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Osor - Blecic - Kavur - M. - 2015 - Povezanost - Pespek
Osor - Blecic - Kavur - M. - 2015 - Povezanost - Pespek
blei k av u r
martina
perspektive
A coherence
of perspective
povezanost perspektive
a coherence of perspective
Povezanost perspektive
A coherence of perspective
Osor u kulturnim kontaktima mlaeg
eljeznog doba Osor in cultural contacts
during the Late Iron Age
7
pregled arheolokih istraivanja overview of archaeological investigations|23
prosperitet grada prosperity of the city|41
Grad izgled i odnosi The city apperance and relations |49
Bedem City walls |51
Nekropole i pojedinani grobovi Necropoles and individual graves |57
povezanost osorske perspektive a coherence of osors perspective 61
Odijelo, nakit, status, simbol Clothing, jewelry, status, symbol |65
Vojna oprema kao mo, status ili simbol Military equipment as the power, status or symbol |105
Simpozij umjetnosti The symposium of artistry |125
partnerstvo sjevera i juga the partnership of north and south 147
Odijelo, nakit, status, simbol Clothing, jewelry, status, symbol |151
Simpozij razliitosti The symposium of diversity |179
Rasko keramikog mozaika Splendour of the ceramic mosaic |197
praskozorje nove epohe the dawn of a new era|213
pogovor afterword|235
bibliografija bibliography|243
Prostor, priroda,
prolost
Space, nature,
past
1. Poloaj i razmjetaj Kvarnera (prema
Blei Kavur 2014a).
Position and arrangement of the
Kvarner Bay (after Blei Kavur 2014a).
11
J adransko more rubno je more Sredozemlja. U
prolosti, nazivano je i njegovim najveim zalje-
vom, Najvanijim ili ak Velikim morem.1 Njego-
va prostrana istona obala obiljeena je izvanrednom
T
he Adriatic is a marginal sea of the Mediterra-
nean. In the past, it was called its largest bay, The
most important or even The Great Sea.1 Its spacio-
us eastern side is characterized by its extraordinary len-
duinom i prekrasnom razvedenou, a s obzirom na gth and beautiful indented coastline. Since containing
skup drugog po veliini otoja Sredozemlja, ubraja se the second most numerous island group of the Me-
u tzv. arhipelaka mora, ime se predstavlja kao jedin- diterranean, it can be included in the category of the
stveno podruje na Sredozemlju, a moda i na svijetu.2 so-called archipelagic seas. It represents a unique area
Tisue otoka, pristupani zaljevi, blage i zaklonjene in the Mediterranean and perhaps in the world.2 Tho-
uvale, svojim nizom stvaraju zatiene kanale i lagune, usands of islands, accessible bays, create channels and
a plitko i toplo more te blaga sredozemna klima prua- protected lagoons, while the shallow and warm sea as
li su osnovne blagodati za razvoj ivota i njegovo ne- well as the mild Mediterranean climate provide basic
prekinuto trajanje. Obala predstavlja sasvim odvojen benefits for the development of life and its continuo-
morski pojas od onog otonog. Pa ipak, zahvaljujui us duration. The coast is a completely separate sea belt.
otonim predispozicijama obala se, a s njom i graviti- However, thanks to the island predispositions, the co-
rajui prostori oblinjeg zalea, povezuju sa irim Sre- astline, and with it the gravitating hinterland is conne-
dozemnim bazenom.3 Istovrsno, i otoci se, u geostra- cting with the wider Mediterranean basin.3 Simulta-
tekom i gospodarskom smislu, preko obale povezuju neously, the islands are connected in a geostrategic
sense across the coast with the inevitably important
1 Kozlii 1990, 48-52; Coppola 1999; Braccesi 2001, 11-21; usp. Radi Rossi 2010,
91-93. 1 Kozlii 1990, 48-52; Coppola 1999; Braccesi 2001, 11-21; cf. Radi Rossi 2010,
2 Duplani Leder et al. 2004, 6-31; Favro, Sagani 2007, 61-62. 91-93.
3 Straii 1981, 13-14; Straii 1996a, 63; Benac et al. 2006; usp. Kirigin et al. 2 Duplani Leder et al. 2004, 6-31; Favro, Sagani 2007, 61-62.
2009. 3 Straii 1981, 13-14; Straii 1996a, 63; Benac et al. 2006; cf. Kirigin et al. 2009.
2. Osor i osorski tjesnac koji razdvaja otoke Cres i Loinj (prema Blei Kavur 2014b).
Osor and Osor channel that separates the islands of Cres and Loinj
(after Blei Kavur 2014b).
s neizostavno vanim priobalnim zaleem. Na taj na- hinterlands. In this way constructed natural bridge
in izgraen prirodni most, formiran je u izvrstan was formed in to an excellent ecosystem. Its many co-
ekosustav. Njegove mnogobrojne uvale i drage omo- ves and inlets enabled natural but safe shelters, and did
guavale su i prirodna a sigurna sklonita, pa su time, therefore, as an important natural resource of various
kao znaajan prirodni resurs razliitih gospodarskih economic activities, favour the development of establi-
aktivnosti, pogodovale i razvoju ustaljene plovidbe te shed navigation and formation of first naval and com-
formiranju prvih pomorsko-trgovakih uporita.4 Sve mercial strongholds.4 All this constitutes a unique ge-
to ini jedinstveni zemljopisni splet dinaminih stal- ographic combination of constant dynamic changes,
nih mijena, koji je omoguio ivot ovjeka i njegovo which enabled the life of man and their active agency
13
aktivno djelovanje u najrazliitijim razdobljima pro- in various periods of the past, almost in the same way
losti, gotovo jednako kao i danas. as it does today.
Iznimnost Kvarnera ini, meutim, jedinstvena oto- Exceptionality of Kvarner forms a unique island group.
na skupina. Rasprostire se od Rijekog zaljeva na sje- It stretches from the bay of Rijeka in the north to the
veru pa do ulaza u Kvarneri, tj. do tzv. Ilovikih ili entrance into the Kvarneri, the so-called Ilovik or
Kvarnerskih vrata na krajnjem jugu. Odnosno, od Kvarner gates, in the southernmost point; its eastern-
Podvelebitskog kanala na istoku (vinodolsko-velebit- most point is the Velebit channel (Vinodol-Velebit
ske obale), pa sve do istonih obala Istre na zapadu. coast) and the east coast of Istria its westernmost point.
Rasporeena je u dva niza otoka: zapadni s Cresom i It is divided into two strings of islands; the western one
Loinjem, s manjim otocima Unije, Vele i Male Sraka- with Cres and Loinj and the smaller islands of the Un-
4 Straii 1981, 14; Benac et al. 2006. 4 Straii 1981, 14; Benac et al. 2006.
5 Rogi 1982, 15; Straii 1996a, 38. 5 Rogi 1982, 15; Straii 1996a, 38.
6 Straii 1996a, 38. 6 Straii 1996a, 38.
3. Vizura Osora i loinjskog kanala sa sjeverozapadne strane.
View of Osor and Loinj channel from the northwest side.
ne, Susak, Ilovik i Sv. Petar te istoni s Krkom, Rabom ije, Vele and Male Srakane, Susak, Ilovik and Sv. Pe-
i sjevernim dijelom otoka Paga, s nekoliko manjih oto- ter; and eastern one with Krk, Rab and the northern
ka izmeu njih.7 Meu njima, osobit prirodan kon- part of the island Pag.7 Among them, a distinctive nat-
tekst odlikuje otonu skupinu Cresa i Loinja s broj- ural context characterizes the group of islands of Cres
nim manjim otocima i hridima (36),8 u iji se arobni and Loinj with many small islands and rocks (36),8 in to
ambijent smjeta i tema ovog vremeplova (sl. 4). which magical ambiance is located the subject of this
time machine (Fig. 4).
U uem smislu usredotoena je pak na prostor povije-
snog grada Osora koji se, geostrateki, s oblinjim pro- More specifically, it focuses on the historical space of
storom Punte Kria, izdvaja kao samosvojno, zemljo- the town of Osor which geostrategically stands out,
15
pisno jasno definirano okruenje krajnjeg juga otoka with the nearby area of Punta Kria, as an authentic ge-
17
Jason abducts the Golden Fleece. Detail from an Attic red-figure
vase by the Orchard Painter, about 470-460 BC (New York, Metro-
nastojalo se tumaiti na razne naine. Jedan od privla- Once people searched for origins of its denomination
nijih pristupa svakako je bio onaj povezan uz zgodu iz in the deep past and interpreted it in various ways. One
grke mitologije. Po njoj je naselje dobilo ime Apsor of the most attractive approaches was certainly the one
(Apsoros), otok Apsirtidi (Apsrtides Nsoi ili Osorski oto- associated with an event from Greek mythology. Ac-
ci), a narod Apsirtejci ili Apsirti. Svi znameniti anti- cording to the later the settlement was named Apso-
ki pisci biljee to nazivlje, interpretirajui ga kroz le- ros (Apsoros), the island Apsyrtides (Apsrtides Nsoi) and
gendu o slavnim grkim moreplovcima Argonautima people Apsirtians or Apsyrtides. All the famous writ-
iz Kolhide i s otmicom zlatnoga runa.11 Legenda o ers of antiquity recorded this terminology interpret-
Argonautima jedna je od najvanijih iz grke mitolo- ing it through the legend of the famous Greek seafar-
gije. Rije je o junacima koji su s brodom Argo i s Ja- ers Argonauts from Colchis and the abduction of the
Golden Fleece.11 The legend of the Argonauts is one
zonom, iz Jolka u Tesaliji, kao predvodnikom poli u
of the most important parts of Greek mythology. It
Kolhidu odnijeti zlatno runo ovnujsko proroan-
tells the tale about Jason from Jolkos in Thessaly and
sko runo (sl. 5). Jazon se pak u Kolhidi zaljubio u arob- his band of heroes went to Colchis who with the ship
nicu Medeju, kerku tamonjeg kralja Ajeta. Svojom Argo to take the Golden Fleece a prophetic rams
magijom pomogla mu je da s udesnim runom pob- fleece (Fig. 5). In Colchis Jason fell in love with the sor-
jegne iz Kolhide i savlada prepreke na putu kako bi se ceress Medea, daughter of the local king Aeetes. With
oslobodili kolanske potjere i vratili se u Grku. Ajet je her magic she helped him to escape with the miracu-
11 Openito Mori 2008 uz svu stariju literaturu; Katii 1995, 73-74; usp. Faber 11 In general see: Mori 2008 with earlier literature; Katii 1995, 73-74; cf. Faber
1980, 289-291; Straii 1981, 16-17; Fui 1990, 7; usp. i Radi Rossi 2010, 92. 1980, 289-291; Straii 1981, 16-17; Fui 1990, 7; cf. Radi Rossi 2010, 92.
u potjeru za otmiarima poslao svoga sina Apsirta. Na lous fleece from Colchis and to overcome the obstacles
naem otoku Apsirt je sustigao Argonaute. No sestra along the way in order to return to Greece. Aeetes sent
ga je Medeja prijevarom namamila u zasjedu, gdje ga in pursuit of the kidnappers his son Absyrtos the lat-
je Jazon ubio i obredno osakatio. Tijelo i kosti poko- er caught up with the Argonauts on our island. But his
pali su u zemlju meu domaim ljudima. Tako su sta- sister Medea tricked him into an ambush where Jason
novnici otoka, otok i grad nazvani po nesretno umore- killed and ritually mutilated him. His body and bones
nom Apsirtu iz Kolhide.12 were buried in to the ground among the locals. Thus,
the inhabitants of the island, the island itself and the
Bilo kako bilo, predajom ili mitskom prolou, iz ze- city were named after the unfortunate murdered Ab-
18
19
se pozornost opet suava i u vremenskom odreenju beginning of the development of maritime navigation, 16
razliitijih utjecaja, koji odraavaju kontakte brojnih fluences, reflecting numerous contacts of economic and
gospodarskih i kulturnih sprega ponajprije iz alpskog cultural unions primarily from the Alpine and the Ital-
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
i italskog prostora, zatim na pritjecanje iz grko-ma- ic area, then the influx from the Greek-Macedonian mi-
kedonskog miljea te napokon na one iz keltskog kul- lieu and finally those from the Celtic cultural area of the
turnog prostora srednjoeuropskog eljeznog doba. S Central European Iron Age. On the other hand, with
druge strane, a s obzirom na odreene prepoznatljive respect to certain identifiable and unique forms of jewel-
i jedinstvene forme nakita i/ili nonje, smatra se da su lery and/or costume, it is considered that some of them
se neke od njih morale proizvoditi upravo u mjesnim had to be produced in these local workshops which, of
obrtnikim radionicama, to, dakako, potvruje pro- course, confirms profiling of Osor and in the existence
filiranje Osora i u iznimno vanoj gospodarskoj grani of the important economic branch the production.
proizvodnje. As a rule the finds of material culture arrived to us in a
U pravilu, nalazi materijalne kulture do nas su pri- reduced number and ratio. Therefore, the careful ana-
spjeli reduciranim brojem i omjerom. Zbog toga nam lyzes and interpretations of existing objects directly
pomno analiziranje i ispravno tumaenje postoje- and intensively addresses the extraordinary range of
ih predmeta neposredno i snano progovara o izu- cultural contact of that time, but, in their background,
zetnom spektru kulturnih doticaja onoga vremena, it demonstrates numerous complex socio-economic
ali, u njihovoj pozadini, i o mnogim sloenim dru- relations. It appears, however, even more important to
tveno-ekonomskim odnosima. ini se, meutim, jo point out how all these objects directly confirm the sta-
tus of the Iron Age Osor.
vanijim istaknuti; kako svi ti predmeti odraavaju i
neposrednu potvrdu o statusu eljeznodobnog Oso- 18 In Greek Geography of the 4th cent. BC existed clear conceptions of the
hydrography of Europe. According to them the Danube was divided into two
grafiji Europe. Po njima se Dunav dijeli u dva toka, od kojih zapadni utjee u streams the western one running in to the northern Adriatic, and the other,
sjeverni Jadran, a drugi, istoni, u Crno more. Zapadni tok obiljeava u biti eastern one, in to the Black Sea. The western one marked essentially the trade
trgovaki put koji je tekao Savom i Posavinom do sjevernog Jadrana (Katii route that followed Sava and Posavina to the northern Adriatic (Katii 1995,
1995, 45). 45).
6. Vizura Osora i pogled na Kavanelu s jugozapadne strane. View of Osor and Kavanela from the southwest side.
ra. Ovim predstavljanjem nastoji se osvijetliti njegovu This presentation seeks to highlight the cultural, eco-
kulturnu, ekonomsku i drutvenu mo, odnosno nje- nomic and social power and its equal participation in
govo ravnopravno sudjelovanje u procesima optjecaja the processes of circulation of diverse knowledge, skills,
najrazliitijih znanja, vjetina, komunikacija i trendova communications and trends that were taking place in a
koja su se odvijala u jedinstvenom drutvenom feno- unique social phenomenon the combination of Eu-
menu spoja europske kulture i sredozemne civiliza- ropean culture and civilization of the Mediterranean
cije na vrhu Velikoga mora. on top of the Great Sea.
Pregled arheolokih
istraivanja
Overview of archaeological
investigations
7. Ivan Kvirin Bolmari.
25
M M
anje ili vie, svi pregledi istraivanja arhe- ore or less all reviews of archaeological re-
oloke i kulturne povijesti otoka Cresa i search and cultural history of the island of
Osora zapoinju s putopisnim vijestima Cres and Osor start with the travelogue
Alberta Fortisa iz 18. stoljea. Pa iako postoje i stariji news of Alberto Fortis from the 18th century. Although
zapisi o batini toga otoka i grada, njegova studija Sa- there are older records about the heritage of the island
ggio dosrevrazzioni sopra lisola di Cherso ed Ossero iscr- and the city, his study Saggio sopra losrevrazzioni dIsola
pno se posvetila predstavljanju njihove antike slavne di Cherso ed Ossero was dedicated in details to the pre-
povijesti, rimskih spomenika i ostataka, mitskih le- sentation of their ancient glorious history, Roman re-
gendi i sl. prvi put doarane na taj nain i na jedno- mains, mythical legends for the first time evoked in
me mjestu.19 this way and in one place.19
27
djelomino financijski potpomagalo istraivanja Bol- Culture partially supported financially the research of
maria,25 Otto von Benndorf, osniva austrijskog ar- Bolmari,25 Otto Benndorf, the founder of the Austri-
Na iskopavanja I. Bolmaria ubrzo se, nakon njegova The excavations of I. Bolmari, soon after his depar-
odlaska u Krk,29 nadovezao i konzervator Stefano Pe- ture to Krk,29 were followed up by the conservator Ste-
tris, 1894. i 1897. godine. Rezultate svojih radova, istra- fano Petris in 1894 and 1897. He also published the re-
28
ivanja i popise grae takoer je publicirao u istom sults of his work, research and descriptions of finds in
the same Austrian journal of the KK Commission.30
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
Kako kazuju sauvani nam izvori iz toga vremena, As demonstrated by the preserved sources from that
Osor je tada neprikosnoveno najbogatije nalazite na time, Osor was back then undisputedly the richest site
sjevernom Jadranu, ije se grae ele domoi kako pul- in the northern Adriatic. The archaeological museum
ski arheoloki muzej u osnivanju tako upravo i rijeki i in Pula just being established as well as the museums
in Rijeka and Zagreb were trying to obtain some finds.
zagrebaki muzeji. No graa je ipak ostala u Osoru za-
But the discoveries remained in Osor due to the fact
hvaljujui emu je uskoro otvoren u gradskoj vijenici
that a museum presenting the prehistoric and Roman
i Muzej s postavom prapovijesne i rimske grae, 1889.
finds was opened in the town hall in 1889.32 As such,
godine.32 Kao takav odrao se, uz manje ili vee pro-
with bigger or smaller changes, it persisted until the
mjene, sve do ratnih godina 20. stoljea.
years of war in the 20th century.
28 Benndorf 1880, 150; Mileti 1884, 83-85; Marchesetti 1924, 140-141; usp. Faber 28 Benndorf 1880, 150; Mileti 1884, 83-85; Marchesetti 1924, 140-141; cf. Faber
1980, 291, 1980, 291,
29 Ostavtina od 4 fascikla nalazi se u biskupijskom arhivu u Krku (Veli 2011, 29 Legacy of four folders is kept in the Diocesan Archives in Krk (Veli 2011,
400). 400).
30 Petris 1895; Petris 1897. 30 Petris 1895; Petris 1897.
31 Nowotny, Sticotti 1896, 176. 31 Nowotny, Sticotti 1896, 176.
32 Mileti 1884, 84-85. 32 Mileti 1884, 84-85.
10. Carlo Marchesetti. 11. Naslovnica lanka Isole del Quarnero C. Marcheset-
tia iz 1924. godine.
Front cover of the 1924 article Isole del Quarnero
by C. Marchesetti.
Poetak i rana desetljea 20. stoljea obiljeena su ra- Beginning and early decades of the 20th century were
dom, istraivanjima i rezultatima koje je na prostoru marked by the work, research and result which were re-
Kvarnera realizirao transki arheolog Carlo Marche- alized on the territory of Kvarner by the Trieste archae-
setti (sl. 10). Tako je svoju sintetsku studiju o gradina- ologist Carlo Marchesetti (Fig. 10). So he included in
ma u Julijskoj Krajini, odnosno Krasu i Istri, ukljuio i to his synthetic study of the hill-forts the Giulia, i.e. the
prostor Kvarnera, koji je pripadao talijanskom, odno- Karst and Istria, also the territory of Kvarner which was
sno austrijskom primorju.33 Tek manja probna istra- a part of the Italian or Austrian littoral.33 Only smaller
ivanja proveo je na osorskoj nekropoli, 1901. godine, test excavations were conducted by the parish priest on
30
kao i na drugim gradinskim nalazitima otoka Cresa i the necropolis of Osor in 1901 as well as other hill-fort
Loinja. Pored podataka koje donosi jo 1903. u neto sites of the island of Cres and Loinj. In addition to the
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
skromnijem, 1924. godine u radu Isole del Quarnero (sl. data already issued in 1903 in a something modest way
11) u opirnijem se izdanju osvrnuo na to podruje, s in 1924 he reflected this territory in a voluminous pub-
dotad najveim izborom objavljene materijalne grae lication Isole del Quarnero (Fig. 11). He presented until
upravo iz osorske Kavanele; zapravo iz muzejske zbir- then the largest selection of finds from Kavanela ac-
ke. Do suvremenih objava s kraja 20. stoljea, bio je to tually from the Museum collection. This was until the
jedan od najvanijih referentnih radova za cresko-lo- modern publications from the end of the 20th centu-
injske otoke, Krk i priobalno podruje do Rijeke.34 ry one of the most important reference works for the
Marchesetti je znao vrijednost i znamenitost osorske Cres-Loinj islands, Krk and the littoral area to Rije-
materijalne grae, pa je stoga pokuao dobiti cjeloviti- ka.34 Marchesetti knew the value and importance of
ju sliku i stanje gradinske kulture na tome podru- finds from Osor and therefore tried to get a more com-
ju. Zbog toga je proveo temeljito rekognosciranje svih plete picture and the status of the hill-fort culture
poznatih gradina i tumula, a na ponekima je i istrai- on this territory. That is why he performed a thorough
reconnaissance of all known hill-forts and tumuli, and
vao manje probne sonde. Popisao je ukupno 59 nalazi-
in some cases excavated smaller test trenches. He de-
ta, od kojih se izdvajaju Vela Straa kod Osora, Pelgi-
scribed a total of 59 sites, from which stand out Vela
nja, Pukonjina i Skulka na Cresu te Polana na Loinju,
Straa near Osor, Pelginja, Pukonjina and Skulka on
odnosno Turan (Arbit) na Unijama.35 Meutim, priku-
Cres, Polana on Loinj, and Turan (Arbit) on Unije.35
pljena, uglavnom keramika, graa nije pruila pri-
The collected, mainly ceramic finds, did not provide
eljkivane rezultate, jer je ionako bila vrlo oskudna, u
the desired results since the finds, few in numbers, were
odnosu na civilizaciju koja je cvjetala u Osoru. Za- considered being humble in comparison with the civ-
33 Marchesetti 1903. 33 Marchesetti 1903.
34 Imamovi 1979; Glogovi 1989; us-Rukoni 2005. 34 Imamovi 1979; Glogovi 1989; us-Rukoni 2005.
35 Marchesetti 1924, 128-129, 131-133, 137-140, Fig. 4-5, 13. 35 Marchesetti 1924, 128-129, 131-133, 137-140, Fig. 4-5, 13.
kljuio je, kako su te gradine razliitih funkcija samo ilization blooming in Osor. He concluded that these
manja, siromanija i uglavnom naputena naselja na- hill-forts of different functions were largely after the
kon bronanog doba.36 Bronze Age abandoned settlements.36
No, nakon Drugog svjetskog rata u znanstvenoj se li- But after World War II finds coming from the wider
teraturi nalazi sa ireg kvarnerskog podruja pojav- area of Kvarner appeared only sporadically in scientif-
ljuju tek usporedno i to u radu Zdenka Vinskog, koji ic literature in the works of Zdenko Vinski, which pub-
je objavio tzv. ostavu iz Bake i pojedine predmete iz lished the so-called hoard from Baka and individual
Garice s otoka Krka, a u kojima se osvre i na grau objects from Garica from the island of Krk in which
iz Osora.37 Nedugo nakon njegove studije o fibulama he reflected also the finds from Osor.37 Shortly after his
31
tipa Baka, ime Batovi objavljuje studiju o ploa- studies of Baka type fibulae, ime Batovi published a
33
Prostor urbane jezgre Osora, oduvijek atraktivan i
zanimljiv, nastavili su istraivati od 1950. do 1954. Bo- tive and interesting was continuously explored from
grae za novi postav i konano postavljanje Arheolo- he failed to succeed arranging the remaining material
ke zbirke u Osoru (AZO), nije uspio ostvariti.44 Istra- for the exhibition and the final set up of the Archae-
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
ena je graa, ne samo iz njihovih, ve i iz starih istra- ological Collection in Osor (AZO).44 The discovered
ivanja Kavanele, pristigla tako u AMI u Puli gdje se i finds, not only from his, but also from the older excava-
danas nalazi djelomino predstavljena i u stalnom po- tions on Kavanela arrived to AMI in Pula where they
stavu.45 Ve 1968. godine Arheoloka zbirka u Osoru are today still partly presented in the permanent exhibi-
dolazi pod nadlenost Pomorskog i povijesnog muze- tion.45 Already in 1968 AZO was allocated to the Mar-
ja u Rijeci, premda postav ureuju i postavljaju iznova itime and History Museum in Rijeka, although the ex-
tek Radmila Mateji i Enver Imamovi 70-ih godi- hibition was presented anew by Radmila Mateji and
na prolog stoljea.46 Potonji autor objavljuje ujedno i Enver Imamovi in the seventies of the last century.46
prvi cjelokupni arheoloki vodi po Osoru i njegovim The latter author published also the first overall archae-
spomenicima (sl. 13). ological guide of Osor and its monuments (Fig. 13).
