym hmo naVy dh AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s H$moS> _|
nbm ~T>m h, Bg{bE AmYw{ZH$ {dMmaYmamAm| H$m dm^m{dH$ `moJ hAm h& {\$a ^r CZH$s
_yb qMVZ Ymam ^maVr` _VdmX hr h& hm CgHo$ Qy>Q>Zo Ho$ AmH$moe _| {dXoer {dMmaYmamAm|
{V {V{H$`m_H$ A{^`{V ZdJrVH$ma _| nm`r OmVr h&
{hXr gm{h` na _mgdmX H$m Jham ^md h& {OgZo gm_m` dJ, _ohZVH$e,
_Oby_ bmoJm| {V AmWm Ho$ da H$Q> {H$`o h& CgHo$ ~mX _Zmo{dbofUdmX, ApVddmX
_wI h& \$m`S> Zo Hw${R>V H$m_ MoVZm H$mo C^mam-VWm CgHo$ 'newd' H$mo g~go A{YH$
_hd {X`m& {dH$V H$m_ ^mdZm H$s AmS> _o ^maVr` aMZmH$mam| Zo AnZr {ZVmV {ZOr
AZw^y{V`m| H$mo `mnH$ OZ-gamoH$ma H$m Omm nhZm H$a BVZm A{YH$ Mm[aV {H$`m {H$ nyam
gm{h` Cg XwJY go ~M J`m& ~mX _| AmpVddmX Zo... D$~, KwQ>Z, AZmWm, {dgJ{V-
~moY, nrS>m, AOZ~rnZ, Am_nam`mnZ, Hw$R>m, gmg, {dKQ>Z, AdrH${V, CXmgr,
_`y~moY B`mXr gm{hp`H$ A{^`{V`m| _| Bg Vah N>m JE {H$ _mZd H$s {OOr{dfm,
CgH$s _yb Am_e{V g{XY VrV hmoZo bJr& gm{h` Ho$ g_mO go Im[aO hmo OmZo VWm
bmoJm| mam CgH$mo ZH$ma XoZo Ho$ nrN>o Bht d{m`m| H$m hmW ahm h&'' ZdJrV H$s dMm[aH$
{V~XVm Ho$ ~mao _| Hw$da ~oMZ Zo H$hm h-
253
"'{Ohm|Zo IarXr h
Xya go, {dXoem| go
Qy>Q>r ~gm{I`m
do g~ Vmo H$hbmE
~wp_mZ, VJS>o,
h_ nyao AmX_r
AnZo hr nmd IS>o
{\$a ^r Vmo Kmo{fV h-bJS>o& ''
({nZ ~hV gmao-n-45)
{Ohm|Zo {dXoer dmXm| H$mo JhU H$aVo hE AmYw{ZH$Vm H$mo gm{h` _| {V{>V
{H$`m& {Ogo ZdJrVH$ma {dXoer {dMma H$hVo hE d` H$mo _m 'h_ nyao AmX_r' h h H$hH$a
^maVr` {MVZ {V AnZr {V~Vm H$mo Omhra H$aVo h& Bgr 'OrdZ jU^JwaVm' H$mo Hw$da
~oMZ | `V {H$`m h-
'"gmgm| H$m Vmo: Bg Xw{Z`m _|
AmZo OmZo H$m H$_ h
Ama {OXJr ^r
kmZr H$s ^mfm _|
_mohZ ^_ h& ''
(dhr-n-88)
ApVddmXr AZw^y{V`m| H$mo ^r ZdJrVm| | nmm OmVm h& {Ogo ZdJrVH$mam| Zo
A{^`V {H$`m h-
D$~- '_Z Z bJo _obo _|
''Ama AHo$bo Or D$~o
dhm {Zhm$ A{YH$
Ohm a{d V{ZH$ Sy>~o
{H$aZ {bE AZ{JZ''
(ZdJrV-XeH$-1-n-103)
AHo$bmnZ- ''VmZm Ombo gm AHo$bmnZ
H$hm VH$ Pobo AHo$bmnZ''
(haqgJma H$moB Vmo hr-20)
Qy>Q>Z- _wPo ha Vrgao {XZ
''Zr{V`m| H$m _wb ~wbmVm h
em_ H$hVr h H$hmo `m ~mV h
EH$ erem Qy>Q> OmVm h& ''
(hamnZ Zht Qy>Q>oJm-n-19)
~oJmZmnZ- ""{H$VZo ~oJmZo bJVo h
Wo AnZo hr gm`o
254
gnZo h_| `hm VH$ bm`o&
(ZdJrV AYeVr-n-96)
`m{H$Vm- "'~m~m AmX_ go Jw_ hE g^r
VmoS>Vo O_rZ Hw$N> VbmeVo
T> hmo J`r gmar _wmE
AW Oam Oa Oa go H$mnVo
{H$VZm `m{H$ AmXV gm bJVm
Sy>~ ahm gyaO `m hmo {dhmZ& ''
(ZdJrV XeH$-1-n-10)
AOZ~rnZ-'"H$moB h_ g\$a Zht h
H$moB h_ Ow~m Zht h
Z nVm h _{Obm| H$m
H$moB amVm Zht h
Omo nH$S> Ho$ ~mh _oar
{b`o Om ahr H$ht na
naN>mB h {H$gr H$s
_oar gJrZr Zht h& ''
(Ohm XX Zrbm h-n-5)
gmg- ""naH$Q>m/CS>Vm H$~yVa naH$Q>m
h {IgH$Vr Om ahr
ZrMo Yam
Ama A~a H$m Zht
{_bVm {ge
{OXJr H$m g` Qw>H$S>m| _| ~mQ>m&
(gh_m hAm Ka-n-21)
AHo$bmnZ- ''EH$ OJb H$s ZXr gm
bmb-nrbr amooeZr _|
`h ^Q>H$Vm _Z {H$go gmny
ha Va\$ AmH$me gm \$bm
AHo$bmnZ H$hm ~mQy>& ''
(gmQ>o H$s Prb-n-10)
`h gmao CXaU ApVddmX H$s {d{^ AZw^y{V`m|, gdoXZmAmo Ho$ h& h_Zo nhbo
hr H$hm h H$s ZdJrV _| {dMma _wI Zht h& CgHo$ {V-{V~XVm Ch| _hdnyU
Zht bJVr& CZH$s {V~XVm OrdZ Ho$ {V h, g_mO Ho$ {V h& Cgr H$m gdoXZ n
ZdJrV _| Am`m h&
255
8. {en :-
ZdJrVH$ma H$s ^m{fH$ gaMZm Jm_ ~moY go OwS>r h& R>mHw$a gmX qgh H$m
H$m`gJh 'der Ama _mXb' gWmb naJZm Ho$ bmoH$ OrdZ H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a {bm Jm h
Jmd H$s ghOVm H$mo ^md Ho$ Va na hr drH$ma Zht {H$`m, daZ epnH$ n[aJR>Z Ed
N>X{dYmZ _| ^r CgH$m C{MV `moJ {H$`m& '' CZH$s ^mfm gdoXZerb, g_W {en
CnH$aUm| go gwb{mV h& CZH$s AZw^y{V`m bmoH$OrdZ H$s nanam, gH$Vr, H$m ~moY H$amVr
h& ^mfm-gH$Vr AnZo AS>mg-nS>mg H$s bJVr h& H$B eX bmoH$OrdZ Ho$ hr `wV hE
h& Ogo-Cnbo nmWZm, H$g_ ImZm, b~mXo, Mmam, H$mJm, Amg, Aga, H$moh, Amogma,
{hnam, gwa, ~m{PZ, Hw$bpN>V, ^mV, ^o{S>`mYgmZ, JXImoa, {gdmZ, S>m^a, Am{X Jm
eX w$ hE h&
gH$V Ho$ Vg_ eXm| H$m `moJ ^r hAm h- m>m, Zmamegr, F$pdH$,
{Z{_f, km, dmpVH$, MH$md{VV, ddmZa, F$Vw_Vr, nwnYdm, nX_JYm,
Yy_db`m{H$V, AmXr&
^mfm H$s ghOVm, bmoH$mY{Vm, VmOJr Am{X Zo ZdJrV H$mo ^mderb ~Zm {X`m
h& A{^`OZm H$me` _| AVwV `moOZm, {_WH$s` gaMZm VrH$m_H$Vm,
{~~m_H$Vm, AbH$m[aH$Vm H$m `moJ {H$`m J`m h& am_Xae {_l H$m AVwV `moOZm
`moJ H$m EH$ CXm. XoIm Om gH$Vm h-
""AYr h Yyn `hm, `mgm h nmZr
Myg ahr \y$bm| H$mo ~a} amZr
gmao _mg_ Mwn h {H$gHo$ S>a go& ''
(_oao {` JrV-n 67)
bmoH$YwZm| na ^r JrV aMZmE H$s JB h& e^wZmW qgh Zo nydu Cma Xoe H$s
H$mdmbr ebr H$m `moJ {H$`m h& Vmo Hw$N> ZdJrVH$ma Zo Adm, nNw>Am, H$moB{b`m, naXoer,
{n`dm, {Q>H$moam, ZdZdm, {MaB`m, gOZdm Ogo jor` eX-nm| H$m `moJ H$a JrV {bIo
h-
""~mam`r {H$ Adm H$s S>ma
{n`m Zht Am`o&
EH$ Vmo ~[aZ _oar
gZH$s C_[a`m
XyOr ~gVr ~`ma
{n`m Zht Am`o& ''
(Omb \|$H$ Xo _N>oao-n-55)
ZdJrVH$ma Zo ZdJrV H$mo geV n {X`m& ^md Ed ^md{ZH$ gaMZm H$s {> go
do _hdnyU h& AnZr AZw^y{V H$mo nMmH$a Jm_ Ed ZJa gdoXZm Ho$ n[ao` _| JrV aMZm
gwXa ~Zr h& ZJa Ch| {` h, dhm do ~gZm, MmhVo h naVy _y`hrZVm Ho$ H$maU dh ~oMZ hmo
OmVo h& Ch| bJVm h 'erb ea_ g~/`hm {~H$mD$/~~B`m ~mZm& '' AWdm ''bmOmo
{Xbr _| ~g H$a/ea_mZm ^yb J`r h& '' Ogo JrV ZJa g`Vm, gH${V, gdoXZm H$mo
256
h_mao gm_Zo bmVo h& ehar OrdZ H$s AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY go ^ao {dgJVr H$mo ghO-
^mdm_H$ n _| VwV {H$`m h& H$B ZdJrVH$ma {OZ_| _wI h.. e^wZmW qgh, Hw$da
~oMZ, Xod| Hw$_ma, 'B' Ohra Hw$aer, amOo JmV_, bmobmH$ {XdoXr, C_mH$mV {Vdmar, nmb
^grZ, Jwbm~ qgh, hare {ZJ_, lrH$U {Vdmar,drao {_l,a_oe aOH$ AmXr, `h gyMr
~S>r b~r hmoJr& ZdJrVH$ma ZdJrV H$m {dH$mg H$a aho h&
10.5 ~moY Z -
11.3 VmdZm -
AmYw{ZH$ H$m` _| Cn`mg H$m _hd dgm hr h Ogm mMrZ H$m` _| _hmH$m`
H$m& {H$Vw _hmH$m` H$m Zm`H$ _`dJ `m {ZZ_`dJ H$m ahm Zhr {H$Vw Cn`mg H$m ahm
h& Cn`mg, H$hmZr AmXr _| H$Wm Zm`H$ gm_m`, gdham Ho$ nm hr aho h& `hr H$maU h H$s
`h {dYm {OVZr _`dJ Ho$ gmW OwS>r h em`X hr A` {dYm OwS>r hmoJr& XodVm, H${V,
amOm gm_V Ho$ OrdZ_y`m| H$s OJh gm_m` _Zw` H$m gKf nhbr ~ma gm{h` Ho$ ^rVa
Cn`mg mam hr Am`m Eogm H$hZm A{Ve`mo{V Zht hmoJm& em`X `hr H$maU h H$s {ddVa
na ^r Cn`mg {dYm bmoH${` ahr h& gdm{YH$ Zmo~b nwaH$ma Cn`mgH$mam| H$mo hr {_bo
h& J {dYm Ho$ AVJV h bmoH${`Vm Ho$ gmW AZ`gmYmaU _hd m H$a MwH$s h&
dVwV: Am{JrH$aU Ho$ ~mX ^maV _| Am`r Cn{ZdoerH$aU Zo ^maV _| Cn`mg {dYm H$m
{dH$mg {H$`m& `h W_ ~ma ~mJbm Ama {\$a CgHo$ ~mX {hXr _| {dH${gV hB& 'Zmdob'
AJoOr Ho$ eX H$m {Vn 'Cn`mg' {hXr _| ~T>m& _amR>r Ho$ 'H$mX~ar' eX `moJ H$s
gmWH$Vm 'Zmdob' go OwS>r& {hXr _| 'Cn`mg' eX `wnmr Ama gmWH$Vm H$s {> go
`wV hAm h&
Cn`mg eX 'Cn' g_rn VWm '`mg' WmVr Ho$ `moJ go {Z{_V hAm h&
Cn`mg eX H$m _yb AW h- {ZH$Q> aIr hB dVw& AWmV h_mar H$Wm, ^mfm, gH$Vr,
258
H$Vr H$mo AnZr H$hmZr Am{X H$mo, AnZr Oy~mZr _| `V H$aZm Cn`mg mam hmoVm h&
BgbrE o_MX Zo CgH$s n[a^mfm XoVo hE H$hm h H$s, '_ Cn`mg H$mo _mZd OrdZ H$m {M
_m g_PVm h& _mZd M[a na H$me S>mbZm Ama CgHo$ ah`m| H$mo ImobZm hr Cn`mg
H$m _yb Vd h& '' Bg {> go Cn`mg H$s H$Wm _mZd OrdZ go OwS>r Ama CgHo$ `{Vd
Ho$ ah`m| H$mo ImobZo dmbr hmoVr h& dh H$nZm_H$ Ed `WmW hmoVr h& OrdZ H$s Vah
CgH$s KQ>ZmE H$_~X hmoVr h&
{X `y Bbre {S>eZar _| Bgr ~mV H$mo nw> {H$`m J`m h& CZHo$ AZwgma 'Zmdob'
J _| {bIr hB n`m AmH$ma H$s Cg H$pnV H$Wm H$mo H$hVo h {Og_| OrdZ H$m dmV{dH$
{V{Z{Yd H$aVo hE nmm| Ama H$m`-`mnma H$WmZH$ Ho$ AVJV {M{V hmo& '' ~m~y
Jwbm~am` Zo ^r Cn`mg Ho$ dn H$mo n> H$aVo hE Bgr H$ma H$m {dMma `V {H$`m h,''
Cn`mg H$m`H$maU eIbm _| ~Ym hAm dh J-H$WmZH$ h {Og_| AnojmH$V A{YH$
{dVma VWm noMr{XJr Ho$ gmW dmV{dH$ OrdZ H$m {V{Z{Yd H$aZodmbo `{V`m| go
g~{YV dmV{dH$ AWdm H$mn{ZH$ KQ>ZmAm| mam _mZd OrdZ Ho$ g` H$m agm_H$ n go
CXKmQ>Z {H$`m OmVm h& '' CgH$m _Vb~ `h h H$s Cn`mg H$s H$Wm dVwV: g` Z hmoVo,
hE ^r g` VrV hmoVr h& Bgr{bE Cgo '{\$eZ' H$hm J`m h&
^maV _| H$Wm Am`mZ H$s nanam ~S>r mMrZ h naVy Cn`mg 'ZdrZ' `m
'ZyVZVm' Ho$ AW _| AmYw{ZH$ h& BgH$m CX` `wamon _| hAm& {OgH$m ^md ~mbm' go {hXr
_| Am`m, Crg~r eVmXr Ho$ ma^ _| ZdOmJaU Ho$ H$mbIS> _|& gZ 1877 H$mo lXmam_
{\$bmar Zo '^m`dVr' H$m boIZ {H$`m naVy AmMm` am_M ewb AJoOr T>J H$m nhbm
_m{bH$ Cn`mg bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg Ho$ 'narjmJw' (1882) H$mo _mZVo h& Ama `hr _V
drH$m` ^r {H$`m OmVm h& '^m`dVr' Ho$ ^r nrN>o OmH$a Hw$N> {dXdmZ 'XodamZr-OoR>mZr H$s
H$hmZr' (1870), dm_m {ejH$ (1872), H$mo {hXr H$m nhbm Cn`mg _mZVo h& ~Z qgh
Ho$ AZwgma '`o rOZmo{OV{ejm-JW h& BZ_| Amn`m{gH$ Vdm| H$m Am^md'' h& Cn`mg
Ho$ {dH$mg H$_ H$mo n> H$aZo Ho$ {bE _w`V: {ZZ AmYmam| H$mo JhU {H$`m OmVm h&
1. o_MX nyd `wJ (1877-1918)
2. o_MX `wJ (1918-1936)
3. o_MXmoma `wJ {d{^ d{m`m gm_m{OH$ _Zmodkm{ZH$, J{VdmX-`moJerb
(1936-1960)
4. gmR>momar Cn`mg
5. g_H$mbrZ n[a` (AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY) (1960-1980) (Cma- AmYw{ZH$Vm
~moY) (1981-2000)
6. mgXr H$m ma{^H$ XeH$- (2000 go 2010)
1. gm_m{OH$-Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg:-
AJoOr T>J H$m {hXr H$m W_ _m{bH$ gm_m{OH$ Cn`mg 'narjm Jw' (1882)
H$m boIZ bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg Zo {H$`m& dVwV: ~mbm Ho$ g_mZ hr {hXr _| ^r g_mO H$s
AmbmoMZm Ho$ n _| Cn`mg H$m dVZ hAm {H$Vw ~mX _| _ZmoaOZ Am{X ^md Bg| ~T>Vo
J`o& {$a ^r Cn`mg H$s _wb d{m _m gm_m{OH$ `moJ, AmbmoMZ H$s hr ahr h& Bg moUr
Ho$ boIH$m| _| lXmam {\$bmar H$m '^m`dVr' bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg H$m 'narjm Jw'
~bH$U ^> H$m 'ZyVZ ~Mmar' (1886) R>mHw$a OJ_mohZ qgh H$m 'mm dZ'
(1988), amYmH$UXmg H$m '{Zghm` {hXy' (1890), n{S>V bmmam_ e_m Ho$ 'YyV
a{gH$bmb' (1889), 'dV a_m Ama naV b_r' (1899), 'AmXe Xn{m'
(1904) VWm '{~JS>o H$m gwYma' Ama 'gVr gwIXodr' (1907), 'AmXe {hXy' (1914),
{H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r Ho$ 'Mnbm dm Z` g_mO' (1903) '{doUr dm gm^m`loUr'
(1907), brbmdVr dm AmXe gmr' (1901), amOHw$_mar (1902), nwZO_ dm
gm{V`mXmh (1907), _mYdr-_mYd dm _XZ_mo{hZr (1916), 'AJR>r H$m ZJrZm'
(1918), JJmgmX Jw H$m 'b_rXodr' (Xygar ~ma 1920 _| N>nm hmoJm) Q>rH$mam_ {Vdmar
Ho$ 'nwnHw$_mar' (1980), Xm e_m Ho$ 'dJ _o _hmg^m', `m_{H$emoa d_m H$m 'H$mer
`mm' (1916), am_OrXmg d` Ho$ 'YmoIo H$s Q>>r (1907) VWm '\y$b _| H$mQ>m (1900),
A`mo`mqgh Cnm`m` 'harAmY' Ho$ 'AY{Ibm \w$b (1907) VWm 'R>oR> {hXr H$m R>mR>'
`m 'Xod~mbm' (1899), H$Ubmb d_m 'Mnm' (1916), _Z {XdoXr H$m 'am_bmb'
(1917), VWm 'H$`mUr' Am{X& _hdnyU gm_m{OH$ Cn`mg Bg H$mb _| {bIo J`o h&
'narjm Jw' Ho$ boIH$ bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg H$m O_ _Wwam Ho$ EH$ _mhodar d`
n[adma _| hAm Wm& 'narjm Jw' '{_ narjm' hr h, Bg_| '{dnXm' H$mo 'narjm' H$hm J`m h&
BgHo$ _wIn> na {bIm h 'AZw^d mam CnXoe {_bZo H$s EH$ ggmar dmVm' AWmV
'AZw^d' hr 'narjm' h, Ama 'CnXoe' hr 'Jw' H$m H$_ h, 'ggmar dmVm' aMZm H$s Om{V
h& ''BgHo$ Zm`H$ na {dn{m AmZo go hmoe _| Am`m Ama {_-A{_ H$s nhMmZ H$aZo `mo`
~Zm&
ZdOmJaU Ho$ XmoZm| njm| H$m {MU BZ Cn`mgm| _| hAm h& EH$ gZmVZr
{>H$moZ Ama Xygam gwYmadmXr 'XodamZr OoR>mZr', 'dm_m {ejH$' Am{X _| r gwYma, ~mb
{ddmh {damoY, {`m| H$m PJS>mby d^md, AY{ddmg, Ama CnXoe H$s ^a^ma Am{X BZH$s
{deofVm h&
Jmonmb am` Zo R>rH$ H$hm h H$s 'dm_m {ejH$, XodamZr OoR>mZr H$s AZwH${V h, `m
A{YH$ CgH$m nbdZ& '' '^m`dVr' _| ^r {hXy g_mO H$s ~wamB`m| H$s AmbmoMZm H$s J`r
h& Bg_| boIH$ H$m gwYmadmXr {>H$moZ ahm h& ^maVoXw Zo 'Amn~rVr OJ~rVr ' _|
260
'A{^OmV n[admam| H$s gMmB H$mo 'aoIm{H$V {H$`m h& amYmH$U Xmg Zo 'ah`H$Wm' _|
{ddmhnyd o_ ah` H$mo gm_Zo bmVo hE Crgdr eVmXr Ho$ gm_V dJ Ho$ nVZmo_wI M[a,
nm[adm[aH$ fS>` VWm o_ Ama {ddmh H$s g_`m H$m {MU {H$`m h& '' BZH$m Xygam
Cn`mg '{Zghm` qhXy' _| 'JmodY {ZdmaU' Ama 'gmXm{`H$ gX^md' H$m dUZ {H$`m h&
{~{Q>em| H$s \y$Q> S>mbmo Ama amO H$am| Ho$ Zr{V Ho$ g_` '`h EH$ Xwb^ ~mV Wr& ' `h {hXr
H$m nhbm Cn`mg h {Og_| {hXy Ama _wpb_ g_mO H$m AH$Z {H$`m h& ~mbH$U ^> H$m
'ZyVZ ~h_Mmar' Ho$ mam Ym{_H$ nmIS> H$m {MU {H$`m h& ''Bg H$ma H$m `h {hXr _|
nhbm hr Cn`mg h& '' R>mHw$a OJ_mohZ qgh H$m '`m_m dZ' Zm`H$ Ho$ amr _| XoIo J`o
Mma dZm| H$mo OmoS>H$a {bIr JB o_H$Wm h& BgHo$ ~mX {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r Zo {OZ
Cn`mgm| H$s gOZm H$s h& do 'gZmVZ Y_ _| AmWm, IS>Z H$m {damoY Ama gwYmam| H$s
drH${V' H$mo {Vnm{XV H$aVo h& H$bme H$me Zo CZHo$ Cn`mgm| H$s Hw$N> {deofVmAm| H$mo
aoIm{H$V {H$`m h& EH$,A{YH$Va Cn`mgm| H$s 'H$hmZr ~Hw$b gMr h Ama Bg_| d{UV
nmm| Ho$ Zm_ ^r ghr-ghr h& Ho$db {Obo Ama Jmd Ho$ Zm_ H$pnV h& Xmo, BZHo$ H$WmZH$
A{^OmV {hXy n[adma go Am`o h, ~mU, jr Ama d` gnZ n[admam| H$s g_`mE BZH$m
{df` ~Zr h& VrZ, `wdmdWm H$m {MU H$aVo hE r-nwf g~Ym| na H$me S>mbm J`m h&
Mma, Zm{`H$mE gwXar VWm JwUdmZ h, Ama nwf Ym{_H$ Ed gab& nmM, g^r Cn`mg
gwImV h, Xn{m-OrdZ U` go ma^ hmoH$a dmg` VH$ H$m {MU {H$`m h& N>h,
Cn`mgm| H$m Zm_H$aU Zm{`H$m Ho$ Zm_ na VWm d` JwU Ho$ Zm_ na g{dH$n h& Ogo-
bdJbVm dm AmXe~mbm' bOmam_ e_m H$m '{~JS>o H$m gwYma' Cn`mg Ho$ _wIn> na N>nm
h H$s 'EH$ XwamMmar n{V gVr nZr Ho$ gVrd go gXmMmar ~Z J`m& '
''boIH$ H$m {>H$moZ gZmVZr h, Bg{bE CgZo ZdrZ OmJ{V H$m dmJV Zht {H$`m& ''
'AmXe {hXy' _| _m 'VrW`mm' Ho$ `mO go EH$ ~mU Hw$Qw>~ _| gZmVZ Y_ H$m {XXeZ,
{hXw _Z H$m Z_wZm, AmOH$b H$s w{Q>`m, amO ^{V H$m dn, na_oda H$s ^{V H$m
AmXe Ama AnZo {dMmam| H$s ~mZJr H$m{eV H$aZo H$m `Z {H$`m h& '' VrW`mm {hXy Y_
H$m A{d^m` ^mJ h& Cg_| hmoZodmbo A`mMma, lmX, `m{^Mma, nydO_, nwZO_,
ew^-Aew^, CM-ZrMVm, AdVmadmX, O_mZm Om{VdmX H$m g_WZ boIH$ Zo {H$`m h&
ddm{hH$ Zmo _| AVOmVr` {ddmh, ~mb {ddmh, {dYdm {ddmh Ho$ Cma AnZo T>J go {X`o h&
Hw$b {_bmH$a `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h H$s boIH$ gZmVZr H$m njnmVr ahm h&
AV: `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h H$s gwYma H$s ^mdZm go o[aV gm_m{OH$ Cn`mgm| H$m
boIZ Bg H$mb _| {H$`m J`m h& `hr CgH$s gm_m` d{m ^r h&
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg:-
o_MX nyd H$mb _| {bIo {hXr Cn`mgm| H$m _w` {df` gm_m{OH$, KQ>Zm_H$
hr ahm h naVy Hw$N> _hdnyU Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| H$m boIZ ^r {H$`m J`m h& dVwV:
^maVoXw `wJ _| JXmYaqgh Zo ~{H$_M Ho$ {gX Cn`mg 'XwJ}eZpXZr' H$m {hXr _|
AZwdmX {H$`m& V~ go ~{H$_M H$m ^md {hXy-Cn`mg, {deofVm {hXr Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$
Cn`mgm| na nS>Zo bJm& 'XwJ}eZpXZr' H$s aMZm 'AmYw{ZH$ `moamonr` ebr' na hB Wr&
261
~{H$_ go Hw$N> eVmpX`m| nyd ga dmQ>a H$mQ> (gZ 1771 go 1832 B.) Zo AJoOr _|
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg H$mo EH$ Z`m n {X`m Wm, H$mQ> Ho$ Hw$N> g_` ~mX ^maVr` B{Vhmg
H$mo boH$a ^r AJoOr _| Cn`mg {bIo J`o- {d{b`_ hmobo H$m 'nmSw>aJ h[a' (gZ 1826)
VWm H$Zb Q>oba Ho$ 'H$\o$eZ Am\$ E R>J' (gZ 1839), 'Q>rny gwbVmZ' (1840), 'Vmam'
(gZ 1863), 'am\$ S>maZob (gZ 1865), VWm 'grVm' (gZ 1873) ''({X {hQ>r Am\$
{X Bpbe Zmdob, d`y_-7, n-76-78) g_H$mbrZ ^maVr` B{Vhmg Ho$ h AJoOr
Cn`mg h& H$mQ> Zo AVrV H$s H$hm{Z`m gwZm H$a nmR>H$ Ho$ _Z _| `h ^mdZm OJmB {H$
nwamZo g_` Ho$ bmoJ ^r h_mao hr g_mZ Wo Ama Omo Hw$N> CZHo$ OrdZ _| K{Q>V hAm dh R>rH$
dgm hr h Omo `{X h_ Cg g_` hmoVo Vmo h_mao OrdZ _| ^r K{Q>V hmoVm'' (EM. Oo. gr.
