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Wseas Cambridge AK PS FV PB DR PDF
Wseas Cambridge AK PS FV PB DR PDF
Abstract: - Time Domain Electromagnetic survey (TDEM) was undertaken in the Keritis basin region
of Crete, in order to obtain detailed information about the characteristics (geometry, etc) of the
hydrogeological regime (aquifer) of the area. In order to define the stratification, as well the faults of
the investigated area, 305 TDEM soundings were carried out. A strong correlation between the results
of TDEM survey and boreholes exists and indicates: a) the applicability of TDEM method for solving
hydrogeological problems, b) a high potential aquifer mainly hosted in the calcitic rocks of the area
under investigation.
TDEM measurements with boreholes data at the Where 0 is the magnetic permeability, R=(L/1/2) is
investigated area lead to the same conclusions about the radius of the Tx loop (L x L), r=(l/1/2) is the
the subsurface structure. As an evaluation case, we radius of Rx loop (l x l) SRX is the Rx coil area and
produce the delineation of an aquifer. Maps of E/I is the voltage (signal) by current [5].
resistivity values highly correlate with the general The importance of TDEM method lies on
hydrogeological condition in the area. Numerical 3- the measurement time of the transient response. As
D modeling results provide useful information about already mentioned the induced voltage at Rx loop is
the distribution of subsurface conductivity, thereby measured after the turn-off of Tx. That means that
enabling to recognize the main geological we measure a secondary response in the absence of
formations and the pattern of the aquifer bed. primary field. This approach produces results less
Aquifer presents a homogeneous geometry where its sensitive to errors of Tx/Rx geometry, there is no
limits clearly identified as well as the direction of its need for complicated tools in order to separate
discharge. primary signal and finally the Tx/Rx separation has
small effect in exploration depth (in contrary to
2 Method and materials conventional controlled source methods) [6]. These
2.1 The TDEM method features produce results with the highest lateral
The TDEM method has been used in resolution.
hydrogeological studies over the last 15 years. The The exploration depth is mainly affected by
method is described in detail in several textbooks the time interval between subsequent turn-off and
[2],[3],[4]. Therefore, only a short description is next turn-on. In order to explore deeper, a bigger
given below, in order to briefly discuss the essential time interval required. Because of skin-effect, at
features of the method. early times, the induced currents are concentrated on
The TEM method belongs to the category of upper layers leading to measurements that are
controlled source EM methods. A typical TDEM sensitive to shallow structures only. As the time
system consists of a transmitter (Tx) loop and a interval increases, the current intensity migrates to
receiver (Rx) loop with equal or less dimensions. bigger depths and the measured secondary field will
The size of Tx loop varies according to exploration depend more on the properties of deeper layers. In
depth but without being the parameter that directly addition the current density in shallow structures
control the exploration depth as happened in other decreases relaxing in this way the influence of them
methods (e.g Vertical Electrical Sounding method). in the measured secondary field. This elimination of
An increase in Tx loop initially affects (increases) near-surface resistivity variations is a unique feature
the signal to noise ratio resulting to increase in of TDEM method resulting to high quality data
exploration depth. where other geolectric methods failed.
A current flowing through the Tx loop Consequently, the TDEM method has
generates a primary, stationary field. By using an excellent resolution of conductive layers at depth,
abruptly on-off switching sequence, currents are whereas the resolution of resistive layers is limited
induced to the ground according to Faradays law [7]. Advantages of the TEM method are its
Due to Ohmic resistance of the subsurface, the sensitivity to conductors at great depths and the
current system will decay and further induce a lightweight equipment compared to VES.
secondary magnetic field. This field which is the Drawbacks of the TEM method are low resolution
transient response is measured in by induction coil of resistive layers, relatively low lateral resolution in
(the Rx loop). The decay rate of the electromagnetic general, high degree of coupling to manmade
field depends on the distribution of the resistivity in conductors [8] and that the method is conceptually
the subsurface. In a conductive medium, the field advanced.
decays slower comparing to a resistive medium.
Based on this principle, the measured voltage on Rx 2.2 Data acquisition and processing
coil can provide information about geoelectrical All measurements performed using TEM-
structures at several depths. In order to provide FAST 48 instrument [9] mainly due to its precision
easier interpretation the measured voltage usually and rapidity of acquisition. We used single loop
converted to apparent resisitivity, a, according to setup with square 50m x 50m. The transmitting
following formula: current was 3.8A and the time window of
measurement was varying from 4 to 1024 s or from situated between 35o2450N to 35o3000N and
4 to 2048 s in order to derive the best data set from 23o4959E to 23o5800E (Fig.3). The area is 136km2
each location, according to signal-to-noise ratio.