Na prostoru gradske jezgre i bedema Osora zatitne On the territory of the urban kernel and the city walls
i sustavne radove obavljao je Institut HAZU iz Za- of Osor were conducted rescue and systematic excava-
tions by the Institute HAZU from Zagreb led by A.
greba, koja je provodio A. Mohorovii.47 Od 70-ih
Mohorovii.47 Since the 70s of the 20th century Insti-
godina 20. stoljea pridruuje se istraivanjima i In-
tute of Archaeology from Zagreb joined the research.
stitut za arheologiju iz Zagreba, koji ondje viekrat-
Several campaigns were conducted under the direc-
Prva podvodna istraivanja osorskog akvatorija pro- The first underwater research of Osors aquatorium
vodila je Radmila Mateji (sl. 14), ondanja kustosi- was conducted by Radmila Mateji (Fig. 14), who
ca u Pomorskom i povijesnom muzeju Hrvatskoga was at the time the curator at the Maritime and Histo-
primorja i konzervatorica u Konzervatorskom odjelu ry Museum of the Croatian Litoral and conservator at
Ministarstva kulture u Rijeci,49 zajedno s Marijanom the Conservation Department of the Ministry of Cul-
Orliem iz tadanjeg Republikog zavoda za zatitu ture in Rijeka,49 and Marijan Orli from the Repub-
spomenika Ministarstva kulture.50 Nekoliko pregled- lic Institute for the Protection of Monuments at the
nih radova s osnovnim topografskim i povijesnim, ve Ministry of Culture.50 Several review articles with ba-
48 Faber 1974; Faber 1976; Faber 1980; Faber 1982; Faber 2000. 48 Faber 1974; Faber 1976; Faber 1980; Faber 1982; Faber 2000.
49 Cetini 1991. 49 Cetini 1991.
50 Mateji 1976; Mateji, Orli 1982; Orli 1986. 50 Mateji 1976; Mateji, Orli 1982; Orli 1986.
dobro poznatim injenicama, objavila je Jasminka sic topographical and historical but well-known facts
us-Rukoni,51 tadanja kustosica u Creskom i Loinj- and only a small selection of material from the AZO
skom muzeju, kao i tek manji izbor grae iz AZO.52 were published by Jasminka us-Rukoni,51 at the time
No glede topografskog i tipolokog poznavanja gra- a curator in the Cres and Loinj Museum.52 But with
dinskih naselja na itavom prostoru cresko-loinjskog regard to topographical and typological knowledge of
otoja, posebno treba izdvojiti sintetske radove Nikole hill-forts from across the Cres-Loinj archipelago, we
Straiia ondanjeg profesora s Pomorskog fakulteta have to put out the synthetic work of Nikola Straii,
u Rijeci,53 koji je sustavno pregledavao teren, odrei- at the time professor at the Faculty of Maritime Stud-
36
vao stara i nova nalazita, prikupljao brojnu, uglavnom ies in Rijeka.53 He systematically examining the terrain,
keramiku grau. determined the old and new sites and collected numer-
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
51 us-Rukoni 1982; us-Rukoni 1998; us-Rukoni 2005. 51 us-Rukoni 1982; us-Rukoni 1998; us-Rukoni 2005
52 us-Rukoni 1981; us-Rukoni, Glogovi 1989. 52 us-Rukoni 1981; us-Rukoni, Glogovi 1989.
53 Straii 1981; Straii 1996b; Straii 1998. 53 Straii 1981; Straii 1996b; Straii 1998.
54 Usp. Blei et al. 2006; Blei, Suanj 2007a; Blei, Suanj 2007b s navede- 54 Cf. Blei et al. 2006; Blei, Suanj 2007a; Blei, Suanj 2007b with field,
nom terenskom, konzervatorskom i arhivskom dokumentacijom. conservation and archival documentation.
55 malcelj 1991; us-Rukoni, malcelj 2012. 55 malcelj 1991; us-Rukoni, malcelj 2012.
Glede prapovijesne grae Osora iz razdoblja brona- Regarding the prehistoric finds from the Bronze and
nog i eljeznog doba, u najveoj se mjeri njenom objav- the Iron Age of Osor, Dunja Glogovi, former employ-
ljivanju i interpretiranju posvetila Dunja Glogovi, ta- ee of the Institute of Archaeology in Zagreb dedicated
danja djelatnica Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu. herself to the fullest extent to its publication and inter-
S nekoliko je tematskih i analitinih studija obradila pretation. With several thematic and analytical studies
znaajnije pojedinane predmete, izmeu kojih su naj- she analyzed important individual finds among which
vanije osorske fibule. S osvrtom na starija istraivanja were the most important fibulae of Osor type. With
naselja i nekropola, uz tipoloko-kronoloko struktu- reference to earlier research of the settlement and ne-
riranje predmeta materijalne kulture, u dva je mono- cropolis and with typologically and chronological-
37
grafska izdanja uredila i predstavila dotad najvei dio ly structured archaeological finds, she edited and pre-
predmeta iz AZO i AMI u Puli.56 U irem poimanju, sented in two books, until then, the largest proportion
59 Blei 2007; Blei 2009; Blei Kavur 2011; Blei Kavur 2012; Blei Kavur, 59 Blei 2007; Blei 2009; Blei Kavur 2011; Blei Kavur 2012; Blei Kavur,
Kavur 2013; Blei Kavur 2014a; Blei Kavur 2014b. Kavur 2013; Blei Kavur 2014a; Blei Kavur 2014b.
60 Blei 2006. 60 Blei 2006.
15. Osor s ucrtanim poloajem nekropola () i pojedinanih grobova () (prema Blei Kavur 2014b).
Osor with marked locations of prehistoric necropolises () and individual graves () (after Blei Kavur 2014b).
Prosperitet
grada
Prosperity
of the City
43
V T
rijeme 5. st. pr. Kr. obiljeava jednu od najuz- he period of 5th cent. BC marked one of the
budljivijih epizoda nae europske prolosti most exciting episodes of our European
to je vrijeme velikih promjena, ali i vrijeme past a time of great change, but also a period
kada krajevi istonojadranskog priobalja prispijevaju when the territory of the eastern Adriatic coast came
na svjetlo povijesne pozornice. Za njegove druge po- to light on the stage of history. During its second half
lovice (450.-400. g. pr. Kr.) mnogo se prijelomno va- (450 - 400 BC) many important turning points hap-
nog zbilo i na sredozemnom i na kopnenom dijelu Sta- pened in the Mediterranean and in the continental
rog Kontinenta. Meutim, ti se dogaaji nisu u pravilu part of the Old Continent. These events did not oc-
odvijali neovisno ili daleko jedni od drugih. Njihova cur independently or away from each other. Their his-
se povijesna okolnost vrlo esto ispreplitala, osobito torical circumstances were very often intertwined,
u stoljeima koja su slijedila, sa znatnim posljedicama especially in the centuries that followed, with signifi-
u njihovom meuodnosu i s odjecima u irem kultur- cant consequences in their mutual relations and with
nom prostoru. Splet dijela takvih kulturnih i politi- echoes in the wider cultural area. Entangled piece of
kih prilika ostavio je neizbrisanog, a ponovno nae- work of such cultural and political situation left an in-
nog traga i u kulturno-povijesnoj batini Kvarnera, effaceable and again discovered trace in the cultural
ponajbolje Osora. heritage of Kvarner mostly in Osor.
Promatrajui stoga Osor unutar kvarnerskog bazena Observing therefore Osor within the Kvarner basin
i u aspektu ire povijesne pozadine, jasno je da su kul- and in a wider historical background, it becomes clear
turne veze i tradicije iz starijih razdoblja nastavljene i that the cultural ties and traditions from earlier periods
logino razvijane u tome vremenu. Naime, u vrijeme continued and logically developed at that time. In the
starijeg eljeznog doba kontakti izmeu kulturnih Early Iron Age contacts between cultural groups took
skupina odvijali su se po nekom regionalnom principu place on a kind of a regional principle of economic and
gospodarskog i politikog afirmiranja.61 Koliko nam je political affirmation.61 As far as we know today, materi-
danas poznato, materijalna graa optjecala je unutar al culture circulated within cultural circles which were
kulturnih krugova koji su zemljopisno bili blie meu- geographically closer interconnected. Their summa-
sobno povezani, a njihov nam zbir u stvaranju ire kul- tion in the creation of a broader cultural image brings
turno-povijesne predodbe prenosi i fragment ispre- us a fragment of entanglement of different past social
pletenosti ondanjih razliitih drutvenih odnosa. relations. Kvarner did at the time, along with Istria, rep-
Tada je Kvarner, zajedno s Istrom, predstavljao isto- resent the eastern part of the northern Adriatic cultur-
44
ni dio kulturnog prostora sjevernog Jadrana ili pro- al area or the territory of Caput Adriae. And it was, with
stora Caput Adriae. A on je, sa svojim zaleem jugoi- its hinterland of the south-eastern Alpine region and a
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
stonog alpskog prostora i dijelom zapadnog Balkana, part of the Western Balkans, traditionally a vital part of
tradicionalno bio vitalno tijelo tzv. sjevernojadranske the so-called northern Adriatic koin. It was in dynam-
koin. Dinamino interaktivna s itavim alpskim, po- ic interactive relations with the entire Alpine, especially
glavito jugoistonoalpskim prostorom, gdje su domi- south-eastern area, where different groups of Hallstatt
nirale razliite skupine haltatskog kulturnog kruga, u cultural circle dominated and at the same time it was
istom je angamanu bila i s jugoistonim i sredinjim connected to the south-eastern and central Italic main-
land. This koin achieved a special relation with the eth-
italskim kopnom. Poseban odnos ta je koin ostvarila s
nically well-known communities of Veneti and Piceni
etniki nam dobro poznatim zajednicama Venata i Pi-
and indirectly with the Etruscans.62 All of these com-
cena, posredno i s Etruanima.62 Sve su te zajednice,
munities, without an exception, built their power on
bez izuzetaka, svoju mo izgraivale na privredno-tr-
the economic and commercial potential, and protect-
govakom potencijalu, a titile je i irile uznapredova-
ed it with advanced military forces.
nim vojnim snagama.
However, changes in social and economic, and indi-
Meutim, promjene u drutvenom i gospodarskom, a rectly in the ideological and conceptual development
neizravno i u ideoloko-konceptualnom razvoju pro- of the proto-urban society were further refined with
tourbanog drutva dodatno se oplemenjuju novim, za new, for the Eastern Mediterranean and the south-
istono Sredozemlje i junobalkansko podruje izra- ern Balkans area very characteristic impulses. Further
zito karakteristinim impulsima. Jer, junije, na Bal- south, on the Balkans, the situation was extremely live-
kanu, situacija je izvjesno bila iva, pogotovo u vojno- ly, especially in the military and political perspective.
politikom pogledu. U tom nam je smjeru povijest In that direction history left us with much more infor-
61 Tomedi 1999; Peroni 2004. 61 Tomedi 1999; Peroni 2004.
62 Peroni 1996; Nascimbene 2009; usp. Mihovili 1986; Blei Kavur 2012. 62 Peroni 1996; Nascimbene 2009; cf. Mihovili 1986; Blei Kavur 2012.
ostavila pak mnogo vie podataka. Grka je tada ve mation. Greece was already exhausted by the Pelopon-
iscrpljena Peloponekim ratovima (431.-404. g. pr. Kr.) nesian wars (431-404 BC) in which Sparta supreme-
u kojima je Sparta nadmono pobijedila Atenu i po- ly overpowered Athens and became the hegemonic
stala hegemonskim autoritetom Egeje. Od tih je rato- authority of the Aegean. Due to these wars along the
va uz sjeverni rub Grke politiki neosporna injenica northern edge of the Greek world Macedonia became
postala Makedonija, koja je imala pravno ureenje dr- a politically indisputable fact. It had a legal regulation of
ave potpuno nezavisno od grkog svijeta ili od Perzi- the state which was completely independent from the
je. U svakom je aspektu imala gospodarsko-ekonom- Greek world or from Persia. In every aspect it had an
ski imperativ, pa ubrzo postaje i vladarom budue administrative and economic imperative and soon be-
45
Via Egnatiae,63 tj. prometnice koja je spajala istoni Ja- came the ruler of the future Via Egnatia63 the road
dran s Makedonijom i sjevernom Egejom. Nada- that connected the eastern Adriatic with the northern
S obzirom na takvo stanje, prihvaeno je mnijenje Given the situation it is an accepted opinion that
kako se, tijekom 6. pa do ranog 4. st. pr. Kr., poglavi- during the 6th to the early 4th cent. BC, especially pri-
to do keltskih invazija u Italiju, kao odraz statusne va- or to the Celtic invasion in Italy, as a reflection of the
nosti i vojnopolitikog autoriteta mjesne aristokra- importance of status and military authority of the local
cije sjevernoitalskog i jugoistonog alpskog, ba kao aristocracy of the northern Italic and south-eastern Al-
i balkanskog, prostora poinju izdvajati bogati i rat- pine, just like and the Balkan, territory, rich and military
niki grobovi. Novi nain obiljeavanja snaga pojedi- graves started to appear. A new way of demonstrating
nih i, najvjerojatnije, autonomnih elita postaju rasko- the power of individual and, most likely, autonomous
ne nonje, izuzetni simpozijastiki predmeti i bogata elites acquired luxurious costumes, extraordinary sym-
vojna oprema koje najee nalazimo ouvane u gro- posium items and rich military equipment preserved
bovima ili na obrednim mjestima. Obiaj je to koji se mostly in graves and ritual contexts. It was a tradition
prenosio etruanskim, ali i grkim i makedonskim transmitted by the Etruscan, but also by the Greek and
posrednitvom, posebno ekspanzijom njihove trgo- Macedonian intermediation, especially due to the ex-
vine, razmjene i utjecaja preko sve snanijeg istupanja pansion of their trade, exchange and through increas-
kolonijalnih ili posrednikih, trgovakih sredita, ba ingly stronger appearances of colonial or intermediary
kao i vojnih uporita na Jadranu.69 and trading centres just as well as military bases on
the Adriatic.69
Premda s njima pristie razliita materijalna graa,
evidentno drugaija od prijanje, kao to je vojna Albeit with them arrived different material items, ev-
idently different from the former, such as military
68 ae 1994, 41; Kirigin 2004, 59-60; usp. Grant 1989, 173-174; Braccesi 2001, 81-
97. 68 ae 1994, 41; Kirigin 2004, 59-60; cf. Grant 1989, 173-174; Braccesi 2001, 81-97.
69 Teran 1977, 10; Egg 1986, 128-129; Teran 1995, 86; Blei Kavur, Milievi-Ca- 69 Teran 1977, 10; Egg 1986, 128-129; Teran 1995, 86; Blei Kavur, Milievi-Ca-
pek 2011; Blei Kavur, Pravidur 2012. pek 2011; Blei Kavur, Pravidur 2012.
oprema, luksuzno keramiko ili metalno posue te equipment, luxury ceramic or metal vessels and vari-
razna druga dobra, njihov je neupitan i svakako pre- ous other goods, their influence was unquestionable
sudan utjecaj, pored razvijenih sjevernoitalskih et- and certainly decisive, beside the influence of the devel-
nikih zajednica, bio u drutvenoj reorganizaciji i hi- oped northern Italic societies, in the social reorganiza-
jerarhizaciji tzv. mjesnih, vojnikih i/ili trgovakih tion and hierarchisation of the so-called local, military
elita. Ipak, samosvojni razvoj pojedinih regionalnih and/or commercial elites. Still the autonomous devel-
skupina ili samih uih podruja, bilo u materijalnom opment of individual regional groups or limited areas
bilo u duhovnom smislu, nije bio zanemariv, inferio- was either in the material or in a religious sense not neg-
ran ili degeneriran u odnosu na pristignute, ve izra- ligible, inferior or degenerated in respect to the arrived,
47
zit i profiliran u svojim potrebama i tenjama. Una- already featured and profiled in their needs and aspira-
to svemu tome one izgledno nisu smogle, ili nisu tions. Despite all this they obviously could not or did
49
O O
sor je smjeten na zadanoj, morem odvoje- sor is located on a low isthmus which is on
noj niskoj prevlaci koja je i s june i sjever- the southern and northern side bordered
ne strane omeena morem (sl. 15-16). Tu su by the sea (Fig. 15-16) there on Jazit and Bi-
bila smjetena i podesna pristanita, na Jazitu i Bija- jar were located the ancient ports. Western, as well as
ru. Zapadna, kao i dijelom istona strana zavravale a part of the eastern side ended with a channel. With-
su kanalom. U takvim granicama obuhvaen je prili- in such confines was embraced a considerable space, an
an prostor, izdvojena povrina idealna za nastanjiva- isolated area ideal for the establishment and develop-
nje i razvijanje naselja. Kako je reeno, njegov se razvoj, ment of the settlement. As mentioned before, its devel-
posredno, prati od bronanog doba, ve od prijelaza 2. opment could be indirectly followed from the Bronze
na 1. milenij stare ere, ako ne i od ranije.70 Tada naselje Age already from the turn of the second in to the
postaje veih dimenzija od onih u bliem okruenju, first millennium BC first, if not earlier.70 Then the set-
a ubrzo i sredinje naselje otoka. Raspolaui s ogro- tlement became larger than others in the neighbouring
mnom urbanom povrinom koja je spadala u najvee area and soon it acquired the role of the central settle-
na podruju istone obale Jadrana, ipak se o njegovom ment on the island. Having at disposal a spacious urban
prapovijesnom ili protourbanom i urbanom izgledu area which was among the largest on the eastern Adri-
malo zna. Najveom mjerom to se odnosi na pozna- atic coast only a little is known on its prehistoric or pro-
vanje bedema koji su se sauvali u opstojnosti i una- to-urban and urban appearance. This relates mostly to
to novijim dogradnjama. Znaajniji je pak pristup u the acquaintance with the walls which were preserved
poznavanju odnosa samoga naselja, jer su nam zasad despite future upgrades. Significant is in turn the un-
poznata barem tri sigurno odvojena, razliito djelat- derstanding of the relationship of the settlements since
na areala. Bedem se tako ispostavlja kao poveznica ili so far are known to us at least three divided areas with
70 Faber 1974, 80-81; Faber 1976, 229; usp. Blei et al. 2006, 39-57. 70 Faber 1974, 80-81; Faber 1976, 229; cf. Blei et al. 2006, 39-57.
razdjelnica osorskih povrina. U svojstvu obrambene different functions. The city walls could be exposed as
arhitekture moemo ga tumaiti kao vrstu i skladnu the linking or the dividing mechanism of Osor areas.
poveznicu naseobinskog ili ivotnog dijela naselja, dok As an essentially defensive architecture they can be in-
se kao razdjelnica pojavljuje u odnosu na svijet pre- terpreted as a solid and harmonious link of the urban or
minulih dua koji se, u pravilu, smjetao uz njegove the living part of the settlement, while as a dividing line
obode. they appear in the relation to the world of departed
souls which, as a rule, was located along its periphery.
50
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
Bedem
City walls
51
Z T
idni plat osorskih bedema pokazuje stano- he stone masonry of Osor city walls demon-
vit raspon u obradi kamenih blokova i nai- strate a certain range in the processing of
na zidanja, tj. fazi i tehnika gradnje (sl. 17-18).71 blocks of stone and ways of arranging them
Zasad se, s odreenom dozom sigurnosti, ali samo na in the phases and building techniques (Fig. 17-18).71 For
dijelovima koje su zahvatila sondana arheoloka istra- the time being, with sufficient certainty, but only on
ivanja, mogu razluiti dvije graditeljske faze iz raz- the sections that were partly excavated, we can distin-
doblja prapovijesti. Kao i postojei, tako su i oni prvi guish between two construction phases from the pre-
bedemi morali slijediti prirodnu konfiguraciju zemlji- historic period. As well as the existing, so the initial
ta pridobivajui tlocrtnu kompoziciju izrazito kru- walls had to follow the natural configuration of the ter-
nog oblika od kojeg se nije odstupalo ni u svim kasni- rain by enlisting the shape of a distinctly circular form
jim dogradnjama. which persisted in all the subsequent additions.
Bedemi su u najveoj mjeri bili podizani uz more, s na- The walls had largely been erected by the sea in an ef-
stojanjem poveanja sigurnosti od raznih neprijatelj- fort to increase the security of various enemy attacks.
Although not preserved completely, it is believed that
skih napada. Iako nisu sauvani u potpunosti, smatra
in the Early Iron Age, from the 8th/7th to the 4th cent.
se kako su u starije eljezno doba, od 8./7. do u 4. st.