{J`gZ: ga dmQ>a H$mQ>, n-58) naVy Q>oba Zo B{Vhmg _| nmR>H$mo H$s Mr OJmB& ~{H$_
Ho$ Cn`mg H$moQ> Ama Q>oba XmoZm| H$m {_{lV n {b`o hE h, do nmR>H$ H$mo AVrV H$m
B{Vhmg ~Vbm H$a dV_mZ Ho$ gwYma _| `Zerb h& ~{H$_ Ho$ nmm| _| CZ `{V`m| H$mo
Eo{Vhm{gH$ n Zht {_bVm 'do BVZo An> h {H$ `{X KQ>Zm AbJ H$aHo$ CZH$mo XoIm OmE
Vmo CZ_| H$moB ^r `{Vd Zht h& Cn`mg H$s KQ>ZmE Ho$db KQ>ZmE h amOZr{VH$,
Am{WH$ VWm gm_m{OH$ e{V`m| H$m dm^m{dH$ n[aUm_ Zht ''(Oo.gr. Kmof, ~Jmbr
{bQ>aoMa, n- 155) ~{H$_ H$m am>r` AmXe {hXy-am` h& Omo Hw$N> ~{H$_ Ho$ {df` _| H$hm
Om gH$Vm h dh {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r Ho$ {df` _| ^r g` h& '' {hXr Ho$ W_ _m{bH$
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgH$ma {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r Zo'Vmam dm g-Hw$b-H$_{bZr'(1902),
'gwVmZm a{O`m ~oJ_ dm aJ_hb _| hbmhb'-(gZ 1904),
'X`hm[aUr dm AmXea_Ur'(1904),'bdJbVm dm AmXe~mbm'(gZ 1904),
'_{bH$mXodr dm ~J gamo{OZr'(1905), 'gmoZm Ama gwJY dm nZm~mB'(W_ ^mJ gZ-
1909 _| VWm Xwgam ^mJ-1911 _|), 'Jwb~hma dm AmXe ^mVZoh'(gZ-1916),
'bIZD$ H$s H$~ dm emhr_hbgam'(gZ-1917 _o gmV ^mJm| _|, 15 df _| gmV ^mJ),
H$ZH$-Hw$gw_ dm _VmZr (AWmV ~mOramd noedm Ama _VmZr H$s H$hmZr) "'Bg Cn`mg
_| H$nZm H$_ h, Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm A{YH$'' `h gMmB hr Cn`mg Ho$ _hd H$mo A{H$V H$aVr
h& Cn`mg H$bm H$s {> go 'Vmam' {V{Z{Y h& {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r, Cg g_` Ho$ A`
gm_m{OH$ ZoVmAm| Ho$ g_mZ, Xoe H$s AYmoJ{V H$m H$maU ImoOVo-ImoOVo _``wJ VH$ nhMo
Ama Bbm_r emgZ Ho$ {dH$mam| H$mo XoIH$a d` ^r AmM`M{H$V hmo J`o Ama nmR>H$ H$mo ^r
CZgo gmdYmZ H$aZo bJo& `hr H$maU h {H$ do Bbm_r gH${V H$m {MU g\$bVmnydH$ Zht
H$a nm`o h& ''(dhr, n-208) Jwb~hma, a{O`m ~oJ_ Am{X Cn`mg _wpb_ emgZ H$mb go
g~YrV h& A` Cn`mgm| _| ^r `hr >r CZH$s ahr h&
A` Cn`mgH$mam| _| _hdnyU h _WwamgmX e_m H$m 'ZyaOhm ~oJ_ d
OhmJra', O`am_Xmg JwV Ho$ 'Zdm~r n[aVmZ dm dm{OXAbremh, 'H$_ra nVZ',
amoeZAmam, 'aJ _| ^J'Ama '_m`mamZr' ~OZXZ ghm` H$m 'bmbMrZ' (1916)
{_l~YwAm| Ho$, 'nwn{_', '{dH$_m{X`', Ama 'dra_{U' (1927) JJmgmX JwV Ho$
ZyaOhm (1902) dranZr (1903), Hw$_maqgh goZmn{V (1903), h_ra (1903) Am{X
_wI h& Bg `wJ Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| _| CnXoem_H$Vm, AmXem_H$ _ZmoaOZ H$s
YmZVm ahr h&
262
KQ>Zm_H$/{Vb_r, Omgygr, AX^yV Cn`mg :-
'{Vb_' eX Amg\$mS> {S>eZar Ho$ AZwgma JrH$ ^mfm H$m 'Q>obo_m' eX
Aa~r ^mfm _| '{Vb_' ~Zm, AJoOr _| 'Q>o{b_Z' h {OgH$m AW h- Vm~rO, VWm OmXy Ho$
boI Omo {OgHo$ A{YH$ma _| hmo Cgo bm^ nhMmVo hmo& {hXr _| CgH$m AW h BOmb, OmXy ,
Abm{H$H$ H$maZm|& lr ~OaZXmg Ho$ AZwgma 'AmM`OZH$ H$nZm Omo {XIbmB Z nS>o''
Eogo Cn`mg ah` Ed amo_mM go ^ao hmoVo h {OZ_| o_H$WmZH$ ^r A`V _ZmoaOH$,
Hw$VwhbOZH$, amoMH$ ~Z OmVo h& {hXr _| {Vb_r, Eo`mar Cn`mgm| Ho$ OZH$ ~m~y
XodH$sZXZ Ir (1861 go 1913) _mZo OmVo h& Bhm|Zo 'MH$mVm' (gZ 1888 H$m
boIZ {H$`m& BgH$s g\$bVm H$mo XoIH$a 'MH$mVm gVVr' (1894-1905) Ho$ Mm~rg
^mJ {bIo& {XZ-XwZr amV MmJwZr H$s Vah BZH$s bmoH${`Vm ^r ~T>r H$B A{hXr ^mfr`m| Zo
Chr Cn`mgm| H$mo nT>Zo hoVy {hXr {gI br& ~mX _| '^yVZmW' (1907) H$m gOZ {H$`m&
Cht Ho$ nw XwJmgmX Ir Zo 1915 go 1935 Ho$ ~rM MmXh ^mJ {bIo& XodH$sZXZ Ir
Ho$ A` Cn`mgm| _| 'H$mOa H$s H$moR>ar', Hw$gw_ Hw$_mar', draodra Am{X {gX h& nmR>H$m|
H$s H$mVwhb dmr H$mo OJmH$a, Cgo CgHo$ OmXyB _moh _| ~mYo aIH$a CZH$m _ZmoaOZ {H$`m&
{hXr _| amo_mg H$s nanam Mb nS>r {d{M KQ>ZmAm| go ^ao Cn`mgm| H$m boIZ Xma Bg
H$mb _| Am`m& {Vb_ {dm H$m `moJ ^maV _| mMrZ H$mb go hmoVm Am`m h& Bgr Ho$ VhX
AZoH$ bmoH$H$WmE, {ddmg, nanamE ~T>r Mbr Am`r& `h ah`_`r H$WmE 'MH$mV' Ogr
hr ahr h&
Eo`ma
{Vb_r Cn`mg H$m mU Eo`ma h& 'MH$mVm' Cn`mg _| Zm`H$ drao qgh
H$mo Vmo '{g\$ AnZr VmH$V H$m ^amogm h' naVy Eo`ma VoOqgh H$mo 'AnZr VmH$V Ama Eo`mar
XmoZm| H$m' ... Eo`mar EH$ {dm (hZa) h, {OgH$m _yb gy h YmoIm XoZm... Eo`ma bmoJ _m`m Ho$
CnmgH$ hmoVo h& MH$mVm, MH$mVm gV{V Ho$ 24 ^mJ Bgr H$ma Ho$ Cn`mg h&
Omgwgr Cn`mg :-
{Vb_r-Eo`mar go AbJ {H$_ Ho$ Omgygr Cn`mg boH$a Jmonmbam_ Jh_ar Zo
{hXr _| Yy_ _Mm Xr& BZHo$ AZwXrV, H$m{eV, _m{bH$ VWm Omgwgr H$WmnwVH$m| H$s g`m
200 h& bJ^J 100 _m{bH$ _mZr OmVr h& 'AX^yV bme' (gZ 1896), JwVMa
(1899), ~oH$gwa H$s \$mgr (gZ-1900), gaH$mar bme (1900), IwZr H$moU'. ~oJwZmh
H$m IyZ', 'O_wZm H$s ^yb', ^`H$a Mmoar, 'OmXyJaZr _Zmobm' (gZ 1909), S>mHo$ na S>mH$m
(gZ-1910) 'Omgyg M$a _|' (gZ-1900) 'IwZr H$m ^oX' (gZ-1910), IyZr H$s
ImoO (gZ- 1910), BOm{bH$ Omgyg (gZ- 1910) MmBZ na bme (1907), {H$bo
_| IyZ (1910), ^moOnya H$s R>Jr (gZ- 1911), JwV ^oX (gZ 1913), Omgyg H$s
Eo`mar (gZ-1914) Am{X {gX h& dVwV: 19 eVr _| AJoOr _| ga AmWa H$mZZ S>m`b
mam (gZ-1859-1930) Ho$ g_` _| Omgygr Cn`mg H$m\$s bmoH${`Vm hm{gb H$a
MwHo$ Wo& CgH$m ^md ~Jbm Ama Cggo {hXr _| `h nanam {dH${gV hB& ~Jbm Cn`mg
263
'hrao H$m _mob' AZwdmX n _| W_ H$m{eV {H$`m& nmR>H$m| Zo Cgo gamhm {\$a ~mX _| Bgr
H$ma Ho$ Cn`mgm| mam nmR>H$m| H$m {deyX _ZmoaOZ H$m` Jh^ar Zo {H$`m h&
{H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r Zo ^r '{OXo H$s bme', '{Vb_r ere_hb', brbmdVr,
'`mHy$Vr VVr' CboI{Z` h& Jh_ar H$s nanam _| am_gmX bmb, O`am_Xmg JwV,
am_bmb d_m, Am{X AmVo h& am_gmX bmb H$m 'h_mX H$m _yXm' (gZ 1903) 'hgrZm
C\$ gbr_m' (1903 go 1915 _| Mma ^mJm| _|), O`am_Xmg JwV Ho$ 'H$mbmMX `m gmVobr
_m' VWm 'bJS>m IyZr', am_bmb d_m Ho$ 'MmbH$ Mmoa', 'KQ>ZmMH$', 'Omgyg Ho$ Ka IyZ',
'Omgygr Hw$mm', 'Agr hOma H$s Mmoar Am{X' VrZ XOZ Cn`mg {bIo h&
AX^yV Cn`mg :-
Bg dJ Ho$ Cn`mgm| na A`j ^md aoZmS> H$s {gX aMZm '{_Q>rO Am\$
{X H$moQ> Am\$ bX>Z'AWdm 'bXZ ah`' H$m nS>m Wm& {hXr _| BgHo$ 16 ^mJ N>no& `h
Cn`mg AmM` H$m IOmZm, {d{MVm H$m ^mS>ma, KQ>Zm H$m g_w, {XbMdr H$m nhmS>,
Iy~gyaVr H$m AImS>m,o_ H$m ZZyZ-H$mZZ, hgr-_OmH$ H$m \$dmam, grZ-grZar H$m
H$mohoH$m\$ Ama XJm \$ao~, Omb-OwAm, Mmoau-IyZ Iam~r, Mmoar S>H$mVr, VWm A`mMma-
A{dMma H$m ~m`H$mon h& '' Eogo Cn`mgH$mam| _| {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r H$m 'IyZr AmaV H$m
gmV IyZ'(gZ-1916), {ZhmbMX d_m H$m 'o_ H$m \$b AWdm {_g Omham'(gZ
1913), n{S>V {d>bXmg ZmJa H$m '{H$_V H$m Iob', o_{dbmg e_m H$m' o__mYwar dm
AmZH$mVX'(gZ 1915) Am{X CboIZr` h& A` Cn`mgm| _| AS>g{Zdmgr gyaO^mZH$m
do` 'H$Q>m hAm {ga' am_bmb d_m Ho$ 'Ab~obm am{J`m' Ama dr.E.H$s ~~mXr', XwJmgmX
Ir Ho$ 'aV _S>b','{VemoY','bmbnOm' {gX h& XwJmgmX Ir Ho$ BZ Cn`mgm| Ho$
g~Y _| H$hm OmVm h H$s, '' `o am>r` ^mdZm go qhgmnyU H$m{V H$m dUZ H$aVo h& ''
H$m{VH$m[a`m| Ho$ {b`o oaUm XoVo aho h&
Bg H$mb _| 1898 _| H$moB AkmV gr 'A~bm' Zo' gwhm{gZr {bIm Ama H$m{eV
{H$`m& CgHo$ ~mX {`dXm Xodr Zo 'b_r'(1908), Hw Vr Xodr Zo,nmdVr(1909) `emoXm
Xodr Zo'gMm n{Vo_'(1911), ho_V Hw$_mar MmYar Zo 'AmXe _mVm'(1912), ~Hw$_mar
^JdmZ Xodr Xw~o Zo 'gmX` Hw$_mar'(1914) lr_Vr Hw$_wX~mbm Xodr Zo 'gXmMaUr'(1917)
Am{X Cn`mgm| mam r AmXem}, _y`m|, {Z>mAm|, {e>mMma g~Yr r-nwf CnXoe na `h
Cn`mgm| H$m boIZ {H$`m h& `h r bo{IH$mAm| H$m ma^ h&
gm_m{OH$ Cn`mg :-
gm_m{OH$ `WmW o_MX H$s XoZ ahr h& 'JmoXmZ' Cgr H$m _hmH$m` ahm h, Ama
d` hmoar `WmW H$s Q>oOS>r& dJu` M[a H$s H$nZm H$a Cg `WmW H$mo JmoXmZ _| o_MX Zo
{d{dY Am`m^ {X`o h& dVwV: d` o_MX Zo ZmZm{dY d{m`m| H$mo O_ {X`m Bgr AW _| do
H$Wm g_mQ> hmo OmVo h& Bhr H$s nanam H$m {dH$mg gmX Ho$ H$H$mb _| C^aH$a Am`m h&
H$bmVaU _| {Zambm, CnoZmW AH$, nmS>o` ~oMZ e_m 'CJ', MVwagoZ emr,
dXmdZbmb d_m, ^JdVrMaU d_m, {dUw ^mH$a, A_Vbmb ZmJa, Zaoe _ohVm, M
{H$aU gmZ aogm Am{X boIH$m| Zo Cn`mg {dYm H$mo g_X {H$`m& BZ g~Ho$ boIZ H$s
AnZr-AnZr {deofVm h& naVy gm_m{OH$ {> go n[adVZH$mar ^mdZm Zo OS> Ed
`WmpW{VdmXr nanam, _y`, gH$ma H$s Ztd {hbmH$a aIZodmbo BZHo$ Cn`mgm| H$m _hd
A{YH$ h& BZH$m AdXmZ AZoH$ {>H$moZ go qMVZnaH$ h&
o_MX Ho$ A{V[aV gm_m{OH$ Cn`mg H$m boIZ H$aZodmbo _| gmX CnoZmW
AH$, ^JdVrgmX dmOno`r, ^JVrMaU d_m, A_Vbmb ZmJa, nmS>o` ~oMZ e_m 'CJ'
Am{X _hdnyU h&
{hXr Cn`mg _| ma^ go hr gm_m{OH$Vm H$m da AZwJwO ahm h& narjm Jw
g_V o_MX `wJ Ho$ AZoH$ Cn`mg gm_m{OH$ g_`mAm| go nyarV h& o_MX Ho$ {Vkm _|
{dYdm g_`m, godmgXZ _| do`m g_`m, {Z_bm _| AZ_ob {ddmh Ama gmVobr _m H$s
g_`m, aJ^y{_ _| amOZr{VH$ V` H$m`mH$n, H$_^y{_, Ama JmoXm_ _| r Ed {H$gmZ
g_`mAm| H$m AH$Z hAm h&
aJ^y{_ _| gwaXmg Omo Om{V go M_ma h, AYm VWm {^Imar h Cgo Zm`H$ ~ZmH$a
X{bV OrdZ H$s g_`m H$mo gm_Zo bmVo h& 'JmoXmZ' Vmo ^maVr` {H$gmZ H$m _hmH$m` hr
~Zm h& hmoar, Y{Z`m, _mbVr, Jmo~a, Pw{Z`m Ogo nmm| mam gm_m{OH$ XX hr A{^`V
hAm h& o_MX H$s Bgr nanam H$m {dH$mg AmJo MbH$a gmX Ho$ 'H$H$mb' '{VVbr'
(1934) (1930) _| boIZ hAm Wm& 'H$H$mb' Vmo Y_ Ho$ Zm_ na MbZodmbo `m{^Mma,
270
CgHo$ {d{Y {ZfoY na MmoQ> H$s h&
{Zambm :-
Agam (1931) {Zambm H$m W_ Amn`m{gH$ gOZ H$_ h& CZH$s H${d N>dr
go H$B JwZm A{YH$ gm_m{OH$ `WmWdmXr H${V J _| C^ar h& CZHo$ H${d N>{d H$s MMm
A{YH$ hmoVr ahr J H$s Zht naVy {Zambm MmoQ>r Ho$ JH$ma h& ~mX _| AbH$m (1933),
^mdVr (1936), {ZnVm (1936), Hw$br^ma (1939), {~bogwa ~H$[ahm (1942),
MmoQ>r H$s nH$S> (1946) Ama H$mbo H$maZm_o (1950) Am{X _hdnyU Cn`mg Chm|Zo {bIo
h& {Zambm Ho$ Cn`mgm| Ho$ gX^ _| _Ywaoe Zo _hdnyU ~mV H$ht h, {Zambm Ho$ Cn`mg n
aMZm Ama gJR>Z H$s {> go {H$gr CoIZr` {eIa H$mo ^bo hr Z Ny>Vo hmo, bo{H$Z Cnr{S>V
OZVm Ho$ gKf Ama {VamoYr MoVZm H$s {> go CZH$m {deof _hd h& '' ({hXr Cn`mg
H$m {dH$mg, n-100) 'Agam' _| A{^OmV Hw$b H$m `wdH$ Ama EH$ do`mnwr Ho$ o_ Ama
{ddmh H$m {MU H$aVo hE Zmar-_w{V Ho$ gdmb go h_o aZ-~-aZ {H$`m h& 'AbH$m' AdY
jo Ho$ A^mdJV {H$gmZm| H$s {dfmXnyU H$Wm h& '{Zn_m' {Zambm g_` Ho$ Am{WH$ Ama
dMm[aH$ {> go {nN>S>o {T>JV gH$mam| _| OH$S>o Jm_rU g_mO H$s VI' gMmB`m| H$mo
gm_Zo bmVm h& ^mdVr Eo{Vhm{gH$ aMZm h& {~boogwa ~H$[ahm X{bV OrdZ H$m AH$Z
H$aVm h& BZ g^r Cn`mgm| _| gm_m{OH$ `WmW Ho$ {d{dY nhby C^aH$a Am`o h&
271
CnoZmW AH$ Zo {JaVr Xrdma| (1946), J_ amI (1952), ~S>r ~S>r AmIo
(1955), nWa Ab nWa (1957), eha _| Kw_Vm AmBZm (1962), EH$ amV ZaH$
(1968), EH$ Zht H$Xrb (1969) ~mYmo Z Zmd Bg R>md (1974), VWm {Z{_fm
(1980) Am{X H$m{eV h& AH$ Ho$ Cn`mg gm_m{OH$ gdoXZm H$s {> go _hdnyU aho
h& ''{JaVr Xrdma| go boH$a {Z{_fm VH$ Ho$ Cn`mgm| _| {ZZ _`dJ Ho$ Am{WH$ gKf, Bgr
dJ Ho$ `wdmAm| H$s gnZm|,Z{VH$ _y`m|,AH$mjmAm| go nXm hB Hw$R>mAm|, nwamZr nrT>r go CZHo$
