TITLE XIII - CRIMES AGAINST HONOR

I. LIBEL

A. Nature

1. Civil

2. Criminal

3. Constitutional

U.S. vs. Bustos 37 Phil. 731

B. Elements - Art. 353

1. Publicity

2. Malice

3. Defamatory imputation

4. Identity of offended person

Newsweek vs. Intermediate Appellate Court 142 SCRA 171

C. Defenses

1. Privileged communication

a. Absolute privilege

Alcantara v Ponce 517 SCRA 74

b. Qualified privilege - Art. 354, pars. (1) and (2)

Mercado vs. CFI, Rizal 116 SCRA 93

Santos vs. CA 203 SCRA 110
Sazon vs. CA 255 SCRA 692

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 2. Truth

a. Imputation of a crime, if made in good motives and with justifiable ends

- Art. 361, par. 1

b. Imputation not of a crime, if made against a Government employee and

related to the discharge of his duties - Art. 361, par. 2

D. Rebuttal - Art. 362

1. Actual malice

Guingguing v CA 471 SCRA 196

2. Constructive malice

New York Times vs. Sullivan 376 U.S. 254

E. Offenses and Penalties

1. Libel in writing, etc. - Art. 355

2. Threatening to publish, and offer to prevent publication - Art. 356

3. Prohibited publication of acts referred to in official proceedings - Art. 357

4. Grave Slander - Art. 358

5. Simple Slander - Art. 358

Victorio vs. CA 173 SCRA 645

Villanueva v People 487 SCRA 42

6. Slander by Deed - Art. 359

F. Procedural rules

1. Persons responsible

2. Jurisdiction and venue

Soriano vs. Intermediate Appellate Court 167 SCRA 222

3. Imputation of a private offense

II. INCRIMINATORY MACHINATIONS

A. Incriminating innocent persons - Art. 363

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 People vs. Alagao 16 SCRA 879
Campanano , Jr. v Datuin 536 SCRA 471

B. Intriguing against honor - Art. 364