BC their width exceeded 4 meters (Fig. 18).72 They were
pr. Kr., prelazili irinu od 4 m (sl. 18).72 Graeni su po
built by the same principle of building as all the other
istom principu gradnje dvostrukog suhozida kao to
71 Faber 2000, 150, 155, sl. 19-21, 29; cf. Brusi 2000, 13-132, sl. 9-10; Blei, Suanj
71 Faber 2000, 150, 155, sl. 19-21, 29; usp. Brusi 2000, 13-132, sl. 9-10; Blei, Suanj 2007a, 28-64.
2007a, 28-64. 72 The foundations of the walls and doorstep of the southern city gates are loca-
72 Temelji bedema i praga junih gradskih vrata nalaze se oko 80 cm ispod dana- ted about 80 cm below the present sea level which corresponds to the redu-
nje razine mora, to odgovara reduciranju kopnene povrine uslijed podizanja ction of land area due to sea level increase of approximately 2 meters (Faber,
mora za oko 2 m (Faber 1974, 80-81; Faber 1976, 233-235, sl. 5a-b; Faber 1980, 298, 1974, 80-81; Faber, 1976, 233-235, sl. 5a-b; Faber, 1980, 298, 302-306; Faber, 1982,
302-306; Faber 1982, 72, sl. 3, 10; Faber 2000, sl. 29). 72, sl. 3, 10; Faber, 2000, sl. 29).
A B
C D
17. Gradski bedemi s detaljima megalitske graevne faze na Kavane- City walls with details of the megalithic building phase on Kavanela
li (A-B) i kod groblja Sv. Marije (C-D) (prema Blei Kavur 2014b; (A-B) and at the cemetery of St. Mary (C-D) (after Blei Kavur
Blei Kavur et al. 2014). 2014b; Blei Kavur et al. 2014).
su izgraivana i sva ostala gradinska naselja. Kamen lo- hill forts as a double dry wall. Stone blocks of regu-
mljenac slagan je pravilno na vanjskim stranama, a sre- lar forms were arranged properly on the outside, while
dinji je dio bio ispunjen sitnijim kamenjem i zatrpa- the central portion was filled with smaller stones and
van sa zemljom. Pretpostavlja se, kako su i u to vrijeme covered with earth. It is assumed, that at that time
najjai bedemi bili uz najlake pristupe gradu, uz isto- the strongest walls were positioned on the easiest ap-
ni i zapadni potez, gdje su se nedvojbeno s manjim ili proaches to the city along the eastern and western side,
veim odstupanjima, kao to je bio sluaj i u svim ka- where undoubtedly with minor deviations, as was the
snijim razdobljima, nalazili ulazi u grad kroz koje je te- case in all subsequent periods, were positioned the en-
kla glavna prometnica.73 trances into the city through which led the main road.73
53
U vrijeme mlaeg eljeznog doba, od kraja 4. i u 3. st. During the period of the Late Iron Age, from the end
Usprkos tako monumentalnoj gradnji, osorske su me- Despite such a monumental construction Osor city
55
galitske zidine ouvane djelomice. Dobro se mogu walls are only partially preserved. They can be ob-
vima ouvan do najvee visine od 2,20 m, mada bloko- tion in the 60s of the 20th century. On several parts the
vi odstupaju od pravilnog etvrtastog formata i nema- wall was preserved to a maximum height of 2.20 meters
ju izvedenu anatirozu.79 although blocks deviate from the proper square form
and lack the constructive anathyrosis.79
Kroz povijest, osorski su bedemi doivljavali ne samo
znatne promjene i preureenja, nego i destrukcije te Throughout history Osor walls did not go only
neprimjerene rekonstrukcije. Sve to prilino nam ote- through significant changes and reorganizations, but
ava njihovo detaljnije analiziranje i poznavanje. Zani- also destruction and inappropriate reconstructions. All
mljivo je, kako neznatna korektura njegove povrine this makes it difficult to analyze and understand them
nije ostvarivala ekspanziju gradskog areala, toliko uo- in detail. It is interesting how slight correction of their
biajene kod drugih priobalnih gradova s takvim kon- surface is not achieve the expansion of the city area, as
tinuitetom, nego je u pravilu, tijekom mlaih epoha, common in other coastal towns with such a continui-
teila njegovoj redukciji.80 ty, but as a rule during the younger epoch tended to its
reduction.80
78 Faber 1982, 69-72, Prilog 3; usp. Blei, Suanj 2007a, 38-39. 78 Faber 1982, 69-72, Appendix 3; cf. Blei, Suanj 2007a, 38-39.
79 Faber 1982, 72, sl. 3, 10; usp. Blei, Suanj 2007a, 43-48. 79 Faber 1982, 72, sl. 3, 10; cf. Blei, Suanj 2007a, 43-48.
80 Blei, Suanj 2007a, 26-27. 80 Blei, Suanj 2007a, 26-27.
Nekropole i pojedinani grobovi
Necropoles and individual graves
57
Z D
bog arheolokih istraivanja u prolosti, kao ue to past as well as contemporary archaeo-
i onih suvremenih, bolje su nam poznata je- logical research we known better only cem-
dino groblja i pojedinani pokopi. Iz vreme- eteries and individual burials. From the Late
na kasnog bronanog i starijeg eljeznog doba znamo Bronze and the Early Iron Age we distinguish a few in-
tek nekoliko pojedinanih ukopa s razliitih poloaja dividual burials from different locations within the ur-
unutar gradskog tkiva, posebice na prostoru njegova ban area, particularly from the northern part from
sjevernog pruanja, od samostana Sv. Petra pa do ka- the monastery of St. Peter all the way to the chapel of
pele Sv. Katarine prema Bijaru (sl. 15).81 St. Catherin towards Bijar (Fig. 15).81
No prema dosad prikupljenim podatcima, smatra se But according to previously collected data, it is con-
kako se pokopavanje za starijeg eljeznog doba Oso- sidered that the inhumations in the Early Iron Age
ra obavljalo sigurno na dva poloaja izvan urbanog Osor were performed for sure at two positions out-
podruja. Pokopavanjem se takoer slijedila zada- side the urban area. Since the necropoles were locat-
nost prirodnog prostora kao i logike njegova korite- ed on the mainland side of the settlement, the burials
nja, budui da su nekropole smjetene na kopnenim followed the given natural space as well as the logic of
stranama naselja. Vea nekropola bila je smjetena uz its use. A larger necropolis was situated on the western
zapadnu stranu bedema i ulaza u mjesto, na prevla- side of the walls and the entrance to the town, on the
ci Kavanela (sl. 15-16; 19), a druga, manja, kod istonog isthmus Kavanela (Fig. 15-16; 19). While the second one,
pruanja bedema uz dananje groblje i crkvu Sv. Ma- smaller, was located along the eastern walls on the lo-
rije (sl. 15-16; 20). Ve je bilo govora o tome, kako je na cality of todays cemetery and the church of St. Mary
prostoru kod groblja djelomino istraen povei tu- (Fig. 15-16; 20). It was already mentioned that on the area
81 Faber 1974, 80; Blei Kavur, Kavur 2013 s navedenom starijom literaturom; 81 Faber 1974, 80; Blei Kavur, Kavur 2013 with earlier literature; Mihovili
Mihovili 2012/2013; Arhiv AZO. 2012/2013; Archives AZO.
19. Pogled na osorski kanal
Kavanelu, tj. na prostor prvo-
bitne eljeznodobne i rimske
nekropole.
View of the Osor channel
Kavanela, i.e. on the area of the
original Iron Age and Roman
necropolis.
20. Groblje i bedem tijekom
zatitnih arheolokih is-
traivanja 2003. godine (prema
Blei et al. 2006).
Cemetery and the city wall
during the rescue archaeologi-
cal research carried out in 2003
(after Blei et al. 2006).
mul, iji su pokopi, temeljem prikupljene grae, pouz- near the cemetery a sizable tumulus was partially exca-
dano smjeteni u vrijeme starije faze starijeg eljeznog vated. The discovered burials were reliably dated in to
doba.82 Istraivanjima je takoer potvreno kako se na the earlier phase of the Early Iron Age.82 Studies have
tome poloaju moralo nalaziti vie grobnih, najvjero- also confirmed that this position should contain sever-
jatnije, obiteljskih tumula.83 al, most likely, family tumuli.83
Budui da pojedinani grobovi iz samog naselja, te tu- Since single graves from the settlement itself and the
mul kod groblja Sv. Marije, predstavljaju grau stari- tumulus from the graveyard of St. Mary represent
ju od vremenskog okvirna ovdje prikazanoga gradi- material older than the here presented chronological
frame, attention will be focused on the items that orig-
59
va, pozornost je usmjerena na predmete koji potjeu
sa zapadne nekropole na Kavaneli. Rije je uglavnom inate from the western necropolis on Kavanela. They
82 Mladin 1960; Glogovi 1989, 6, sl. 3, T. 3. 82 Mladin 1960; Glogovi 1989, 6, sl. 3, T. 3.
83 Faber 1982, 68-69, sl. 8; usp. Blei et al. 2006, 19-23, 56-57. 83 Faber 1982, 68-69, sl. 8; cf. Blei et al. 2006, 19-23, 56-57.
84 Benndorf 1880; Klodi 1885; Marchesetti 1924; usp. Faber o iskopavanjima 84 Benndorf 1880; Klodi 1885; Marchesetti 1924; cf. Faber on excavations of I.
Bolmaria (Faber 1980; Faber 1982); Glogovi 1989; Blei Kavur 2010. Bolmari (Faber 1980; Faber 1982); Glogovi 1989; Blei Kavur 2010.
85 Benndorf 1880. 85 Benndorf 1880.
Povezanost osorske
perspektive
A coherence of Osors
perspective
63
V T
rijeme 5. i 4. st. pr. Kr., kako je reeno, obi- he period of the 5th and 4th cent. BC was, as it
ljeeno je znatnim promjenama koje su svoj was said, marked by significant changes which
trag ostavile i u materijalnoj kulturi osorske left their traces in the material culture of Osor
kulturne batine. Premda izrazito reducirana i prili- cultural heritage. Although markedly reduced, archae-
no fragmentirana, arheoloka nam graa prua jedan ological finds give us a valuable source of information
od vrijednih izvora za istraivanja te daleke osorske for research of distant past of Osor.
prolosti.
As with most of the communities in the period which
Kao i kod veine tadanjih zajednica, koje su formira- formed and encouraged the development of their
le i poticale razvoj svojih istaknutih sredita, tako je i prominent centres, Osor was a significant centre of
Osor u to doba znaajnije sredite na Kvarneru te jed- the Kvarner region and one of the most important
no od vanijih du istone obale Jadrana. Logino, re- ones along the eastern coast of the Adriatic. Logical-
zultat njegova uspjeha prije svega se tumai predno- ly the result of its success was primarily interpreted
as due to its advantages such as natural resources and
stima kao to su prirodne predispozicije i geostrateki
the geo-strategic position. Despite the effect of syn-
poloaj. Meutim, efekt sinergije i toliko izrazit ui-
ergy and so pronounced impression with which Osor
nak kojim se Osor upisao u povijest ovoga kraja, ono- entered the history of this region, the communities of
dobna je osorska zajednica ponajprije razvijala na usa- Osor primarily developed on perfecting their own hu-
vravanju vlastitog, ljudskog potencijala. Pri tomu su man potential. In doing so most important were cer-
svakako najvaniji bili njihovo znanje i vjetine, otvo- tainly their knowledge and skills, openness and adapt-
renost i prilagodljivost razliitim integracijama koji ability to different integration which, in communion of
su, u zajednitvu razliitosti i s dobrom organizacijom diversity and with a good organization of its business
svojih poslovnih aktivnosti, uspjeli ostvariti kontinu- activities, managed to achieve continuous and secure
iranu i sigurnu povezanost vlastite perspektive. U ta- connection of their own perspective. In such a society
kvom se drutvu potie motivacija gotovo svih lano- motivation of almost all the members was encouraged,
va, no otvara se mogunost formiranju i neto manjeg but it opens the possibility of forming a small in num-
ali vodeeg sloja ljudi kao mjesne elite, o emu je ta- bers, but leading, class of people functioning as the lo-
koer ve bilo rijei. Namjera ovo knjige nije ograni- cal elite, which was also already been discussed. The in-
ena rasprava o elitizmu Osora i eklektinosti njegove tention of this book is not a limited discussion of Osor
elite, ve o arheolokom zapisu kojeg najee odraa- elitism and eclecticism of its elite, but the presentation
vaju materijalni ostatci upravo tih i takvih drutvenih of the archaeological record which usually features the
64
struktura. Oni koji tome rjeito i slikovito svjedoe iz- material remains of such social structure. Those finds
dvojeni su kako bi bili predstavljeni i u ovome pregledu that eloquently testify were put forward to be present-
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
ponovno oivljeni. Uobiajeno interpretirani kao ed in this overview and restored to life. Usually inter-
statusni simboli, zatupljeni su u rasporedu od specifi- preted as status symbols, they were arranged in sched-
ne nonje i nakita, preko rijetke ali vrijedne vojne opre- ule from specific attire and jewellery, rare or valuable
military equipment and all the way to luxurious ser-
me, pa sve do luksuznih servisa za obrede i svetkovine.
vices for ceremonies and feasts. In essence, these are
U biti, rije je o predmetima ija je mo kao simbola i
items whose power to act as symbols and valuables was
vrijednosti u komunikacijskoj mrei onodobnog svi-
accepted in communications network of the world
jeta bila prihvaena i prepoznatljiva u izraavanju au-
at that time and recognizable in the expression of au-
toriteta mjesne i/ili pridole elite na prostoru itavog thority of the local and/or foreign elite on the entire
Kvarnera, ali ponajvie one na Osoru. area of Kvarner, but mostly the one on Osor.
U prostornim i meukulturnim odnosima, od alp- In spatial and intercultural relations, from the Alpine
skog preko italskog pa sve do balkanskog i egejskog across the Italic and all over to the Balkan and Aege-
prostora, Osor je imao ugledan poloaj. Iz njegovih an area, Osor had a respectable position. From previ-
dosadanjih istraivanja poznato je mnogo predmeta ous studies is known a multitude of finds which direct-
koji izravno ukazuju na osorski efekt sinergije u kon- ly indicate the Osor effect of synergy in long distance
taktima irokih razmjera, ak i iz perspektive moder- contacts, even from the perspective of modern under-
nog shvaanja prostornih udaljenosti. standing of spatial distance.
Odijelo, nakit, status, simbol
Clothing, jewelry, status, symbol
65
N W
oenje nakita, ukraavanje ili kienje u os- earing jewellery, decoration or adorn-
novi se tretira dvovrsno: socijalno ra- ment could be observed in two perspec-
zlikovanje od drugih, isticanje poloaja tives - as social, as a distinction from oth-
i statusa unutar zajednice, i magijski vjerovanje u ers highlighting the position and status within the
predmet, oblik, materijal, simbol ili ideju. Samo po- community; and as magic, as a belief in the item, form,
jedini nakitni predmeti imali su i funkcionalnu vri- material, symbol or idea. Only a few jewellery items
jednost pri odijevanju. S vremenom se, bez obzi- had a functional value in clothing. Through time, re-
ra na namjenu, razvijala estetska vrijednost kojom gardless of the purpose, it developed an aesthetic value,
se takoer izraavao status, poloaj ali i ideja o apo- which was used to express the status, position and also
tropejskom. Nonja i njezin nakit obiljeavaju jed- the idea of apotropaic. Attire and its jewellery marked
nako ene, mukarce i djecu, i ponekad je iznimno in the same manner women, men and children, and
teko razluiti ijoj i kakvoj opravi, s obzirom na spol sometimes it is extremely difficult to distinguish whose
ili starost, pripadaju. Iz Osora poznajemo izvanred- and what kind of outfit, with regard to gender or age, it
nu kolekciju razliitih dijelova nonje, to se u prvo- belonged to. We have from Osor an outstanding col-
me redu odnosi na fibule i pojasne kope, tj. okove lection of different elements of attire relating prima-
koje imaju funkcionalnu ali i dekorativnu namjenu. ry to fibulae and belt buckles, i.e. the plating that had
a functional as well as a decorative purpose. As deco-
Kao ukras tijela ili nonje, simbolike ili statusne vri-
rations of the body or costume with symbolic or status
jednosti izdvajaju se naunice, ogrlice, narukvice i
values stand out earrings, necklaces, bracelets and dif-
razliiti privjesci.
ferent pendants.
21. Fibule tipa Certosa.
Certosa type fibulae.
Fibule The fibulae
Fibule tipa Certosa Fibulae of Certosa type
Od 5. st. pr. Kr. pa nadalje iroko rasprostranjenu i pri- From the 5th cent. BC onwards widespread and accept-
hvaenu modu obiljeavat e i za Osor vrlo znaaj- ed fashion will be marked by the, for Osor highly sig-
na dva oblika fibula: fibula tipa Certosa i fibula tipa nificant, fibulas of two forms the Certosa and Baka
Baka. type fibulae.
Fibula tipa Certosa najbrojniji je oblik fibula zastupljen Certosa type fibula were one of the most numerous
na itavom podruju Kvarnera koja se koristila u konti- form of fibulae represented in the entire Kvarner re-
67
nuitetu od nekoliko stoljea (sl. 21; 25 A-C). Zastuplje- gion and were used continuously for several centuries
na je s vie varijanti i inaica, sa starijim i mlaim for- (Fig. 21; 25A-C). They were represented with more vari-
22. Djelomino ouvane bronane fibule tipa Certosa Xe (A), Xc (B) i XIb (C) varijante.
Partially preserved bronze Certosa type fibulae of variants Xe (A), Xc (B) and XIb (C).
Lucija 2b-c i Este 3B-C stupnja.88 Meutim, tip spome- cia 2b-c and Este 3B-C phases.88 However, the type of
nute fibule koji je zastupljen na kvarnerskoj regiji ipak fibula which is present in the Kvarner region is still char-
je karakteristian za mlae X varijante (c, e, g, h) (sl. 21- acteristic for the younger forms of the X variant (c, e, g
22A-B). To su masivne fibule, s okruglim dugmetom and h) (Fig. 21-22A-B). These are massive fibulae with a
iznad navoja, izduljenom nogom sa V ornamentom round button above the thread, with an elongated foot
i asimetrino postavljenim zaobljenim dugmetom with V shaped ornament and asymmetrically posi-
na njezinom kraju. Na Osoru su zastupljene varijan- tioned rounded knob on its end. On Osor are present
te Xc i Xe (sl. 21-22A-B). U tome smislu velike, klasi- variants Xc and Xe (Fig. 21-22A-B). In this sense large,
ne fibule tipa Certosa obiljeavaju one Xe varijante u classic Certosa type fibula characterize those Xe vari-
69
koje, pored fibule iz Osora,89 ubrajamo i primjerak iz ants which, in addition to the fibula from Osor89 are
Kastva.90 One su bile vrlo dobro prisutne u nonjama known from Kastav.90 They were very well present in
71
cijskog kulturnog kruga, te jo blieg notranjsko-kra-
kog i japodskog prostora pojavljuju fibule tipa Certosa statt period in the area of D olenjska cultural group but
D
25. Fibule tipa Certosa iz: A) Garice, Krk, B) Grobnika (prema Blei 2004), C) Gazzo Veronese (prema Salzani 1988) i D) fibula tipa
Baka iz Osora (prema Petris 1895) s dodatnim ukrasima, naunicama i privjescima.
Certosa type fibulae from: A) Garica, Krk; B) Grobnik (after Blei 2004); C) Gazzo Veronese (after Salzani 1988) and D) Baka type
fibula from Osor (after Petris 1895) with the additional ornaments, earrings and pendants.
Fibule tipa Certosa klasine X i XI varijante zemljo- could be generally added in to this variant of Certosa
pisno i kulturno obiljeavaju najveim dijelom zale- type fibula.
e sjevernojadranskog prostora s kojim se Kvarner, pa
Certosa type fibulae of the classic X and XI variants
i Osor, na ovaj nain prisnije povezivao. U neto dru-
marked geographically and culturally mostly the north
gaijim okolnostima tradiciju tih uhodanih odnosa i Adriatic hinterland area with which the Kvarner, in-
kulturnih kontakata uzdu Caput Adriae i pripadaju- cluding Osor, was intimately connected. In slightly dif-
eg mu zalea odrazit e se i pri koritenju fibula tipa ferent circumstances traditions of these established re-
Certosa varijanti XII i VII koje vremenski pripadaju lations and cultural contacts along the Caput Adriae and
mlaem razdoblju, kako emo vidjeti, od kraja 4. pa
73
appertaining hinterland will be reflected using a fibulae
sve do 2. st. pr. Kr. of the Certosa variants XII and VII that chronological-
Fibula tipa Baka nesumnjivo se kao regijska izvede- Fibula of Baka type undoubtedly developed as a re-
nica razvijala od nekih starijih ili srodnih tipova fibula gional derivate from some older or similar types of fib-
75
upravo na prostoru matine Liburnije. Ondje se sigur- ulae on the territory of central Liburnia. There they
no proizvodila i sve do konanih, baroknih oblika za were certainly produced all the way to the late, baroque
punjuje se i tzv. klasian nain ukraavanja geometrij- gracile. The classical way of decoration with geometric
skih i linearnih motiva na krajevima luka fibule i na and linear motifs develops further on the ends of the
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
samome ploasto raskovanome listu. Ondje se, meu- bow and on a flat hammered leaf. There, however, for
tim, prvi put susree i eksplicitni motiv lista ili klasa te the first time is being introduced the explicit motive of
a leaf or an ear as well as the symbol of a clepsydra pro-
znak/simbol klepsidre izveden tehnikom urezivanja.
duced with the technique of engraving.
Mlae varijante zastupljene su s neto veim brojem
Younger variants are represented with a slightly high-
na Kvarneru, a izuzev u bronci poinju se izraivati i u
er number in Kvarner and except from bronze they
srebru. Fibule tih obiljeja openito poznajemo iz Ka- are starting to be produced from silver. Such fibulae
stva i Osora108 te iz Nezakcija.109 Obiljeava ih potpu- are generally known from Kastav, Osor108 and Nesac-
no listasto proiren i raskovan luk, te dugaka noga ko- tium.109 They are characterized by a completely exfo-
joj list nije vie tako dugaak kao kod starijih varijanti, liated expanded and forged bow and a long leg where
ali je zato krai i iri, kako bi bio pogodan za izradbu the leaf is not as long as in older versions but shorter
tekueg ili povezanog ukrasa du rubova fibula, tj. me- and wider in order to be suitable for the production of
topnih polja urezanih i tremoliranih motiva.110 Fibu- a flowing or linked decoration along the edges of the
103 Glogovi 1989, T. 26, 4; Blei Kavur 2014a, 30, 3. i 5.-6. fibula. fibula the so-called metope fields made from incised
104
105
Polonijo, Buli 1931, T. I, 2.; Blei Kavur 2010, T. 28, 405.
Blei 2002, T. 3, 1.5.3; T. 4, 1.5.6; T. 6, 1.5.12.
and tremolo motives.110 Fibulae of this variant will mark
106 Petris, 1895, 258, 270, Fig. 4; Glogovi 1989, T. 26, 5; T. 29, 3; Blei Kavur 2014a, 103 Glogovi 1989, T. 26, 4; Blei Kavur 2014a, 30, 3 and 5 6 fibulae.
31, 2. i 4. fibula. 104 Polonijo, Buli 1931, T. I, 2.; Blei Kavur 2010, T. 28, 405.