gKf, ^Q>H$Z, {Zamem, o_ Ho$ jo _| Ag\$bVm, Xmn` OrdZ H$s H$Qw>Vm Ama AgVmof
VWm g_mO mam {ZYm[aV _y`m| H$s b_UaoIm _| KwQ>Vr Ama VS>nVr {`m| H$m {MU BZ
Cn`mgm| H$s {deofVm h& ''
^JVrgmX dmOno`r Zo '{nnmgm' (1937), Xmo ~hZ| (1940), Ama {Z`U
(1942), MbVo MbVo, gwZr amh, {ddmg H$m ~b, AnZm {~H$ J`m, H$_nW Am{X _wI
Cn`mgm| H$m gOZ {H$`m h& ''r-nwf Ho$ ~rM _wV o_ Ama Z{VH$ g{hVm go CgH$m
Q>H$amd, _Zmodkm{ZH$ AVXX VWm r Ho$ nanwf go o_ H$aZo Ho$ Zg{JH$ A{YH$ma H$m
{VnmXZ BZHo$ ma{^H$ VrZ Cn`mgm| _| {_bVm h& ''
'o_ nW' _| {ddem{V, _Zw` _m H$m H$`mU, g` Ama A{hgm, '^yXmZ' _| {H$gmZm| _|
^y{_ H$m g_mZ {dVaU, gm_m{OH$ gX^md, 'gyZr amh' _| H$V` Ho$ {V B_mZXmar, Jmo_Vr
Ho$ VQ> na' _| ^maVr` gH${V H$s _hmm, 'CgZo Z H$hm' _| _`dJu` n[adma H$s g_`mE,
'Qw>Q>Vo ~YZ' _| nm[adm[aH$ {dKQ>Z, 'A{YH$ma H$m Z' _| nr{T>`m| H$m n[adVZerb
{>~moY, Z`r nrT>r H$m {dmoh Am{X'' na _WZ {H$`m J`m h&'H$_ nW' _| EH$ dmdb~r
`wdH$ Ho$ OrdZ gKf H$mo n> {H$`m h&
^JdVr MaU d_m Bg H$mb Ho$ _hdnyU boIH$ h& Bhm|Zo '{MboIm' (1934)
H$mo {bIH$a nmn-nw` Ho$ {V gm_m{OH$m| Ho$ {>H$moZ H$mo gm_Zo bm`m h& ''H$Wm H$s {> go
^JdVrMaU d_m Ho$ Cn`mg CZrgdr gXr Ho$ A{V_ XeH$ (1890) go boH$a ^maV na
MrZ Ho$ AmH$_U (1962) VH$ Ho$ g_` H$mo CgHo$ `mnH$ Ama d{d`nyU Am`m_ _| VwV
H$aZo H$m `mg H$aVo h& BZ Cn`mgm| _| Bg Ad{Y _| ^maV _| hmoZodmbo amOZr{VH$-
Am{WH$ Ama gm_m{OH$ CWb-nwWb H$m AH$Z {H$`m J`m h& Bg {> go '^ybo {~gao {M
(1959), gm_` Ama gr_m (1962), grYr gr ~mV| (1968), Z Ama _ar{MH$m
(1973), Q>oT>o _oT>o amVo (1948), Ama g~{h ZMmdV am_ JmogmB (1970) {deof n go
CoIZr` h& '' BZHo$ A` _hdnyU Cn`mgm| _| Am{Iar Xmd (1950), AnZo {IbmZo
(1957), dh {\$a Zht Am`r (1960), WHo$ nmd (1963), aoIm (1964) Am{X h& '^ybo
{~gao {M' ^JdVrMaU d_m H$m gdlo> Cn`mg h {Og_| VrZ nr{T>`m| (1890-1930)
H$s gmoM Ama _mZ{gH$Vm Ho$ ~Xbmd, nwamZr nrT>r Ho$ gmW Z`r nrT>r Ho$ gKf, Amn{Zdo{eH$
emgZ Ho$ {V ~wpXOrdr dJ Ho$ _moh^J Ama {dmoh H$m AH$Z {H$`m J`m h& ''
A_Vbmb ZmJa Bg g_` Ho$ EH$ Amoa _hdnyU Cn`mgH$ma h& BZH$m nhbm
Cn`mg '_hmH$mb' (1947) _| H$m{eV hAm Ama '~yX Ama g_w' (1956) go do MMm _|
Am`o& _`dJu` ZmJ[aH$ OrdZ H$m `WmW Bg_| n> hAm h& `{V Ama g_mO Ho$
A`mo`m{YV g~Ym| H$mo do `V H$aVo h& CZHo$ A` M{MV Cn`mgm| _| eVaO Ho$ _mohao
272
(1959), gwhmJ Ho$ Zwnwa (1960), A_V Ama {df (1966), gmV KyKQ>dmbm _wIS>m
(1968), EH$Xm Z{_fma`o (1972), VwbgrXmg Ho$ OrdZ na '_mZg H$m hg' (1972),
Zm`mo ~hV Jmonmb (1978), gwaXmg Ho$ OrdZ na 'IOZ Z`Z' (1981), {~Iao {VZHo$
(1982), ApZJ^m (1983), H$adQ> (1985), nr{T>`m (1990) Am{X h& 'Zm`m| ~hV
Jmonmb' X{bV OrdZ H$s ZmaH$s` pW{V`m| H$mo nQ> {H$`m J`m h&'' 'EH$Xm Z{_fma`o' Ho$
Amn`m{gH$ {dOZ _| ^maVr` `m qhXy gH${V Ho$ {Z_mU H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am`moOZ h Omo
ZmJa Or Ho$ AZwgma Z{_f AmXmobZ H$s XoZ h& Bg AmXmobZ Ho$ mam nwZO_,
H$_H$mS>dmX, CnmgZmdmX, kmZ_mJ Am{X H$m ApV_ n go g_d` hAm Wm& Bg g_d`
Ho$ _wb _| am>r` EH$Vm H$m ^md Wm& ~mU Ama l_U gH${V`m| H$m gKf Cg H$mb H$s
am>r` g_`m Wr& {OgHo$ H$maU Xoe {N>-{^ hmo ahm Wm& ~mUm| Ho$ hr EH$ J{VH$m_r
dJ Zo l_U gH${V H$mo d{XH$ n_am go OmoS>H$a EH$ {_br-Owbr gH${V H$m n {X`m Omo
AmO {hXy gH${V Ho$ Zm_ go OmZr OmVr h& ZmJa Or Zo Bgr gmH${VH$ {dOZ H$mo EH$Xm
Z{_fma`o H$m AmYma ~Zm`m h& ' ZmJaOr Bg H$mb Ho$ erfW Cn`mgH$ma h& BZH$m
`oH$ Cn`mg Z`r OrdZ {> H$m n[aMm`H$ h&
CX`eH$a ^> Zo Z`o _moS> (1954), gmJa bha| Ama _Zw` (1956), bmoH$
nabmoH$ (1958), eof Aeof (1960), Z`o _moS> (1956)) Am{X _hdnyU Cn`mgm| H$m
gOZ {H$`m h& ''Z`o _moS> _| EH$ gw{e{jV Ama Am_{Z^a ^maVr` Zmar H$s {ddeVm H$mo
{M{V {H$`m h& gm_m{OH$ ~YZm| _| OH$S>r hB S>m. eo\$mbr H$mo AnZm nhbm {ddmh drH$m`
Zht h Ama AnZr BN>m go Xwgam {ddmh drH$m` Zht h Ama AnZr BN>m go Xwgam {ddmh H$m
H$a Zht gH$Vr& Bgr q~Xy na Cho Z`o _moS> H$s Vbme h& ''CZH$m Xwgam _hdnyU Ed M{MV
Cn`mg Omo _w~B dgm}dm Ho$ gmJa {H$Zmao Ho$ _Nw>Amam| Ho$ OrdZ na {M{V h& '' n[adVuV
hmoZodmbo Jmd H$s V~ra 'bmoH$ nabmoH$' _| CVmar JB h, Vmo gmYw g`m{g`m| Ho$ OrdZ H$m
`WmW 'eof Aeof' _| Am`m h&
{dUw ^mH$a Zo AnZm W_ Cn`mg 'T>bVr amV' (1951), VQ> Ho$ ~YZ
(1955), dZ_`r (1957), BZHo$ H$B Cn`mg Xwgao Zm_ go nwZ: H$m{eV hE h Ogo
'XbVr amV' H$m '{Z{eH$mV' (1986 _|), 'XnU H$m `{V H$m 'gH$ma' (1993),
dZ_`r H$m 'dZ' Am{X& '' BZHo$ Cn`mgm| _| {df` H$m d{d` Z Ho$ ~am~a h& Zmar
{Z_{V H$s ~hAm`m^r mgXr hr CZHo$ Cn`mgm| H$m H|$r` H$` h& '' Zmar H$s {d{^
g_`mE Cn`mgmo _| Am`r h& 'VQ> Ho$ ~YZ' _| o_ Ama {ddmh, Y_ Ama Om{V, {VbH$
XhoO, AVa OmVr` Ama AVaY_u` {ddmh, Zmar _w{V, nanamJV Zmar g{hVm Ho$
AV{damoY Ama CZH$m {damoY, Zmar H$s Am{WH$ dVVm H$m {VnmXZ Am{X Zm| H$mo
CR>m`m J`m h& '' 'T>bVr amV' _| dmYrZVm gJm_ _| ^mJ boZo Ama {~{Q>e emgZ H$mb _|
gaH$mar ZmH$ar H$aZo Ho$ X Ho$ gmW gm_m{OH$ Va na Om{V`m| Ama Y_m] Ho$ ~rM H$s
Q>H$amhQ>, Y_, Om{V, qbJ, Am{X go OwS>o {ZZ_`dJu` `wdH$ H$m Am_gKf {M{V hAm
h& '' Hw$N> Cn`mg gmR>momar H$mb _| {bIo J`o h&
A` _hdnyU Cn`mgm| _| CboIZr` h A_Vam` H$m ~rO (1952),
Zm^\$Vr H$m Xoe Ama hmWr Ho$ XmV (1956), ^mH$a _mMdo H$m naVy (1952), EH$Vmam
273
(1953), Xm^m (1954), gmMm (1955) Am{X& amOm am{YH$m a_U gmX qgh H$m 'am_
a{h_' (1937), {g`mam_eaU JwV H$m 'JmoX' (1932), ApV_ AH$mjm (1934) Zmar
(1937) goR> JmoqdX Xmg H$m 'B_Vr' MVwagoZ emr Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgH$ma hmoZo Ho$
~mdOyX Y_nw, IJmg, Jmobr Ogo Cn`mgm| _| gm_m{OH$ g_`mAm| H$mo ~S>o gwXa T>J go
A{^`V {H$`m h& am_mZX gmJa Zo Ama BgmZ _a J`m, `kXm e_m Zo BgmZ, H$_boda
Zo bmoQ>o hE _wgm{\$a Am{X Cn`mgm| _| {hXw-_wpb_ g_`m na _mZdVmdmXr {> go {bIm
h&
AV: `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h H$s o_MX Ho$ ~mX gm_m{OH$ Cn`mgm| H$s geV
Ymam C^aH$a Am`r& 1960 Ho$ ~mX `h A{YH$ {dVma nmVr J`r naVy ~mX Ho$ gm_m{OH$
Cn`mgm| _| g_mO H$_, `mZ g_`mE A{YH$ _wIa hB& Cn`mgm| Ho$ {df` d{d` Zo
CgH$mo A{YH$ {demb ~Zm`m&
_Zmodkm{ZH$/_Zmo{dbofUm_H$ Cn`mg :-
o_MX Zo hr OrdZ H$s Amoa XoIZo Ho$ Xmo {>H$moZ VwV {H$`o Wo& EH$ gm_m{OH$
Ama Xwgam _Zmodkm{ZH$& o_MXmoma H$mb _| `h XmoZm| YmamE dV n go {dH${gV hB&
o_MX Ho$ hr {e` OZoHw$_ma Zo _Zmodkm{ZH$ {>H$moZ H$mo AnZm`m _Z H$s gw_, J^ra,
JhZ ^mdm| H$m AH$Z BZ Cn`mgm| H$s {deofVm h& gZ 1930 Ho$ ~mX ^maV _| \$m`S>,
ES>ba, `wJ H$s {dMmaYmamAm| H$m, gmW, H$\$m Ho$ ApVddmX H$m ^md ~T>Vm J`m& \$m`S>
Ho$ MoVZ, AdMoVZ Ama AMoVZ _Z Ho$ ^mdm|, dZm|, BN>mAmo, dmgZmAm| H$m {dVV {MU
Cn`mgm| _| Am`m& \$m`S> Ho$ AZwgma 'H$m_' Ed 'Ah' {OXJr Ho$ oaH$ Ed {Z_mU Vd _mZo
J`o& gm_m{OH$, Z{VH$ ~YZm| H$mo VmoS>m J`m& X_Z H$s OmZodmbr H$m_ ^mdZm H$m IwbH$a
{MU Cn`mgm| _| hmoZo bJm& AMoVZ _Z, B{S>g, {b{~S>mo J{W`m| go V`ma EH$ XbXb ~Zr
Ama Cgr go BZ J{W`m| H$m {hQ>r[a`m, C_mX, nmJbnZ, {Zamem C^aH$a Am`r&
Cn`mgH$mam| H$mo bJm H$s BZ J{W`m| H$mo COmJa H$aZm gm{hp`H$ H$_ h& `h J{W`m ha EH$
_| hmoVr h& CgH$m H$_ A{YH$ ^md hmoVm h& `{V H$^r Bgo CXmm n XoVm, H$^r BZH$s
{dH$Vr`m| Ho$ H$maU {dH$V hmo OmVm h& EH$ H$ma go nmJbnZ, _mZg Ho$ ^rVa-~mha H$mo
OmZZm boIm{H$V Xm{`d hmoVm h&
ES>ba \$m`S> H$s Vah Zw OrdZ H$mo H$m_ X_Z go nr{S>V _mZVm Zht h dh
hrZVm H$s ^mdZm go nr{S>V _mZVm h& ''BZHo$ _VmZwgma ~MnZ _| hr `h hrZ ^mdZm {Z_mU
hmo OmVr h& VWm Bg hrZVm H$s j{VnyVu Ho$ {bE `{V AnZo dmVmdaU H$mo ^m{dV H$aZm
MmhVm h& {H$gr-Z-{H$gr H$ma go dh AnZm ^md O_mZm MmhVm h& Bgr H$maU
Agm_m` H$m`m] Ho$ _yb _| '{V>m' H$s ^mdZm hmo gH$Vr h& '' Bg H$ma H$s _Zmodmr H$mo
A{^`V H$aZm BZ gm{h`H$mam| H$mo A{^oV h&
`wJ Ho$ _VmZwgma 'OrdZoN>m' hr OrdZ H$m _wbmYma h& ''{V>m, gn{m Ama
gVmZ BZ VrZm| _| go {H$gr EH$ H$s AWdm VrZm| H$s m{ Ho$ {bE `{V qOXJr ^a ~oMZ
ahVm h& BZ_| go AJa EH$ H$s ^r H$_r hmo OmE Vmo Cg_| _mZ{gH$'' hrZVm H$s JWr {dH${gV
hmo OmVr h&
274
_Zmodkm{ZH$ Cn`mg _| nmm| Ho$ ^md nj H$m AH$Z hmoVm h& `hr ^md nm Ho$
{>H$moZ {dMma _| n[aUV hmoH$a CgH$m `mnH$ n YmaU H$aVm h& Bg{bE nmm| H$s aMZm
Agm_m` n go VH$-{dVH$, \w$V, Cgw\$, {V{H$`mdmXr hmoVr h& _mZ{gH$ Va na dh
ah`nyU, H$m_O`, AhdmXr, gX AhdmXr `m gwna BJmo hmoVr h& EH$ Vah go _Zw` H$s
AVa-~m O{Q>bVmAm| H$s A{^`{V hmoVr h&
Ogm H$s h_Zo nhbo hr H$hm AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| o_MX Ho$ A{d^md Ho$ gmW
_Zmo{dkmZ H$m doe {hXr H$Wm gm{h` _| hAm& CZHo$ Cn`mg OrdZ H$m M[a _m h
{dMma Zo nmm| Ho$ _Zmo{dkmZ H$s naI ew H$s& {OgH$m ^maVr` gH$aU dmbm n OZ|
Hw$_ma Ho$ Cn`mgm| _| Am`m h& CZH$m W_ Cn`mg 'naI' (1929) _| Am`m& `h naI
dVwV: EH$ Jhao Z{VH$ X go JwOaZo H$s VZmdnyU {H$`m h'' Omo _mZg H$s JwT>Vm, AmMaU
H$s {H$S>mJwT>Vm H$mo gm_Zo bmVr h& CgHo$ ~mX gwIXm (1952), {ddV (1952), `VrV
(1923), O`dXZ (1956), _w{V~moY (1965), AZVa (1968), AZm_dm_r
(1974), XemH$ (1983) Am{X _Zmo{dboeUm_H$ Cn`mgm| H$m gOZ {H$`m& OZ| Zo BZ
Cn`mgm| Ho$ mam ^md, ^mfm, {en, H$s {> go ZdrZVm Ed gmWH$Vm Cn`mg H$mo XmZ
H$s h& BZ Cn`mgm| _| _mZemr` gw_, Vab Ed JhZ gdoXZmAmo H$mo A{^`V {H$`m
J`m h& OZ| Ho$ Cn`mg dMm[aH$ H$mobmhb nXm H$aZodmbo h, ''AnZo _mQ>a na o_
H$aZodmbr EH$ VU {dYdm Ama AmXe VWm `o`dmX Ho$ {V B_mZXmar go g_{nV '_mQ>a'
Ho$ ~rM H$s ^mdZm_H$ CWb-nwWb 'naI' H$m {df` h& '' Vmo 'gwZrVm' _| Zm`H$ h[a
g Ama Zm{`H$m gwZrVm Ho$ ~rM H$m Vrd Ed JwT> hmoVm AmH$fU {MU Am`m h& h[a g
H$s _mZ{gH$ nrS>m gwZrVm H$mo {dV H$aVr h, CgHo$ n{V H$m ^r {damoY Zht h& {damoY h Vmo
h[ag Ed gwZrVm Ho$ gH$mam| H$m& h[a g H$s Hw$>m H$mo XoIH$a doXZm go nr{S>V gwZrVm
CgHo$ gm_Zo '{dd' hmoVr h Ama CgH$s `h A{narjm XoIH$a h[a g ^mJ OmVm h&
Bg_| H$Wm Zht h, Omo h dh EH$ Vab, `{_l, Z{VH$Vm H$mo AmdmhZ H$aZodmbm H$Um go
Amny[aV OrdZmZw^d'' h& '`mJn' _| _Umb Ho$ ~hmZo {hXy g_mO `dWm VWm n[adma
`dWm na Jham AmKmV H$aVr h& `o AKmV _yH$ hmoVo h bo{H$Z ^mdr hmoVo h& '' {d{e>
{hXy g_mO _Umb H$mo `m` Zht Xo nmVm Bg{bE CgH$m ^VrOm OO nX go '`mJn' XoVm
h& 'H$`mUr' CZH$m A` _hdnyU Cn`mg h& Bg_| ''AWmOZ H$aZo H$mo ~m` r
S>mQ>a Ho$ _Z H$s {dbjU ItMVmZ {M{V H$s J`r h& r Zo nm{Vd` H$s Anojm ^r H$s
OmE Ama AWmOZ Ho$ {bE nwf g_mO gnH$ H$s {ddeVm ^r hmo- Bg H$Mr _|
N>Q>nQ>mZodmbr Zmar Ho$ n{V AJa nwamUnWr hmo, nZr H$mo AnZr d`{VH$ {_b{H$`V _mZH$a
MbVm hmo Vmo Eogr Zmar H$s nrS>m ~hV Vrd hmoVr h& {hXy r H$s _mZ{gH$ `Wm H$s `h H$U
H$Wm g_gm_m{`H$ OrdZ Ho$ Ama Zmar doXZm Ho$ AZoH$ gX^ ImobVr h& '' OZo Zo nVr,