Data processing is based on the solution of
inverse problem in time domain electromagnetic
sounding using TEM-Researcher proprietary
software. Initially, for each sounding, the best
apparent resistivity vs. time curve is selected (Fig.1)
in order to produce an inverted 1D, horizontal
layering, model (Fig.2). Subsequent (i.e. belonging
to the same profile) 1D inverted models were
correlated (interpolated) in order to obtain the 2D
slices along individual profiles. By combining the
2D slices and projected them in different depths we
are able to provide 3D imaging.
100
Ohm-m
10
40
60
80
.
100
depth (m)
120
140
160
180
004
200
1 10 100 10 3
Ohm-m
Figure 2. Result of 1D inversion of resistivity curve
shown in Fig.1
Figure 4: Geological Map of Keritis basin (Q2, Q1:
3 Study area Quaternary Deposits, N2, N1: Neogene Sediments,
The Keritis basin is located on the K2: Tripolis Carbonates, P-T3: Phyllites- Quartzites,
municipality of Chania, at Crete Island and is T3-J1: Trypalion Carbonates
These formations are overlaying on the Plattenkalk
3.1.1 Post-Alpine Rocks limestones. The rocks that exist are marbles, quartz
i. Quaternary deposits (Q2, Q1) limestones, dolomites and dolomited limestones.
They made up of loose argil-sand materials, The thickness can reach 400 meters and its age is
clays, breccias, sandstones and materials from between upper Triassic until Lias.
alluvium mantle of multiple compositions according
to their origination which are from loose to coherent 3.2 Hydrogeological settings
connected. They exist mainly at basins open to sea, 3.2.1 Hydrolithology
at major river beds, at small internal basins as well The investigated basin can be distinguished in four
as side detritus and stream terraces. main categories according to permeability of
ii. Neogene sediments (N2, N1) geological formations (Fig.5):
The made up from alternating layers
yellow-yellow white marls and clastic marly
limestones. They are usually biogenic and recent
brackish alluvial deposits from coastal areas made
which are uniformly distributed layered deposits
with thickness from several centimeters to 1-2
meters. Inside these deposits we can meet marls,
sandy argyles and conglomerates. The
conglomerates and the recent brackish alluvial
deposits exist mainly at Chirospili area (southern of
Agia) and at Topolia area.
3929000
3928000
3927000
Figure 8. Geoelectrical section #2.
3926000
3922000
3929000 3929000
3928000 3928000
3927000 3927000
3926000 3926000
3925000 3925000
3924000 3924000
3923000 3923000
3922000 3922000
488000 489000 490000 491000 492000 493000 494000 495000 496000 488000 489000 490000 491000 492000 493000 494000 495000 496000
3930000
At the first layers we can see the highly
resistive zone on the SE and SW of the investigated
3929000
area. These high values on the SE directions
occurred because of the Tripoli nappe, especially the
3928000 limestone-dolomite. In addition we can also identify
high resistance values on the SW part because of the
3927000 Phyllites-Quartzites. In the upper zone from North
due to alluvial deposits and Neogene sediments low
3926000 resistivities were identified
By going deeper one can clearly identify a
3925000
conductive zone on the northern part of the basin
and in some areas on the central of the Basin. The
3924000
conductive area on the northern part is due to small
3923000
sea water intrusion from of NE side since the
coastline is a few hundred meters away. The
3922000
independent conductive zones at the central areas
are evidences of fresh water. As the depth increases
the conductive central zones increased in size.
488000 489000 490000 491000 492000 493000 494000 495000 496000
Acknowledgements
This work is partially supported by the project
INTERREG IIIb, ARCHIMED, sub-project A1.020,
MILDMAP - Methodology integration of EO
techniques as operative tool for land degradation
management and planning in Mediterranean areas.
Authors would like to acknowledge the contribution
of Dr. M. Kouli for providing initial versions of
Keritis basin maps. Author AK is also grateful to
local geologist Mr. K.Vozinakis for valuable
comments.
References:
[1] Soupios P.M., Kouli M., Vallianatos F., Vafidis
A., Stavroulakis G. Estimation of aquifer
hydraulic parameters from surficial geophysical
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(Crete Greece),2007 , Journal of
Hydrology, 338 (1-2), pp. 122-131
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[3] Nabighian, M.N. and Macnae, J.C., Time domain
electromagnetic prospecting methods.
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[4]Fitterman, D.V. and Stewart, M.T., Transient
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