107 Blei 2002, T. 3, 1.5.1-1.5.2; T. 4, 1.5.4-15.5; T. 5, 1.5.7-9; T. 6, 1.5.10-1.5.11. 105 Blei 2002, T. 3, 1.5.3; T. 4, 1.5.6; T. 6, 1.5.12.
108 Blei 2002, T. 7; Glogovi 1989, T. 29, 2, 4; T. 30, 7-8; Blei Kavur 2014a, 30, 1. 106 Petris, 1895, 258, 270, Fig. 4; Glogovi 1989, T. 26, 5; T. 29, 3; Blei Kavur 2014a,
fibula; usp. Blei Kavur 2010, T. 4, 48-51; T. 47, 684-686. 31, 2 and 4 fibulae.
109 Mihovili 2001, 265, sl. 3, 6; Mihovili 2013, sl. 194. 107 Blei 2002, T. 3, 1.5.1-1.5.2; T. 4, 1.5.4-15.5; T. 5, 1.5.7-9; T. 6, 1.5.10-1.5.11.
110 Jedino je veliku fibulu iz Kastva (Blei 2004, T. 7, 1.5.13) F. Lo Schiavo bila 108 Blei 2002, T. 7; Glogovi 1989, T. 29, 2, 4; T. 30, 7-8; Blei Kavur 2014a, 30, 1
smjestila u svoj tip B, jednako kao i fibulu iz Nina, grob 20. Prema njezinoj ti- fibula; cf. Blei Kavur 2010, T. 4, 48-51; T. 47, 684-686.
pologiji, veina kastavskih fibula pripadala bi tom istom tipu (Lo Schiavo 1970, 109 Mihovili 2001, 265, sl. 3, 6; Mihovili 2013, sl. 194.
450, T. XXXIII, 2). 110 Only the great fibula from Kastav (Blei 2004, T. 7, 1.5.13) was placed by F. Lo
le te varijante obiljeavat e zapravo, zajedno s najmla- in fact together with the youngest variants of the Cer-
im varijantama fibula tipa Certosa, krajnji tzv. srebrni tosa type fibulae the final, so-called silver horizon on
horizont na podruju Liburnije i susjednih podruja. the area of Liburnia and the neighbouring areas.
U tipolokoj klasifikaciji i prostornoj rairenosti jasno From their typological classification and spatial dis-
je kako su te fibule na Kvarner pristizale kao importi iz tribution it is clear that these fibulae arrived to Kvar-
sredinje Liburnije, osobito one starijih varijanti. Mla- ner as imports from central Liburnia, especially those
e inaice, naprotiv, pripadaju tzv. sjevernijem krugu, of older versions. Younger versions, on the other hand,
odnosno radionikim centrima koji su mogli djelova- belong to the so-called northern circle, to the work-
77
ti na prostoru japodskog ili kvarnerskog prostora. To shop centres that were operating on the area of Japo-
ujedno moe biti i jedno od tumaenja zato upravo di or in Kvarner. It can also be one of the interpretation
ili tip Kvarner I obiljeavaju naunice s urezanim sno- Osor was decorated at its ends, which is a feature of sev-
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
povima linija i pridodanim zrnima iz Kastva, Triblja i eral known pairs. Therefore they could be according to
Krka (sl. 29B), dok drugu varijantu, tip Kvarner II, ba- their decoration distinguished in to two variants; first
rem trenutnim poznavanjem, obiljeavaju naunice iz or Kvarner I type are earrings with incised sheaves of
Grobnika, Osora (sl. 25B; 28) i Novalje koje nisu do- lines and attached beads from Kastav, Tribalj and Krk
datno ukraavane.111 Shodno tomu, njihova se proi- (Fig. 29B), while the second variant, Kvarner II type, ac-
zvodnja moe traiti negdje na prostoru priobalnog cording to present knowledge mark the not addition-
ali i otonog dijela Kvarnera, pri emu Osor odskae ally decorated earrings from Grobnik, Osor (Fig. 25B;
111
kako zbog koliine tako i zbog razliitosti koritenja 28) and Novalja. Consequently, we could look for
materijala (sl. 28; 30). their production centre somewhere in the coastal area
or on the islands where Osor stands out because of the
Primjerci naunica koji su poznati iz Grobnika nae- amount of finds as well as the diversity of the materials
ni su u grobu ovjeeni o fibulu tipa Certosa Xh varijan- used (Fig. 28; 30).
te (sl. 25B), uz pomo koje je, makar dijelom, i njihova
uporaba datirana do kraja 4. ili poetnog 3. st. pr. Kr.112 Examples of earrings known from Grobnik were
Meutim, istaknuti treba i poznati primjerak srebrne found in a grave suspended on a Certosa type fibula of
fibule tipa Baka iz istoimene ostave, ukraene, pored Xh variant (Fig. 25B). With the help of the later, at least
ostalih dodataka, i s velikim, srebrnim kolutastim na- partly, their use could 112 be dated to the end of the 4th or
unicama na kojima su se nalazila nanizana jantarna the initial 3 cent. BC.
rd
zrna.113 Toj grupi naunica/sljepooniarki moda tre- However we should put forward the famous silver fib-
111 Usp. Glogovi 1989, 34-35, T. 118, 5-6, 7-8, 11, 14; Glogovi 1991, 19, T. 1, 3; Blei ula of Baka type from the hoard of the same name
2002, 84, T. 1, 3.1; T. 7, 3.2.-3.3, sl. 12.
112 Blei 2004, 84. 111 Cf. Glogovi 1989, 34-35, T. 118, 5-6, 7-8, 11, 14; Glogovi 1991, 19, T. 1, 3; Blei
113 Izvornu skicu fibule, povijesne fotografije i detaljan opis koje je izradio sam M. 2002, 84, T. 1, 3.1; T. 7, 3.2.-3.3, sl. 12.
Abrami, iz arhiva NHMW donosi B. Mader (2006, 240-245, Abb. 1-3). Fo- 112 Blei 2004, 84.
ba dodati i primjerak bronanog koluta koji je naen u which was decorated with, among other additions,
Osoru.114 Rije je o kolutu, jednog kraja tanjeg i zailje-large silver ring shaped earrings which had several am-
nijeg, a drugog veeg i ireg, koji je ovjeen takoer o ber beads.113 To this group of earrings/temporal rings
fibulu tipa Baka (sl. 25D), i na kojeg su nanizani drugi should perhaps be added an example of a bronze rings
privjesci i ukrasi. Izgledno je stoga da su se zbog svojih which was discovered in Osor.114 It is a ring with one
dimenzija takve naunice uglavnom nosile ovjeene o thinner and one larger and broader end which was
fibule, vrpce ili lanie, odnosno kao sljepooniarke also suspended on a Baka type fibula (Fig. 25D) and
ili ukrasi odjee, kako nam to sugeriraju i nalazi no- on which were strung other pendants and ornaments.
nje, tj. njihove rekonstrukcije kod srodnih italskih pri- It seems likely, therefore, that because of their dimen-
79
mjera.115 Time je samo dodatno potvreno kako kom- sions such earrings were mostly worn suspended on the
pozicija razliitih nakitnih oblika nije usamljen, ve fibulae, ribbons or chains, or used as temporal rings or
B
hova gotovo dvostruko vea veliina. Promatrano pak 29A).117 This pair of earrings in an exception in Kvarner
stilski i u skladu s obrtnikim rjeenjima ostalih pri- - in fact according to manufacture and decorating prin-
mjeraka sasvim jasno pokazuju obiljeja mjesne zanat- ciple they do not stand out but their size is almost the
ske prepoznatljivosti. Pitanje dobavljanja luksuznih i double. Observed through a stylistic perspective and in
skupih materijala, kao to je srebro ili jantar, dodatno accordance with the manufacturing solutions of oth-
pospjeuju tezu o statusu kojeg je Osor unutar posred- er examples they clearly exhibit the characteristics of
nikih i trgovako-gospodarskih odnosa nesumnjivo a local manufacture. The issue of supplying luxurious
morao imati. and expensive materials, such as silver or amber, further
82
83
to be in fashion from the 5th to the 3rd cent. BC. It re-
mains, however, unresolved whether the Kvarner type
Jantarne perle
vo najblie paralele moemo vidjeti kod perli iz nekro- beads should be put forward they can be associated
pole Vinice gdje se esto nalaze nanizane na raskoni- with the cylindrical specimens of type 6 and the trian-
je ogrlice.127 gular shapes of type 30 and its variants. Similar exam-
ples can be found in the Japodic cultural area, especially
S obzirom na toliku koliinu perli, dragocjenih samih in the necropolis of Prozor. It is interesting that we can
po sebi, osorski su primjerci najvjerojatnije pripadali observe the closest parallels on the necropolis in Vini-
ca were they are often strung on luxurious necklaces.127
127 PMAEH inv. nr. 40-77-40/10330 (http://pmem.unix.fas.harvard.edu:8080/
peabody/media/view/Objects/100840/98260?t:state:f low=16a7ec82- Fig. 1; Negroni Catacchio 2003, 456, Fig. 1A.
8571-4796-a371-d8155ef66e77, 18. 04. 2014). 127 PMAEH inv. no. 40-77-40/10330 (http://pmem.unix.fas.harvard.edu:8080/
raskonim ogrlicama od jantara koje su se obogaiva- Given that amount of beads, precious in itself, the ex-
le raznim nainima nonje, bilo u paru s veim brojem amples from Osor should most likely belong to elabo-
bronanih ogrlica, odnosno u bogatom kompletu na- rate necklaces of amber that have enriched the various
kitnog ansambla, s fibulama i privjescima. Kako se jan- modes of attire either in pairs with a larger number of
taru pripisivala apotropejska, profilaktika i magina bronze necklaces or in rich sets of jewellery with fibulae
mo, nosile su se i pojedinano, najee kao amuleti, and pendants. Since amber had attributed apotropaic,
samostalno ili kao dugmeta (sl. 32). prophylactic and magical powers, they were worn indi-
vidually, most often as amulets, individually or as but-
86
87
zanih paralelnih linija na gornjem dijelu koarice (sl. al phenomenon known only from Osor (Fig. 25D; 33).
33B).130 Svi oni ne potjeu iz datacijski blie odredivih There was, however, found a total of 16 examples, of
A B
vernom Jadranu i Lici, gdje su takoer bili vrlo priljubl- polje type,134 which is dated in to the 7th and the early
jeni ukrasni predmet.136 6th cent. BC.135 Therefore the slightly older examples
or earlier forms could be linked to the main Liburni-
S obzirom na njihovu zastupljenosti i prostornu raire- an area from where they spread towards the northern
nost, te dekorativne i zatitnike male amajlije iz Oso- Adriatic and Lika, were they were also a very popular
ra prieljkivano podravaju tezu po kojoj su i one bile decorative item.136
dijelom kulturnih procesa jadranske koin,137 izmeu
golasekog i venetskog s jedne te liburnskog, odnos- Given their representation and spatial distribution of
no svetolucijskog i dolenjskog kulturnog miljea s dru- these decorative and protective small amulets from
89
ge strane. Osor it is wished for to support the thesis according
to which they were a part of cultural processes of the
Oblik regionalne produkcije koarastih privjesa- close contacts with the south-eastern Pre-Alpine area.
ka sa zailjenim dnom init e punolijevani privjesci
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
koji imaju izdueno i volumenom plonije tijelo s lije- For sure a form of regional production of basket shaped
po profiliranom alkom. Takve primjerke poznajemo pendants are the fully cast examples with a pointed
iz Kastva,143 gdje su pridodani na kompozitni privje- bottoms with an elongated and flattened body with
sak tipa Kastav, te sa dva, odnosno sa tri primjeraka iz beautifully profiled
143
ring. Such examples are known
Osora (sl. 34B). 144 from Kastav, where they were added to the compos-
ite pendant of Kastav type, and 2 or 3 examples of Osor
Koarasti privjesci profiliranog dna (Fig. 34B).144
Nadalje, iz Osora potjeu i koarasti privjesci profi-
liranog dna (sl. 34A),145 a pridodaje im se i privjesak iz Basket shaped pendants with a profiled bottom
Kastva koji je takoer kao kompozitni lan bio ovje- Furthermore, from Osor are known basket shaped
145
en o pektoralni privjesak tipa Kastav.146 Ti privjesci, pendants with a profiled bottom (Fig. 34A). To them
kao i svi prethodni, najveim brojem obiljeavaju pros- could be added a pendant from Kastav which was also
tor golaseke i venetske kulturne skupine, a zatim su as a composite part suspended on a pectoral pendant
rasprostranjeni sjevernije od Alpa.147 Meutim, u ju-
139 Teran 1975, 684, fn. 62, T. 11, 25; Warneke 1999, 127-129, Abb. 64; Svetlii 1997,
141 PMAEH inv. nr. 40-77-40/12255 (http://pmem.unix.fas.harvard.edu:8080/ 35-36, sl. 17.
pe a bod y/v ie w/objec t s/a sitem /se a rc h$0040/4 81/t it le- de sc? t :s t a- 140 Crismani, Righi 2002, 80-81, Fig. 116-117.
te:flow=0b6302e5-bd47-4f72-a502-764de0c502de; 18. 04. 2014). Privjesak je 141 PMAEH inv. no. 40-77-40/12255 (http://pmem.unix.fas.harvard.edu:8080/
bio u grobu s pektoralnim privjeskom s konjskim protomama, s krinim du- peabody/v iew/object s/a sitem/sea rch$0040/481/t it le-desc?t :s ta-
gmetom i s jo jednim zailjenim privjeskom. te:flow=0b6302e5-bd47-4f72-a502-764de0c502de; 18. 04. 2014 Pendant was in
142 De Marinis 1981, 229-231, Fig. 5A-B. the grave with pectoral pendant with horse protomes, with cross button and
143 Blei 2002, T. 9, 4.2. with another pointed pendant.
144 Na crteu objave C. Marchesettija primjerak je blago zailjen, srcolikog obli- 142 De Marinis 1981, 229-231, Fig. 5A-B.
ka, ali je pridodan ovoj kategoriji (Marchesetti 1924, Fig. 24). 143 Blei 2002, T. 9, 4.2.
145 Glogovi 1989, T. 39, 3; usp. Blei Kavur 2010, T. 51, 857-859. 144 On the drawing of C. Marchesetti publication the example was slightly pointed
146 Blei 2002, T. 9, 4.1. and heart-shaped, but still added to this category (Marchesetti 1924, Fig. 24).
147 Warneke 1999, 127-129, Abb. 65. 145 Glogovi 1989, T. 39, 3; cf. Blei Kavur 2010, T. 51, 857-859.
goistonom alpskom prostoru osim u Mostu na Soi of Kastav type.146 These pendants, as well as all the pre-
i u Vaama primjerke takvih privjesaka koliinski bol- vious ones are most numerous on the territory of Go-
je poznajemo iz krako-notranjskog i kocjanskog lasecca and Veneto cultural groups, and then further
podruja. Prisutni su takoer osjetno veim brojem north of the Alps.147 However in the south-eastern Al-
na nekropoli Vinice i posebno na nalazitima japodske pine area, except in Most na Soi and in Vae, such pen-
kulturne skupine, dok na podruju Dalmacije i njezi- dants are in larger numbers known from the territories
na zalea, neoekivano, ali sasvim izostaju. Izgledno of Notranjska-Karst and kocjan. They are present in
je da su ondje koarasti privjesci zaobljenog dna drali the necropolis in Vinica and especially on the sites of
prvenstvo pred infiltriranjem ostalih, mlaih varijanti the Japodian cultural groups, while in Dalmatia and
91
koarastih privjesaka. Unato tomu, i njih treba poslje- its hinterland, unexpectedly, they are completely ab-
dino sagledavati u cirkuliranju jadranske koin to je sent. It is likely that there the basket shaped pendants
93
itavog jadranskog bazena tijekom starijeg eljeznog substantial number of similar bullae come from Vini-
doba.155 Iz tog su razloga bule i izdvojene kao predstav- ca.152 In the graves in the necropolis of Smiljan in Lika
lae of this type were significant for the end of the 5th and
Privjesak u obliku ribljeg repa the first half of the 4th cent. BC usually linked with the
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
Osorski bronani privjesak u obliku ribljeg repa na- Negova horizon in Dolenjska, as it was done and for
glaeno je uvijenijih repova, velikog sredinjeg prstena the related examples from Istria.160 They had, as also the
i trokutasto profiliranog tijela (sl. 35B).161 Privjesci toga bulla from Osor, the closest parallels on the Japodian
tipa obiljeili su kulture juno od Alpa,162 na prosto- and in Vinica cultural area ranging from the 5th to the
3rd cent. BC.
ru golaseke kulture163 i kultura jugoistonog alpskog
prostora (sl. 36). Na sjevernom Jadranu predstavljaju Pendant in the shape of a fish tail
takoer izniman nalaz i zasad ih, pored Osora, pozna- The bronze pendant in the shape of a fish tail from
jemo jedino iz Nezakcija.164 Pridruiti im valja i privje- Osor has accentuated curled tails, a large central ring
sak iz japodskog zalea, iz nekropole Kompolja.165 and a triangularly profiled body (Fig. 35B).161 Pendants
of this type were characteristic for the cultures south
Iz dosadanjih istraivanja saznajemo kako se varijan- of the Alps,162 the area of the Golasecca culture163 and
te takvih privjesaka nalaze pojedinano ili u kompletu the cultures of the south-eastern Alpine area (Fig. 36).
s drugim predmetima. Zbog toga su nam poznati kao In the northern Adriatic the represent an exceptional
ukrasi na klinei (Hochdorf), na situlama (Este) i cista- discovery and are for now in addition to Osor known
159 Balen-Letuni 2009, 227, 231. 157 Marovi, Nikolanci 1969, 50, sl. 3, 5; 6, 2; cf. Glogovi 19782, 38; Blei Kavur
160 Mihovili 2013, 256. 2010, sl. 171; Blei Kavur, Pravidur 2012, sl. 12, 7.
161 Glogovi 1982, 38, T. 3, 2; Glogovi 1989, 35, T. 39, 2; Blei Kavur 2014a, 34. Ko- 158 Balen-Letuni 2009, 226-227.
ritena je terminologija R. De Marinisa coda di pesce (De Marinis 2000), koja 159 Balen-Letuni 2009, 227, 231.
tipoloki odgovara varijanti B prema T. Warnekeu (Warneke 1999, 96). 160 Mihovili 2013, 256.
162 Warneke 1999, Abb. 47, B. 161 Glogovi 1982, 38, T 3, 2; Glogovi 1989, 35, T. 39, 2; Blei Kavur 2014, 34. Used
163 De Marinis 2000, 387. was the terminology of R. De Marinis coda di pesce (De Marinis 2000) whi-
164 Mihovili 1996, T. II, 29. ch typological corresponding with variant B after T. Warneke (Warneke 1999,
165 Hiller 1991, 192, Abb. 49K. Grobna cjelina koju navodi G. Hiller nije pouzdana 96).
niti potvrena stanjem nalaza u Japodskoj zbirci AMZ, gdje se privjesci toga 162 Warneke 1999, Abb. 47, B.
tipa nalaze, ali potjeu iz nepouzdanih konteksta. 163 De Marinis 2000, 387.
36. Karta rasprostranjenosti privjesaka u obliku ribljeg repa (nadopunjeno prema De Marinis 2000).
Distribution map of pendants in the form of a fish tail (supplemented after De Marinis 2000).
ma (Bologna, Este, Vinica, Magdalenska gora) (sl. 52), only from Nesactium.164 In to the same group should
na fibulama (Gazzo-Veronese) (sl. 25C) ili ogrlicama, be included also the pendant from the Japodic hinter-
s drugim privjescima (kocjan-ostava, Este-Prosdoci- land discovered in the necropolis in Kompolje.165
mi, grob 258) i ak sa skeptrima (Montebello Vicenti-
From previous research we know that the variants of
no). U tom se iznimno razliitom i izuzetno bogatom
these pendants could be discovered individually or in
repertoaru nalaza iroko datiraju od 6. do 4. st. pr. Kr.
combination with other objects. Therefore they are
(do poetka 3. st., npr. u Giubiascu), posebno uslijed known as decorations on a kline (Hochdorf), on sit-
toga to je njihov est suputnik bila fibula tipa Certo-
ulae (Este) and on cysts (Bologna, Este, Vinica, Mag-
96
sa X varijante.166 Zanimljivo je svakako podvui njiho-dalenska gora) (Fig. 52), on fibulae (Gazzo-Veronese)
vu vrijednost i znaaj u ekskluzivnim grobnicama po- (Fig. 25C) or necklaces together with other pendants
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
put Hochdorfa167 ili Nezakcija, odnosno kao zaklade (kocjan-hoard, Este-Prosdocimi, grave 258) and even
u svetitima poput Este,168 u ostavama i naseljima. Na-on scepters (Montebello Vicentino). In this extraordi-
ravno, najvie ih poznajemo iz grobova ili nekropola, unary wealthy repertory of finds they are broadly dat-
ed from the 6th to the 4th cent. BC (until the begin-
iji kontekst spada i taj jedini privjesak iz Osora. Ondje
je najvjerojatnije dospio u istom vremenskom rasponu ning of the 3rd cent., e.g. in Giubiasco) especially due
kraja starijeg i poetka mlaeg eljeznog doba. Priv- to the fact that their frequent companion was a fibu-
jeske u obliku ribljeg repa najveim brojem poznaje- la of the Certosa X variant.166 It is interesting to under-
mo iz okolnosti izravno povezanih s cistama.169 Upra- line their value in the exclusive graves like Hochdorf167
vo su ciste iz grobova Bologne i Magdalenske gore (sl. or Nesactium, or as treasures in shrines like Este,168 in
52B) imale ovjeen privjesak u obliku ribljeg repa kojihoards and in settlements. Of course the majority of
them are known from graves and cemeteries con-
je, u istoj funkciji, povezan i s nezakcijskim cistama iz
texts to which should be added also the single exam-
grobnice 1981.170 Nije stoga iskljueno da je slina okol-
ple from Osor. It arrived there most likely in the pe-
nost bila iskuana i na Osoru.171
riod of the end of the Early and the beginning of the
Prostorna rairenost privjesaka oblika ribljeg repa na Late Iron Age. Pendants in the form of a fish tail are
podruju zapadnih Alpa i juno od njih nadopunje- most numerously known from circumstances direct-
na je time i zaokruena nalazima iz jugoistonog alp- 164 Mihovili 1996, T. II, 29.