nZr Ama o_r Ho$ {H$moUm_H$ o_m`mZm| mam {hXy g_mO H$s OS> Ed ImoIbr Z{VH$
nanamAm| H$mo COmJa {H$`m h& Ama g~Ym| Ho$ VH$ Omb mam _Zw` _Z Ho$ AVOmb H$mo
`m`m{`V {H$`m h& o_MX H$s Cn`mg '_mZd M[a-_m' ^mdZm H$m {dVma ~S>r
Hw$ebVm go OZ| _| hAm h& {\$a ^r qhXy gm_mO _m`VmAm| ImgH$a, o_, {ddmh, n[adma,
g_mO, Z{VH$Vm AmH$fU, {dH$fU, H$m _mZ{gH$ gKf CZHo$ Cn`mgm| _| Am`m h& CgH$m
275
{damoY m`: jrU hmo MwH$m h&
BbmM Omoer H$m 'KUm_`r (1929) _| Am`m& `h CZH$m W_ Cn`mg h&
CgHo$ ~mX g`mgr (1941), nX} H$s amZr (1941), o_ Ama N>m`m (1946), {Zdm{gV
(1946), _w{VnW (1950), gw~h Ho$ ^ybo (1952), {Ogr (1952), OhmO H$m nN>r
(1955), F$VyMH$ (1969), ^yV H$m ^{d` (1973), H${d H$s o`gr (1976) Am{X
Cn`mg _Zmo{dkmZ H$m {M{H$gH$ {MU VwV H$aVo h& ma^ _| npM_r _Zmo{dkmZ H$m
`moJ H$aVo hE 'Ho$g Q>S>r' Ogo Cn`mg H$m gOZ Chm|Zo {H$`m& {\$a ~mX _| do CgH$s
_`mXm H$mo OmZH$a ^maVr` _Zmo{dkmZ H$m I AnZmVo h& CZH$m ApV_ Cn`mg BgH$m
gm` h&
^JdVrMaU d_m H$m nmn-nw` H$s `m`m VwV H$aZodmbm '{MboIm'
(1934) _| H$m{eV hAm& {OgH$m n[adoe _m`H$mbrZ ahm naVy nmn-nw` H$s g_`m
emdV ahr h& Ama AV _| g~Hw$N> ^moJ, `mJ _| n[ad{VV hmo OmVm h& CgHo$ ~mX 'Q>oT>o-_oT>o
amVo (1946), Am{Iar Xmd (1950), AnZo {IbmZo (1957), ^ybo {~gao {M
(1959), dh {\$a Zht AmB (1960), gm_` Ama gr_m (1962), WHo$ nmd (1963),
aoIm (1964), grYr gr ~mV| (1968), g~{h ZMmdV am_ JmogmB (1970), Z Ama
^ar{MH$m (1973) Am{X H$m{eV hAm& ^ybo {~gao {M H$mo lo> _mZm OmVm h& ^JdVrMaU
d_m {Z`VrdmX, _mZdr` {ddeVm, g_mOdmX, gm`dmX, JmYrdmX, AmVH$dmX Am{X Ho$
g~Y _| AnZo nydJhm| go H$ht ^r _wV Zht hmo gHo$ h& '' H$B H$ma Ho$ Xmofm| go `wV hmoH$a
^r d_mOr _hdnyU hmo MwHo$ Cn`mgH$ma h&
Ako` H$m {hXr Cn`mg _| A{d^md EH$ H$mVrH$mar g`moJ h& AnZr Ia MoVZm
go ny[aV _Zw` _Z H$s Jhar nS>Vmb H$aVo hE g_`, g_mO, Xoe Ho$ gX^m} H$mo ImobZodmbo
CZHo$ Cn`mg dVwV: gdoXZerb Ed _mZdr` _y`m| {V qMVZ erbVm Ho$ n[aMm`H$ h&
1940 _| 'eoIa EH$ OrdZr' H$m nhbm ^mJ Ama 1944 _| Xygam H$m{eV hAm Ama {hXr
g_rjm _| ^yMmb-gm Am`m& {\$a ZXr Ho$ Xrn (1951) Ama AnZo AnZo AOZ~r (1961)
_| H$m{eV hE& VrZmo Cn`mg Z`o `{Vd H$s Vbme _| {bIo J`o h& eoIa EH$ OrdZr _|
`{Vd {Z_mU _|, ''Ah, gog Ama ^` H$s OrdZ _| Omo {H$S>m MbVr h, CZH$m Omo WmZ
Ed dn h, CZH$s OrdZ H$s g_wMr Mhb-nhb _| Omo g{H$`Vm h, Cgo XoIZo H$m `mg
h& eoIa AnZo dmV` Ama dmV` H$mo ~m{YV H$aZodmbr d{m`m|/pW{V`m| H$m
AZwgYmZ H$aVm h& `{V Ama g_mO, `{V Ama CgH$s dmYrZVm, o_, KUm, X^,
PyR> H$m OrdZ _| WmZ B`m{X na {MVZ H$aZodmbm eoIa _ybV: EH$ gdoXZerb `wdH$ h&
'' dhr BgH$m H|${` {M Ed M[a h& gmWH$ OrdZ ~ZmZo H$s CgH$s gH$ne{V 11
Cn`mg H$mo {d{e> ~ZmVr h&
"ZXr Ho$ rn' EH$ o_H$Wm h, aoIm, ^yfU Ama Jmam H$s& VWm "AnZo AnZo
AOZ~r' '"Xme{ZH$ Voda _| {bIr H$bm_H$ aMZm h'' Omo {hXr _| W_ Ed erfW h&
AVrddmX H$m ^md Bgna g_rjH$m| Z| nm`m h& Ako` H$s qMVZm, JhZ gdoXZm Ama
A{^`{V Hw$ebVm go VrZm| Cn`mg MMm Ho$ H|$ _| AmO ^r aho h& AmYw{ZH$Vm Zo _Zw`
H$mo Ogo ~Zm`m dgo Ako` Zo Cgo VwV {H$`m h&
276
S>m. XodamO Ho$ "nW H$s ImoO', "~mha-^rVa', "amoS>o Ama nWa', "AO` H$s
S>m`ar' Am{X Cn`mg H$m{eV h& ' _Zmodkm{ZH$Vm H$m g\$b boIH$ OrdZ Ho$ AVa-
~m H$m CXKmQ>Z H$aVm h& ''{e{jV, ~wpXOrdr g_mO Ho$ OrdZ H$s H$U `WmWVm H$m
_Zmodkm{ZH$ {MU BZ Cn`mgm| _| {_bVm h& ''
A_Vam` Ho$ Cn`mgm| _| MmadmXr gm`dmX H$hr Zht h& ~H$s CgHo$ {V
{V~XVm H$m da ahm h& ' YwAm' _| `wdm nrT>r H$m ^Q>H$md, ZgbdmX, {XemhrZ hmoVr
amOZr{V, gm_m{OH$ {T>`m| H$s {dH${V Am{X Ho$ ~rM PybgVr OtXJr H$m gM C^aH$a Am`m
h&
^r gmhZr :-
BZH$m nhbm Cn`mg 'PamoIo' (1967) _| H$m{eV hAm& J{Verb {> BZHo$
g^r Cn`mgm| _| _wIa hB h& ~mX _| 'H${S>`m (1970), V_g (1973), ~gVr (1980),
'_`mXmg H$s _mS>r (1988) 'Hw$Vmo' (1993) Ama Zrby, Zr{b_m, Zrbmo\$a (2000)
H$m{eV hE&
'PamoIo' Am`g_mOr gH$madmbo ~Mo H$s _mZ{gH$ _{V {M H$mo gOmo`m J`m
h& 'H${S>m' _o gH$mam| H$s OS>Vm `wV _`dJu` n[adma h, naVw _wI H$Wm Xmn`
g~Y H$s H$Qw>Vm Ama r H$s Aghm` pW{V go OwS>m h& 'V_g' dm{YZVm m{V Ho$ nyd
_mM-Ab-1947 _| hE ^rfU gmXm{`H$ XJm| H$s nmM {XZ H$s H$hmZr Cn`mg _|
VwV H$s J`r h& gmXm{`H$Vm H$m gOrd naVy H$Qw> {MU H$aZodmbo Bg Cn`mg Ho$
^r_ gmhZr H$mo lo> Cn`mgH$ma H$s n{V _| {~R>m`m& dVVmnyd nOm~ _| EH$ gmW
ahZodmbo qhXy-_wpb_ EH$ Xwgao Ho$ gwI-Xw:I Ho$ {hgoXma ~ZVo Wo naVy {~{Q>e Zr{V Ho$
H$maU _mhmb _| gmXm{`H$ VUmd \$b OmVm h Ama nS>mgr Xw_Z _| ~Xb OmVo h&
A{ddmg, eH$m, H$moY, C_mX, AmVH$, ^`, qhgm _| VpXb hmo OmVo h& _mZdr`Vm H$m
jaU hmoVm h& ~mX _| 'Zrby, Zr{b_m, Zrbmo\$a' _| gmXm{`H$Vm na {dO` o_ hr nmVm h
H$m {dMma boIH$ Zo `V {H$`m h&
amO| `mXd H$m 'gmam AmH$me' S>m. bmb Ho$ 'YaVr H$s AmIo', '~`m H$m Km|gbm
Ama gmn', '_Z dXmdZ' Am{X Cn`mg ^r J{VdmX go {V~X h&
J{VdmXr Ymam _| {bIo J`o BZ V_m_ Cn`mgm| _| gm_m{OH$ `WmW Ho$ {d{^
nhbwAm| H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h& gm_m{OH$ gKf Ho$ {^ n Bg_| _wIa hE h& AmM{bH$
Cn`mg H$m ma^ ^r Bgr H$mb go hmoVm h&
AmM{bH$ Cn`mg :-
AmM{bH$ Cn`mg H$m W_ AmYma JmoXmZ hr _mZm OmVm h naVy AmM{bH$Vm H$s
_wI dmr \$Urda ZmW aoUy Ho$ '_bm AmMb' (1954) go MMm _| Am`r& H$Wm Ed M[a
H|${V Cn`mgm| Ho$ ~mX H$Wm Ho$ H|$ _| 'AmMb' hr _wI hmo CR>m Bgr H$maU Bh| AmM{bH$
Cn`mg H$hm OmZo bJm& dhm H$s ^mfm, gH${V, nanam, {T>`m, AY{ddmg, Cgd,
`mhma, AImS>o, JrV, Ym{_H$, Z{VH$, gm_m{OH$ AmMma-{dMma, AmWm-{ddmg,
277
_ZmoaOZ, `dgm`, {ejm, dm`, `gZ, OrdZ {>H$moZ Am{X H$mo A{^`{V H|${`
n _| AmM{bH$ Cn`mg _| {_bZo bJr& dVVm Ho$ ~mX ~T>Vm ZmJ[aH$aU Ama CgH$m Jmd
OrdZ na nS>Vm ^md nhbr ~ma BZ Cn`mgm| _o Am`m& {dH$mg H$s `moOZmAm| Zo EH$ Amoa
CZ_| n[adVZ H$s g^mdZm OJm`r Omo Xwgar Amoa bS>mB, PJS>o, gKf, {hgm, byQ>, ^>mMma,
AZmMma, XwamMma, H$s ~r^gVm, Hw$gm H$mo `V {H$`m& Y_ Ho$ Zm_ na MbZodmbo nmIS>,
`mZ emofU, _mZ{gH$ Jwbm_r H$m WmonZm, {ZaVa Omar ahm Vmo BgHo$ {dX dkm{ZH$ gmYZm|
go g_mO H$mo CZV ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE {ejm,{M{H$gm H$m AmJh ^r ahm h& n[aUm_V: OZOrdZ
H$s gw_ AH$Z, OrdV hmo J`m& ZmJmOwZ, aoUy, CX`eH$a ^Q>Q>, amhr _mgw_ aOm, am_Xae
{_l, {edgmX qgh, amO| AdWr, {edgmX {_l '', eboe _[Q>`mZr, {ddoH$s am`,
lrbmb ewb, JmoqdX {_l, H$U ~bXod d Am{X Cn`mgH$mam| Zo Z`o A{^`OZ H$meb
go Bg Ymam H$mo g_X {H$`m h&
ZmJmOwZ :- Ho$ '~bMZ_m' H$mo {hXr H$m nhbm AmM{bH$ Cn`mg _mZm OmVm h&
`h 1952 _| H$m{eV hAm& '_bm AmMb' Ho$ H$maU {hXr _| AmM{bH$ Cn`mg Ymam H$s
WmnZm hB naVy '~bMZ_m' Ama '_bmAmMb Ho$ nyd A_Vbmb ZmJa H$m 'goR> ~mHo$_b'
Ama {edgmX {_l '' H$m '~hVr JJm' _| AmM{bH$Vm Ho$ gHo$V Oa {_bVo h naVy
ZmJmOwZ _| dJ gKf `WmW n go C^aH$a Am`m h '~bMZ_m' BgH$m CXmhaU h& 'Z`r
nmY', '~m~m ~Q>ogaZmW', 'dU Ho$ ~oQ>o', XwI _moMZ', `h AmM{bH$ Cn`mg hr h&
~Q>ogaZmW H$m Zm`H$ hr Ed dQ>dj h Cgr Ho$ N>md Vbo Jmd Ho$ CWmZ-nVZ, H$bh, of,
emofU, AY{ddmg, ^yMmb, ~mT>, nMm`Vr, amOZr{V, H$mJogr dmWu _Zmod{m Am{X H$m
{MU hAm h& 'dU Ho$ ~oQ>o' 'gmJa bhao Ama _Zw`' H$s Vah _Nw>Amao Ho$ OrdZ na hr
{bIm J`m h& AmM{bH$Vm H$s d{m H$mo Z`o Am`m_ ZmJmOwZ Zo {X`o h&
\$UrdaZmW aoUw :- {_{Wbm Ho$ ny{U`m {Obo Ho$ EH$ N>moQ>o go Jmd _oarJO Ho$ ~hmZo
g_J ^maVr` Jmd H$s H$Wm '_bm AmMb' (1954) Ho$ ~hmZo aoUw Zo A{^`V H$s h&
AmM{bH$ Cn`mg H$s gd drH$Vr {_bZodmbm `h nhbm Cn`mg h& `h {Zhm`V {nN>S>m
hAm Jmd h, Jmd _|, A{ejm, Jar~r, X[aVm, A^md, `m{^Mma, Y_ Ho$ Zm_ na `mZ emofU
Ogr XbXb _| `h \$gm h& {\$a ^r Zd {Z_mU H$s ~b AH$mjm boH$a S>m. emV Ama Jmd
H$s H$m`W Q>mobr Ho$ _w{I`m VhgrbXma {ddZmW gmX H$s ~oQ>r H$_bm _| h& AZoH$
CnH$WmE Bg_| OwS>r h Ama ha H$Wm EH$ g_`m VwV H$aVr h& ~bXod Ama b_r H$s
H$Wm, _hV am_Xmg Ama am_{n`[a`m, H$mbrMaU Ama ~mdZXmg Am{X& S>m. gm{dr {ghm
Zo Bg Cn`mg Ho$ g~Y _| {bIm h, ''ny{U`m Jmd Ho$ eyb Ama \w$b, H$sMS> Ama MXZ,
Yyb-Jwbmb g^r Ho$ aJ BgHo$ AMb _| h& CgH$s gmH${VH$-^mJmo{bH$ {deofVm H$s
n>^y{_ _| OZdmXr {> go AMb Ho$ AZoH$ _wIr {M ItMo J`o h, Omo EH$ Amoa gw_,
gpb> Ama {j h, Xygar Amoa {d{dY Ama ~h_wIr& '' '_bm AmMb' _| bmoH$gH${V H$m
{OVZm JmT> {MU hAm h, dgm A` Xwb^ h& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX `h Jmd Zd{Z_mU H$s
n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ Xma _| ^r nrN>S>m h& _bo[a`m C_wbZ Ogo H$m`H$_ Bg Jmd Ho$ nwamZo Ed
nrN>S>onZ H$mo EH$ Y$m hr h& {Oggo n[adVZ H$s hdm ~hVr h&
278
'naVr-n[aH$Wm' ^r H$mogr ZXr {H$Zmao ~go Jmd 'namZnya' _| ~go X[a OrdZ Ho$
Cbmg, AhmX H$s H$Wm h& Jmonmb am` Zo Bg Jmd Ho$ g~Y _| H$hm h,'' namZnya Jmd
_oarJO H$s VwbZm _| EH$ ~Xbm hAm Jmd h- `h dh ~Xbmd h Omo amJXa~mar Ho$ {ednmbJO
_| AnZr nyUVm na nhMVm h& naVr n[aH$Wm _| AnT> Jm_rUm|. AjaH$Q>Qy> `wdH$m|, Hw$bm|
Ama H$mboOm| _| nT>Zodmbo N>mm|. Om{VdmXr gH$mam| go JV Za- Zm[a`m|, Yw_Vw Ama ZmaXr
d{m H$s {`m|, g^r amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$s emImAm| Ho$ AYH$ao ZoVmAm|, em{Va _wH$X_o~mOm|
Ama, BgHo$ gmW-gmW, bmoH$ H$Wm- JrVm| Ho$ Jm`Z, bmoH$ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ _MZ Am{X Ho$ `WmW
{M CnbY hmoVo h& '' BZ Cn`mgm| Ho$ ~mX aoUw H$m H$moB AmM{bH$ Cn`mg Zht ahm
'XrKV`m' (1962) _| nQ>Zm Ho$ EH$ d{H$J dr_|g hmoQ>b _| nZnZodmbo ^>mMma, {`m| H$m
`mZ emofU Am{X H$m {MU hAm h& 'Owbwg' (1965), '{H$VZo Mmamho (1966) Ama 'nbQy>
~m~y amoS>' (1979) {ZpMV hr CoIZr` Cn`mg h&
CX`eH$a ^Q>Q>- dh Omo _Zo XoIm (1945), AmYma (1963) naVy CZH$m ~h
M{MV Cn`mg 'gmJa bha| Ama _Zw`' (1956) _| _w~B Ho$ _Nw>Amao OrdZ H$m AVaJ
VwV H$aVm h& _w~B Ho$ npM_r VQ> na ~go dagmodm BgHo$ H|$ _| h& Xodo g`mWu- H$m
Jm|S> OZ- gH${V na 'aW Ho$ n{hE' (1950), Ho$ab, Ag_ Ama CS>rgm H$s gH$Vr H$mo
H$_e: 'XyYJmN>' (1954), '~h_nw' (1955) Ama 'H$Wm H$hmo Cder' (1956) H$m
gOZ {H$`m h& amJo` amKd- H$m 'H$~ VH$ nwH$m? H$aZQ>m| H$s ^Q>H$Vr O_mV H$m {MU
H$aVm h& Bg_| X{bVm|, nr{S>Vm| H$s gdJrU emofU H$s XmU nR>^y{_ _| o_ H$hmZr H$m
_wbm`_ YmJm ^r h& amhr _mgy_ aOm- H$m JJmbr Ho$ {e`m _wgb_mZm| H$m {MU H$aZodmbm
'AmYmJmd' dVwV: ''am>r` _wgb_mZ H$s mgXr'' H$mo ~`m H$aVm h& {d^mOZ Ho$ ~mX
C^aH$a Am`o XJo `m d` {d^mOZ EH$ mgXr Ho$ n _| gm_Zo AmVm h naVw JJmbr Ho$
_wgb_mZm| H$s O_rZXmar Z> hmoZo Ho$ ~mX CZH$s Hw$brZVm H$m X^ _m H$m`_ ahVm h& Bg
Cn`mg na d` aOm H$s {Q>nUr ~ohX _hdnyU h,'' `h Cn`mg {bIZo Ho$ ~mX _Zo Omo
g~go `mXm _hdnyU ~mV OmZr dh `h h {H$ `hm H$m _wgb_mZ nm{H$VmZ Zht J`m Ama
`{X J`m ^r Vmo qhXwAm| go S>a Ho$ Zht J`m& dh H$amMr J`m& dh bmhma J`m& dh T>mH$m J`m....
