TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Disusun untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah Bahasa Inggris (MPK 204)

Dosen pengampu:
Rukuh Setiadi, ST, MEM

Oleh:

Pratiwi Dwi Lestari

21040115120017

DEPARTEMEN PERENCANAAN WILAYAH DAN KOTA

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
SEMARANG
2016
Chowdhury, M. A. F., & Shahriar, F. M. (2012). "The impact of tourism in a deficit economy:
a conceptual model in Bangladesh, perspective." Business Intelligence Journal, 5(1),
163168. JOUR.

Chowdhury and Shahriar reports on the launch of a joint research on the issues of
economic impact in a deficit economy from Bangladesh. The authors asserts the
countries all over the world nowadays perceive tourism as a sustainable means for
economic prosperity in macro and micro levels. It is because a growing concern and
interest has been seen on the economic impacts of tourism that are largely expressed
through the numbers of supported jobs and millions of dollars earned through the
activities of the industry at national and global levels. International tourism is becoming
a major foreign exchange for many low income countries. The tourism activities
involve economic cost, including the direct and indirect costs of tourism businesses,
government costs for infrastructure, as well as costs incurred by the support services
providers. However, the gradual development of economic impact analysis of tourism
can be seen through the four largely used methods: the multiplier method, the input-
output method, the computable general equilibrium method and cost-benefit analysis
method. The Tourism Multiplier Method that was first developed by Archer (1973)
can be considered as a significant breakthrough in tourism studies. The core concept of
multiplier is the purchases of inputs made by different parties from others within or
outside the tourism industry in a recurring manner that are generated due to tourism
activities. The second method, the Input-Output (I-O) analysis is a general equilibrium
approach to examining the structure of an economy, its dependency and the economic
impact of exogenous changes in final demand, the IO technique has been criticized for
a lack of robustness and the reliability of results obtained with this technique has
therefore been questioned.
Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models have been advocated and have been
widely used for impact studies of tourism. However, despite the overwhelming
superiority of CGE models for impact studies, they are rare in the tourism economics
literature. Cost-benefit analysis is used for evaluation of assessing tourist impacts on
national economy. Thus, a simple yet comprehensive method is required for estimating
the true impact of tourism in a deficit economy. Bangladesh, are less sufficient in
manufacturing products and services, and are low on resources; they would have to
spend a considerably larger share of the proceeds of the income generated from tourism
industry in importing tourism-support products and services. There are also a number
of Background Expenditures that take [lace in a deficit economy as leakages:
increased import of goods. technologies and services, increased cost of maintenance of
tourism and support infrastructure, increased cost of promotion of the destination in
international media. Tourism industry growth can also force the economy to decrease
its injections. The cases would be: Reduction in the tax rates on tourism related
activities (for facilitating its growth) can cause the government to get less revenue from
the industry, thus reducing leakage, but at the same time reduced expenditure on
infrastructure and facilities (due to less earnings). And sometimes, over emphasis on
tourism development can divert the resources from other productive industry to tourism
industry. This would reduce the investments in the other productive sectors as a whole.
Also crowding the tourism industry would increase competition and increase the cost of
investment (prices of inputs would be higher). Bangladesh, as a country with a highly
deficit economy has to take into consideration the actual impact of the tourism industry
in its current situation and devise long term strategies for improved efficiency and
economic impact of this thrust sector.
Wolch, Jennifer R, Jason Byrne and Joshua P. Newell. (2014) Urban green space, public
health and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities just green enough.
Landscape and Urban Planning. 125: 234-244.