165 Hiller 1991, 192, Abb. 49K. Grave mentioned by G. Hiller is not reliable, nor
166 Warneke 1999, 96-97; Bondini 2005, 290, Fig. 29, 5Eb. confirmed by the state of finds in Japodic collection in the Archaeological
167 Biel 1985, 146-48, Abb. 166-167; De Marinis 2000, 388. Museum in Zagreb, where pendants of that type are present, but originate
168 Salerno 2002, 160-161, k. 64. from non-reliable contexts.
169 Stjernquist 1967, 42-45, T. 1, 3; 3, 4; 8, 2; 9, 3; 10, 4. 166 Warneke 1999, 96-97; Bondini 2005, 290, Fig. 29, 5Eb.
170 Mihovili 1996, 50, T. II, 29. 167 Biel 1985, 146-48, Abb. 166-167; De Marinis 2000, 388.
171 Glogovi 1982, T. 3, 2; Glogovi 1989, 35, T. 39, 2; Blei Kavur 2014a, 34. 168 Salerno 2002, 160-161, k. 64.
skog prostora, ali i iz istonog kruga sjevernog Jadra- ly related to cysts.169 Such vessels from graves in Bo-
na (sl. 36). logna and Magdalenska gora (Fig. 52B) had suspend-
ed a pendant in the shape of a fish tail which in the
Antropo-ornitomorfni privjesak same function could be linked to cysts in the tomb
Najvredniji i najzanimljiviji oblik privjeska koji pot- 1981 in Nesactium.170 Therefore it cant be ruled out
jee iz starih istraivanja osorske Kavanele onaj je an- that similar circumstances were attested on Osor.171
tropo-ornitomorfnog tipa (sl. 35C).172 Njega karakte-
rizira plosnato trokutasto tijelo, potpuno ravne donje The spatial distribution of these pendants on the ter-
istake, nepravilne perforacije te u pravilu uzdignutog ritory of western Alps and south of them was comple-
97
mented thus completed with finds from the south-east-
kljuna ptice s izrazito naglaenim ili perforiranim
ern Alpine area, but also from the eastern circle of the
oima, kratkog uvijenog vrata koja podsjea na bar-
D E F G
37. Bronani antropo-ornitomorfni privjesci tipa Este iz: A) Este (prema Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2004); B) Montereale Valcellina
(prema Vitri 2002); C) Vadena-Pfatten (prema Marzatico 2012); D) Vinica (PMAEH); E) Kompolje (prema Drechsler-Bii 1973);
F) Bosna? (prema Gerlach 1971); G) Osor, rekonstrukcija (prema Blei Kavur 2014b).
Bronze anthropo-ornitomorph pendants of Este type from: A) Este (after Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2004); B) Montereale Valcellina
(after Vitri 2002); C) Vadena-Pfatten (after Marzatico 2012); D) Vinica (PMAEH); E) Kompolje (after Drechsler-Bii 1973);
F) Bosnia? (after Gerlach 1971); G) Osor, reconstruction (after Blei Kavur 2014b).
99
povezanost ... a coherence ...
38. Karta rasprostranjenosti privjesaka tipa Este
(vei simbol za vie od 4 primjeraka).
Distribution map of the Este type pendants (larger
symbol stands for more than 4 examples).
primjerci nalaze se pojedinano u Bosni,176 a veim su From Osor are known 3 examples of such pendants.174
brojem zastupljeni u Vinici177 i u Kompolju (sl. 37-38).178 Two were already determined as the local variations
originated under the influence of Italic types.175 How-
Kod svih je antropo-ornitomorfnih privjesaka likovni ever, although we are speaking about lost finds and us-
koncept zamiljen i ostvaren sinkretizmom trokuta, ing old drawings, they could be according to their basic
kruga i antitetino postavljenih ptijih protoma. Od characteristics assigned to the Este variant. A fact cer-
tog ikonografskog modela nema odstupanja niti u raz- tainly further strengthened by the discovery of anoth-
176 Gerlach 1971, P. 22, 23. Kod objave je vjerojatno zabunom kao mjesto porijekla
er fragment pendant with the same characteristics (Fig.
naveden Kuban, umjesto Bosna! 35C; 37G). Almost identical items are known as a sin-
177 Mahr 1934, T. XVI, 88; Kossack 1954, 111.
178 Drechsler-Bii 1973, 153, sl. 7-8; Hiller 1991, 162-163, Abb. 54F; Raunig 2004, 129, 174 Marchesetti 1924, 147, Fig. 26-27; Kuko 2009, sl. 240, 1; Blei Kavur 2014a, 48.
XXVI, 5; Kuko 2009, sl. 240, 2-3. 175 Kossack 1954, 107, T. 12, 7, 6; De Marinis 2004, Fig. 5.
liitim varijantama niti u raznim likovnim izvedbama. gle find from Bosnia176 while in larger numbers they are
Sudei prema dostupnom, ta se forma privjeska moe present in Vinica177 and in Kompolje (Fig. 37-38).178
pribrojiti karakteristinim elementima gornjojadran-
In the case of all anthropo-ornithomorphic pendants
ske kulturne koin koja se koristila u najveoj mjeri ti- their artistic concept was conceived and realized with
jekom 6. i 5. st. pr. Kr. i gotovo nepromijenjeno upotre- syncretism of a triangle, a circle and a set of antitheti-
bljavala do mlaeg eljeznog doba ili srednjolatenskog cal bird proteomes. There were no deviations from this
razdoblja prema srednjoeuropskoj periodizaciji.179 Pri- iconographic model. According to the accessible, this
100
vjesci iz Osora i Bosne, kao i oni iz nekropole Kom- form of pendant could be added to the characteristic el-
polja, mogu se dobro uklopiti u taj vremenski raspon ements of the upper Adriatic cultural koin. It was used
i stvaralaki povezati uz eventualnu regionalnu pro- mostly during the 6th and 5th cent. BC and remained
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
izvodnju koja je djelovala upravo negdje na podruju almost unchanged in use to the Late Iron Age or the
japodskog ili ak vinikog zalea. Middle La Tne period of Central Europe.179 Pendants
from Osor and Bosnia, as well as those from Kompol-
Astralni simbol, predoen krugom smjetenim iz- je, could be fitted in to that chronological range and
meu dvije ptice, semantiki je prastari motiv sune- creatively connect with a possible regional production
ve lae, ali i iz univerzalne simbolike dinamine slike which operated somewhere in the Japodic area or even
svijeta, doaravajui tako pojam i proces stalnih mi- in the hinterland of Vinica.
jena. Pojava takve likovne i simbolike interpretacije The astral symbol, constructed from a circle located
antropomorfnog, s neposrednom idejom i porukom between two birds, is an ancient semantic motif of the
religiozno-magijskog, kontinuirano se slijedi u umjet- sun barge, but it is a part of the universal symbolic of
nosti iz tradicija kasnog bronanog doba, posebno iz the dynamical image of the world, evoking the concep-
kruga kompleksa kulture arnih polja s jedne, odnos- tion and process of constant changes. The emergence
no egejskog i italskog kulturnog kruga s druge stra- of such a visual and symbolic interpretation of the an-
ne.180 Likovna, apotropejska i magijska, ba kao pro- thropomorphic can be continuously traced in artistic
filaktika i metafizika uloga tih privjesaka ostat e tradition from the Late Bronze Age, especially from
tako gotovo nepromijenjena u kontinuitetu gotovo the circle of the Urnfield culture from one and the Ae-
1000 godina. 176 Gerlach 1971, P. 22, 23. It is most likely that in its publication the place of origin
was mistakenly listed as Kuban, instead of Bosnia!
177 Mahr 1934, T. XVI, 88; Kossack 1954, 111.
179 Izgleda, zasad, da e tako najmlai primjerci biti oni iz Vinice od kojih je jedan 178 Drechsler-Bii 1973, 153, sl. 7-8; Hiller 1991, 162-163, Abb. 54F; Raunig 2004, 129,
naen ovjeen o fibulu srednjolatenske sheme kao i primjerak iz Sanzena (Fo- XXVI, 5; Kuko 2009, sl. 240, 2-3.
golari 1959, 272; Marzatico 2012, 97, Fig. 5). 179 It seems, for now, that the youngest specimens are from Vinica, one of which
180 Kossack 1954, 52-53, 58; von Hase 1992, 249-250; Kuko 1995, 63; Blei Kavur was attached on the fibula of the middle La Tne schemes like the one from
2010, 115-117. Sanzeno (Fogolari 1959, 272; Marzatico 2012, 97, Fig. 5).
Pojasni okovi i kope gean and Italic cultural circle on the other side.180 Ar-
Sudei prema koliini nalaza iz osorske Kavanele u on- tistic, apotropaic and magical, just as prophylactic and
danjoj su visokoj modi bile omiljene i velike poja- metaphysical role of these pendants will remain almost
sne kope te okovi. Poznato je nekoliko bronanih unchanged in continuity for almost 1000 years.
primjeraka koji veinom imaju pravokutni ili trape-
zoidni oblik, zakovice za privrivanje na podstavu, Belt clamps and buckles
trn/kuku za kopanje i najee neki linearni ukras na Judging by the quantity of finds from Kavanela large
sredinjoj, vidljivoj plohi okova (sl. 39). belt clamps and buckles were popular in the high
fashion of that time. We have preserved several bronze
101
Najljepi primjerak, sauvan u cijelosti, trapezoidnog belt plates of rectangular or trapezoidal shape which
je oblika i konveksnog presjeka, izraen od masiv- have rivets for attaching to the lining, a spine/hook for
103
la preuzet iz ireg sredozemnog kulturnog kruga. Given the fact that circumstances were very similar, the
Osorska pojasna kopa atraktivna je prije svega belt plate from Osor should be for the time being con-
105
P E
osve uobiajeno isticanje statusa raznim nai- ntirely common demonstration of status with
nima, kao jedno od glavnih obiljeja toga raz- different means, as one of the main features of
doblja, nadmaio je samo razvoj mone i skupo- this period, was surpassed only by the develop-
cjene vojne opreme. Najee se izraivala od bronce ment of powerful and expensive military equipment.
za obrambeno i od eljeza za navalno naoruanje. Kao Mostly it was made of bronze for defensive and iron
i u razdobljima koja su prethodila, predstavljala je op- for assaulting weapons. As well and in proceeding pe-
enito izuzetne nalaze na prostoru sjevernog Jadrana, riods, its finds were considered being exceptional in
a posebice na Kvarneru. Mali broj zasad pouzdano po- the area of the northern Adriatic, especially in Kvar-
znatih grobnih cjelina nije nam pruio ratnike ukope ner. A small number for now reliably known graves did
pune vojne panoplije (kaciga, oklop, tit, knemide, ko- not give us warrior burials with a full military panoply
plja, ma ili sjekire) kakve poznajemo iz prostrane re- (helmet, harness, shield, greaves, spears, sword or axe)
gije sjevernoitalskog, jugoistonoalpskog ili ireg bal- as are known from the vast region of the northern Ital-
kanskog prostora. Meutim, nedvojbeno je na Osoru ic, south-eastern Alpine and the wider Balkan territo-
morala postojati odreena vojna formacija, odnosno ry. However, on Osor a specific military formation or
profilirana vojna aristokracija, o emu neto vie po- a profiled military aristocracy must have existed. We
dataka saznajemo iz grae starijih istraivanja nekro- can extract more information about the existence of
pole Kavanela. the later from the material of old excavations on the ne-
cropolis of Kavanela.
Ilirska kaciga iz rta Jablanac
Najstariji nalaz obrambene vojne opreme, dodue, ne Illyrian helmet from cape Jablanac
potjee neposredno iz Osora, nego iz creskog sjever- The oldest discovery of defensive military equipment,
nog akvatorija. Rije je o nalazu bronane kacige izro- however, does not derive directly from Osor, but from
40. Bronana kaciga ilirskog tipa iz rta Jablanca
kod Beli, Cres (prema Blei Kavur 2007).
Bronze Illyrian type helmet from cape Jablanac
near Beli, Cres (after Blei Kavur 2007).
njene na poloaju ispred rta Jablanac, podalje naselja waters around northern Cres. It is a bronze helmet dis-
Beli (sl. 40).193 Creska kaciga spada u kasnu varijan- covered on a locality in front of cape Jablanac a little bit
ahead of the settlement Beli (Fig. 40).193 The Cres
tu tzv. ilirskih kaciga (III A1 stupanj),194 i jedini je zasad
sigurni podvodni nalaz te vrste na prostoru dananje helmet is in late variant of the so-called Illyrian helmets
Hrvatske,195 ali i openito. Budui da su veinom na- (III A1 type)194 and for the time being only sure under-
laene na sredinjem balkanskom prostoru, creski pri- water discovery of its kind in todays Croatia,195 but also
mjerak obiljeava najzapadniju toku na karti njihova in general. Since they are mostly discovered in the cen-
tral Balkans, Cres helmet marks the westernmost
rasprostiranja (sl. 41).196 Kao jedna od malobrojnijih va-
point on the map of their distribution (Fig. 41).196 Be-
107
rijanti ilirskih kaciga, proizvodnja i najveim dijelom
uporaba, datira se u drugu polovinu 6. st. i tijekom i- longing to one of the least numerous variants of Illyri-
an helmets, their production and for the most part use
tavog 5. st. pr. Kr.197
109
ruje Makedonije bilo izvoritem i popritem kreacije,
proizvodnje i distribucije ilirskih kaciga. Na njihovom It is to be assumed, therefore, that it was the area of
111
punom vojnom panoplijom, posebice obrambenog ly standardized military hierarchisation. The fact is that
naoruanja, da ona nije uvijek prispijevala u grob po- not every warrior was equipped with full military pan-
tzv. etruanskoj panopliji Emilije Romagne. Ondje area of Apennines the largest concentration of greaves
su se esto nalazile sa samo jednim primjerkom, to je is present in Picenum with mainly Greek greaves of
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
obrazlagano umbro-sabelskom tradicijom, ali gotovo the older versions206 dated to phases Picenum IVB
uvijek u kombinaciji s kacigom, posebno onom regio- and V.207 But their more numerous appearance is sig-
nificant for the so-called Etruscan panoplies of Emil-
nalnog negovskog tipa (sl. 43).208
ia Romagna. There they were often present with only a
U ovom nalazu, bronana se kaciga takoer po glav- single example which is explained with the Umbro-Sa-
nim obiljejima moe pripisati negovskom tipu,209 ali bellic tradition but they are almost always discovered
je njezina izradba ispred svega rezultat unikatnog stva- in combination with a helmet, especially that of region-
ralatva (sl. 42). Budui da je izraena posebnom teh- al Negova type (Fig. 43).208
nolokom metodom, spajanjem dvaju zasebno lijeva- In the discussed discovery the bronze helmet could be
nih dijelova kalote zakovicama, primjetno se moe according to main characteristics attributed to the Ne-
usporediti sa skupinom Sanzeno alpskog tipa negov- gova type,209 but its fabrication is in front of all the result
skih kaciga,210 a po dekorativnim elementima i nainu of a unique creativity (Fig. 42). It was produced with a
oteenja i s onima iz jugoistonoalpskog prostora Slo- special technological method by merging two sepa-
venije. Sve u svemu, djelomino ouvana krka kaciga, rately cast parts of the calotte with rivets consequent-
za razliku od ostalih poznatih primjeraka, upozora- ly it could be compared with the Sanzeno group of al-
va na postojanje mjesne radionice, tj. izraivaa koji je pine Negova type helmets,210 while according to the
stvarao prema izriitoj narudbi. Razlog tomu upravo decorative elements and the damage with those from
205 Vasi 1982, 11-14, Karta; Balen-Letuni 1991-92, 22-24. 205 Vasi 1982, 11-14, Karta; Balen-Letuni 1991-92, 22-24.
206 Stary 1981, 437-438, k. 16; D'Ercole 1999, 257, k. 469. 206 Stary 1981, 437-438, k. 16; DErcole 1999, 257, k. 469.
207 Lollini 1976, 150-156. 207 Lollini 1976, 150-156.
208 Eles Masi et al. 1982, 379. 208 Eles Masi et al. 1982, 379.
209 Balen-Letuni 1991-92, 21-23; Balen-Letuni 2001, 32-33, k. 7; Buri-Matijai 209 Balen-Letuni 1991-92, 21-23; Balen-Letuni 2001, 32-33, k. 7; Buri-Matijai
2011, 10-11. 2011, 10-11.
210 Usp. Egg 1990, 14-20. 210 Cf. Egg 1990, 14-20.
je izvedba koja koristi nekoliko tehnolokih vjetina, a the south-eastern Alpine area of S lovenia. All in all, the
zapravo obiljeava zahtjeve naruitelja i tehnike mo- partly preserved helmet from Krk, unlike other known
gunosti izraivaa koji je trebao slijediti zadane ideje. examples, demonstrates the existence of a local work-
Zbog toga se krku kacigu ne moe izriito opredijeli- shop, i.e. manufacturer who created according to the
ti nekom od dosad poznatih tipova negovskih kaciga. explicit orders. This could be observed through the use
of several technological skills, but in fact marks the re-
Kao takav, nalaz vojne opreme iz Krka mogao bi se quirements of the client in combination with technical
vrlo predvidljivo uklopiti u horizont ratnikih grobo- capabilities of the maker who was supposed to follow
va kraja 5. i poetnog 4. st. pr. Kr. te datacijski ue odre- the given idea. Therefore the helmet from Krk cant be
115
diti vremenskom distancom uporabe grkih knemida explicitly attributed to a previously known type of Ne-
mlaeg tipa. Kulturoloki se, meutim, mogu izdvoji- gova helmet.
C D
44. Ulomci bronane negovske kacige iz Osora (prema Blei Kavur 2014b).
Fragments of a bronze Negova type helmet from Osor (after Blei Kavur 2014b).
45. Ulomak kalote kacige ukraen borovom granicom i koncentrinim kruiima umetnut u rekonstrukciju negovske kacige.
Fragment of helmets calotte decorated with a motif of pine twigs and concentric circles inserted in to the reconstruction of a Negova type helmet.
sebi izveden prepoznatljiv ukras friza jelovih granica i Military equipment from Osor
koncentrinih kruia (sl. 44A-45). Izveden tehnikom Negova helmet
igosanja, manirom i stilom izradbe u potpunosti od- Finally, from the old research of Osor Kavanela orig-
govara najbliem primjerku kacige kakvog poznaje- inate four smaller fragment of a bronze helmet (Fig.
mo iz istarskog Nezakcija. Ta je kaciga pripisana grupi 44).212 Of these only one, and this is fragment of the
negovskih kaciga slovenskog tipa, tj. jednoj od lokal- calotte, has a distinctive decoration strips in the form
nih varijanti koja se izraivala na prostoru Dolenjske.213 of fir twigs and concentric circles (Fig. 45). Manufac-
Srodnu paralelu moemo stoga vidjeti i kod lijepog tured with the technique of stamping, in its manner
118
primjerka kacige iz Stine, Radohova vas.214 Negovske and style of manufacture perfectly fits the nearest ex-
kacige navedene varijante bile su rasprostranjene na i- ample of a helmet know from the Istrian Nesactium.
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
rem podruju jugoistonog alpskog prostora dananje This helmet was attributed to the group of Slovenian
Slovenije, a smjetaju se u vrijeme od sredine 5. do u 4. type Negova helmet, i.e. one of the local variants which
st. pr. Kr., odnosno u negovski horizont Dolenjske, po were made in the area of Dolenjska.213 A matching par-
kojima je i dobio ime.215 allel can therefore be observed in the beautiful exam-
ple of the helmet from Stina, Radohova vas.214 Negova
Ulomci osorske kacige premaleni su za opsenije raz- type helmets of this variant were spread on a wider area
matranje, ali s obzirom na tipoloko obiljeje mogu se of the south-eastern Alpine region of todays Slovenia
odrediti negovskom tipu kaciga i povezati, moda, uz and dated between the middle of the 5th to the 4th cent.
slovenski tip, ime bi predstavljali najjuniji nalaz na BC, or in Dolenjska in to the Negova horizon which
zemljopisu njihova rasprostiranja. Izuzev same vrijed- was named after the later.215
nosti nalaza osorske negovske kacige, jo zanimljivijim Fragments of the helmet from Osor are too small for
istie se i nain fragmentiranosti, tj. oblik ouvanosti. more extensive review, but given the typological char-
Budui da je kaciga evidentno namjerno unitena, na- acteristics can be determined as the Negova type of
silno polomljena i paljena, pretpostavlja se da potjee helmet and connect, perhaps, with the Slovenian type
iz mjesta obrednog spalita koji se vjerojatno nalazio and representing the southernmost discovery on the
ispred gradskog bedema, negdje na poloaju kavanel- geography of their distribution. Apart from the value
ske nekropole. Samim time, potvruje dobro poznati of discovery the Osor Negova helmet stands out in-
i uobiajeni ritual obrednog unitavanja dragocjenih terestingly as well due to its state of preservation, i.e.
212 Blei Kavur 2014a, 26.
213 Mihovili 1996, 55, T. XVIII, 257; Mihovili 2013, 254-256, sl. 176. 213 Mihovili 1996, 55, T. XVIII, 257; Mihovili 2013, 254-256, sl. 176.
214 Egg 1986, Abb. 30, 2; Teran, Gabrovec 2006, 261, T. 205; Teran 2010, 321-322. 214 Egg 1986, Abb. 30, 2; Teran, Gabrovec 2006, 261, T. 205; Teran 2010, 321-322.
215 Teran 1976, 391-393, sl. 59; Egg 1986, 73-75, Abb. 31; Egg 1988, 258; Teran 2008, 215 Teran 1976, 391-393, sl. 59; Egg 1986, 73-75, Abb. 31; Egg 1988, 258; Teran 2008,
321-322, sl. 60-61. 321-322, sl. 60-61.
predmeta koji se na Osoru primjenjivao u kontinuite- mode of fragmentation. Since the helmet was evident-
tu jo od kasnog bronanog doba. ly deliberately destroyed, violently broken and burnt,
it is assumed that it originates from the place of ritual
Maevi cremation which was most likely located in a front of
U pogledu vojne opreme navalnog naoruanja iz tog the town wall, somewhere on the Kavanela necropolis.
je vremena poznata ira uporaba eljeznih, zakrivlje- Therefore it confirms the well-known and usual ritual
nih jednosjenih maeva koje nazivamo mahaira (pre- of destruction of valuable items applied on Osor con-
ma grkom tipu ).216 Kasnija varijanta mahaire, tinuously since the Late Bronze Age.
tj. kratkog krivog maa naziva se jo i kopis () koji
119
se upotrebljavao i kao no i kao ma, ali kao osobito Swords
snano oruje u konjici.217 Tip takvog maa bio je ne- In terms of military equipment in assault weapons from
121
znatno proirivalo (sl. 46B). even more. The sword with the bronze-plated grip has
a slightly curved, almost straight back and with a slight-
123
possibilities of their preservation, we have longer tops
njihova koritenja najveim se dijelom uklapa u situa-
of iron spears, which as the dominant form of assault
ciju s ratnikim grobovima ire regije, to je potvre-
229 Teran 1977, 9-21; ovi 1987, 454; Blei Kavur, Milievi-Capek 2011, 63-64. 229 Teran 1977, 9-21; ovi 1987, 454; Blei Kavur, Milievi-Capek 2011, 63-64.
230 ovi 1987, 630. 230 ovi 1987, 630.