nm{H$VmZ Zhr J`m& ho eha Ama Xoe _| \$H$ H$aZm Mm{hE& JJmobr _| Vmo qhXy-_wpb_ XJo
Zhr hE Wo& na O_rZXmar JJmobr _| ^r I_ hB& O_rZXmar Ho$ gmW g_mO H$m nyam T>mMm Qy>Q>
J`m& JJmobr H$m O_rZXma JmOrnya _| nmZ H$s XwH$mZ Zht Imob gH$Vm Wm& na H$amMr _| Cgo
H$mZ OmZVm Wm& Bgr{bE O~ Cggo JJmbr Ny>Q>r Vmo dh JJmbr go BVZr Xya Mbm J`m Ohm
H$moB H$m_ H$aHo$ OrZo _| Cgo e_ Z AmE& O_rZXma J`m Vmo CgHo$ gmW OrZodmbo ^r JE {H$
Cho ^r R>rH$ go OrZm Zht AmVm Wm& BZ nm{H$VmZ OmZodmbm| H$mo _wgb_mZ H$hZm R>rH$ Zht
h...'' nadVu Cn`mgm| _| 'Q>monr ewbm' Am{X Cn`mg {bIo na AmMb Zm__m hr ahm h&
{h_mew lrdmVd- H$m 'ZXr {\$a ~h Mbr', ~b^ R>mHw$a H$m 'Zonmb H$s dmo
~oQ>r'(1960) 'KZo Ama ~Zo' (1961) 'bham| H$s N>mVr na' (1962) am_Xae {_l H$m
'nmZr Ho$ MrZ', 'Ob Qy>Q>Vm hAm', gwIVm hAm Vmbm~, AnZo bmoJ, amV H$m g\$a, {~Zm
XadmOo H$m _H$mZ CboIZr` h& lrbmb ewb H$m 'amJ Xa~mar', {edgmX qgh H$m
'AbJ-AbJ dVaUr', 'Jbr AmJo _wS>Vr h, 'Zrbm MmX' ddmZa Am{X& eboe _[a`mZr
279
H$m '~moardbr go ~moar~Xa VH$' (1959) 'H$~wVaImZm' (1960) {Z[a`m ^br Z H$mR> H$s
(1961), {H$gm Z_Xm~oZ JJy~mB (1961) Am{X _w~B`m {hXr, gH${V na A{H$V h&
amOo Ad`r H$m 'gyaO {H$aZ H$s N>md' (1959), 'OJb Ho$ \w$b' (1960) CVaVo dma
H$s gr{n`m (1968), OmZo {H$VZr AmIo (1969), ~hZm XwAm nmZr (1971), ~r_ma eha
(1973), AHo$br AdmO (1976), _mdbr ~mOma (1977), EH$ aOZrJYm Mmoar (1985)
Am{X& {dmgmJa Z[a`mb H$m 'CbPo [aVo' (1959) ^r_ AHo$bm (1994), gyaO g~H$m
h (1997) _ Hw$_m`y JT>dmb Ho$ nhmS>r OrdZ Ho$ H$Qy> `WmW AZw^d Ho$ gmW dhm H$s OZ-
OrdZ gH${V, H$m B{Vhmg VwV {H$`m J`m h& {ddoH$s am` H$m '~~wb' (1967), nwf
nwamU (1975), bmoH$-F$U (1977), doV-n (1979), gmoZm_mVr (1983), g_a
eof h (1988) Ama _Jb ^dZ (1994) _| Am`o& '~~yb' JmOrnya OZnX Ho$ nydmMb Ho$
_OXyam| na H|${V h& Jmd OrdZ H$s AbJ-AbJ V~ra| BZ Cn`mgm| _| Am`r h&
Bg Xma _| AZoH$ Eogo _hdnyU Cn`mgH$ma hE {Ohm|Zo AmM{bH$Vm H$mo
_wIV: Zht Xr naVy do _hdnyU h&
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg :-
{hXr _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg H$m dVZ lo` dXmdZbmb d_m H$mo OmVm h& BZHo$
nhbo {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r, JJmgmX JwV, O`am_Xmg JwV Am{X Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg
{bIo naVy Ch| ''Eo{Vhm{gH$ amo_mg'' H$hm OmVm h& ~OZXZ ghm` H$m 'bmb MrZ' h
naVy eognr`a Ho$ _H$~oW go ^m{dV h& Eogo _| dXmdZbmb d_m Zo 'JT>Hw$S>ma' (1927) go
Eo{Vhm{gH$ boIZ H$m ma^ {H$`m&
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg boIZ Ho$ N>h H$ma h& EH$, AVrV H$m Am^mg XoZodmbo-
Ogo, {MboIm& Xmo,Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmVmdaU _m VwV H$aZodmbo- Ogo, '{X`m,' 'A{_Vm'
'_wXm] H$m Q>rbm' Am{X& VrZ, Eo{Vhm{gH$ `mm|na gOrV- Ogo, 'dembr H$s ZJadYy',
'Amnmbr' '{damQ>m H$s nX>_rZr','~mU^Q>Q> H$s Am_H$Wm' Am{X& Mma, Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$Wm
Ho$ AmYma na {bIo J`o- 'Qy>Q>o H$mQ>o'& nmM, Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm H$mo AmYma _mZH$a {bIo J`o-
'A{_Vm', ^wdZ{dH$_' Am{X& Ama N>h, Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmVmdaU, H$Wm VWm nm go `wV
Cn`mg- Bho {dewX Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg H$hm OmVm h Ogo, 'Pmgr H$s
amZr','Ah`m~mB', 'MmU`','eVaO Ho$ _mohao' Am{X&
dVVm nyd {bIo J`o Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| _| AmOmXr Ho$ AXmobZ H$mo oaUm XoZo
H$m ^md {Z{hV Wm Vmo dmV`moma H$mb Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| _| _mZdr` g` Ama _y`
H$mo OJmZo Ho$ aho h& Bg{b`o BZ Cn`mgm| _| Eo{Vh{gH$ KQ>Zm H$s Anojm H$nZm H$m mYm`
ahm h& H$nZm go {~Iar Ama _y`hrZ KQ>ZmAm| H$mo EH$ gw _| ~mYH$a dV_mZ _y`, Z,
VH$, dkm{ZH$ {>H$moZ H$m {dH$mg {H$`m h& ^JdVrMaU d_m H$m '{MboIm' hmo `m `enmb
H$m '{X`m' 'A{_Vm' BZ_| Ia ~mpXH$Vm, `dWm gKf, Zmar Z H$mo A{H$V {H$`m h&
`hr BZ Cn`mgm| H$s CnbpY h&
280
dXmdZbmb d_m :- Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| Ho$ Bg boIH$ Zo H$B g\$b Cn`mg {hXr
gm{h` H$mo {X`o h& ~wXobIS> H$m Jmad BZH$s aMZm H$m AmYma h, "JT>Hw$S>ma' Ama '{damQ>m
H$s nX_rZr' (1936) ~wXobIS> Ho$ B{Vhmg, gH${V, bmoH$JrV, bmoH$H$Wm, em`,
A{^_mZ H$mo A{^`V {H$`m h& 'JT>Hw$S>ma' _| amOnwm| H$s PyR>r emV, BOV hr Amngr
H$bh H$m H$maUr ~Zr Ama do EH$ Xwgao Ho$ {dX bS>Vo aho& Pmgr H$s amZr' (1946) _| Xoe
Ho$ W_ JXa _| _hmamUr b_r~mB Ho$ A{Vr` em`, gmhg H$s JmWm H$hr JB h& dVVm
nyd {bIo J`o BZ Cn`mgm| _| ^maVr` dUu_ AVrV, draVm, Am{X H$s lo>Vm H$m dUZ
{H$`m h& dmW, gH$sU am>r`Vm, Ogr d{m`m| na hma ^r {H$`m J`m h& d_m Or Ho$ A`
_hdnyU Cn`mgm| _| 'H$MZma' (1947), '_JZ`Zr' (1950), 'Qy>Q>o H$mQ>o' (1954),
'Ah`m~mB' (1955), '^wdZ{dH$_' (1957), '_mYdOr qg{Y`m' (1957), am_JT> H$s
amZr (1961), '_hmamZr XwJmdVr' (1964) Am{X _hdnyU Cn`mg h& '_JZ`Zr' BZH$m
gdlo> Cn`mg h& {Og_| dm{b`a Ho$ _hmamOm _mZqgh Vmo_a Ama CZH$s amZr _JZ`Zr
H$s o_ H$hmZr h& Bg H$Vr _| B{Vhmg, o_, gmX` Am{X H$m Anyd {_lU H$Vr H$mo CH$>
~Zm XoVm h& o_MX Zo d_mOr Ho$ B{Vhmg boIZ H$mo eH$m H$s {> go XoIm Wm naVy g_` Ho$
n[ao` _| d_mOr Zo B{Vhmg Ama H$nZm H$m gwXa g_d` H$aVo hE CH$> aMZmAm| H$m
gOZ {H$`m& CZH$s gr_mAm| H$m CboI H$aVo hE _Ywaoe Zo H$hm h,'' d_m Or gm_VdmX H$s
Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^y{_H$m Ho$ {dX Zht OmVo& Z hr do gm_m`V: B{Vhmg _| dVwnaH$Vm H$m
AmJh N>moS>H$a nmm| go CgHo$ {dX Hw$N> H$hbdmVo h& B{Vhmg H$s gr_mAm| _| hr do
gm_VdmX H$s gr_mAm| H$m gHo$V H$aVo h& '' ~H$mb {`dX _m BZHo$ Cn`mgm| H$mo Xw{fV
am>r`Vm Ho$ ofU H$m Amamon bJmVo h- `m|{H$ qhXyddmX H$m amVm gm\$ H$aZo _| `o H$m\$s
_X>XJma gm{~V hmo MwHo$ h {Oggo AmYw{ZH$ ^maV _| gmXm{`H$Vm H$m Omoa ~T>Vm J`m&
''{Og AmX_r Ho$ {Xb _| Bg {dMma Ho$ nZnZo Ho$ {bE Amd`H$ KUm H$mo O_ XoZo _| dfm]
bJVo Cgo BZ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgH$mamo Zo ~hV erKVm, {ddmg{Z`Vm Ama gw_Vm Ho$
gmW _`dJ _| Amamo{nV H$a {X`m& '' (hg, _| H$m{eV boI, n-31) o_MX Zo Bgr
H$maU BZHo$ Cn`mg na eH$m `V H$s Wr&
MVwagoZ emr :- AZoH$ lo> Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| H$m gOZ H$aZodmbo emrOr
{hXr Ho$ ~hMMuV Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgH$ma h& CZH$s `oH$ aMZm H$m d{d` Cho
A{{V` ~Zm XoVm h& Chm|Zo 12 Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| H$m boIZ {H$`m h& 'nyUmh{V'
(Idmg H$m `mh) (1932), 'dembr H$s ZJa dYy' (1948), aV H$s `mg (1951),
XodmJZm (_pXa H$s ZVH$s) (1951), gmo_ZmW (1954), Amb_Jra (1954),
'd`aj_:' (1955), gmoZm Ama IyZ (AnyU) (1958), bmb nmZr (1956), gh`m{ H$s
MQ>Q>mZ| (1961), {~Zm {MamJ H$m eha (1961), haU {Z_U (aV H$s `mg na
AmYm[aV) (1961) Am{X& naVy BZ_o go ~hMMuV Cn`mg h 'dembr H$s ZJa dYy' {Og_|
_JY g_mQ> q~~gma Ama ZVH$s Am_nmbr H$s U` H$Wm h& XmoZm| ~wX H$s Amoa AmH${fV
hmoZo h& Am_nmbr AV _| Chr H$s eaU _| OmVr h& JUV Umbr VWm {ZaHw$e emgZ
gm_m` _| Zmar H$s X`Zr` pW{V VWm gm_m{OH$ AV{damoY H$mo boIH$ Zo gm_Zo bm`m h&
281
'd` aj_:' EH$ mJ{Vhm{gH$ n>^y{_ na AmYmarV aMZm h {Og_| Am`-AZm` gKf _|
amdU H$s gH${V Ho$ Mma gma Ho$ H$maUm| H$s ImoO hB h& 'gmo_ZmW' _| do EH$ Amoa
_h_wX JOZdr Ho$ _mZdr` Ama amJ-nj H$mo Jhar gdoXZm Ho$ gmW A{H$V H$a gHo$ h, dhr do
Om{VdmX Ama Ym{_H$ gH$sUVm Ho$ H$maU {dK{Q>V hmoVo am> Ho$ {V ^r AnZr qMVm H$Q>
H$aVo h& '' 'Amb_Jra' AmaJOo~ na H|${V h& 'gmoZm Ama IyZ' EH$ ~hVH$m` aMZm Wr na
Xmo T>mB ^mJ hr do {bI nm`o&
hOmar gmX {doXr :- '~mU^Q>Q> H$s Am_H$Wm' (1946) Ama 'MmM boI
(1963) 'nwZZdm' (1973), Ama 'AZmWXmg H$m nmoWm' (1976) _hdnyU Cn`mg h&
~mU^> H$s Am_H$Wm MMuV H$Vr h& Jmonmb am` Zo BgHo$ g~Y _| H$hm h,'' ~mU^> H$s
Am_H$Wm' H$m {dOZ o_ H$s gdoXZm VH$ hr gr{_V Zht h& BgHo$ ^rVa am>r` gH$Q> H$m
B{Vhmg ~moY ^r g{{hV h& {Og g_` `h Cn`mg {bIm J`m Wm, ^maV namYrZ Wm Ama
{Vr` {dd`wX H$s {dZme ZrVm AnZo Ma_ na Wr& Cn`mgH$ma H$s MoVZm _| ^maV H$s
naVVm am>r` gH$Q> Ho$ n _| {d_mZ Wr {OgH$s A{^`{V ~mU^Q>Q> H$s Am_H$Wm _|,
namoj n _|, hfdYZ H$mb Ho$ am>r` gH$Q> Ho$ n _| hB h& _hm_m`m ^adr Bg am>r` gH$Q>
go _w{V Ho$ {bE ZmOdmZm| Ama ~wpXOr{d`m| H$mo bbH$maVr h& ' 'Mm M boI' _| 12 eVr
Ho$ CmamY Ama Voahdr eVr Ho$ nydmY H$m {MU h& `h Cn`mg amOm gmVdmhZ H$s
Am_H$Wm n _| {bIm J`m h& 'nwZZdm' ''g_mQ> g_wJwV Ho$ `wJ H$s qZOYar Ama
bmoH$H$WmAmo go ~wZm J`m Cn`mg h& '' 'AZmWXmg H$m nmoWm' Cn{ZfXH$mbrZ ^maV H$s
F${f nanam, gH${V na aMm J`m h&
`enmb :- _mgdmXr {> go '{X`m' VWm 'A{_Vm BZ Xmo Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| H$m
boIZ `enmb Zo {H$`m h& '{X`m' ~mXH$mbrZ ^maV _| `mV dU`dWm, Ho$ YmQ>m| _|
Zmar XmU H$Wm Ho$ `V H$aVr h Vmo 'A{_Vm' g_mQ> AemoH$ Ho$ H$qbJ {dO` `wX H$s
KQ>Zm na aMm J`m h&
amJo` amKd :- Ho$ {gX Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| _| '_wXm} H$m Q>rbm' (1948),
'{VXmZ' (1950), 'Mrda'> (1951), 'AYoao Ho$ OwJZy' (1953), 'njr Ama AmH$me'
(1957), 'amh Z aZH$s' (1958) Am{X h& BZ_| '_wXm] H$m Q>rbm' _| {dS> g`Vm H$m
282
AH$Z h& ''Cn`mg _o Am`m} H$mo AmH$_UH$mar, ghmaH$ Ama A`mMmar n _| {M{V {H$`m
J`m h& Bg_| 'Hw$bJUm|' H$m {dZme Ama gde{V_mZ amOm H$m CX` hmoVo {XIm`m J`m h&''
'AYoao Ho$ OwJZy' _| Xmg Wm H$mo ~MmE aIZo Ho$ {bE Hw$brZ dJ mam EH$V Ho$ WmZ na
JUV H$s WmnZm VWm d` dJ Ama j{` dJ Ho$ CZ `Zm| H$m {MU {H$`m J`m h
{OZgo ChmoZo ~mUm| H$s gdm{Vem`r gmm H$mo g_m H$aZo _| g\$bVm m H$s Wr& {VXmZ
_| _hm^maV `wJ _| ~mU-j{` gKf VWm Mrda _| hfdYZ H$mb Ho$ hmg_mZ ^maVr`
gm_VdmX H$m {M VwV {H$`m h& '' amhb, `enmb Ama amKd `o VrZ Cn`mgH$ma
JVrdmXr h& CZ_| g`dmX H$s Ia ~mpXH$Vm {dhrV h&
BZHo$ A{V[aV A` _hdnyU boIH$ h, {Ohm|Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg {bIo h,
JmoqdX d^ nV H$m 'gw`mV' (1922), {Zambm H$m '^mdVr' (1936), ~OZXZ ghm`
H$m '{d_V g_mQ>' (1936), {_l~YwAm| Ho$ VrZ Cn`mg nw`{_, {dH$_m{X` Ama
MJw _m` (1945, 46, 47) A_Vbmb ZmJa H$m 'eVaO Ho$ _mohao' (1959), 'gmV
KwKQ> dmbm _wIS>m (1968), ~mbemar ao>r H$m 'bwH$_m' (1969), {edgmX {_l '
H$m{eHo$`' H$m '~hVr JJm' (1952), {J[aYa Jmonmb H$m 'MmXZr Ho$ IS>ha' (1954)
{J[aamO {H$emoa H$m 'nhbm {Ja{_{Q>`m (1999), X{jU A{\$H$m _| JmYrOr mam Mbm`m J`m
g`mJh AmXmobZ H$s n>^y_r _| {bIm J`m h& {edgmX {gh H$m '{Xr Xya h' (1993),
AgJa d_mhV H$m 'gmV Amg_mZ' (1996) _| _wJb gm_m` Ho$ nVZ Ho$ {XZm| ApVd _|
Am`o Zdm~ gm_Vm| H$s emZmo emH$V {\$OwbIMu, gZH$ Ama XrdmZJr H$s B{Vhmg-H$Wm go
Ama^ H$m Yrao-Yrao CZHo$ Qw>Q>Zo Ama nV hmoZo H$s H$Wm H$ht J`r h& '' hmb hr _| {`dX H$m
'^maV {d^mOZ H$s AVH$Wm' ^r {d^mOZ H$s OmgXr, g`, H$maUm| H$mo gm_Zo bmVm h&
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg Zo B{Vhmg g~Yr {d{dY {>H$moZm| H$mo gm_Zo bmVo hE CgHo$
g~Y _| {ZaVa Z`r gmoM-{dMma H$mo A{H$V {H$`m h& `h ZaV` hr Cn`mg H$mo A{YH$
{ZH$Q> bmVm h& H$_boIm H$m {H$VZo nm{H$VmZ Ogr aMZm _| B{Vhmg Ama H$nZm, \$Vmgr
H$m `moJ AmYw{ZH$ `WmW H$mo gm_Zo bmZo _| gj_ hAm h&
_mgdmX H$m ^md {hXr gm{h` na 1930 go hr n[ab{jV hmoVm ZOa AmVm h&
amOZr{V Ho$ jo _| {Ogo h_ _mgdmX H$hVo h, gm{h` Ho$ jo _| JVrdmX, g_mOdmX
_mZVo h& _mgdmX Zo Y_, AYlXm, AWm, OS> Ed ImoIbr nanam, Am{WH$ {df_Vm,
gm_m{OH$ emofU Am{X H$m {damoY H$aVo hE CgH$m gm_mYmZ Xm_H$ ^m{VH$dmX Ho$ ghmao
dkm{ZH$ g_mOdmX _| n[aUrV H$aZo hoVy gm{h` H$mo JVrerb hmoZo H$m AhmZ {H$`m& Ama
H$bmdm{X`m| Ho$ {>H$moZ go H$bm_H$Vm Ed H$bmH$ma H$s h`m hmo J`r H$m da ~mX _|
CR>m`m J`m& naVy JVrdmX Ho$ gm_m{OH$ {d^mOZ, emofU, Am{WH$ {dgJVr`m| na {Z^`
hma H$a Cn`mg H$mo g_mOmon`moJr {dYm ~Zm`m& Ama gm{h` n[adVZ H$m gmYZ _mZH$a
CgH$m Cn`moJ {H$`m& Bg {H$`m _| Hw$N> _hdnyU Cn`mg gm_Zo Am`o&
amhb gmH$`m`Z :-
amhbOr na ~mX Y_ H$m ^md Wm {\$a ^r Cn`mg {bIVo g_` ~mXm| H$s
JUVm_H$ emgZ Umbr H$mo Chm|Zo gm`dmXr ~ZmH$a VwV {H$`m `mo{H$ CZna 1917
H$s gr H$mVr H$m ^md Jham Wm& '~mBgdt gXr' {Ogo Cn`mg Zht _mZm OmVm, ~H$mb
Jmonmb am`& ''bo{H$Z KQ>ZmAm| Ama nmm| H$s CnpW{V Ho$ H$maU `h \$Q>ogr Ho$ n _|
{b{IV Cn`mg hr h& '' Omo ''_Zw` Ho$ H$`mU, l_ Ama ^moJ H$s g_Vm Ho$ gmW EH$
dJ_wV emofUhrZ g_mO H$m gnZm h, Omo _mZdr` l_ Ama gKf mam `WmW _| ~Xbm Om
MwH$m h& '' BZHo$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mgm| _| _mgdmXr {> H$m {d{Z`moJ hAm h& CZHo$
CoIZr` Cn`mgm| _| 'OrZo Ho$ {bE' (1940), 'qgh goZmnVr' (1942), 'O` `mYo`'
(1944), '_Ywa dZ' (1950), '{d_V `mr' (1953) Ama '{XdmoXmg' (1962)
Am{X& ~mX Y H$s dpdH$ _mZdVmdmXr, H$Um, g_Vm, JUVm_H$ emgZ Umbr H$m
JhU {ddoMZ CZHo$ Cn`mgm| _| hAm h&
`enmb :-
_mgdmX H$m Jham ^md H$m{VH$mar `enmb na ahm h& _mgdmXr amOZr{V na
AnZo {dMmam| H$mo Cn`mg Ho$ _m`_ go H$Q> {H$`m h& CZH$m nhbm Cn`mg 'XmXm-
H$m_aoS>' (1941) _| H$m{eV hAm CgHo$ ~mX 'Xoemohr' (1943), '{X`m' (1945),
'nm{Q>-H$m_aoS>' (1946), '_Zw` Ho$ n' (1949), 'A{_Vm' (1956), 'PyR>m-gM'-
Xmo ^mJ (1958-60), '~mah KQ>o' (1963), 'Agam H$m lmn' (1965), '`mo \$go'
(1968), _oar Voar CgH$s ~mV' (1973) Am{X& _`dJ H$s Amem- AmH$mjmAm| go
`enmb OwS>o h& Bg{bE CZHo$ Cn`mgm| _| AY{ddmg, Z`o-nwamZo gH$mam| _| gKf,
CbPZ, Zmar, {ejm, emofU, _OXyam|, ZmH$am| H$s pWVr, Xoe {d^mOZ H$s mgXr,
amOZr{V H$m dUZ _wIV: go C^aH$a Am`m h& 'PwR>m-gM' Xmo ^mJm| _| {bIm _hdnyU
284
Cn`mg h& {Og_| {d^mOZ Ho$ H$maUm| H$m {dbofU H$aVo hE Xoe H$m ^{d` H$gm hmoJm Bgo
`V {H$`m h& gmW hr H$mJog nmQ>u H$s Zr{V`m| H$s AmbmoMZm ^r H$s JB h& Xoe-{d^mOZ
Ho$ ~mX CnOm ^rfU Zaghma', {dWm{nVm| H$s XwXem _Zw` _| nZnVr A_mZdr`Vm H$s dmr
H$mo gm_Zo bmVr h& `h CZH$m gdlo> Cn`mg h& ' {X`m' Ogm Eo{Vhm{gH$ Cn`mg h&
{Og_| Zmar H$s {Z`Vr, CgH$m dV ApVd Ama VH$mbrZ g_mO Ho$ AV{damoY
C^aH$a Am`o h& '' B{Vhmg H$s n>^y{_ na Zmar H$s {Z`{V, `wX Ama em{V Ed dJ gKf
H$s g_`mAm| H$mo A{H$V {H$`m h& '' {dXdmZm| Zo Bgo Eo{Vhm{gH$ amo_mg H$s gkm Xr h,