The authors asserts that urban green space has been proven to promote physical
activity, psychological wellbeing, and general public health for city residents. However,
most studies have shown that urban green spaces disproportionately benefit affluent
whites. The most successful parks often cause gentrification, pushing out lower income
residents. Small scale green space solutions instead of grand projects are more likely to
benefit those who need park access the most. The worlds cities are becoming
increasingly congested and pol-luted. Ecosystem services provided by urban green
space not onlysupport the ecological integrity of cities, but can also protect the public
health of urban populations. But within cities, green space is not always equitably
distributed.Access is often highly stratified based on income, ethno-racial char-
acteristics, age, gender, (dis)ability, and other axes of difference. For exam-ple, US
histories of property development are intertwined withhistories of ethno-racial
oppressions, philosophies of park designand land-use systems. In the United States,
people of color and low-income earn-ers typically occupy the urban core and/or low-
income inner ringsuburbs where green space is either scarce or poorly
maintained.Wealthier households often reside on the suburban peripherywhere green
space is abundant, well-serviced, and well-maintained. Redressing park-poverty in
communities of color and/or lowincome households can, however, create an urban
green spaceparadox. The authors offers a synthesis of Anglo-American research on
therole of urban green space in shaping public health and environ-mental justice.
Indeed, a large number of studies demon-strate linkages between park proximity and
physical activity. Particular attention has focused on parks and the obesity epi-demic.
The areas with higherpopulation density, lower incomes, and a greater share of
minorityresidents had inferior access to public recreational programming. Park access
and especially recreational program access weresignificantly related to the development
of obesity. In addition, psychological well-being is empirically linked tourban parks and
green space. Physical activity in green spaceor green exerciseis alsoimportant to
mental health. Several studies find that interaction withnature and animals is important
to child development and well-being. While research has generally focused on the
health benefits ofparks and other green space, there may be health risks too.
Despite a growing literature, there is no consensus amongscholars about how to
measure green space access. Geographic access alone may not fully capture the
impactof parks on physical activity or obesity. A challenge in access measurement is
that green space is noto-riously heterogeneous. Regardless of measurement strategy,
there is abundant evi-dence of environmental injustice in the distribution of urban
greenspace. In somemetropolitan regions, densification of inner suburban areas due
tocrowding also means that there may be pressure on park space. Environmental
injustice also emerges from studies of why parksmay go unused. We now turn to urban
planning and landscape interventionsbeing tested in both US and Chinese cities to see
how experimentsin one place can inform others. China is undergoing
unprecedentedrates of urbanization. The scale of internal migration, urban growth, and
impacts ofurban transformation in China dwarf experiences elsewhere. Environmental
justice is an emergent problem in China, withenvironmental impacts and well-being
increasingly distributed byincome and possibly by ethnicity. Access to green space is
also an environmental justice issue inChina, due to historical patterns of urban
development, high resi-dential densities, and explosive rates of urbanization. While in
the US thenational median green space ratio is 50.18 m 2 per capita, the average is just
6.52 m2 per capita in China.
This paper has highlighted the importance of urban green spacefor public health. The
imperative to address such environmental injustices andrelated public health disparities,
as well as enhance urban ecolo-gies, has led planners to focus on both traditional
parklandacquisition programs and innovative strategies for expandinggreen space
resources. There is a range of possibilities opened up through the adap-tive use of
obsolete or underused urban infrastructure. Perhaps the most famous example of using
obsolete infrastruc-ture is New Yorks High Line, now being replicated in manyUS
cities as well as at least one Chinese city. This paradoxical effect has beenvariously
termed ecological gentrification, greengentrification, environmental gentrification or
eco-gentrification. This dynamic is not new, nor is it unique to western cities. The same
land market dynamics apply, even when projectsare ecologically oriented or less grand.
Eco-gentrification can arise even when the primary motive inurban green space
provision is addressing environmental injusticesin its distribution. Perhaps the most
widely recognized US example of this para-dox is the High Line. A promising approach
is to design interventions that are justgreen enough. The just green enough strategy
depends on the willingness ofplanners and local stakeholders to design green space
projects thatare explicitly shaped by community concerns, needs, and desiresrather than
either conventional urban design formulae or eco-logical restoration approaches. In
addition, planners aiming for just green enough solutionscan promote green space
interventions that are small-scale and inscattered sites, rather than grander civic green
space projects thatgeographically concentrate resources and kick-start rounds of gen-
trification. Such bottom-up urban green space strategies can be supportedby anti-
gentrification policies. Being just green enough demands a careful balancing act.