231 Mihovili 1996, 55, T. XX, 316-323; Mihovili 2013, 256. 231 Mihovili 1996, 55, T. XX, 316-323; Mihovili 2013, 256.
Simpozij umjetnosti
The symposium of artistry
125
U D
nato nekim tono odreenim razlikama s espite some precisely defined differences giv-
obzirom na spol pokojnika, gotovo su se bez en the sex of the deceased, they, almost with-
razlika u istaknute i/ili bogate grobove prila- out difference, deposited metal vessels into
gale metalne posude. One raskonije izraene i ukra- prominent and/or rich graves. The ones lavishly manu-
ene, kao i one neto skromnije izvedbe, postale su factured and decorated, as well as those of more mod-
prestian amblem iskazivanja moi, bogatstva i va- est elaboration, have become prestigious emblem for
nosti odreene mjesne aristokracije ili njihovih prva- the of expressing power, wealth and importance of a
ka. Njima podrazumijevamo bronana vedra tzv. situ- certain local aristocracy or their leaders. They include
le, cilindrine narebrene posude tzv. ciste, posude za the so-called bronze buckets, situlae; ribbed cylindrical
rtvovanja tzv. ciborije, zatim njihove poklopce, ae, vessel called cysts; vessels used for sacrifices, so-called
cjediljke i brojne druge predmete koji su inili sastavni ciboria; then their lids, cups, strainers and other items
dio servisa za pojedine rituale. Koristile su se najee that were integral parts of the services for certain rit-
pri obrednim ispijanjima prilikom banketa ili ceremo- uals. They were used in ritual drinking at ceremonies,
nija, svakodnevnih ba kao i posmrtnih gozbi. Upo- in everyday just like in post-funeral banquets, as pre-
trebljavale su se i za prilaganje dragocjenih popudbina cious grave goods with the deceased and even as urns.
uz pokojnika, pa ak i kao urne. Donedavna one nisu Until recently they were not known from the area of
bile poznate s prostora Kvarnera. Ali, mnotvo uloma- Kvarner. But a multitude of fragments of bronze sheet,
ka bronanih limova, izdvojenih meu nalazima iz sta- discovered among the findings from the old research
rih istraivanja nekropole na Kavaneli, svjedoi upravo on the necropolis on Kavanela, bears witness to the
suprotno.232 contrary.232
232 Blei Kavur 2014a, 32-36; situlska batina iz Osora bila je predstavljena na 232 Blei Kavur 2014, 32-36; situla heritage from Osor was presented at Internati-
Meunarodnom znanstvenom skupu Hrvatskog arheolokog drutva 2012. onal scientific conference of Croatian Archaeological Society on Mali Loinj
na Malom Loinju (Blei Kavur 2012, Osor nastavak slijedi!) in 2012 (Blei Kavur 2012, Osor to be continued!).
A
47. Ulomci bronanih situla u moguim rekonstrukcijama;
A starije i B mlae faze (A prema Blei Kavur 2014b).
B
Fragments of bronze situlae with possible reconstructions;
A- older and B younger phase (A after Blei Kavur 2014b).
Rije je, naime, o vrlo usitnjenim ulomcima ija pr- These are very small fragments which according to
votna analiza upuuje na vie tipoloki razliitih posu- their preliminary analysis demonstrate the presence of
da: ponajprije situla, cista i poklopaca (sl. 47-50; 52-53). numerous typologically different vessels first of all sit-
U njihove ansamble spadaju i pojedini dijelovi ruki i ulae, cysts and lids (Fig. 47-50; 52-53). Their ensembles
provijesla, olovnih ipki, ispuna i stezaljki za popravke, includes individual parts of handles, grips, lead bars, fill-
dna i oboda posuda te njihovih privjesaka (sl. 53). Poe- ings and clamps for repairs, bottoms and rims of ves-
sto je takvo posue ukraavano urezivanjem i iskuca- sels as well as their pendants (Fig. 53). Often were dec-
vanjem bronanog plata s prikazom razliitih deko- orated with incisions and embossing depicting various
128
rativnih, poglavito figuralnih motiva, poznatog kao decorative, especially figural motifs, known as the Situ-
situlska umjetnost ili stil.233 U situlskom stilu ukrae- la Art or Style.233 In Situla Style were decorated several
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
no je nekoliko manjih ulomaka bronanog lima, ali smaller fragments of bronze sheet, but the largest num-
su najveim brojem sauvani tako fragmentarno da ber of them is preserved so fragmentary that it was not
se nije uspio rekonstruirati nijedan konkretan, odno- possible to reconstruct any specific or complete scene.
Specifically, these fragments demonstrate that all ves-
sno cjelovit prizor. Naime, navedeni ulomci pokazuju
sels must have been quite damaged by burning and,
kako su sve posude morale biti prilino oteene gore-
perhaps, deliberately broken and deformed. It is no lon-
njem i, moda, namjerno lomljene i deformirane. Vie
ger possible to determine whether they were used as
nije mogue ustanoviti jesu li one sluile i kao urne ili urns or were added just as grave goods in to prominent
su samo prilagane u istaknutije grobove i njihove grob- graves being part of their inventories.
ne inventare.
We should put forward four small fragments of bronze
Izdvojiti valja etiri manja ulomka bronanog lima sheet covered in extremely shallow relief decorated
obraena u izrazito plitkom reljefu s ukrasom dvo- with carved double intertwined lines (braids) with em-
strukog urezanog prepleta (pletenice) s iskucanom bossed dots in the centre (Fig. 47A-48B). Above it are
tokom u sredini (sl. 47A-48B). Iznad njega ouvana su preserved only two fragments depicting lower body
samo dva ulomka na kojima je prikazan donji dio tijela with hind legs of probably some horned animal. The
sa stranjim nogama vjerojatno neke rogate ivotinje. legs are depicted extremely slender with clearly distin-
Noge su izrazito vitko prikazane s jasno istaknutim guished hooves, groins and muscle lines. The rear leg is
kopitima, preponama i linijama miia, a na stranju se already touching the first leg of the following animal.
nogu u raskoraku naslanja ve i prva noga sljedee i- According to their orientation the animals are turned
votinje. Prema svome poloaju, odnosno orijentaciji, to the right. In terms of expressive images, almost iden-
ivotinje su okrenute udesno. U smislu izraajnije pre- tical according to the manner and quality of manufac-
233 Turk 2005, 9-15. 233 Turk 2005, 9-15.
dodbe, gotovo identian nain i kvaliteta izradbe, te ture as well as technical and stylistic presentation of the
tehnikog i stilskog prikaza rogatih (jelena, kozoroga i horned animal (deer, ibex etc.) is depicted on the low-
sl.) ivotinja prikazana je na donjem, treem frizu situ- er, third frieze of the situla from Providence (Bolo-
le iz Providence (Bologne?) koja je inae raskono fi- gna?), which is lavishly decorated with two further nar-
guralno ukraena s jo dva narativna friza. Predstavlja rative friezes. It represents the work of classical Situla
rad klasine situlske umjetnosti i datirana je u 6. i 5. st. Art and is dated to the 6th and 5th cent. BC.234 This is the
pr. Kr.234 To je vrijeme kada situlska umjetnost cvjeta time when the Situla Art flourishes in the famous sit-
u uvenom situlskom polumjesecu od Bologne sve ula crescent from Bologna all the way to Dolenjska.235
do Dolenjske.235 Usporedbe stoga moemo pronai i We can find comparison in situlae from the south-east-
129
kod situla iz jugoistonog predalpskog prostora. Pre- ern Alpine region. According to the intertwined dec-
ma ukrasu prepleta, u najdonjem dijelu plata posude, oration in the lowest part of the vessel fragment from
131
dna posude (sl. 47A). Tomu u prilog slijede i ostaci pla- supported by the remains of mantle attached to the riv-
ta uz av zakovanog ruba situle na kojima se jasno vidi eted suture on which could be clearly seen figural dec-
U kulturnoj i stilskoj povezanosti, osorski ulomci In cultural and stylistic connections, the fragments
kao specifini subjekti odraavaju prisnije odno- from Osor as specific subjects reflect close relation-
se kako s jugoistonim predalpskim prostorom tako ships with the south-eastern Pre-Alpine area and with
i s prostorom Tirola, ije je nepobitno prisustvo utje- area of Tyrol, whose undeniable presence of influences
caja svakako ve dokazano kod nezakcijskih primjera- was certainly well attested in examples and fragments
from Nesactium. According to the present parallels
ka i ulomaka. Sukladno zasad izdvojenim paralelama
these fragments could be attributed to production
i te ulomke moemo smjestiti u proizvoaka sredita
centres somewhere in the area of Bologna or Rhaetic
negdje na podruju Bologne ili retijskih Alpa u vrije-
Alps during the peak of creativity in Situla Art at the
me vrhunca stvaralatva situlske umjetnosti kraja 6. i
end of the 6th and in the 5th cent. BC.
5. st. pr. Kr.
241 Lucke, Frey 1962, T. 54, k. 35; T. 55, k. 35; Turk 2005, 63, k. 51, sl. 58, 1; 92. 241 Lucke, Frey 1962, T. 54, k. 35; T. 55, k. 35; Turk 2005, 63, k. 51, sl. 58, 1; 92.
242 Navedene analize su preliminarne iskljuivo prema postojeem stanju. Resta- 242 These analyzes are preliminary and based on present condition. Restoration
uracijom i analiziranjem situlske osorske batine bit e poznati precizniji i ko- and analyzing of Osors situlae heritage will produce more precise and final
nani podatci. data.
Iznimnu pozornost zavreuje i jedini ulomak s antro- Exceptional attention deserves the only fragment with
pomorfnim prikazom (sl. 48A). Sauvan je u vrlo ma- an anthropomorphic depiction (Fig. 48A). Preserved is
lom komadu i teko je odrediv nekoj kodificiranoj sce- a very small piece and it is difficult to attribute it to a
ni ili prizoru poznatih iz situlske umjetnosti. Rije je codified scene or a scene known from Situla Art. It is a
o prikazu gole lijeve noge ovjeka. Precizno je profili- depiction of bare left leg of a man. It is precisely profiled
rana s realistino naglaenim miiima i stopalom, a s with realistically pronounced muscles and foot, while
gornje, donje i bone strane obrubljena je dvostrukom on top, on the bottom and on the side it is bordered
linijom. S obzirom na veliku povrinu gole noge moe with a double line. Due to the large surface of the bare
132
se pomiljati na nekakvog borca ili ratnika iji bi hori- foot one could think of a fighter or warrior whose hori-
zontalno postavljeni tit do bedra moda predstavljao zontally placed shield could represent the upper double
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
gornji rub dvostruke linije, kakve takoer vrlo dobro line as known in several cases on the situla from Prov-
poznajemo iz vie primjera situle iz Providence (Bolo- idence (Bologna?)?243 One can also think of a plough-
gna?)?243 Moe se pomiljati i na oraa, budui da su u men since they are according to the rules of canon-
ized depictions represented with a tunic falling down
pravilu kanoniziranog prikazivanja doarani uvijek s
to thighs or, exceptionally, naked?244 Or perhaps the
tunikom do bedara ili, iznimno, goli?244 Zatim na ko-
coachmen on chariots such as on the situla from Do-
ijae bojnih kola kao primjerice kod situle iz Dolenj-
lenjske Toplice,245 or the procession of men as on situ-
skih Toplic,245 ili povorke mukaraca kao kod situla iz
la from Magdalenska gora246 etc. Given the size of the
Magdalenske gore246 itd., itd? S obzirom na veliinu fragment several comparisons can be listed although in
osorskog ulomka mogu se nizati najrazliitije uspo- perspective they do not bear the final solution. Its value
redbe, iako u perspektivi ostaju bez trajnijeg rjeenja. will remain exclusive only in the context of the first an-
Njegova e vrijednost ostati ekskluzivna tek u kontek- thropomorphic representation on Situla Art in Osor.
stu prvog osorskog antropomorfnog prikaza situlske
umjetnosti. In to the same period of time, if not earlier, could be at-
tributed a fragment of situla lid made of thick bronze
Istom vremenskom razdoblju, ako ne i ranije, moe se sheet (Fig. 49A, C). The sharp edge of the lid is bor-
pribrojiti i ulomak poklopca situle izraen od debljeg dered with a band of larger hammered circles within
bronanog lima (sl. 49A, C). Rub poklopca je otar i thin incised lines. On the inner side there was an ani-
neravnomjeran, a obrubljen je s trakom od vee profi- mal frieze, of which is preserved only one, most prob-
243 Usp. Lucke, Frey 1962, T. 1-5. 243 Cf. Lucke, Frey 1962, T. 1-5.
244 Usp. kod situle iz Nezakcija (Mihovili 2001, sl. 94, T. 15, 9; Teran 2001, 207- 244 Cf. with situla from Nesactium (Mihovili 2001, sl. 94, T. 15, 9; Teran 2001,
210, sl. 4; Mihovili 2013, 290, sl. 224). 207-210, sl. 4; Mihovili 2013, 290, sl. 224).
245 Usp. Turk 2005, 34, sl. 50-51. 245 Cf. Turk 2005, 34, sl. 50-51.
246 Turk 2005, 51-53, k. 33, sl. 77-79; Teran 2007, sl. 2. 246 Turk 2005, 51-53, k. 33, sl. 77-79; Teran 2007, sl. 2.
liranih iskucanih krugova unutar tanko urezanih lini- ably the forefoot of an animal. The hoof of the animal
ja. S unutarnje strane nalazio se ivotinjski friz, od ko- is awkwardly and superficially depicted with dotted
jeg je sauvana samo jedna, vjerojatno prednja noga. short incised lines. Similar examples are known from
Kopito ivotinje prikazano je nezgrapno i povrno, is- the south-eastern Pre-Alpine region from Stina (Fig.
crtkanih krae urezanih linija. Srodne primjerke po- 49C) or Most na Soi, although parallels can be ob-
znajemo iz jugoistonog predalpskog prostora iz Sti- served in examples from Este.247 In general lids with
ne (sl. 49C) ili Mosta na Soi, premda se paralele mogu such decoration and with cup shaped grips were typical
vidjeti i kod estenskih primjeraka.247 Openito su po- for the area of northern Italy and eastern Alps.248
klopci tako ukraeni s rukama u obliku aica bili
133
From other fragments edge fragments were preserved
karakteristini za prostor sjeverne Italije i istonih which were profiled or decorated with central row of
Alpa.248
C D
49. Ulomci poklopaca ukraenih u situlskom stilu (B, D prema Blei Kavur et al. 2014)
s jednom od moguih rekonstrukcija prema poklopcu iz Stine (C prema Turk 2005).
Bronze lid fragments decorated in the Situla Art Style (B, D after Blei Kavur et al. 2014)
with one of the possible reconstructions according to the lid from Stina (C after Turk 2005).
poklopca koji je sastavljen iz vie ulomaka izraen je preserved a part of the belly and a part of the spiral ten-
od iznimno tankog bronanog lima te ornamentiran drils or vegetable motive that is probably hanging from
tehnikom iskucavanja (sl. 49B). Od figuralnih motiva, animals snout. It is significant that the hooves are not
izuzev prednjih nogu sauvani su dio trbuha i dio spi- completed with lines, but are left open, which is other-
ralne vitice ili biljnog motiva koji je najvjerojatnije vi- wise often been the case in the decoration of the lids.
sio iz ivotinjske njuke. Znakovito je da kopita nisu li- To the same piece belongs most probably also the up-
nijama dovrena, nego su ostavljena otvorena, to je i per part of which is visible a pair of wavy long horns ori-
inae bio est sluaj u izradama na poklopcima. Istom ented to the left. The outer edge of the lid is trimmed
primjerku pripada najvjerojatnije i gornji dio na kome again with a fanned ornament with balls on top of the
135
je vidljiv par valovito razvedenih dugih rogova usmje- short vertical ribs running around the edge of the lid.
renih ulijevo. Vanjski je obrub poklopca obrubljen Thus the repertoire of motifs is arranged in to, most
radioniki krug. Budui da te motive ne nalazimo na rect influences from the Venetic area. In a artisanal per-
spective they are examples of the youngest phase of
prostoru jugoistonog alpskog prostora, nezakcijske
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
137
ki uvrteni u neto iri okvir kasnog haltatskog raz- alism, i.e. the last phase of Situla Art. In it the tradition-
doblja, odnosno u vrijeme Este III kasno (3 D1) kraja al form and technical fabrication was conventionally
B
50. Ulomak bronane obredne posude, najvjerojatnije ciborija (?) (A)
i crte ciborija iz Magdalenske gore (B prema Tecco Hvala et al. 2004).
Fragment of a bronze ritual vessel, most probably a ciborium (?) (A)
and a drawing of ciborium from Magdalenska gora (B after Tecco Hvala et al. 2004).
51. Karta rasprostranjenosti situlske umjetnosti (nadopunjeno prema Bondini 2012).
Distribution map of the Situla Art Style (supplemented after Bondini 2012).
A
141
kazano i na nezakcijskim primjercima (sl. 51).261
Beside luxury situlae, bronze fragments of different
Pored luksuznih situla, bronani ulomci razliitih shapes demonstrate that in Osor were used also other
u rebara jo i nizove punciranih tokica. Rub posude strings of punctuated dots. The rim of the vessel was
bio im je savijen prema unutranjosti posude, od kojih bent towards the interior and the preserved fragments
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
su preostali sauvani ulomci bili navueni na olovne were rolled around lead rods and thus characterize a
ipke pa tako obiljeavaju standardnu grupu tipa KM standard group of type KM 1.265
1 prema istome autoru.265 Preserved was only a single bottom of the vessel which
Sauvano je samo jedno dno posude koje je zapravo is actually indicative, since with its shape and decora-
i indikativno, jer svojim oblikom i ukrasom od dvi- tion consisting of two profiled strips (type PB1) and
je profilirane trake (tip PB1) i spajanjem na plat po- connecting to the mantle of the vessel from the inner
sude s unutranje strane (tip KB1), pripada posebnoj, side (type KB1), belongs to a separate, so-called Istrian
tzv. istarskoj skupini cista koje su obiljeile IV. i V. group of cyst that marked IV and V phases of the His-
fazu istarske skupine, odnosno vrijeme HaD2-3 stup- trian group this is the time of HaD2-3 according to
nja srednjoeuropske kronologije (sl. 52).266 Zato e se the European chronology (Fig. 52).266 Consequently
i najsrodniji primjerci nai na istarskim nalazitima, the most similar examples were found in Istrian sites,
ponajprije u Nezakciju, grobnica iz 1981. godine267 ali i primarily in Nesactium, tomb 1981267 but also in Picu-
gi.268 Analogies can be observed in vessels from the St.
kod primjeraka iz Picuga.268 Analogije se mogu vidje-
Lucia and Veneto areas where such vessels make a cer-
ti i kod posuda iz svetolucijskog i venetskog podru-
tain concentration.269 Technical similarities exist also
ja, gdje takve posude i ine odreenu koncentraciju.269
with cysts from the Bologna circle, e.g. with the cysts
263 Blei Kavur 2014a, 34.
264 Stjernquist 1967, 34, Abb. 4, D1, D2. 264 Stjernquist 1967, 34, Abb. 4, D1, D2.
265 Stjernquist 1967, 37, Abb. 5, KM1. 265 Stjernquist 1967, 37, Abb. 5, KM1.
266 Stjernquist 1967, 68, 83-85, 107; Mihovili 1996, 50; Mihovili 2013, 250. 266 Stjernquist 1967, 68, 83-85, 107; Mihovili 1996, 50; Mihovili 2013, 250.
267 Mihovili 1996, T. VII, 119-120; T. VIII; T. IX,140; Mihovili 2013, sl. 168; usp. 267 Mihovili 1996, T. VII, 119-120; T. VIII; T. IX, 140; Mihovili 2013, sl. 168; cf.
Stjernquist 1967, T. XIX, 5-7; T. LII, 1-3. Stjernquist 1967, T. XIX, 5-7; T. LII, 1-3.
268 Stjernquist 1967, T. XX, 4-5; T. LI, 1-4; Mihovili 2013, sl. 169. 268 Stjernquist 1967, T. XX, 4-5; T. LI, 1-4; Mihovili 2013, sl. 169.
269 Stjernquist 1967, 68, 71, Abb. 12. 269 Stjernquist 1967, 68, 71, Abb. 12.
Proizvodne i tehnike slinosti postoje meutim i kod from Arnoaldi, grave 111,270 and on the other from the
cisti iz bolonjskog kruga, npr. kod ciste iz Arnoaldi south-eastern Alpine region, for example from Mag-
grob 111,270 te s druge strane iz jugoistonog alpskog dalenska gora, Preloge G 2/k (Fig. 52B).271
prostora, npr. kod ciste iz Magdalenske gore, Preloge
Like situlae the cysts were decorated with numerous
G. 2/k (sl. 52B).271
pendants. We have already seen how their somewhat
Poput situla, i ciste su krasili brojni privjesci. Ve smo recognizable mark was the pendant in the shape of a
vidjeli kako je njihova donekle prepoznatljiva oznaka fish tail (Fig. 52; 35B-36). But also other forms could be
bio privjesak u obliku ribljeg repa (sl. 52; 35B-36), a zna- added among which is the largest number of differ-
143
li su biti pridodani i drugi oblici, meu kojima u najve- ent pendants in the shape of denticualted rings. The
em broju razliiti privjesci u obliku karike sa zupci- pendants with their density of distribution mark the
145
dijelom pri popravcima kod dugotrajnijeg koritenja, specialized in this kind of pretentious jobs.
to je i odlika istarskih metalnih posuda.278 U svakom
odnosima njihova doba.281 Isto je dodatno isticao iko- iconographic repertoire of such monuments that ar-
nografski repertoar takvih spomenika koji su do nas rived to us in a greater or lesser extent. And the later
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
pristigli u veem ili manjem opsegu. I, on je u pravilu, was, as a rule despite a standardized developed pro-
unato standardizirano razvijenom programu, bio ra- gram, variable and individual, semantically eloquent
zliit i individualan, semantiki elokventan i simboli- and symbolically associated with higher meanings of
cultural or religious background of their respective
ki povezan uz via znaenja kultne ili vjerske pozadine
owners.
njihova vlasnika.
Unfortunately, the examples from Osor do not of-
Naalost, osorski primjerci ne pruaju mogunost
fer the possibility of reading and analyzing the icono-
iitavanja i analiziranja ikonografskih sadraja u ve-
graphic contents on a larger scale and thus enriching
em razmjeru i time obogaivanja postojeih zna- the existing knowledge and understanding of the dis-
nja te razumijevanja daleke nam prolosti. Ipak, kako tant past. However, as in the craftsmanship, so in the
u obrtnikom, tako e i u likovnom izrazu konteksta visual context of this large artistic expression the tiny
te velike umjetnosti osorski sitni ulomci kao specifi- fragments from Osor will, as specific subjects within
ni subjekti u smislu pars pro toto dobiti izvjesno elitan the meaning of pars pro toto, obtain a certain elite impor-
znaaj, postajui drugim nalazitem na prostoru Hr- tance, becoming the second site on the Croatian terri-
vatske i najjunijom tokom na karti njezina rasprosti- tory and the most southerly point on the map of its dis-
ranja (sl. 51). tribution (Fig. 51).
280 Teran 1997; Teran 2001; Teran 2007; usp. Koch 2003; Cssola Guida, Vitri
2012; Bondini 2012.