~mdOyX `h _hdnyU h& '`m| \$go' _| r na nwafm{YH$ma H$m {damoY h, Vmo '~mah KQ>o' _|
o_ H$m _hd A{H$V h Vmo, 'Agam H$m emn' _| Xw`V Ho$ bnQ>, dMH$ Ama dmWu n
H$mo gm_Zo bm`m h& '_oar Voar CgH$s ~mV' gZ 42 H$s H$mVr n>^y{_ _| `mnH$ OZMoVZm Ho$
gma-Mma na H|${V h&
ZmJmOwZ :-
Jm_mMb H$mo H|$ _| aIH$a ZmJmOwZ Zo Jmd OrdZ H$m `WmW Cn`mgm| mam
A{^`V {H$`m h& AMb go A{YH$ _hd do nmm| Ho$ {MU, gKf, _Zmo{dkmZ, n[adoe
Ama Cggo mV MoVZm, oaUm, XeZ H$mo gmWH$ T>J go CHo$am h& 'a{VZmW H$s MmMr'
(1948), ~bMZ_m (1952), ZB nmY (1953), ~m~m ~Q>ogaZmW (1954), Xw:I_moMZ
(1956), dU Ho$ ~oQ>o (1957), Hw$^rnmH$ (1960), hraH$ O`Vr (1961), CJVmam
(1963), B_a{V`m (1968), Ama 'O_{Z`m Ho$ ~m~m' (1970) Am{X _hdnyU Cn`mg
h& CZH$s aMZm_H$ D$Om _`dJ, X{bV, {H$gmZ H$s gKf^ar JmWm VwV H$aZo _| bJr
h& Bg{bE Xw:I_moMZ, dVwV: g^r H$m Xw:I_moMH$ hr h& {_{Wbm H$s JY CZ_| aMr-~gr
h& ZmJmOwZ nwamZo gS>o hE g_mO Ho$ Hw$^rnmH$ H$mo g_mV H$a XoZm MmhVo h Ama Z`o-g_mO
H$s aMZm H$aZm MmhVo h& CZ_| g_mOdmX Ho$ {V ~mpXH$ bJmd hr Zht, hm{XH$Vm ^r h&
CZHo$ `oH$ Cn`mg _| Z`o g_mO H$s gH$nZm {Z{hV h& 'a{VZmW H$s MmMr' _| Hw$brZ
{H$Vw {ZYZ {dYdm H$s H$U H$hmZr mam AMb g_mO Ho$ AV{damoY H$mo COmJa {H$`m h&
'~bMZ_m' _`dJu` {H$gmZ H$s {nS>mXm`H$ H$Vr h& Omo gVV A`m` Ed A`mMma Ho$
{Ibm\$ gKfaV h& ZB nmY _| AgJV AZ^ob {ddmh H$s g_`m H$mo H|$ _| aIH$a OOa
gm_m{OH$ _m`VmAm| H$m {damoY H$aVr h& ' ~m~m ~Q>ogaZmW' EH$ nwamZo ~aJX Ho$ dj H$s ajm
hoVy g`wV _moMm ~ZmH$a A`m` H$m {damoY H$aVo h& 'dU Ho$ ~oQ>o' _| _Nw>Amam| Ho$ gmh{gH$
OrdZ H$mo nmH$ma XoVr h& 'CJVmam' _| nw{b{g`m ~~aVm H$mo gm_Zo bmVo hE r H$s `mZ-
ew{MVm Ho$ {_WH$ H$mo VmoS>Vm ZOa AmVm h& ZmJmOwZ d` _| OZVm H$m gKf h, gmhg,
oaUm, D$Om, H$[Q>~XVm Amam ZB nmY' H$s gOZm h&
amJo` amKd :-
amJo` amKd 'KamXm' (1946) H$mo boH$a 18 df H$s Am`w _| hr Am`o Ama gmW _|
'{dfmX_R>' ^r bm`o& Bg_| ~Jmb Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ AH$mb H$m OrdV {MU Am`m h&
Jmonmbam` H$m H$hZm h H$s, ''BgH$m erfH$ ~o{H$_M MQ>Ou Ho$ ''AmZX_R>>' go o[aV Wm,
285
{OgH$m `` `h Wm {H$ {H$g H$ma ~Jmb H$m 'AmZX_R>' '{dfmX_R>>' _| n[ad{VV hmo J`m
h& '' BgHo$ ~mX '_wXm] H$m {Q>bm (1948), Omo _mohZ OmoXS>mo H$s n>^y{_ _|, Am` AmH$_U
H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a {bIm J`m h& ' Bhm|Zo gm_m{OH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$, OrdZ M[aVm_H$, ZmQ>m|
bmoh nrQ>m| Ho g_mO na Cn`mg {bIo h& eha Ama Jm_ OrdZ na g_mZ gdoXZm go do {bI
nmVo h& eha OrdZ g~Yr, 'KamXo', '{dfmX_R>', 'hOya'(1951), 'grYm-gmam amVm' Omo
^JdVrMaU d_m Ho$ 'Q>oT>o-_oT>o amVo' H$m Cma XoVo hE {bIm J`m h& 'amB Ama
ndV'(1958) Ama 'N>moQ>r-gr ~mV'(1959) Am{X& Jm_ OrdZ na {bho Cn`mgm| _| 'nW
H$m nmn'(1959), Ama 'A{Iar AmdmO'(1962) _hdnyU h& ZQ>m| Ama bm|h nrQ>m| Ho$
H$~rVmB g_mO na 'H$~ VH$ nwH$m'(1957) Ama 'YaVr _oam Ka'(1960) CboIZr`
h& Eo{Vhm{gH$ nanam _| ' _wXm] H$m {Q>bm' Ho$ ~mX 'Mrda'(1951), 'AYoao Ho$
OwJZy'(1953), 'njr Ama AmH$me'(1957), 'Ama amh Z gH$s'(1958) _hdnyU h&
OrdZ M[aVm_H$ Cn`mgm| _| 'XodH$s H$m ~oQ>m' (1954), '`emoYam OrV JB'(1954),
'bmoB H$m VmZm(1954), 'aZm H$s ~mZ'(1954), '^maVr H$m gnyV'(1954), 'b{I_m
H$s AmI|'(1957), 'YyZr H$m YwAm'(1959) Am{X CbIZr` h&
'H$~ VH$ nwH$m' aoUy Ho$ ~mX H$s g\$b AmM{bH$ Cn`mg _mZm OmVm h& Omo
X{bV OrdZ gdoXZm H$mo geV n go gm_Zo bmVm h& CZHo$ Cn`mgm| _| A{^OZ `m
Hw$brZ dJ AnZr gmm Ama `dWm H$mo ~Zm`o aIZo hoVy `Z H$aVo {X~mB XoVo h Eogo _| dJ
gKf A{Zdm` h, Bgr H$mo amKd Zo Cn`mgm| _| {M{V {H$`m h& 'Mrda' Ogr aMZm ~mU-
~mX {dMmam| Ho$ gKf H$s \$blwVr h&
^adgmX JwV :-
J{VdmXr AmXmobZ Ho$ aMZm_H$ g{H$` boIH$ Ho$ ZmVo CZH$m `moJXmZ _hdnyU
h& 'emobo'(1946), '_emb'(1948), 'JJm _`m'(1952), 'OOrao Ama Z`m
AmX_r'(1955), 'gmr _`m H$m Mmam'(1959), 'YaVr'(1962), 'Amem'(1963),
'H$m{bXr'(1963), 'a^m'(1964), 'ZmOdmZ'(1972), 'H$mer ~m~y'(1987), 'Zm
O~mZ'(1974), '^m`XodVm'(1992), Ama 'N>moQ>r gr ewdmV'(1997) Am{X h& naVy
'JJm _`m' Ama 'gmr _`m H$m Mmam' H$mo hr lo> _mZm OmVm h& 'JJm _`m' _| Xmo {H$gmZ
n[adma H$s eyVm, {dof, nw{bg V Ama g_mO _| {dYdm r H$s pW{V H$mo H|$ _| aIm h
Ama 'gmr _`m H$m Mmam' O_rZXmar `dWm Ho$ H$maU hmoZodmbo A`m`, A`mMma, emofU
Ho$ gmW CgHo$ {dX {H$gmZmo H$m gKf H$mo A{^`V {H$`m h& gmW hr Jmd OrdZ Ho$ {_bo
A{^emnr ZoVmAm|, gaH$mar V, nS>o Ama nwamo{hV, {ejm gWmZ Am{X H$m AH$Z {H$`m h&
A_Vam` :-
'~rO' BZH$m nhbm Cn`mg h& 'hmWr H$m XmV '(1956), 'ZmJ\$Zr H$m Xoe',
'gwIXwI'(1969), '^{Q>`mbr'(1969), 'OJb'(1969), Ama 'YwAm'(1977) Am{X
_hdnyU Cn`mg {bIo h&
286
11.3 ~moY Z -
{hXr J {dYmE
H$hmZr
ZmQ>H$
{Z~Y
12.1 Co -
12.2 VmdZm -
{hXr gm{h | H$hmZr H$m CX^d Hw$N> {db~ go hAm h& {OZ H$hmZrH$mam| Zo
H$hmZr Ho$ jo | nXmnU {H$m Cggo H$hmZr Ho$ {dH${gV hmoZo Ho$ gmW gmW H$hmZrH$mam| H$mo
^r {V>m {br& m|{H$ H$Wm, AmmZ Ama nmam{UH$ JmWmAm| H$m| H$hmZr H$m m$n mZm
Jm& H$hmZr H$m hr d$n dmMH$ Ho$ {bE ZmoaOZ Ama CnXoe H$m H$m H$aVm h&
{hXr H$hmZr H$s nyd nr{R>H$m {hXr H$hmZr H$m dmV{dH$ ma^ ^maV|Xw
H$mb Ho$ CnamV 20 dr eVr Ho$ Ama^ _o hAm& Bg `wJ go nyd "~Vmc nrgr', "qghmgZ
~mrgr' Am{X H$WmAm| H$m gH$V go AZwdmX {H$`m J`m Wm& Hw$N> bmoJ JmoHw$bZmW H$s
"Mmamgr dUdZ H$s dmVm' H$mo {hXr H$s nhbr J-H$hm{Z`m| H$m gJh _mZVo h& {Og_|
_wI H$U^V dUdm| H$m OrdZ-M[aV {X`m J`m h& naVw Bho H$hm{Z`m Z _mZH$a
nwamZr ebr Ho$ OrdZ-M[aV _mZZm hr A{YH$ C{MV h& bx bmbOr, gXb {_l, BemAm
Im Ho$ JW EH$ H$ma go {d{^ H$WmAm| Ho$ gJh _m _mZo Om gH$Vo h& AJa "H$hmZr' eX
_m go H$hmZr H$m AW {b`m OmE Vmo "amZr Ho$VH$s H$s H$hmZr' {hXr H$s gdW_ _m{bH$
H$hmZr _mZr OmZr Mm{hE& Bg_| H$Wm H$mo N>moS>H$a H$hmZr Ho$ A` Vdm| H$m A^md h& Bgr
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289
{MU Ama H$WmonH$WZ H$m A^md h& ^maV|X `wJ Ho$ AV _o Cn`mg Vmo {bIo OmZo bJo Wo
naVw H$hm{Z`m {bIZm Ama^ Z hmo nm`m Wm& Cn`mgmo H$s ^m{V ^maV|X `wJ _| ~Jbm,
_amR>r Ama AJoOr go Hw$N> H$hm{Z`m| H$m AZwdmX Ad` {H$`m J`m Wm&
{hXr H$hmZr Ho$ {dH$mg H$m A``Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE h_ H$Wm g_mQ> _wer o_MX H$mo
`{X Ho$-{~X _mZ b| Vmo Cgo Mma ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV H$a gH$Vo h -
{hXr _o gdW_ H$hmZr bmZo H$m lo` "gadVr' _m{gH$ n{H$m H$mo hr h& Bg_|
g~go nhbo {H$emoarbmb Jmodm_r H$s "BX_Vr' Zm_H$ H$hmZr H$m{eV hB& {J[aOmHw$_ma
Kmof Zo "nmdVrZXZ' CnZm_ go ~Jbm H$s AZoH$ H$hm{Z`m| H$m {hXr _| ^mdmZwdmX {H$`m&
"~J _{hbm' Zm_H$ EH$ _{hbm Zo Hy$N> _m{bH$ H$hm{Z`m {bIr, {Og_| "XbmBdmbr' H$hmZr
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H$m g_`' VWm {J[aOmXm dmOno`r Zo "n{S>V Ama n{S>VmZr' Zm_H$ H$hm{Z`m {bIr& BZ_|
go _m{_H$Vm H$s {> go "BX_Vr', "`mah df H$m g_`' VWm "XbmBdmbr' hr {hXr H$s
_m{bH$ gm{hp`H$ H$hm{Z`m _mZr Om gH$Vr h& Am. ewbmOr "BX_Vr' H$mo {hXr H$s
nhbr gdlo> H$hmZr _mZVo h& Bhr g^r H$hm{Z`m| go {hXr H$hmZr gm{h` H$m Ama^
hAm h& BgHo$ CnamV O`eH$a gmX Zo "BX' Zm_H$ n{H$m H$m H$meZ ma^ {H$`m,
{OgZo {hXr H$hmZr Ho$ dW {dH$mg _o _hdnyU `moJ {X`m& Bgr n{H$m | gmX H$s W_
H$hmZr "Jm_' gZ 1811 _o H$m{eV hB& hm`ag H$s H$hm{Z`m {bIZo dmbo Or. nr.
lrdmVd H$s nhbr H$hmZr "BX' _o gZ 1811 _| H$m{eV hB& Bgr g_` n. {dd~a
ZmW e_m Zo ^r H$hmZr {bIZm ma^ {H$`m& CZH$s nhbr H$hmZr "ajm ~YZ' gZ 1813
_o gadVr _o N>nr& Bgr H$ma amOm am{YH$ma_U gmX qgh H$s nhbr H$hmZr "H$mZm| _|
H$JZm' gZ 1813 _| "BX' _| H$m{eV hB& AVw&
"BX' H$m `moJXmZ - h_ H$h gH$Vo h {H$ AmYw{ZH$ H$hmZr Ho$ dmW $n H$s nanam
"BX' Ho$ H$meZ Ho$ gmW gZ 1811 go Ama^ hmoVr h& "BX' Zo EH$ Amoa ZdrZ
H$hmZrH$mam| H$mo mogmhZ XmZ {H$`m Ama, Xygar Amoa CgHo$ H$maU H$hmZr H$s H$bm _|
gwYma hAm, gmW hr H$hmZr Ho$ Co` gm_Zo Am`o&
{hXr H$hmZr H$m ^m` gmX Ho$ Bg jo _o nXmnU H$aVo hr M_H$ CR>m& gZ 1911 _|
Chm|Zo "BX' Zm_H$ n{H$m _o AnZr "Jm_' H$hmZr N>ndmB& BgHo$ CnamV CZH$s
AZoH$mZoH$ C-H$mo{Q> H$s H$hm{Z`m H$m{eV hB {OZ_| AmH$mern, N>m`m, {Vd{Z
AmYr, {~gmVr, BOmb, dJ Ho$ IS>ha Am{X H$hm{Z`m {hXr gm{h` H$s A_y` {Z{Y
290
_mZr JB& gmXOr H$s H$hm{Z`m| Zo H$mVwhb H$s YmZVm h& BZH$s AmoOnyU gH$V-{Z>
ecr H$Wm Ho$ AZwn C{MV dmVmdaU Cn H$a CgHo$ ^md H$mo A`{YH$ YZr^yV ~Zm
XoVr h& AV Ama ^mdmZwHy$b H${V {MU BZH$s {deofVm h& M[a-{MU,
H$WmonH$WZ Am{X Ho$ H$bm_H$ $n Zo BZH$s H$hm{Z`m| _| Anyd ZmQ>H$s`Vm, a_Ur`Vm H$m
g_mdoe H$a {X`m h& BZ H$hm{Z`m| H$m Ama^ AX^wV ZmQ>H$s`Vm Ho$ gmW hmoVm h& naVw
gmX H$hmZr H$mo OZdmXr $n XmZ H$aZo _| Ag_W aho Wo& AnZr gH$V-{Z> mOb
ebr Ama {d{e> H$` Ho$ H$maU CZH$s H$hm{Z`m {d{e> nmR>H$-dJ VH$ hr gr{_V hmoH$a
ah JB& hm`ag-g_mQ> Or. nr. lrdmVd Zo ^r Bgr g_` hm`ag YmZ H$hm{Z`m
{bIZm Ama^ {H$`m Ama A^yVnyd bmoH${`Vm m H$s& amOm am{YH$ma_U gmXqgh H$s
"H$mZm| _| H$JZm' Zm_H$ H$hmZr ^r A`V bmoH${` hB& {dd^aZmW e_m "H$m{eH$' H$s
nhbr H$hmZr "ajm~YZ' gZ 1911 _| "gadVr' _o H$m{eV hB& H$m{eH$ H$s H$hm{Z`m| _|
nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ H$m {MU {deof $n _o hAm h& BZH$m nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ H$m A``Z,
{ZarjU, _ZZ J^ra Ama gy_ Wm& CZH$s "VmB' Zm_H$ H$hmZr- Bg {> go CoIZr h&
Bg wJ Ho$ H$hmZr boIH$m| _| dmbmXm e_m Ama MVwagoZ emr Ho$ Zm ^r CoIZr h&
gZ 1915 | MYa em Jwboar H$s W_ H$hmZr "CgZo H$hm Wm' H$m{eV hB& `h H$hmZr
n{d o_ Ho$ {bE {H$`o JE {Z:dmW ~{bXmZ H$s H$hmZr h& ewbOr Ho$ eXm| _| ""Bg_o
`WmWdmX Ho$ ~rM gw${M H$s Ma_ _`mXm Ho$ ^rVa ^mdwH$Vm H$m Ma_ CH$f A`V
{ZnwUVm Ho$ gmW gnw{Q>V h& ...... BZH$s KQ>ZmE ~mob ahr h, nmm| Ho$ ~mobZo H$s Anojm
Zhr&'' Bg H$hmZr Zo JwboarOr H$mo A_a ~Zm {X`m h& {hXr H$s `hr g~go nhbr gdmJnyU
`WmWdmXr H$hmZr h Omo H$bm Ho$ `oH$ AJ na Iar CVaVr h& dVwV: "CgZo H$hm Wm' go
hr {hXr-H$hmZr H$m dmV{dH$ {dH$mg _mZZm mm{hE&
~) o_MX `wJ
_wer o_MX Ama^ _o CX _| H$hm{Z`m {bIVo Wo, {OZ_o am>r` ^mdZm H$m C_of
ahVm Wm& "gmoOo dVZ' (gZ 1907 _| H$m{eV) CZH$m nhbm CX _| {bIm ~hM{MV
H$hmZr gJh Wm& Cg_| `$ VrIr am>r` ^mdZm go ZmamO hmoH$a AJoO gaH$ma Zo Cgo OV
H$a {b`m Wm& BgHo$ ~mX o_MX Zo {hXr _o H$hm{Z`m {bIZm ma^ {H$`m Wm& {hXr H$hmZr
Ho$ {Vr` CWmZ Ho$ ApV_ MaU _o gm_m{`H$, gm_m{OH$ g_`mAm| H$m {dbofU
H$aZodmbr o_MX H$s H$hm{Z`m H$me _o AmB Wr& o_MX Ho$ Bg jo _| AmZo go {hXr-
H$hmZr-gm{h` _| EH$ Anyd n[adVZ Am J`m& Bggo nyd Hw$N> gr_m VH$ h_mam H$hmZr
gm{h` Xgao gm{hp`H$mo Ho$ F$U go AnZm H$m_ MbmVm Am ahm Wm& o_MX Zo AmH$a Cgo
dmdb~r ~Zm`m& CZHo$ g_wI H$hmZr-H$bm Ho$ $n Ama dVw XmoZmo H$s g_`mE Wr
BZHo$ {ZamH$aU Ho$ {bE Chm|Zo {d{^ gm{h` H$s H$hmZr-aMZm-{d{Y`mo H$m A``Z H$a
d` AnZr H$hmZr-H$bm Ho$ {en H$m {Z_mU {H$`m Ama Cgo Ma_ {dH$mg VH$ nhMm`m& do
OZVm Ho$ boIH$ Wo& AnZr H$hm{Z`m| mam Chm|Zo ghmo _yH$ Ama hrZ-XrZ {H$gmZm| Ama
_OXam| H$m {V{Z{Yd {H$`m, Omo nhbo gm[h` _| ANy>V _mZo OmVo Wo& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m
291
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go do AnZr H$hm{Z`moo _| h_mar gm_m{`H$, amOZr{VH$, Am{WH$ Ed gm_m{OH$ g_`mAm| Ed
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o_MX H$s H$hm{Z`m nmH$a JmadmpdV hB h&
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AbJ-AbJ H$ma H$s H$hm{Z`m {bIr& Ogo "X`oe' Or Zo Hw$N> ^mdm_H$ gH$V{Z>
ebr H$s H${ddnyU H$hm{Z`m {bIr& {hXr Ho$ bJ^J g^r Cn`mgH$mam| Zo H$hm{Z`m
{bIr& Hw$N> H${d`m| Zo ^r H$hm{Z`m {bIr h, Ogo nV, {Zambm, _hmXodr, ^JdVrMaU d_m
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gmX-o_M `wJ H$hm OmVm h& gmXOr Zo Hw$b {_bmH$a 70 H$hm{Z`m {bIr& BZH$s
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gm_m{OH$ VWm AmXedmXr {>H$moU boH$a Am`m& Bg `wJ Ho$ A` _wI H$hmZrH$ma h -
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{dd^a ZmW e_m "H$m{eH$' gwXeZ, OoZo Hw$_ma, nmS>o` ~oMZ e_m "CJ' `enmb,
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o_MX Ho$ ~mX Ho$ `wJ Ho$ H$hmZrH$ma npM_ Ho$ Xmo {MVH$mo. H$mb _mg VWm $m`S>
go {deof $n go ^m{dV hE& Bg `wJ H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm `h h {H$ H$hmZr Ho$ nm {H$gr
dJ {deof H$m {V{Z{Yd Zhr H$aVo h& do `pV Ho$ $n _| {H$gr Z {H$gr _Zmodkm{ZH$
g_`m go JV Ed _V {XImB XoVo h& Bg H$ma H$s H$hmZr {bIZo dmbm| _| _wI Zm_ h -
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gmX o_M nanam go ^r g~ {XImB XoVo h& Bg `wJ _| Xygao H$ma Ho$ do H$hmZrH$ma h
{OhmoZo o_MX nanam H$mo J{V_mZ {H$`m& Bg g~Y _| {deof CoIZr` Zm_ h -
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292
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na Ho$pV Wm, O~{H$ g_mOdmXr boIH$m| Zo n> $n go g_`mAm| H$m CXKmQ>Z {H$`m h&
_mgdmXr g_mOdmXr `enmb Zo AR>mah H$hmZr gJh {hXr OJV H$mo {X`o& `enmb Ho$ {bE
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h& MH$mVm, ^` H$m am`, A_mdg Am{X BZHo$ CoIZr` H$hmZr-gJh h& {dmbH$ma
H$s ~mX H$s H$hm{Z`m VrH$m_H$ h, O~{H$ nhbo H$s H$hm{Z`m o_M nanam H$m
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`h Zm_H$aU CZ H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ {bE gmWH$ hAm {OZ_o jo {deof H$s AmYma^yV g_`mAm|
H$mo WmZr` ^mfm ^oX Ho$ gmW {M{V {H$`m J`m& BZ H$hm{Z`m| _| Zd {dH${gV H$~mo H$s
_Zmod{m`m|H$mo ~S>r hr _m{_H$Vm Ho$ gmW {M{V {H$`m J`m& BZ H$hm{Z`m| _| g_mO Ho$
{d{^Z dJm] _| `V {deofH$a emgH$-emgH$ dJ _| `m H$_Omo[a`m| H$m nXm\$me {H$`m
J`m& AZoH$ hm`-`` YmZ H$hm{Z`m ^r {bIr JB&
gMoVZ H$hmZr
"ghO H$hmZr' Ho$ Amap^H$ dVH$ AV am h& gmVd| XeH$ Ho$ ma^ |
H${dVm H$s VO na AVam Zo "ghO H$hmZr' eX H$m moJ {H$m Ama Kmo{fV {H$m {H$
H$hmZr H$m b AnZo H$hmZrnZ H$mo ImoH$a OrdZ H$s Vw{V ghO n | H$aVo hE OrdZ
go H$Qw> gm| Ama dWm H$s ^>Vm H$mo COmJa H$aZm h&
g{H$ H$hmZr
ghO H$hmZr AmXmobZ | AVam AHo$bo nS> Jo& Z Vmo Chm|Zo H$moB JwQ>