281 Usp. Koch 2003; Huth 2012. 281 Cf. Koch 2003; Huth 2012.
Partnerstvo
Sjevera i Juga
The partnership of
North and South
149
P D
od utjecajem sveprisutnog helenistikog sti- ue to the influence of the omnipresent Hel-
la na istonom Sredozemlju, ve od kraja 4., lenistic style of the eastern Mediterranean al-
a poglavito tijekom 3. st. pr. Kr., Osor prihva- ready from the end of the 4th and especially
a nove ivotne standarde. Razvija se i ureuje na na- during the 3rd cent. BC Osor accepted new living stan-
in prave urbane forme. Postojei bedemi uvru- dards. It developed and was regulated in a true urban
ju se velikim kamenim blokovima u suhozidu, tzv. form. The existing city walls were reinforced by large
megalitskim ili kiklopskim zidinama. Na istonoj stone boulders in the dry building technique the
strani, pored dananjega groblja i na ulazu u grad, sa construction of the so-called megalithic or Cyclopean
zapadne strane pruanja jo se dobro mogu uoiti di- walls. On the eastern side, near the present-day ceme-
jelovi konzerviranog bedema toga vremena (sl. 15; 17- tery, on the west side of the extension one can still see
18). Zadravanjem stratekog poloaja nezaobilazne parts of the conserved city walls of that time (Fig. 15; 17-
luke u tranzitnim komunikacijama tog dijela Euro- 18). By keeping the strategic position of an unavoidable
pe, potie se ponovno ureenje tjesnaca i pristani- port in transit communications in this part of Europe
ta te oblinjih uvala Jaz i Bijar kao sigurnih luica za was encouraged the re-planning of the strait and the
pristajanje.282 port as well as the nearby bays Jaz and Bijar as safe har-
bours for docking.282
Nalazi pokretne arheoloke grae i nadalje neosporno
svjedoe o razvijenom drutvenom i politikom sta- Archaeological finds still demonstrate the existence of
tusu Osora unutar ondanjih gospodarsko-trgova- the developed social and political status of Osor within
kih ali i vojno-politikih snaga na Jadranu.283 the past economic and trade but also military and po-
litical forces in the Adriatic.283
282 Faber 1980; Faber 2002. 282 Faber 1980; Faber 2002.
283 Usp. Glogovi 1989; Blei Kavur 2009; Blei Kavur 2010. 283 Cf. Glogovi 1989; Blei Kavur 2009; Blei Kavur 2010.
Posebnost koja se tada filtrira jest zapravo mjesno stva- A special feature which is then filtered is actually the
ralatvo u najirem poimanju te rijei. Ono s jedne local creativity in the broadest understanding of the
strane, posve konkretno i sigurno pokazuje autohto- word. It quite concretely and certainly demonstrates
ne obrtnike tradicije, preoblikovane pod utjecajima the indigenous craft tradition, reshaped under the in-
novih ideja i djela, vjetina i tehnologija. Ponegdje ih fluence new ideas and works, skills and technology.
nadomjetaju ili istiskuju predmeti helenistike obrt- In some instances they are replaced or displaced by
nike provenijencije, a ponegdje oni iz svijeta keltskog items of Hellenistic craft provenance, and sometimes
kulturnog stvaralatva. Meutim, postoji i nemali broj by those from the world of Celtic cultural creativity.
150
obrazaca koji pokazuju njihovo zajedniko nastupan- However, there are a significant number of patterns
je, to je s obzirom na poloaj Osora realno shvatljivo that demonstrate their common occurrence, which is,
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
i oekivano. Drugim rijeima, ni jedan od navedenih due to the position of Osor, really understandable and
utjecaja nije bio nasilan ili izravan, nego postupan, bez expected. In other words, neither of the above impacts
veih ili naglih preobrata, izabran. Predmeti prestia was violent or direct, but elected and gradual without
major or sudden reversal. Prestige items and luxury im-
i luksuznih importa bili su obiljejem standarda suk-
port were the demonstration of the standards in accor-
ladnog vrijednostima ireg kulturnog kruga, posebno
dance with the values of the wider cultural circle, espe-
sjevernojadranske kulturne koin. Tako se ujedno do-
cially of the northern Adriatic cultural koin. Thus it also
kazao i kontinuitet autohtonog ivlja koji je primao
demonstrated the continuity of the indigenous popu-
te prilagoavao trendove svojim potrebama, shodno lation who adapted the trends according to their needs
vlastitom profiliranom i prepoznatljivom stilu, kako u in compliance with their own profiled and recogniz-
prijanjim tako i u zadnjim stoljeima stare ere.284 able style, both in earlier and in the last centuries BC.284
151
T T
ijekom itavog mlaeg eljeznog doba, od 4. hroughout the Late Iron Age, from the 4th to
pa do 2. st. pr. Kr., pojedini elementi nonje i the 2nd cent. BC, individual elements of cos-
nakita, zbog svoje su funkcionalnosti ili jed- tumes and jewellery, due to their functional-
nostavnosti, nepromijenjeno dugo ostajali u modi ta- ity or simplicity, remained unchanged for a long time
monjeg stanovnitva. No pojedini se ipak razvijaju in fashion of the local population. But were develop-
i usavravaju u korist novoprispjelih kulturnih utje- ing and improving due to the benefit of newly arrived
caja i manifestacija. Zorno nam to pokazuju upravo cultural influences and manifestations. This is clear-
kasni oblici i varijante fibula tipa Certosa kojih je na ly demonstrated to us by the late forms and variants of
Osoru zabiljeen uistinu impozantan broj. Istu tradi- Certosa type fibula which were recorded in Osor in a
ciju slijede i varijante fibula tipa Baka. One su, u luk- truly impressive number. The same tradition is followed
suznim baroknim formama, nerijetko bile izraiva- by the variants of Baka type fibula. They were in luxu-
ne od srebra, uklapajui se tako u irenje masovnije rious, baroque forms, often produced from silver, thus
matching the spread of massive application of silver or
uporabe srebra, odnosno u tzv. srebrni horizont tijeka
the so-called silver horizon during the 3rd cent. BC.285
3. st. pr. Kr.285
On the other hand, in the entire area of Kvarner were
S druge strane, na itavom prostoru Kvarnera bili su
accepted indirect influences from the Celtic cultural
prihvaeni i posredni utjecaji iz keltskog kulturnog milieu. Their reflection was followed in accepting the
miljea. Njihov se odraz slijedi u preuzimanju osnov- basic forms in the production of the so-called La Tne
nih obrazaca kod izradbi tzv. fibula latenske sheme. scheme fibulae. These were cultural influences pen-
Kulturni su to dotoci koji su prodirali iz zalea, od sje- etrating from the hinterlands from northern Italy,
verne Italije, ponajvie Furlanije i jugoistonog alp- most from Friuli and the south-eastern Alpine region
285 Blei Kavur 2014a. 285 Blei Kavur 2014a.
skog podruja dananje Slovenije. Po uzoru na njih, of todays Slovenia. Following their example in Kvarner
na Kvarneru su bile vrlo popularne fibule tzv. srednjo- were very popular so-called fibulae of the middle La
latenske sheme. Istiu se fibule tipa Kastav i Nezakcij, Tne scheme. Especially fibulae of the type Kastav and
od kojih je upravo na Osoru poznat najvei broj, a koje Nesactium, of which is the greatest number known in
svojom prostornom rairenou ukazuju na regional- Osor. Their geographic distribution indicates the re-
nu produkciju tog tipa umjetnikog zanatstva. gional production of this type of artistic crafts.
Mijeanje stilova, moda, utjecaja ili inspiracija bilo je Mixing styles, fashions, influences or inspirations was
izuzetno snano u tome vremenu na itavom prosto- very strong at that time in the entire area of Kvarner,
152
ru Kvarnera, ali na Osoru se oitovalo na najivopisni- but on Osor it was evident in the most colourful way.
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
ji mogui nain.
Late variants of Certosa type fibulae
Kasne varijante fibula tipa Certosa The youngest forms of Certosa type fibulae were
Najmlae e oblike fibula tipa Certosa obiljeavati oni marked by specimens which appear at the end of the
primjerci koji se javljaju na samom kraju starijeg elje- Early Iron Age, which is already with fibulae of middle
znog doba, odnosno ve s fibulama srednjolatneskih La Tne scheme. In a certain way were they squeezed
shema. Tako su na neki nain istisnule iz uporabe stari- from use the older types and variants of Certosa type
fibula and marked the completely new era of Late Iron
je tipove i varijante Certosa fibula, ali i obiljeile ve sa-
svim novo vrijeme mlaeg eljeznog doba iji se obli- Age with its formative turnaround starting to happen
kovni preobrat poinje dogaati od 300. g. pr. Kr. pa from 300 BC and onwards. Among these main forms
nadalje. U te se vodee oblike ubrajaju XII i pogoto- were included XII and VII variants of Certosa fibula of
vo VII varijante fibula tipa Certosa ija e manifestaci- whose manifestations will depend on the spatial and
ja ovisiti o prostornom, odnosno kulturnom raspore- cultural schedule (Fig. 21; 54-56).286
du (sl. 21; 54-56).286 In the area of K
varner Certosa type fibula XII variants
Na prostoru Kvarnera fibule tipa Certosa XII varijan- were, conventionally, very poorly represented. Among
te bile su, konvencionalno, vrlo slabo zastupljene. Pri- them was the fibula from Grobnik, which, however,
druena im je bila tek fibula iz Grobnika, koja se ipak could be closer, linked with their sumptuous baroque
blie povezuje uz njihovu raskoniju, barokniju XIIa XIIa variant. These were fibulae that marked the area
varijantu. Naime, rije je o fibulama koje su obiljei- of Dolenjska cultural circle in the final phases of Nego-
le podruje dolenjskog kulturnog kruga zavrnih faza va horizon of the late HaD3 and the early La Tne peri-
286 Teran 1976, 371-372, sl. 41; 42. 286 Teran 1976, 371-372, sl. 41; 42.
negovskog horizonta kasnog HaD3 sve do ranolaten- od.287 In contrast, to the modest not so much decorated
skog razdoblja.287 Nasuprot, skromnijoj, zdepastijoj i variants XIIb fibula of Certosa type, as well as their pro-
ne toliko ukraenoj varijanti XIIb fibula tipa Certo- duction on the model of the a variants, can be added
sa, kao i njihovoj proizvodnji po uzoru na a varijante, four partially preserved fibulae from Osor (Fig. 54).288
pribrojiti se moe i upravo etiri djelomino ouvane They are characterized by the taut bow towards the
fibule iz Osora (sl. 54).288 Karakterizira ih zabaen luk foot of the fibula decorated with an irregular byconical
prema nozi fibule s ukrasnim nepravilnim bikoninim button at the end of the bow. On the bow were often
dugmetom na kraju luka kojeg se esto nalazi ostatak remains of rivets for the fixing of the spring and pin to
zakovice kojima su bile privrene opruga i igla na ti- the body of the fibula. The two better preserved fibu-
153
jelo fibule. Osorske dvije bolje ouvane fibule su da- lae from Osor had therefore a two-piece construction.
kle dvodijelne. Na najvioj toki luka nalaze se s obje At the highest point of the bow are located on both
Razmjerno veu, dobro ouvanu dvodijelnu fibulu The relatively larger, well-preserved two-part fibula
iz Osora (sl. 55)291 moe se pribrojiti skupini fibula va- from Osor (Fig. 55)291 may be added to the group of fib-
155
rijante VIId prema B. Teran.292 Tipoloki ju odreu- ulae of variant VIId according to B. Teran.292 It is typo-
je polukruni presjek luka s polukrunim dugmetom logically determined by the semicircular cross section
B
56. Djelomino ouvane bronane
fibule tipa Certosa varijante VIIe (A)
i VIIf (B) te karta rasprostiranja fibula
VIIf varijante (nadopunjeno prema
Svetlii 1997).
Partly preserved bronze Certosa type
fibulae of the VIIe (A) and VIIf (B)
variants and a distribution map
of the VIIf variant fibulae
(supplemented after
Svetlii 1997).
bule iz Nezakcija.294 Izuzev tog, karakteristinog pri- variant VIIe can be joined some 12 decorated examples
mjerka fibulama varijate VIIe moe se pridruiti jo from Kavanela, while on other sites in the Kvarner they
oko 12 ukraenih ulomaka iz osorske Kavanele, dok are rare.295
na ostalim kvarnerskim nalazitima predstavljaju rijet-
kost.295 Contrary to other variants of the fibulae, usually single
or few in number discoveries, the fibulae of variant VIIf
U suprotnosti od drugih varijanti fibula, najee usa- are distinctively well represented in the region.296 With
mljenih, pojedinanih ili malobrojnih nalaza fibule va- 6 or 7 fragments again stand out examples from the
rijante VIIf izriito su dobro zastupljene u cijeloj re- old research on Kavanela297 (Fig. 56B). Thereby it sig-
157
giji.296 Brojem od 6 ili 7 ulomaka ponovno odstupaju nificantly exceeds known occurrence of these fibulae
primjerci iz starih istraivanja Kavanele297 (sl. 56B). Na on other sites.298 Fibulae of the mentioned variant have
ki, i na samome Osoru koji je stvarao u duhu inspiraci- least processing in Osor which worked in the spirit of
je njihove mode ili pod njihovim izravnim utjecajem. inspiration of their fashion or under their direct influ-
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
U korist tomu potiu ve od prije poznate uhodane ence. It is supported by from before known practice of
prakse proizvodnje ili obrade dijelova nonje i nakita, production or processing of parts of attire and jewel-
kao i drugih znaajnih predmeta umjetnikog obrta. lery, as well as other important items of artistic handi-
Jednostavna izvedba i efektni ukras vjerojatno je omo- craft. The simple design and effective decoration prob-
guio dugotrajan opstanak opisanih fibula u tadanjoj ably enabled lengthy survival of the described fibulae in
modi. Jer, nalaze se u grobovima tijekom itavog mla- the fashion of that time. They were discovered in the
eg eljeznog doba, vrlo esto upravo s graom sred- graves throughout the Late Iron Age, often just with
njolatenskih obiljeja, osobito s fibulama Lt B2 i Lt C material of middle La Tne characteristics, especially
horizonta,300 a neke ak i s graom stupnja Lt D1, od- with fibulae of the Lt B2 and Lt C horizon,300 and some
nosno sve do kraja 2. st. pr. Kr.301 even with material of the Lt D1 or until the end of the
2nd cent. BC.301
Fibule srednjolatenskih shema
Ve na samom kraju starijeg eljeznog doba, tj. poet- Fibulae of middle La Tne scheme
kom mlaeg eljeznog doba, prepoznavani su i posred- At the very end of the Early Iron Age, i.e. near the be-
ni utjecaji iz latenskog kulturnog miljea Keltima nasel- ginning of the Late Iron Age, were recognized indi-
jenih sjevernijih prostora zalea Caput Adriae. Fibule rect influences from the La Tne cultural milieu of the
2006, 211, T. VIII, 105) i Ljubljanica (Gaspari 2002, 147, sl. 15, 1; Gaspari 2009b, northern hinterland of Caput Adriae inhabited by the
232, k. 38c), Most na Soi (Mlinar 2008, T. 29, 8; T. 13, 1), Novo mesto (Kri
2000, T. 44, 3-4), erovinek, Bloice (Laharnar 2009, T. 36), Vrebac, Veli- 11; T. I, 8-10), Vrebac, Velika njiva (Drechsler-Bii 1958, T. XII, 98), Paman-
ka njiva (Drechsler-Bii 1958, T. XII, 98), Paman-Kuica? (Batovi 1987c, sl. -Kuica? (Batovi 1987c, sl. 10, 1), ), Picugi (Mihovili 1986, T. 9, 5), Nesactium
10, 1), ), Picugi (Mihovili 1986, T. 9, 5), Nezakcij (Mihovili 2001, T. 55, 36), te iz (Mihovili 2001, T. 55, 36), Asseria, g. 5 (Klarin 2000, 36-37, T. 17, 1; T. 26, 1) and
Aserije, g. 5 (Klarin 2000, 36-37, T. 17, 1; T. 26, 1), Pula (Orl i 2011, sl. 9, T. II, 1-2). Pula (Orli 2011, sl. 9, T. II, 1-2).
300 Teran 1976, 382; Svetlii 1997, 31-34, sl. 16. 300 Teran 1976, 382; Svetlii 1997, 31-34, sl. 16.
301 Laharnar 2009, 101, 129. 301 Laharnar 2009, 101, 129.
srednjolatenskih shema vremenski nastupaju, kako je Celts. Fibulae of middle La Tne schemes appear in
reeno, uz pojedine varijante fibula tipa Certosa ili tipa the period together, as said, with some variants of Cer-
Baka. Na Kvarneru je zabiljeen proporcionalno ve- tosa or Baka types fibulae. In Kvarner was recorded a
lik broj fibula takvih znaajki (sl. 57-60). Bronane su proportionally large number of such fibulae with such
fibule nedvojbeno bile djelom radionikih centara na features (Fig. 57-60). Bronze fibulae were undoubted-
podruju Caput Adriae, gdje se tako oblikovalo i neko- ly produced in workshops on Caput Adriae area, where
liko zasebnih tipova koji su izrazito dugo opstali u mo- several individual types were shaped remaining long
di.302 Obiljeava ih navoj uokolo luka fibule te posebno in fashion.302 They were characterized by a coil around
oblikovane i ukraene unatrag povijene noice, s raz- the bow and particular designed and decorated back-
159
liito profiliranim i/ili ukraenim dugmetima ili spoj- ward bent feet with differently profiled and/or decorat-
nicama. Zajednice koje su tada obitavale na Kvarneru ed buttons or clamps. Communities inhabiting Kvar-
Iz istraivanja osorske Kavanele ouvan je razmjerno From research of Kavanela was preserved a relative-
velik broj fibula srednjolatenskih shema. Mnoge od ly large number of fibulae of middle La Tne scheme.
njih pribrojiti se mogu jednostavnim formama fibula s Many of they can be added to simple forms fibula with
karakteristinim oprugama od tri ili etiri navoja i s te- characteristic springs from three or four coils is the
tivom/navojem uokolo luka fibule (sl. 57). Lukovi fibu- chord/coil turned around the bow of the fibula (Fig.
la variraju od punih, masivnih krunih ili polukrunih 57). Bows are ranging from a full, massive with circu-
pa sve do leastih ili u potpunosti istanjenih presjeka. lar or semi-circular and all the way to lenticular or com-
pletely thinned cross-sections. Some of them were dec-
Neke od njih ukraene su urezanim linearnim motivi-
orated with incised linear motifs. These facts testify in
ma. Te injenice svjedoe u prilog tezi da su one dugo
favour of the thesis that they were long in use, probably
bile u uporabi, vjerojatno tijekom itavog mlaeg
throughout the late Iron Age to the end of the 2nd cent.
eljeznog doba sve do kraja 2. st. pr. Kr. to podupire
BC, which supports and their numerous presence of
i njihova velika zastupljenost od ak 30-ak primjeraka.
even 30 examples. Since most of them were pretty dam-
Budui da ih je veina prilino oteena, odnosno ne- aged or missing and their feet and joints, their more de-
dostaju im i noica i spojnica, pomnija im je tipoloka tailed typological definition is not possible. Attention
opredjeljivost onemoguena. Pozornost je stoga usm- is therefore focused on two types which, in their ver-
302 Gutin 1991, 36. 302 Gutin 1991, 36.
A B C
57. Ulomci triju bronanih fibula srednjolatenskih shema.
Fragments of three bronze middle La Tne scheme fibulae.
jerena k dvama tipovima koji su, u svojim inaicama i sions and their number, were most explicitly represent-
svojim brojem, najizriitije zastupljeni na cijelom kvar- ed in the whole Kvarner bay, especially in Osor. These
nerskom bazenu, posebno na Osoru. Rije je o fibula- are fibulae that provided local typological terms fib-
ma koje su i priskrbile mjesna tipoloka nazivlja; o fi- ulae of Kastav and Nesactimu types (Fig. 58; 60), with
bulama tipa Kastav i tipa Nezakcij (sl. 58; 60), sa svojim their variants.
varijantama.
Kastav type fibulae
Fibule tipa Kastav From Osor are known two variants of Kastav type fib-
Iz Osora poznajemo dvije varijante fibule tipa Kastav: ulae: Kastav and Idrija after the typology of Mitja Gu-
161
Kastav i Idrija prema tipologiji Mitje Gutina.303 Vari- tin.303 The variant Kastav is characterized by a bow of
jantu Kastav obiljeava luk ovalnog presjeka s nogom oval cross-section with foot bent backwards and a mas-
163
utjecajem novoustanovljene kolonije u Aquileji.307 along the peripheral, with non-Celtic populations in-
Tako je univerzalni model fibule iz prostora latenske habited areas, aggravated by the strong influence from
165
ju. Meutim, poveznice se proiruju i na podruje Fur- ner only complement the continuation of exchange
lanije gdje se broj citiranih fibula osjetno poveao.315 with the subject area in that period. However, the links
167
fibula.317 were technology manufactured differently they were
much more gracious and sensitive. Perhaps their con-
i na dugmetu otro povijene noge. Tako prikazan mo- composition of two to three oblique lines and the in-
tiv klepsidre evocira na poznati ukras kod fibula tipa i terpolation of one or two lines that were obliquely in-
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
varijante Kastav znanih iz Prozora i Kompolja,322 a su- cised on them. The same decoration was located on the
srest e se, dodue vrlo rijetko, i na pojedinim varijan- button of the severely bowed foot. The depicted image
tama fibula tipa Certosa, poput one iz Dernazzacca of a water-clock evokes the famous decoration at fibu-
kod Udina.323 lae of Kastav type and variants known from the Prozor
and Kompolje,322 and will be encountered, though very
Osor i po pitanju fibula nezakcijskog tipa brojnou rarely, in individual variants of Certosa type fibulae, like
i razliitou premauje sva dosad poznata nalazita. the one from Dernazzacco near Udine.323
Izvan regionalnog sjevernog Jadrana, Kvarnera i Istre,
nalaze se tek sporadino, i to ondje gdje su bili tradi- Osor in terms of abundance and diversity of Nesac-
cionalno isprepleteni odnosi razliitog karaktera, bilo tium type fibulae exceeds all previously known sites.
da je rije o prostoru Veneta i Marchi s jedne ili Vinice Outside the regional northern Adriatic, there were dis-
s druge strane. Regionalna produkcija i stvaranje pre- covered only sporadically, and only on locations of tra-
ma uzoru poznato je jo od starijeg eljeznog doba, pa ditionally intertwined relations, either on the territory
of Veneto and Marche on one or Vinica on the other
je i u ovoj prilici razvijanje i formiranje mjesnog ukusa
side. Regional production and creation according to
preuzetih formi tada dominantnoga stila latenske civi-
models was known ever since the Early Iron Age and,
lizacije posve opravdavajue.
in these circumstances, the development of the local
Moe li se, napokon, kvantitetom nalaza odreivati i expression of the taken forms of the dominant La Tne
mjesto produkcije, sporno je, osobito ako pri tomu ne- style is completely justifiable.