~ZmH$a AnZm {dMma {Vnm{XV {H$m Ama Z hr Ch| {H$gr n{H$m H$mo gnmXH$s
~gm{Im {br& hr ~mV amHo$e dg mam {Vnm{XV "g{H$ H$hmZr' Ho$ gX^ | ^r H$hr
Om gH$Vr h&
Bg H$hmZr-nanam Ho$ aMZmH$mam| | aoe ~Vam, gwao gwHw$ma, amHo$e dg,
g{XmZX YyHo$Vw, Hw$ma g^d Am{X Ho$ A{V[aV ldUHw$ma, ^r gmhZr, {U
YwH$a Ho$ Zm ^r gp{bV {H$o Jo h&
A-H$hmZr
{Og H$ma H${dVm | H$e: Zr H${dVm Ho$ nMmV "AH${dVm' H$m AmJZ
hAm, bJ^J Cgr H$ma H$hmZr | ^r Zr H$hmZr Ho$ ~mX "AH$hmZr' H$m mX^md hAm& Zr
H$hmZr Ama Zr H${dVm H$m pV{Z> WmWdmX AH${dVm Ama A-H$hmZr | AmH$a Kmoa
pVdmX, A{V WmWdmX Ama CN>Ib mZdmX | n[ad{VV hmo Jm& Bg AmXmobZ go
OwS>o hE H$hmZrH$mam| | wI h - JJm gmX {db, OJXre MVwd}Xr, m nama, XYZmW
qgh Am{X&
A-H$hm{Zm| | A{YH$me H$hm{Zm r-nwf Ho$ o-g~Ym| H$mo hr {M{V
H$aVr h& A-H$hmZr Ho$ AVJV yS> m jU H$s H$hm{Zm AmVr h&
gmVa H$hmZr
AZoH$ H$ma Ho$ H$hmZr AmXmocZm| Ho$ gmZmVa "AmM{bH$' H$hmZr ^r AnZr
Mmb Ed AnZr Vr go ~am~a J{Verb h& S>m. {edgmX qgh Zo AmM{bH$ H$hmZr H$mo Bg
H$ma n> {H$m h - ""AmM{bH$ do hr H$mhm{Zm H$hr Om gH$Vr h, Omo {H$gr OZnX Ho$
OrdZ ahZ-ghZ, ^mfm whmdao, H$mo {M{V H$aZm hr AnZm b mZ|& AmM{bH$ Vd hr
CZHo$ gm hmoVo h&''
gZ "50 go AmM{bH$ H$hmZr {bIr OmVr ahr h Ama h nanam {ZaVa
dhmZ h m|{H$ h H$moB MH$mMmY Cn H$a gm hmoZo dmbm AmXmobZ Zhr h ~pH$
h Vmo JmrU n[adoe H$s YS>H$Zm| H$mo {Mm{H$V H$aZo dmbm AZwemgZ h& Vrgar H$g,
Rw>ar, ag{m, bmb nmZ H$s ~oJ ($UrdaZmW aoUw), hgm OmB AHo$bm, gym, mhr
(mH$S>o), {~Xm hmamO, waXm gam ({ed gmX qgh), H${nbm, hmam hAm, ^dao H$s
OmV (eboe {Q>mZr), H$mogr H$m KQ>dma (eoIa Omoer), AYoao | (YwH$a qgh), H$[aE
{N>m ({edmZr), ~b|g (~XrCmm), $ma (B~m{h ear$), aWMH$ ({hmew Omoer)
H$MH$mY (Jmo{dX {l), Wy~y H$s amI (IoamO Jw gmJa), Zdr H$s XhbrO
({H$emoarbmb d), nmbZhmao (~bam), Abmd (Ho$ed), rN>d, Q>Q>, $Xm, oZm
(gwerc Hw$ma w$), JbmMmar (gwXa bmo{hm), Xe (gwXeZ d{e>) Am{X M{MV
AmM{bH$ H$hm{Zm h&
AmO H$hmZr-jo | Hw$N> {hbmE ^r AnZr boIZr H$m CnmoJ H$a ahr h& BZ |
VoOamZr nmR>H$, H$bm MmYar, hodVr, gdVr {bH$, {edmZr, w ^S>mar, H$Um
gmo~Vr, Umb nmS>o, gy~mbm, oh{gm nadoO, Xr{ IS>obdmb, Vm H$m{bm,
eer^m emr, H$Um A{hmor, mbVr Omoer, Zm{gam em, Z{Vm qgh, amOr goR>,
MH$mVm, Hw$gw Agb, bVm ewb, gwZrVm OZ, gwYm Aamoam, Owb ^JV, AbH$m
gam~Jr, JrVmO{b lr Am{X {g h& BgHo$ A{V[aV nmMm H$hm{Zm| Ho$ Hw$N> AZwdmX
^r {H$E h& BZ H$hm{Zm| o H$bm Ho$ AZoH$ {dYmZmoo Ho$ gmW gmm{OH$ OrdZ, B{Vhmg Ed
gH$V Ho$ AZoH$ AJmo H$m ne {H$m h& ~Jmb H$m AH$mb, H$bH$mm Ama nOm~ Ho$
OZghma, wH$mbrZ AdWm, Am{WH$ Ed Z{VH$ gKf H$m {MU BZ H$hm{Zm| | hAm
h& gVr mdgm{H$ m{gH$ n{H$mAm| Ho$ H$maU H$hmZr boIH$m| H$s ~mT>-gr Am JB h&
{hXr H$hmZr AmO ^r H$ Ama {en Ho$ ZE {VmZ aMVo hE {dH$mg H$s AZoH$ {XemAm|
g| AmJo ~T> ahr h&
12.4 ~moY Z -
13.2 VmdZm
ZmQ>H$ gm{h H$m {dH$mg ^maVoX wJ | mZm OmVm h, gH$V ZmQ>H$m| H$s
j{V hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX Am{XH$mb Ama H$mb | ZmQ>H$ H$mo {H$gr H$ma H$m j Zht {bm
hm nanam Ho$ AZwgma bmoH$ZmQ> Ad M{bV aho&
A) ^maVoXw `wJ :-
{hXr ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ dmV{dH$ O_XmVm `m dVH$ ^maVoXw h[aM hr h&
BZHo$ nhbo gH$V gm{h` _| ZmQ>H$ Mwa _mm _| {bIo OmVo aho& gH$V ZmQ>H$m| H$s EH$
A`V g_X nanam ^r ahr, naVw {hXr _| ZmQ>H$, AmYw{ZH$ AmWm] _| {Oho ZmQ>H$ _mZm
gH$Vm h, H$m {dH$mg 19 dt eVr Ho$ CmamY _| hr hAm& ' ^maVoXw `wJ _| ZmQ>H$ Ho$ CX` H$m
EH$ H$maU `h h {H$ AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ Ama^ _| AJoOr am` Ho$ emofU Ama A`mMmam| go
OZMoVZm H$m O~ CX` hAm, Vmo n[aUm_V: ZmQ>H$ Bg OZ-MoVZm H$m dmhH$ ~ZH$a
gm{h`-jo _| CVam& Bg `wJ _| ZmQ>H$ Ho$ CX` H$m EH$ H$maU `h ^r _mZm Om gH$Vm h {H$
Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{h`H$ma ZB `wJ-MoVZm H$m Mma H$aZo Ho$ {bE ZmQ>H$ H$mo {deof n go ZmQ>H$
Ho$ EH$ AJ 'hgZ' H$mo gmYZ ~ZmVm MmhVo Wo& hgZ Ho$ _m`_ go AnZr ~mV `` Ama
hm` Ho$ AmdaU _| AmgmZr go `V H$s Om gH$Vr h& `hr H$maU h {H$ Bg `wJ _| hgZ
n`mV _mm _| {bIo JE&
dVwV: {hXr _| dmV{dH$ n _| ZmQ>H$ {bIZo H$m lo` ^maVoXw H$mo hr h&
Chm|Zo gH$V ZmQ>`-em Ho$ AZoH$ T> {Z`_m| H$m n[a`mJ H$aHo$ {hXr ZmQ>H$ H$mo EH$
gdWm A{^Zd Ama ZdrZ `wJ Ho$ AZwn n XmZ H$aHo$ Cgo am>r` ^mdZm Ho$ gma H$m
geV gmYZ ~Zm`m& ^maVoXw Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s ga`m bJ^J 18 h& BZ_| Eo{Vhm{gH$,
nmam{UH$ Ed AmYw{ZH$ gm_m{OH$ g^r H$ma Ho$ ZmQ>H$ Am JE h& hm` Ed ``-{dZmoX H$m
^md ^r BZ_| gd {d_mZ h& ^maVoXw Or Zo BZ ZmQ>H$m| _| OrdZ Ho$ m`: g^r jom| go
gm_Jr JhU H$s h& Bhm|Zo Aga g_mO-gwYma, Xoe-o_, gmH${VH$ Jmad H$s _hmm
Am{X {df`m| H$mo AnZm`m VWm ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ _m`_ go Ch| {Vnm{XV {H$`m h& Eo{Vhm{gH$-
nmam{UH$ H$Wm-H$WmZH$m| H$mo ^r AnZo g_gm_{`H$ n`mdaU XmZ H$aZo H$m g\$b gmWH$
`mg {H$`m h&
^maVoXw Ho$ ZmQ>H$ _w`V: nmam{UH$, gm_m{OH$ Ed amOZr{VH$ {df`m| na
AmYm[aV h& 'g` h[aM', 'YZO` {dO`', '_wm amjg', 'H$nya-_Oar' `o Mmam|
ZmQ>H$ AZwdm{XV h& AnZo _m{bH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| Chm|Zo gm_m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`m| Ed Y_ Ho$ Zm_ na
299
hmoZodmbo Hw$H$`m| Am{X na VrIm `` {H$`m h& 'nmIS>-{dS>~Z', 'd{XH$s qhgm, qhgm Z
^d{V' Bgr H$ma Ho$ ZmQ>H$ h& '{df` {df_mfY_' Zo Xoer Zaoem| H$s XwXem na Amgy ~hm`o
J`o h& gmW hr Ch| MoVmdZr Xr JB h {H$ `{X do Z g^bo Vmo Yrao-Yrao AJoO g^r Xoer
[a`mgVm| H$mo AnZo A{YH$ma _| bo b|Jo& '^maV-XwXem' _| ^maVoXw H$s am>-^{V H$m gma
CXKmo{fV hAm h& Bg_| AJoO H$mo ^maV-XyXd Ho$ n _| {M{V H$aVo hE ^maVdm{g`m| Ho$
Xw^m` H$s H$hmZr H$mo `WmW n _| VwV {H$`m J`m h& Bg_| WmZ-WmZ na {dXoer
emgH$m| H$s doN>mMm[aVm, nw{bgdmbm| H$m Xw`dhma, ^maVr` OZVm H$s _mohmYVm na Jhao
AmKmV {H$`o J`o h&
^maVoXw Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm h- {OXm{Xbr& BZHo$ g^r
ZmQ>H$ A{^Z` h& nanam Ho$ AZwn dn-{dYmZ H$s {> go BZHo$ Hw$N> Amap^H$ ZmQ>H$m|
Ho$ gdmXm| _| nm| H$s `moOZm ^r {_bVr h& M[a-{MU, gKf, H$m`-`mnma H$s EH$Vm
Am{X H$m ^r m` `mZ aIm J`m h& BZHo$ ZmQ>m| H$m EH$ _m Co` ^maVr` OZ-_mZg
_o Zd-OmJ{V, am>r` MoVZm H$m {dH$mg , Xoeo_ Ed dm{^_mZ H$m ^md ^aZm Wm& Bhm|Zo
AnZo _hmZ Co` H$m {Zdmh A` {dYm_H$ nm| Ho$ g_mZ ZmQ>H$m| _| ^r nyU Hw$ebVm go
{H$`m h& Bg H$ma ZmQ>`-H$bm Ho$ g^r AJm| H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo H$m `mg ^maVoXw
h[aM Zo {H$`m h& ''`{X h_ EH$ Eogm ZmQ>H$H$ma Ty>T>|, {OgZo ZmQ>`-em Ho$ J^ra
A``Z Ho$ AmYma na ZmQ>`-H$bm g~Yr gXmpVH$ JW {bIm hmo, {OgZo mMrZ Ama
ZdrZ, dXoer Ama {dXoer ZmQ>H$m| H$m A``Z d AZwdmX ^r {H$`m hmo, {OgZo d`{VH$,
gm_m{OH$ Ed am>r` g_`mAm| H$mo boH$a AZoH$ nmam{UH$, EoVrhm{gH$ Ed _m{bH$ ZmQ>H$m|
H$s aMZm H$s hmo Ama CgZo ZmQ>H$ H$s aMZm hr Zht; A{nVw Ch| aJ_M na Iob H$a ^r
{XIm`m hmo- BZ g~ {deofVmAm| go gn ZmQ>H$H$ma {hXr _| hr Zht, g_V {dd gm{h`
_| Ho$db Xmo-Mma hr {_b|Jo Ama CZ_| ^r ^maVoXw H$m WmZ gdm}M hmoJm& ''CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| _|
OrdZ Ama H$bm, g`_ Ed gwXa_, _ZmoaOZ Ama _Jb H$m gwXa g_d` {_bVm h&
CZH$s ebr gabVm, amoMH$Vm Ed dm^m{dH$Vm Ho$ JwUm| go n[anyU h&
^maVoXw`wJrZ A` ZmQ>H$H$ma :-
^maVoXw Or H$s oaUm Ed ^md go Bg `wJ Ho$ AZoH$ gm{h`H$mam| Zo ZmQ>`-
aMZm H$s& BZ_| CboI{Z` ZmQ>H$H$ma h- VmnZmam`U {_l, amYmH$UXmg, bmbm
lr{ZdmgXmg, ~rZmam`U MmYar 'o_KZ', ~mbH$U ^>, ~m~y grVmam_, g`Zmam`U
'H${daZ', am_H$U d_m, nZmam`U nmS>o` Am{X& BZ_| VmnZmam`U {_l Ama
amYmH$UXmg XmoZm| ^mdembr ZmQ>H$H$ma Wo& BZ g^r ZmQ>H$H$mam| Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| ^maVoXw
h[aM H$s hr d{m`m| H$m AZwH$aU hAm h& m`: g^r _| g_mO-gwYma, Xoe-o_ `m
hm`-{dZmoX H$s d{m {_bVr h& BZ_| J IS>r~mobr _| VWm n ~O^mfm _| `wV hAm
h& ^mfm nmm| Ho$ AZwn aadr J`r h& ebr _| gabVm, dm^m{dH$Vm Ed amoMH$Vm H$mo
AnZm`m h& dVwV: ^maVoXw `wJ H$m ZmQ>H$ gm{h` OZVm Ho$ ~hV g_rn Wm VWm dh
'bmoH$aOZ' Ed 'bmoH$-ajU' XmoZm| Vdm| go `wV ahm h& Chm|Zo nmR>` Ama `-XmoZm|
nm| _| VH$mbrZ bmoH$ X` H$m AZwaOZ {H$`m&
300
^maVoXw `wJ Ho$ _wI ZmQ>H$H$ma VmnZmam`U {_l Or Zo 'JmogH$Q>',
'H${b^md', OwAmar dmar', 'H$br H$mVwH$ nH$', 'gJrV emHw$Vb' Ama 'hR>>r h_ra'
Am{X {gX ZmQ>H$ {bIo& Bg `wJ Ho$ Xygao ^mdembr ZmQ>H$H$ma amYmH$UXmg h& Bhm|Zo
'_hmamZr nX_mdVr', '_hmamUm Vmn', 'Xw:{IVr ~mbm' Zm_H$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m
{Z_mU {H$`m& 'Xw:{IVr ~mbm' BZH$s W_ ZmQ>`-aMZm h, {Og_| ^maVr` {dYdm H$s
X`Zr` Xem H$m {MU h& nX_mdVr BZH$m drag nyU Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$ h {Og_| {MVmS> Ho$
_hmamUm aZgoZ H$s _hmamZr nX_mdVr Ho$ gmX` na AmH${fV hmoH$a AbmCrZ Ho$
AmH$_U H$s Mm{bV H$Wm A{H$V h& ^maVoXwOr Ho$ g_H$mbrZ ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| bmbm
lr{ZdmgXmg Or H$m {deof WmZ h& ChmoZ| CXy ZmQ>H$ {bIo, {Og | {deof CboIZr`
h- 'hmX M[a' 'aUYra Ama o__mo{hZr', g`mo{JVm d`da' VWm 'VVmgdaU'& Bg
`wJ Ho$ A _wI ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| ~rZmam`U MmYar 'o_KZ' H$m Zm_ CboIZr` h& CZH$s
Mma ZmQ>`-H${V`m CnbY h& '^maV gm^m`', 'dmamJUm ah`', '`mJ am_mJ_Z', Ama
dX{dbmn& '`mJ am_mJ_Z' _o am_ VWm grVm Ho$ '^mamO Aml_' _| Am{V` JhU H$aZo
H$s H$Wm H$mo JhU {H$`m J`m h& 'dmamJUm ah`' _| AmO Ho$ XwXemJV g_mO H$m `WmW
{M h_mao gm_Zo aIm J`m h& Bg `wJ Ho$ EH$ Ama CboIZr` ZmQ>H$H$ma h- n. ~mbH$U
^>& Bhm|Zo 'X_`Vr d`da', '~hZbm' 'doUw ghma', 'H${bamO H$s g^m', 'aob H$m
{~H$Q> Iob', '~mb-{ddmh', "Ogm H$m_ dgm n[aUm_' Am{X _m{bH$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm H$s
h& BZ ZmQ>H$mo _| nmam{UH$ H$WmAm| Ama AnZo `wJ H$s ZB g_`mAm| H$m AH$Z {H$`m J`m h&
AZw{XV ZmQ>H$ :-
^maVoXw-`wJ _| _m{bH$ ZmQ>H$ g`m H$s {> go H$_ {bIo J`o, BgrH$maU
CZHo$ A^md _| A` ^mfmAm| Ho$ lo> ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ AZwdmX H$s nanam Iy~ Mbr& `o AZwdmX
~Jbm, gH$V Ama AJoOr go hE& ~m~y grVmam_ Zo 'ZmJmZX', '_N H${Q>H$','_mbVr
_mYd' Am{X ZmQ>H$m| H$m VWm g`Zmam`U 'H${daZ'Zo ^d^y{V Ho$ 'Cma am_M[aV' Ama
'_mbVr _mYd' H$m gH$V go AZwdmX {H$`m h& `o AZwdmX A`V gwXa ~Z nS>o h& ~Jbm
Ho$ {gX ZmQ>H$H$ma {Oobmb am` Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m AZwdmX nZmam`U nmS>o` Ama
am_H$U d_m Or Zo {H$`m& `o ZmQ>H$ A`V bmoH${` hE& lr. ZmWwam_ o_r, Y`Hw$_ma OZ
Ed_ n. ~mbH$U ^> Or Zo ^r AZoH$ ~Jbm ZmQ>H$m| H$m AZwdmX {H$`m& AJoOr ZmQ>H$m| Ho$
AZwdmXH$m| _| JJmgmX nmS>o`, nwamo{hV JmonrZmW, _WwamXmg Cnm`m` Am{X _wI h&
ChmoZo {deof n go eog{n`a Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m AmZwdmX {H$`m&
~) gmX `wJ :-
{hXr ZmQ>H$ H$mo gm{hp`H$ ^y{_H$m XmZ H$aZo H$m `mg gdW_
^maVoXwOr Zo {H$`m Wm& CZHo$ nyd gm{hp`H$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m EH$ H$ma go A^md gm Wm& nmagr
ZmQ>H$ H$n{Z`m| mam A{^ZrV ZmQ>H$ Agm{hp`H$ Ama Hw${MnyU hAm H$aVo Wo& ^maVoXwOr
Zo d` ZmQ>H$ {bIZ Ama AnZo gm{hp`H$ gh`mo{J`m| H$mo Bg Amoa dm H$aZo Ho$ gmW hr
gmW A`mdgm{`H$ aJ_M H$s Ztd ^r S>mbr& CZHo$ mam Wm{nV H$s JB ZmQ>H$ Ama aJ_M
301
H$s nanam H$mo hr O`eH$a gmXOr Zo AmJo ~T>mVo hE Cgo Z`m OrdZ Ama ZB {Xem XmZ
H$s& ^maVoXw Ho$ nMmV gmX Ogm gdmJrU, {V^membr, aMZm_H$ `{Vd gnZ
Xygam H$moB ^r H$bmH$ma {hXr _| CnZ Zht hAm& {hXr ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ {dH$mg H$m Omo Ama^
^maVoXw `wJ _| hAm Wm dh gmX `wJ _| AnZo nyU CH$f H$mo nhMm& dVwV gmX Bg jo
Ho$ g_mQ>> h Ama dh Bg{bE Zhr {H$ Chm|Zo ZdrZ ebr go ZmQ>H$m| H$m eJma {H$`m, ~pH$
Bg{b`o {H$ Chm|Zo gdW_ {hXr ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ nmm| H$mo dV `{Vd XmZ H$aHo$ CZ_|
erb-d{M`, e{V Ama AmXm` H$m g_mdoe {H$`m Ama CZHo$ AV H$m
H$bm_H$VmnyU {MU {H$`m& B{Vhmg Ho$ _wI nmm| _| Chm|Zo Z`m OrdZ ^a {X`m&
CXmhaU Ho$ {bE JmV_ ~wX, MmU`, MJwV, am`lr, Ywddm{_Zr Am{X Eo{Vhm{gH$
nm h, na gmX Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| C^am hAm CZH$m n BZ nmm| Ho$ `{Vd go {ZVmV {^Z
h& gmX H$s nm `moOZm H$s EH$ CboIZr` {deofVm `h ^r h {H$ Chm|Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| _|
BVZo {d{dY nmm| H$s g{> H$s h {H$ CZHo$ _m`_ go nyam `wJ hr gOrd hmoH$a gm_Zo
CnpWV hmo J`m h&
^maVoXw `wJ Ho$ gm{h`H$mamo Zo Xoe H$s XyXem H$m dUZ ~ma~ma AnZr
aMZmAm| _| {H$`m, {OgHo$ ^md go ^maVdm{g`m| _| H$Um, bm{Z, X` Ed_ AdgmX H$s
^mdZm H$m {dH$mg hmo OmZm dm^m{dH$ Wm& Eogr _ZpW{V _| g_mO Ed am> {dXoer
e{V`m| go gKf H$aZo H$s j_Vm go ey` hmo OmVm h bo{H$Z gmXOr Zo AnZo Xoedm{g`m| _|
A_Jmad, Cgmh,~b Ed oaUm H$m gMma H$aZo Ho$ {bE AVrV Ho$ JmadnyU `m| H$mo AnZr
aMZmAm| _| {M{V {H$`m& `hr H$maU h {H$ CZHo$ A{YH$me ZmQ>H$m| H$m H$WmZH$ Cg ~mX
`wJ go g~pYV h, O~{H$ gmH${VH$ nVmH$m {dd Ho$ {d{^Z ^mJm| _| \$ham ahr Wr&
mMrZ B{Vhmg Ed gH${V H$mo gmXOr Zo ~S>r gy_Vm Ho$ gmW VwV {H$`m h& Cg_|
Ho$db Cg `wJ H$s Wyb aoImE Zht {_bVr,VH$mbrZ dmVmdaU Ho$ gOrd AH$Z H$s aJrZr
^r {_bVr h& Y_ H$s ~m n[apW{V`m| H$s Anojm Chm|Zo XeZ H$s AVaJ JwpW`m| H$mo
n> H$aZm A{YH$ C{MV g_Pm h& nmm| Ho$ M[a-{MU _| ^r Chm|Zo _mZ{gH$ AV
H$m {MU H$aVo hE CZ_| n[apW{V`m| Ho$ AZwgma n[adVZ `m {dH$mg {XIm`m h& _mZd
M[a Ho$ gV Ama AgV XmoZm| njm| H$mo nyU {V{Z{Yd Chm|Zo XmZ {H$`m& Zmar n H$s
Ogr _hmZVm, gy_Vm, embrZVm Ed J^raVm, H${d gmX Ho$ hmWm| mV hB h, Cggo ^r
A{YH$ g{H$` Ed VoOdr n Cgo ZmQ>H$H$ma gmX Zo XmZ {H$`m& Zmar n H$s Ogr
{V>m gmXOr mam hB h dh A` Xwb^ h& gmX Ho$ m` g^r ZmQ>H$m| _| {H$gr-Z-
{H$gr Eogo Zmar nm H$s AdVmaUm hB h, Omo YaVr Ho$ XwInyU AYH$ma Ho$ ~rM gZVm
H$s `mo{V H$s ^m{V CrV h; Omo nme{dH$Vm, XZwOVm, Ama Hy$aVm Ho$ ~rM j_m, H$Um Ed
o_ Ho$ {X` gXoe H$s {V>m H$aVr h; Omo AnZo ^md go XwOZm| H$mo gOZ, XwamMm[a`m| H$mo
gXmMmar Ama Zeg A`mMm[a`m| H$mo CXma bmoH$godr ~Zm XoVr h& "Zmar Vw_ Ho$db lXm hmo'
H$s C{V gmX H$s BZ {X` Zm{`H$mAm| na nyUV bmJy hmoVr h& >
BgH$ma gmX Or H$s gmH${VH$ nwZWmZ H$s ^mdZm, CZH$m Xme{ZH$
{MVZ, CZH$s dm^m{dH$ M[a-H$nZm, am>r`Vm Ho$ {V CZH$m CH$Q> AmJh, CZH$m
gKf Ho$ {df go OrdZ Ho$ A_V H$s ImoO H$aZm Am{X Eogr {deofVmE h, {Ohm|Zo gmX Ho$
ZmQ>H$m| H$mo A`V AmH$fH$, `wJmZwHy$b ZdrZ Ama ^` n XmZ H$a {X`m& BgrH$maU do
302
AnZo `wJ Ho$ {hXr Ho$ gdlo> ZmQ>H$H$ma gm{~V hE& dVwV: gmX H$mo AnZo `wJ H$m hr Zht;
A{nVw AmO VH$ Ho$ g_V {hXr-ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| gdlo> ZmQ>H$H$ma _mZm Om gH$Vm h&
ZmQ>`-{en H$s {> go gmX Or Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| nydu Ama npM_r Vdm| H$m
gp_lU {_bVm h& Ohm CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| _| H$Wm-dVw, ag, Zm`H$, {VZm`H$, {dXyfH$,
erb-{ZnU, g` Ama `m` Ho$ {df` _| ^maVr` ZmQ>`-gm{h` H$s nanamAm| H$m nmbZ
hAm h, dhm nmMm` ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ gKf Ed `{V-d{M` H$m {ZnU ^r CZH$s aMZmAm| _|
hAm h& ^maVr` ZmQ>H$m| H$s agm_H$Vm BZ_| ^anya {_bVr h, Vmo Xygar Amoa nmMm`
ZmQ>H$m| H$s H$m`-`mnma H$s J{VerbVm ^r CZ_| {d_mZ h& ^maVr` ZmQ>H$H$ma gwImV
H$mo ngX H$aVo h- npM_ Ho$ H$bmH$ma Xw:ImV H$mo& gmX Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| H$m AV Bg
T>J go {H$`m h {H$ h_ Ch| gwImV ^r H$h gH$Vo h Ama XwImV ^r& dVwV: CZH$m AV EH$
Eogr dam`nyU ^mdZm Ho$ gmW hmoVm h, {Og_| Zm`H$ H$s {dO` Vmo hmo OmVr h; {H$Vw dh
\$b H$m Cn^moJ d` Zht H$aVm, Cgo dh {VZm`H$ H$mo hr bmQ>m XoVm h& Bg H$ma Ho$
{d{M AV H$mo AmbmoMH$m| Zo gwImV Z _mZH$a Ch| ''gmXmV'' H$s gkm Xr h&
H$bm_H$Vm H$s {> go gmXOr Ho$ 'AOmVew', 'H$XJw', 'MJw'
Ama 'Ywddm{_Zr' {gX Ed lo> ZmQ>H$ h& AmYw{ZH$ ZmQ>H$-{dYm Ho$ {>H$moZ go Ama
gm_m`V: ZmQ>`-H$bm Ho$ {ZIma H$s {> go 'Ywddm{_Zr' gmXOr H$m gdlo> ZmQ>H$ h&
Bg ZmQ>H$ Ho$ AmYma na h_ gmXOr H$mo {hXr-ZmQ>`-gm{h` _| 'g_`m-ZmQ>H$m| H$m
dVH$' H$hH$a ^r g~mo{YV H$a gH$Vo h& Bg_| VbmH$ Ama nwZ{ddmh H$s g_`m H$mo ~S>o
H$me` go CR>m`m J`m h& Bg ~mV go `h _m{UV hmo OmVm h {H$ gmXOr {H$VZo `wJY_u
Wo& `h gmX H$s A{V_ ZmQ>` H${V h&
Chm|Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$ 'H$XJwV' _| g_pX Ama Eod` Ho$ {eIa na AmgrZ
JwV gm_mO H$s Cg pW{V H$m {MU {H$`m h, Ohm AmV[aH$ H$bh, nm[adm[aH$ gKf Ama
{dXoer AmH$_Um| Ho$ \$bdn CgHo$ ^mdr j` Ho$ bjU H$Q> hmoZo bJo Wo& {df` Ama aMZm
{en XmoZm| hr {>`m| go 'H$XJwV' gmX H$s gdlo> ZmQ>`H${V _mZr OmVr h&
CZHo$ {gX ZmQ>H$ 'MJwV' H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm `h h {H$ Bg_|
{dXo{e`m| go ^maV Ho$ gKf Ama Cg gKf _| AVV: ^maV H$s {dO` H$s Wr_ CR>mB J`r h&
gmX Ho$ _Z _| ^maV H$s namYrZVm H$mo boH$a Jhar `Wm Wr, Ama Eogm bJVm h Ogo Chm|Zo
Bg Eo{Vhm{gH$ gJ Ho$ _m`_ go AnZo BpN>V {ddmg H$mo dmUr Xr hmo& Bg {> go
'MJwV' H$s H$WmdVw 'H$XJwV' go ^r CXmm h&
'H$m_Zm' CZH$s EH$ d{e>`nyU ZmQ>`H${V h; {Og_| {d{^Z _Zmo{dH$mam|
H$mo VrH$ Ho$ n _| aJ_M na CnpWV H$aVo hE CZHo$ H$m`H$bmnm| mam _mZd-g`Vm
Ama gH${V Ho$ {dH$mg H$s H$Wm VwV H$s JB h& CZH$s {gX H${V 'EH$ KyQ>' H$m _hd
BgHo$ EH$mH$s hmoZo _| h& g_yMo ZmQ>H$ _| EH$ AH$ Ama EH$ ` h&
(K) Jr{VZmQ>` :-
Bg `wJ _| H${Vn` Jr{VZmQ>` ^r {bIo J`o {OZ_| _{WbreaU JwV H$m
'AZK', h[aH$U o_r H$m 'dU-{dhmZ', ^JdVrMaU d_m H$m 'Vmam', CX`eH$a ^> Ho$
'_`JYm' Ama '{dd{_' Am{X CboIZr` h& BZ_| go 'Vmam' g\$b Jr{VZmQ>` h& ^>
Or Ho$ Jr{VZmQ>`mo _| H${dd Ho$ gmW ZmQ>H$s` gKf Ama VrH$m_H$Vm H$m gwXa g_d`
{_bVm h& Bg `wJ Ho$ A` Jr{VZmQ>`m| _| Jmo{dXdb^ nV H$m 'da_mbm' Ama CX`eH$a
^> H$m '{dmo{hZr A~m' ^r CboIZr` h&
gmXmoma H$mb go boH$a AmO VH$ H$m {hXr ZmQ>H$ H$B YmamAm| _| {d^V
hmoH$a AnZr {dH$mg H$s `mm V` H$a ahm h& Bg `wJ _| Eo{Vhm{gH$, nmam{UH$, g_`m
YmZ, VrH$dmXr, `{VdmXr MoVZm go AZwm{UV gm_m{OH$, gmH${VH$ MoVZm go
AZwm{UV, amOZr{VH$ MoVZm go AZwm{UV, Jr{VZmQ>`, `` ZmQ>H$ VWm {dgJV ZmQ>H$
305
{bIo Om aho h& Bg `wJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s _w` d{m`m| H$mo BgH$ma {dbo{fV {H$`m Om gH$Vm
h-
(4) Jr{VZmQ>` :-
Bg `wJ _| ^mdYmZ AWmV Jr{VZmQ>` H$s aMZm ^r n`mV g`m _| hB&
Bg dJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ {b`o ^md _wIVm Ho$ gmW-gmW n H$m Cn`moJ ^r Amd`H$ hmoVm h&
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| a{MV {hXr H$m nhbm Jr{VZmQ>H$ O`eH$a gmX mam a{MV 'H$Umb`"
_mZm OmVm h& BgHo$ AZVa _{WbreaU JwV mam 'gZK' h[aH$U o_r mam '{~hmZ'
CX`eH$a ^> mam '_`JYm' '{ddm{_' Ama 'amYm' ^JdVrMaU d_m mam 'Vmam'
Am{X g\$b Jr{VZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm hB& Jr{V ZmQ>H$m| H$s Bg nanam _| gw{_mZXZ nV Ho$
'aOV {eIa' Ama '{enr' ({Og_o CZHo$ Zm Jr{V-ZmQ>` gJ{hV h), S>m. Y_dra ^maVr
H$m 'AYm`wJ', {J[aOmHw$_ma _mWwa Ho$ 'H$nmVa', 'XJm' Ama 'am_', Ako` H$m 'Cma
{`Xeu', Ama Xw`VHw$_ma Ho$ 'EH$ H$R> {dfnm`r' VWm AmagrgmX qgh Ho$ '_X{ZH$m'
Ama 'YynN>md', OmZH$sdb^ emr Ho$ nmMmbr', '_XZ XhZ', 'Jmonm', 'Cder',
'nmfmUr', {gXZmW Hw$_ma Ho$ 'g{> H$s gmP', '{dH$bmJmo H$m Xoe' 'bmh `wJ' 'gKf',
Ho$XmaZmW {_l '^mV' Ho$ 'dUm}X`', 'AJw{b_mb' 'gdm' VWm '_mZd {ZM` hr
bmQ>oJm' Am{X {deof CboIZr` h&
13.4 ~moY Z -
14.2 VmdZm -
"^maVoX h[aM' Ho$ AmZo go {hXr gm{h H$mo Zr {Xem {br ChmoZo
H$B {dYmE {hXr gm{h H$mo Xr CZ| go EH$ {Z~Y h& ^maVoX wJ gmm{OH$ Ama
amOZr{VH$ hbMb H$m wJ Wm& boIH$m| Zo gmO gwYma H$s ^mdZm go o[aV hmoH$a gm{hpH$
boI, Ama ^mdmonmXH$ ebr H$m moJ H$a {Z~Y aMZm H$s Omo H$mb Ho$ AZw$n Ama
AmdH$ Wr&
'{Z~Y' J gm{h` H$s EH$ {deof {dYm h& {hXr _| {Z~Y H$m g_w{MV
gwnmV am>r` OmJaU Ho$ Cf:H$mb ^maVoXw H$mb _| hAm& BgHo$ H$maU n> hr h- EH$ Vmo
A~ J H$m {dH$mg hmo MwH$m Wm Ama Xygao _wUV VWm g_mMma nm| Ho$ MbZ Zo gm{h`
Ho$ Bg AJ H$mo mogmhZ {X`m& BgHo$ A{V[aV ^maVoXw `wJ Ho$ gm{h`H$ma na {d{dY_wIr
Xm{`d Wm; {OgH$s ny{V J gm{h` Ho$ A` AJm| H$s Anojm {Z~Y Ho$ mam ghO VWm
g~b n_| hmo gH$Vr Wr& ^maVoXw nyd H$mb _| Cg gm_m{OH$ Ama amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$m ^r
C_oe Zht hAm Wm; {OgZo AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ {Z~Ymo _| mU \y$Ho$&
^maVoXw `wJ go boH$a A~ VH$ Ho$ {Z~Y gm{h` H$mo Mma {d^mJm| _|
{d^m{OV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h&-
(1) ^maVoXw `wJ (gZ 1857-1900) '{hXr {Z~Y H$m A`wWmZ'
312
(2) {doXr `wJ (gZ 1900-1920) '{hXr {Z~Y H$m n[a_mOZ'
(3) ewb `wJ (gZ 1920-1940) '{hXr {Z~Y H$m CH$f'
(4) ewbmoma `wJ (gZ 1940- A~VH$) '{hXr {Z~Y H$m gaU&
Bg `wJ H$s g_V gm{h` MoVZm _hmdra gmX {doXr _| g_m{hV h&
{doXr `wJ H$m ma^ _hmdra gmXOr Ho$ 'gadVr' (1903) n{H$m Ho$ gnmXZ Ho$ gmW
hr _mZ gH$Vo h& gadVr _| OmVo hr Bhm|Zo g~go nhbm H$m` VH$mbrZ boIH$m| H$s ^mfm
H$mo gH$m[aV Ed n[a_m{OV H$aZo H$m {H$`m& Chm|Zo ^mfm Ho$ `mH$aU g_V `moJ VWm
{hXr _| {dam_{Mhm| Ho$ Cn`moJ na A`{YH$ ~b {X`m& {doXrOr Ho$ Z{VH$Vm {` hmoZo Ho$
H$maU Cg `wJ _| Z{VH$ {Z~Y A{YH$ {bIo J`o& {doXr `wJ Ho$ {Z~Ym| _| J^raVm Ed
embrZVm AmZo bJr Ama CZH$m _w` g~Y g` Ed {e{jV g_mO go hmo J`m& Bggo
{doXrH$mbrZ {Z~Ym| _| ~mpXH$Vm A{YH$ AmB Ama hm{XH$Vm H$s H$_r ahr Ama CZ_|
^maVoXwH$mbrZ Amp_`Vm VWm {OXm{Xbr Z ahr& {doXr Ho$ AZwgma kmZam{e H$m A{OV
^mS>ma hr gm{h` h& AV: Bg `wJ Ho$ {Z~YH$ma H$m `mZ AnZo gm{h` H$mo g{MV
kmZH$mof ~ZmZo H$s Amoa ^r J`m& n[aUm_V: Xygar ^mfmAm| Ho$ {Z~Ym| Ho$ AZwdmX H$aZo H$s
nanam ^r Bg `wJ _| Mb {ZH$br& Bg `wJ Ho$ _wI {Z~YH$ma h- _hmdragmX {doXr,
~m~y `m_gwXa Xmg, nX_qgh e_m, {_l~Yw, _mYdgmX {_l, MYa e_m Jwboar Ama
gaXma nyU{gh&
(3)gaXma nyUqgh -
H$hmZr gm{h` _| Omo WmZ Jwboar Or H$mo mV h, dhr WmZ {Z~Y
gm{h` _| gaXma nyUqgh H$mo mV h& Bhm|Zo Ho$db AmR> hr {Z~Y {bIo& n[a_mU H$s {>
go BZH$s {Z~Y g`m H$_ h, na JwUm| H$s {> go CZH$m ~S>m _hd h& CZHo$ {Z~Ym| _|
dV {MVZ, ^md-dUVm, Ama _YwaVm H$mo {deof WmZ {_bm h& CZHo$ ^mdm_H$
{Z~Ym| _| _mZdVmdmXr {>H$moZ H$s YmZVm h& BZHo$ {Z~Y 'AmMaU H$s g`Vm, gMr
draVm, _OXyar Ama o_, ~-H$mpV, 'H$`mXmZ', 'n{dVm' Am{X Ch| {Z~YH$ma Ho$ n
_| {V{>V H$a XoVo h&
(4)S>m. `m_gwXaXmg -
~m~y `m_gwXaXmg EH$ CM H$mo{Q> Ho$ AmbmoMH$ hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW
g\$b {Z~YH$ma ^r Wo& Chm|Zo m`: J^ra AmbmoMZm_H$ {df`m|na boI {bIo h&
{df`dVw H$s {> go Chm|Zo gm{hp`H$, gmH${VH$ Ama ^mfm-dkm{ZH$ {df`m| na {Z~Y
{bI|& BZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| {dMmam| H$m gJh Ama g_d` hr A{YH$ {>JmoMa hmoVm h&
Am_mZw^y{V`m| H$m H$meZ `m ^mdm_H$Vm CZ_| ~hV H$_ h& BZH$s ebr mT> hmoVo hE ^r
gab h& ~m~yOr EH$ J^ra {dMmaH$ Wo, AV: CZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| CZHo$ {dMmam| H$s hr
316
A{^`{V _w`V: h`r h& CZHo$ {gX {Z~Y h- ^maVr` gm{h` H$s {deofVmE, g_mO
Ama gm{h`, h_mao gm{h`moX` H$s mMrZ H$Wm, H$V` Ama g`Vm B.&
(5)nX_qgh e_m -
BZHo$ Xmo {Z~Y gJh- "nX_- namJ', Ama '~Y- _Oar' H$m{eV hmo
MwHo$ h& BZHo$ {Z~Y \$S>H$Vr h`r ^mfm Ho$ H$maU n`mV AmH$fH$ ~Z nS>o h& Chm|Zo Hw$N>
OrdZr`m Ama g_aUm_H$ boI ^r {bIo h&
(6)Jwboar -
JwboarOrZo H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ g_mZ {Z~Y ^r H$_ {bIo h, {\$a ^r do A{Vr`
Ama AZyR>o h& CZHo$ '_mao{g _mo[h Hw$R>md', 'H$Nw>Am Ya_' Ama 'gJrV' Am{X {Z~Ym| _|
g_mO na VrIo `J h&
(7){_l~Yw-
{_l~YwAm| Ho$ {Z~Y g`m _| H$m\$s h na CZH$m _hd {ejm _ybH$ h&
{doXr `wJ Ho$ A` {Z~YH$mam| _| Jmo{dX Zmam`U {_l, OJmWgmX MVwd}Xr, JUoe eH$a
{dmWu, {H$emoarXmg dmOno`r, {ednyOZ ghm` Am{X CoI{Z` h&
{doXrH$mbrZ {Z~Ym| _| ^maVoXwH$mbrZ {Z~Ym| H$s gr VmOJr,
{OXm{Xbr Ama ``-{dZmoX {`Vm Zht h, ~pH$ {dMmam|H$s YmZVm Ama J^raVm h&
^maVoXwH$mbrZ {Z~Ym| _| n`mV _m{bH$Vm h, {H$Vw BZ_| kmZ H$s gM`m_H$Vm h&
dVwV: `o {Z~Y H$_ h Ama {dMmam| Ho$ gJh A{YH$& Jwboar Ama nyUqgh H$mo N>moS>H$a {doXr
`wJ Ho$ {Z~Ym| _| d`{VH$Vm H$m ^r m`: A^md h& BZ {Z~Ym| H$m dm ^r gr{_V h, BZ_|
^maVoXwH$mbrZ {Z~Ym| Ho$ g_mZ gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ Ama Ym{_H$ MoVZm H$m {V{~~
Zhr h& CnXoem_H$Vm BZ {Z~Ym| H$s Img {deofVm h& Bg `wJ Ho$ {Z~Y ^mfm H$s {> go
A{YH$ ewX Ama n[aH$V h&
{hXr gm{h` _| {Z~Y Ho$ {dH$mg H$s {> go ewb `wJ CH$fH$mb h&
{df`, ebr, dn, ^md, VWm ^mfm Ho$ {dMma go gdm{JU {dH$mg Bg wJ o hAm& ^maVoXw
`wJrZ amO{H$` H$Qw>Vm, {hXr-CXy {ddmX, Am{X Z> hmoZo go pXdoXr `wJ _| dm^m{dH$ Wm {H$
{Z~YH$mam| H$m b` {d{dY {df`m| H$m ~Z gHo$ VWm kmZ-dYH$ {Z~Y VwV {H$`o J`o&
{df` d{d`, H$s {> go ewb `wJ _| ej{UH$, gm{hp`H$, amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$,
Am{WH$, VWm {d{dY Ama Cn`moJr {df`m| na {Z~Y {bIo J`o& Bg `wJ _| m`: {dMmam_H$,
AmbmoMZm_H$, ^mdm_H$, dUZm_H$ VWm {ddaUm_H$ Am{X g^r H$ma Ho$ {Z~Y {bIo
J`o&
317
(1)Am. am_M ewb -
AmbmoMH$-AmMm am_M ewb H$m WmZ {hXr {Z~Y nanam _| erf
WmZr` h& Am. ewb Ho$ {Z~Y gJh '{MVm_{U' go {hXr {Z~Y Ho$ {dH$mg H$s J{V _|
Vrgam _moS> CnpWV hmoVm h& Chm|Zo _Zmodkm{ZH$, gm{hp`H$, VWm gXmpVH$ g^r
H$ma Ho$ {Z~Y {bI|& CZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| EH$ Amoa {MVZ H$s _m{bH$Vm, {ddoMZ H$s
J^raVm, {dbofU H$s gw_Vm Ed mT>Vm {>JmoMa hmoVr h, Vmo Xygar Amoa CZ_| boIH$ H$s
d`{VH$Vm, ^mdm_H$Vm Ed ``m_H$Vm H$m XeZ ^r WmZ-WmZ na hmoVm h& CZHo$
{Z~Ym| _| {df` Ama `{V H$m Eogm g_d` hAm h {H$ Bg ~mV H$m {ZU` H$aZm H${R>Z hmo
OmVm h {H$ Ch| {df`-YmZ H$h| `m `{V- YmZ H$h|? B`m, lXm,bOm H$moY,
bmo^, r{V Am{X _Zmod{m`m| H$m {dbofU Chm|Zo A`V nZr {> go {H$`m h& EH$
_Zmodkm{ZH$, g_mOemr Ed gm{h`H$ma VrZm| Ho$ H$m` H$s g\$bVmnydH$ ny{V AHo$bo
ewbOr Zo '{MVm_{U' _| H$s h&
ewbOr EH$ _m{bH$ {Z~Y {bIZodmbo lo> {Z~YH$ma h& dVwV: Eogr
'ZdZdmo_ofem{bZr {V^m' H$mo boH$a AdV[aV hmoZodmbo {Z~YH$ma Ama AmbmoMH$
eVmpX`m| Ho$ nMmV EH$-Xmo-hr {XImB nS>Vo h& ewbOr Ho$ {Z~Ym| _| n`mV _m{bH$Vm
n>Vm Ama amoMH$Vm h& ewbOr OrdZ go A`mnH$, _pVH$ go AmbmoMH$ Ama X` go
H${d h& gy, `m`m Ama {ZH$f CZHo$ {Z~Ym| H$m Va h& CZH$s ebr Ho$ g~Y _| S>m.
JUnVrMJwV {bIVo h- '{Z~YH$ma ewbOr Ho$ ebr _| ^r {ZOr {d{e>Vm {_bVr h&
^maVoXw `wJ H$s gr _m{bH$Vm Cg_| h, {H$Vw do CgHo$ {N>N>bonZ go Xya h, {doXr `wJ H$s
{dMmam_H$Vm Cg_| h, {H$Vw dgr ewH$Vm H$m A^md h& {dMmam| H$s J^ra Km{Q>`m| Ho$ ~rM-
~rM _| CVar hm`-`J go AmoVmoV C{V`m {H$gr dN>-erVb {ZPa Ho$ H$mo_b-_Ywa
H$bH$b da H$s Vah gwZmB nS>Vr h& hm, CZHo$ Hw$N> {Z~Y A{VJ^raVm, A{V mT>Vm Ed
A{V gy_Vm Ho$ H$maU gmYmaU nmR>H$ Ho$ {bE nho{b`m| Ho$ Vw` O{Q>b, Xwh Ed ewH$
Ad` ~Z J`o h&
(2)~m~y Jwbm~am` -
AmnHo$ {Z~Ym| H$mo _w`V: Mma dJm] _| {d^V {H$`m Om gH$Vm h-
Xme{ZH$-{dMmam_H$, gm{hp`H$- AmbmoMZm_H$, Am_-g_aUm_H$, hm`
{dZmoXm_H$& BZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| `{Vd H$s gabVm, {dMmam| H$s n>Vm, Ed ebr H$s
gw~moYVm {_bVr h& gm{h`, _Zmo{dkmZ Ama XeZ Am{X go g~pYV {df`m| H$mo boH$a
{bIo J`o {Z~Ym| _| Ohm BZHo$ A``Z jo H$s `mnH$Vm Ed {dMmam| H$s n>Vm {~p~V h,
dhm CZH$s ebr H$s gabVm Ed gw~moYVm CZHo$ Am`mn{H$` `{Vd H$m n[aM` XoVr h&
`{V Ama {df`, {dMma Ama AZw^y{V, H$` Ama H$WZ-BZ XmoZmo njm| H$m gwXa g_d`
BZHo$ {Z~Ym| _| {>JmoMa hmoVm h& A~ VH$ BZHo$ {ZZ {b{IV {Z~Y gJh H$m{eV hmo
MwHo$ h& - "R>bwAm b~', '_oar Ag\$bVmE, {\$a {Zamem `m|,' '~Y-^mH$a', '_Z
H$s ~mVo', '{gXmV Ama A``Z', 'H$m` Ho$ n', '{hXr-H$m` {d_e',
'gm{h`g_rjm', 'Hw$N> CWbo, Hw$N> Jha|, '_oao {Z~Y', 'A``Z Ama AmdmX', Am{X&
318
Bg H$ma Bhm|Zo {hXr {Z~Y gm{h` Ho$ {dH$mg _| {d{e> `moJ {X`m h& {hXr-{Z~Y Ho$
lo> {Z~YH$mam| _| BZH$s JUZm H$s OmVr h&
(10) Ako`
Ako` H${d-n _| {OVZo M{MV hE, CVZo hr H$WmH$ma Ho$ n _| ^r& gmW
hr gmW {Z~YH$ma Ho$ n _| ^r Ch| {deof `m{V mV h`r h& CZHo$ _wI {Z~Y gJh
h- {eHw$, Amb~mb, AmVZ, OmoJ {bIr, Yma Ama {H$Zmao, Ho$ Ama n[a{Y, ^dVr,
gOZm Ama gX^, _{VboIm Am{X& Ako` Zo {ddoMZm_H$, `m`m_H$ VWm ZmQ>H$s`
ebr H$m `moJ H$aVo hE {hXr {Z~Y gm{h` H$mo g_X {H$`m h&
14.4 ~moY Z -