321 Blei Kavur 2009, 200-204, Fig. 4.
322 Todorovi 1968, T. LIX, 8. 322 Todorovi 1968, T. LIX, 8.
323 De Piero 1985, 183, Fig. 5a, b. Fibula pripada tipu VIIc Certosa fibula, koje se jav- 323 De Piero 1985, 183, Fig. 5a, b. Fibula belongs to the variant VIIc of Certosa fibu-
ljaju s primjercima X vrste i ostaju vrlo dugo u modi (Teran 1976, 327, 357, sl. lae which appear together with examples of the X variant and remain in use for
44). a long period of time (Teran 1976, 327, 357, sl. 44).
dostaju konkretni arheoloki konteksti. Ali, moda se It is questionable if it is possible to determine with the
moe pomiljati kako su te male, ali zanimljive fibule quantity of discoveries the place of production, especial-
mogle biti raene upravo negdje u radionikom kru- ly if we are missing the specific archaeological contexts.
gu june Istre ili ba samoga Osora. Kao takve vjero- But perhaps we may consider that these interesting fib-
jatno obiljeavaju posljednji samostalni izriaj zanat- ulae could be made just somewhere in the workshop
stva alohtone forme i autohtone estetike, istovremeno circle Southern Istria or Osor itself. As such they proba-
ili doista kao derivat fibule tipa Kastav, od kraja 3., ti- bly mark the last independent expression of craftsman-
jekom 2., s mogunou trajanja i u rano 1. st. pr. Kr.324 ship of alien forms and indigenous aesthetics at the
same time as, or indeed as a derivation of Kastav type
169
fibula from the end of the 3rd, during the 2nd, and with
Srebrne fibule srebrnog horizonta the possibility of extension in to the early 1st cent. BC.324
171
Fibulae of variant Id from Osor, and an example from
U regionalnom odzivu umjetnikog obrtnitva/zla- Nesactium,331 are the only finds which were made from
novljenim domaim fibulama na Osoru dovesti i dvi- Although variants Id of Certosa type fibulae are much
je srebrne fibule srednjolatenske sheme (sl. 61B). Tee more prevalent in relation to the Baka type fibulae of
ih je tipoloki odrediti jer im nedostaju karakteristini youngest variants, silver versions of both types tend to
elementi noica i ukrasa. Samo je na jednoj, masivnijoj follow the same spatial and cultural distribution. Giv-
fibuli ouvana profilirana spojnica, to asocira upravo en the context, perhaps could be linked in to a more in-
na spojnice fibula srednjolatenskih shema mlaih vari- timate relationship with the newly refurbished do-
janti fibula tipa Kastav ili Picugi, emu bi u prilog iao mestic fibulae in Osor two silver fibula of the middle La
i sueno profiliran zavretak luka koji prelazi u opru- Tne scheme (Fig. 61B). They are harder to be typologi-
gu od dva navoja. Zanimljiv je podatak o nalazu po- cally determined since they lack the typical elements of
dudarne fibule u furlanskom Dernazzaccu. Profilacija the foot and decoration. Only on one, massive fibulae, is
i oblik luka, ovalno okruglastog presjeka, te istovjetna preserved the moulded clamp, which resembles exact-
spojnica kao i izradba u srebrnu to e potvrivati.336 Fi- ly the clamps from younger variants of fibulae of middle
bule takvih karakteristika koristile su se uglavnom ti- La Tne scheme such as Kastav or Picugi, which would
jekom 3. i u 2. st. pr. Kr. be supported by a narrow profiled termination of the
Nesumnjivo se kao posljednja prepoznatljiva kreacija bow passing into to a spring with two coils. A similar
umjetnikog obrta iz kulture sredinjeg prostora Li- fibula was discovered in Friuli in Dernazzacco. The pro-
burnije predstavlja liburnska ploasta fibula. Iz Osora file and the round cross-section of the bow, an identical
zasad poznajemo samo jednu fibulu337 uz pridruene clamp as well as the manufacture in silver are supporting
334 Batovi 1965, Abb. 19a-20; Batovi 1968, T. XVII-XIX.
335 Batovi 1974, T. XVII, 13; T. XVIII; T. XXVII, 5-6; Vinski 1956, Abb. 1a-1b; Ba- 333 Mader 2006, 240-241.
tovi 2003, sl. 10-14. 334 Batovi 1965, Abb. 19a-20; Batovi 1968, T. XVII-XIX.
336 Pettarin 2006, 216, T. XXXI, 536. 335 Batovi 1974, T. XVII, 13; T. XVIII; T. XXVII, 5-6; Vinski 1956, Abb. 1a-1b; Ba-
337 Vinski 1956, 23, Abb. 5; Lo Schiavo 1970, 452, T. XXXIII, 9; Batovi 1974, 198, sl. 5, 5. tovi 2003, sl. 10-14.
173
partnerstvo ... the partnership ...
62. Osorska srebrna ploasta fibula liburnskog tipa Silver plate fibula of the Liburnian type from Osor
(prema Vinski 1956). (after Vinski 1956).
manje ulomke osovine sa dvije kuglice sa strane i dije- this assumption.336 Fibulae of these characteristics were
lova srebrnih limova koji takoer potjeu iz Kavane- used mainly during the 3rd and the 2nd cent. BC.
le (sl. 62). Ostale kvarnerske ploaste fibule liburnskog
tipa poznate su iz Krka, Bake i iz Rijeke.338 Sve su izra- Undoubtedly, as the last recognizable creations of dec-
ene u srebru i uvrtene u varijantu B prema tipologiji orative arts from cultures of the central area of Libur-
F. Lo Schiavo.339 No krka i osorska fibula tretirane su i nia is represented the Liburnian plate fibula. From
kao inaice 4 i 5 mlaeg stupnja, prema tipolokoj kla- Osor is for now known only a single fibula337 with asso-
sifikaciji . Batovia. Obiljeava ih prilino usko tijelo ciated smaller fragments of a shaft with two globules on
i izrazitija duina, s jo odreenim srodnostima s fibu- the sides and fragments of silver sheet also originating
lama starije faze u koju bi mogla pripadati fibula iz Ri- from Kavanela (Fig. 62). Other plate fibulae of Liburni-
jeke.340 Vremenski su stoga smjetene u stupanj VB li- an type are known from Krk, Baka and Rijeka.338 All
burnske kulturne skupine.341 Kvarnerski primjerci, uz of them were made from silver and listed in to the vari-
onaj iz Nezakcija,342 tretiraju se kao proizvodi koji su ant B according to the typology of F. Lo Schiavo.339 But
se uvozili iz liburnskog prostora, gdje su se pouzdano the fibulae from Krk and Osor were treated as versions
338 Vinski 1956, 19, 25-Abb. 3; Batovi 1958, 368-369, T. 48, 4; Lo Schiavo 1970, 424, 336 Pettarin 2006, 216, T. XXXI, 536.
451, T. XXII, 5; T. XXXIII, 5; Batovi 1974, 198; Batovi 2003, sl. 14, 6; Mader 337 Vinski 1956, 23, Abb. 5; Lo Schiavo 1970, 452, T. XXXIII, 9; Batovi 1974, 198, sl.
2006, 246-247, Abb. 5. 5, 5.
339 Lo Schiavo 1970, 451-452. 338 Vinski 1956, 19, 25-Abb. 3; Batovi 1958, 368-369, T. 48, 4; Lo Schiavo 1970, 424,
340 Batovi 1974, 198, sl. 5, 4-5. 451, T. XXII, 5; T. XXXIII, 5; Batovi 1974, 198; Batovi 2003, sl. 14, 6; Mader
341 Glogovi 2006, 131, 137. 2006, 246-247, Abb. 5.
342 Mihovili 1995a, T. 2, 1, 3; Mihovili 2013, 270, sl. 197. 339 Lo Schiavo 1970, 451-452.
uz ostale nakitne oblike inspirirane helenistikim stil- 4 and 5 of younger variants, according to the classifi-
skim obiljejima i proizvodili.343 cation of . Batovi. They are characterized by a fairly
narrow body and pronounced length with more specif-
Nakit i dijelovi nonje ic affinity with fibulae of the earlier phase in to which
may belong the fibula from Rijeka.340 Chronologically
Izuzev raskonih i/ili statusnih fibula, nakit i opre-
is therefore placed in to the VB phase of Liburnian cul-
mu krasile su i razliite naunice, ogrlice, narukvice,
tural group.341 The specimens from Kvarner, with the
dugmad, zatim pojasni ukrasni okovi ba kao i broj- one from Nesactium342 were treated as products im-
174
ni privjesci, razliitih oblika i mnogi drugi. Kako je o ported from the Liburnian area, where they were reli-
okovima i privjescima ve bilo rijei, izdvojiti valja pri- ably, along with other forms of jewellery, inspired by the
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
mjerke kolutastog nakita, odnosno narukvica. Jedno- Hellenistic stylistic characteristics and products.343
stavne, neukraene spiralne narukvice, koje su inae
karakteristine za prostor Istre, naene su takoer i Jewellery and elements of attire
na Osoru.344 Njima se moe pridruiti i spiralno prste- Apart from the luxurious and/or status reflecting fibu-
nje i/ili ukrasi za pletenice (saltaleoni) izraeni i ukra- lae, attire were adorned also by various earrings, neck-
eni urezanim snopovima linija i krunica s tokom u laces, bracelets, buttons and decorative belt buck-
sredini.345 S obzirom na nedostatak ikakvog konteksta les, as well as numerous pendants of different forms
samo se priblino mogu datirati od kraja 5. pa sve do and many others. Since the belt buckles and pendants
3./2. st. pr. Kr. i ue povezati s bogatim horizontom fi- were already discussed, one should set aside examples
bula tipa Certosa na irem prostoru sjevernojadranske of annular jewellery, i.e. bracelets. The simple, undeco-
regije. rated spiral bracelets, which were otherwise charac-
teristic of the area of Istria, were discovered also in Os-
Neto mlae, karakteristine upravo za posljednje or.344 We could add to them also the spiral rings and/
faze mlaeg eljeznog doba bit e i jednostavne ia- or decorations for braids (saltaleoni) decorated with in-
ne narukvice. Dvije narukvice masivne su izradbe s cised sheaves of lines and circles with a point in the mid-
namotanim iicama i obruima. Izdvaja se narukvi- dle.345 Given the lack of any context, they can be dat-
ca od deblje eljezne ice s odvojenim i preklopljenim ed only approximately from the end of the 5th until the
krajevima (sl. 63). Uobiajeno se nalaze u mukim gro- 3rd/2nd cent. BC and more closely associated with the
bovima kasnog latenskog razdoblja na podruju od ju- 340 Batovi 1974, 198, sl. 5, 4-5.
341 Glogovi 2006, 131, 137.
342 Mihovili 1995a, T. 2, 1, 3; Mihovili 2013, 270, sl. 197.
343 Batovi 1974, 203-205. 343 Batovi 1974, 203-205.
344 us-Rukoni 1981, T. III, 3. 344 us-Rukoni 1981, T. III, 3.
345 Blei Kavur 2010, T. 51, 830-832. 345 Blei Kavur 2010, T. 51, 830-832.
goistonoalpskog do istonog Podunavlja tijekom 2. rich horizon of Certosa type fibulae on the wider area
st. pr. Kr. (Lt D1).346 of the northern Adriatic region.
Zanimljiva su i dva manja ulomka narukvica iz Kava- A bit younger, typical of the last phase of the Late Iron
nele, jedan masivniji i od eljeza347 te drugi od bronce s Age were bracelets made from wire. Two massive brace-
namotanim tanjim icama i spiralama. Narukvice go- lets were made with coiled up wires and rings. One can
tovo identine izradbe, ali od srebrne ice poznajemo put forward a bracelet made from thick iron wire with
iz ostave/groba u Baki, iz Jagodnje Gornje i iz Aserije. separated and covering over ends (Fig. 63). Commonly,
Na njima su poesto bile dodane i vee jantarne per- they were found in mens graves of the Late La Tne pe-
175
le. Tipoloko-kronoloka analiza istih prema . Bato- riod in the region of south-eastern to the eastern Dan-
viu348 smjeta ih u posljednje faze liburnske kulture 3. ube region during the 2nd cent. BC (Lt D1).346
177
vo svim istraivanim nalazitima s posebnim osvrtom pieces made from bronze with a projections on the top
na dugmeta iz baanske ostave/groba,352 jer upravo taj portion of a sphere (Fig. 63B). They were otherwise a
350 Batovi 1987, T. XLI, 7, 12; Klarin 2000, 38, T. 23, 4; T. 25, 2; Drechsler-Bii 1987,
T. XLIII, 8; cf. PMAEH inv. no: 40-77-40/10108 - 40-77-40/12614 (http://
pmem.unix.fas.harvard.edu:8080/peabody/view/objects/asimages/ sear-
ch$0040/0/title-desc?t:state:f low=05c53949-45f5-46cc-9b4a-ede034bc07f1;
18. 04. 2014).
351 Boi 2009b, 72-76, sl. 13; Blei Kavur 2010, 350-351, sl. 268-267. 351 Boi 2009b, 72-76, sl. 13; Blei Kavur 2010, 350-351, sl. 268-267.
352 Batovi 2003, sl. 12. 352 Batovi 2003, sl. 12.
353 Blei Kavur 2010, 351-352, sl. 267-268; usp. Laharnar 2009, 105, sl. 10. 353 Blei Kavur 2010, 351-352, sl. 267-268; cf. Laharnar 2009, 105, sl. 10.
Simpozij razliitosti
The symposium of diversity
179
I I
u tom se razdoblju nastavlja dopremati presti- n this period prestigious metal vessels and fine paint-
no metalno posue i fina slikana keramika. Samo ed pottery continued to arrive. Only a few metal
je nekoliko metalnih posuda poznato s Kvarnera vessels are known from Kvarner dated to the peri-
odreenih razdoblju od druge polovice 4. pa sve do od from the second half of the 4th until the mid-3rd cent.
sredine 3. st. pr. Kr. Kao specifini subjekti izdva- BC. As a specific subjects stand out the fragments
jaju se ulomci zvonastih situla iz Rijeke i nalaz dije- of bell-shaped situlae from Rijeka and the fragments
la stamnoidne situle s izljevkom oblika lavlje glave iz of stamnoid situla with the mount in form of a lions
Novog Vinodolskog (sl. 64A-B, D; 66B-C).354 Ulom- head from Novi Vinodolski (Fig. 64A-B, D; 66B-C).354
ci zvonaste i stamnoidne situle potjeu takoer iz, s Fragments of bell-shaped and stamnoid situlae are also
Kvarnerom nedjeljivo povezanog istarskog Nezakcija known from, with Kvarner inseparably connected, Is-
(sl. 64C; 66A). Posebno mjesto zauzimaju i nalazi aa trian Nesactium (Fig. 64C; 66A). A special place holds
iz Bake i Osora (sl. 68), kao i ulomak posude sa srcoli- the cups from Baka and Osor (Fig. 68), and the frag-
kom ataom iz Bake, koji e tako upotpuniti prikaz o ment of container with heart-shaped attach from Ba-
prestinim servisima za pie toga vremena. ka, complementing the presentation of prestigious
drinking services at the time.
Situle
Ulomci bronanih situla zvonastog tipa iz Rijeke i Ne- Situlae ...
zakcija355 iznimno su vrijedan i na irem podru- Fragments of bell-shape situlae from Rijeka and Nesac-
ju istonoga Jadrana i Caput Adriae rijedak nalaz (sl. tium355 are extremely important and on the wider area
64A-D; 65). Pet ulomaka bronanog lima, ukraenih of the eastern Adriatic and Caput Adriae rare discovery
354 Blei Kavur 2014a, 50-51. 354 Blei Kavur 2014a, 50-51.
355 Mihovili 1996, 51, sl. 23, T. X, 148, 150-155, 159; Mihovili 2001, 271, Fig. 4, 6-8; 355 Mihovili 1996, 51, sl. 23, T. X, 148, 150-155, 159; Mihovili 2001, 271, Fig. 4, 6-8;
Mihovili 2002, T. 3, 8; Mihovili 2013, 258, sl. 183, 185-185a. Mihovili 2002, T. 3, 8; Mihovili 2013, 258, sl. 183, 185-185a.
A B
C
64. Ulomci bronanih ukraenih situla iz Rijeke (A-B)
s rekonstrukcijom (D), ulomak situle iz Nezakcija (C prema
Mihovili 2013) i situla iz Offide (E prema DErcole 1977;
Pignocchi 2000).
D
E
podjeli Marie-Vittorie Giuliani Pomes, koja je u novije They are attributed to the so-called F type of bell-shaped
vrijeme i nadopunjena.357 situlae, according to the division of Maria-Vittoria Gi-
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
Zvonaste situle bile su dijelom luksuznih garnitura i Bell-shape situlae were part of the luxurious sets and of
reprezentativno bogatih grobova pokojnika iz redo- representative rich graves of deceased from the ranks
va najviih drutvenih i politikih struktura, raspro- of the highest social structures, spread from the mid-
stranjene od srednjega Sredozemlja, Italskog i Balkan- dle of the Mediterranean, the Italic and Balkan Penin-
183
skog poluotoka, pa sve do Crnoga mora i udaljenih sula, all the way to the Black Sea and to remote areas of
northern Europe (Fig. 65). As a result, they were very of-
krajeva sjeverne Europe (sl. 65). Zbog toga su vrlo e-
Trima jedinima zvonastim situlama sa sjevernog Ja- The detailed analysis of the only three bell-shaped situ-
drana, detaljniju analizu umanjuje stupanj ouva- lae discovered in the northern Adriatic was reduced by
nosti te njihovo, ne sasvim jasno, podrijetlo. Prema their state of preservation and their less than clear or-
navedenim paralelama, a s obzirom na tehnologiju igin. According to the listed parallels, and taking into
185
izradbe i naine ukraavanja, rijeke i nezakcijske se consideration the technology of their fabrication and
zvonaste situle povezuju uz irenje helenistikog stila ways of decoration, the bell-shaped situlae from Rijeka
C
su, kako i sav ondje zastupljen nakit, tako i nju stvarale BC and connects it with some local workshops which,
prema uzoru i obrascu helenistikih metalnih posuda. as all the represented jewellery, created it according to
the model and pattern of Hellenistic metal containers.
Ataa s motivom lavlje glave s kljunastim izljevkom i
dvije pomine ruke iz Novog Vinodolskog pripada Attach with the mount in the form of a lions head and
tipu stamnoidne situle (sl. 66B, D). Tipoloka obilje- with two movable handles from Novi Vinodolski be-
ja odreuju ju klasinoj, drugoj varijanti stamnoidnih longs to the type of stamnoid situlae (Fig. 66B, D). Its ty-
situla standardiziranih obiljeja sa dvije bogato deko- pological features determine it to the classical; the sec-
rirane atae, od kojih je jedna oblikovana kao kljuna- ond variant of stamnoid situlae of standardized features
187
sti izljevak najee s prikazom motiva lavlje glave.368 S two richly decorated attachs, one of which is shaped
prostora istonojadranskog priobalja otprije su pozna- like368a beaked mouth usually depicting a lions head mo-
189
4. st. pr. Kr.374 ce, they were dated in to the middle and second half of
the 4th cent. BC.374
B
i ae dolski and Nesactium, convincing and once again con-
Pri razliitim obrednim i ceremonijalnim zabavama firmed.
u setovima za pie nezaobilazna je bila i aa, tj. alica
ili pehar (cup-kantharos). Predmeti takve namjene do- ... and drinking cups
sad nisu bili izdvojeni na podruju Kvarnera. No za- In different ritual and ceremonial parties beakers and
cijelo se valja prisjetiti raskone ostave iz Bake, gdje cups (cup-kantharos) were unavoidable in sets of drink-
se pored brojnog srebrnog nakita naao i ulomak jed- ing vessels. Such items were not put forward in the
ne bronane ae (sl. 68B).376 Sauvana je samo karak- Kvarner region until now. But surely it is worth remem-
teristina visoka, dvostruko profilirana noga. Izrae- bering the lavish hoard from Baka, where in addition
191
na je lijevanjem, a dva njezina dijela odvaja i naglaava to numerous items of silver jewellery was376discovered
sredinji karakteristini profilirani prsten sa ljebovi- also a fragment of a bronze cup (Fig. 68B). Preserved
o jednostavnoj zaobljenoj ai s neznatno zadebljanim However, completely unknown is the discovery of a cup
i prebaenim rubom te s ukrasom urezane dvije linije from Osor (Fig. 68A).378 It is, in fact, a simple curved cup
s unutranje strane posude. Takve su posudice manjih with a slightly thickened rim and decorated with two
dimenzija izraivane od etiri odvojena dijela (tijelo, incised lines on the inner side of the vessel. Such cups
noga i dvije ruke). Tijelo zaobljene i dublje posude of smaller size were made of four separate parts (body,
bilo je postavljeno na nioj ili vioj nozi, dok su sa stra- foot and two handles). The body of rounded and deeper
na stajale po dvije, iznad ruba, uzdignute ruke. Od tih containers were placed on the lower or higher leg, while
376 Mader 2006, 254-255, Abb. 3; Abb. 4. Pogreno interpretiran kao svijenjak, to 376 Mader 2006, 254-255, Abb. 3; Abb. 4. Wrongly interpreted as a chandelier, whi-
je preuzeto jo od M. Abramia! ch was accepted from M. Abrami!
377 Usp. , 2003, 45, IN 14; 15; 16. 377 Cf. , 2003, 45, IN 14; 15; 16.
378 Blei Kavur 2014a, 52-53. 378 Blei Kavur 2014a, 52-53.
69. Karta rasprostranjenosti bronanih aa (nadopunjeno prema Sideris 2000).
Distribution map of bronze cup-kantharoi (supplemented after Sideris 2000).
dijelova nije sauvan ni jedan ulomak, jer su vjerojatno standing on the sides were two, above the rim raised
bili namjerno otkinuti od posude, a samo je tijelo dra- handles. None of these parts was preserved since they
stino izoblieno i prignjeeno. Meutim, izvanred- were probably deliberately broken off of the vessel, and
nost te alice nije u njezinom tipu ili nainu izradbe, only the body was drastically distorted and squashed.
budui da su to oblici koji su se proizvodili u razliitim However, the specialty of this cup is not in the type or
veliinama i od razliitih materijala. One su bile nezao- method of its construction, as it is of a form which was
bilazan i omiljeni oblik malih posuda pri simpozijima produced in different sizes and from different materi-
i banketarskim obredima ritualnog ispijanja najee als. They were indispensable and favourite form of small
prisutnog kod mukaraca iz grkog i makedonskog vessels in symposia and banquets ritual of drinking usu-
193
svijeta od prve polovice 4. pa sve do sredine 3. st. pr. ally present in men from the Greek and Macedonian
Kr.379 Ipak, meu njima, posebno su mjesto zauzima- world of the first half of the 4th until the mid of 3rd cent.
Za razliku od osorske ae, najsrodniji primjerci izra- Unlike the cup from Osor, similar pieces made of
eni od bronce sauvani su gotovo u cijelosti ili djelo- bronze were preserved almost in its entirety. Discov-
eries of cups from Corinth and from Votonosi in Epi-
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
195
Bake, mogu razmatrati u vremenu tzv. srebrnog hori- ner, so the cup from Osor, i.e. foot of the cup from
zonta i prisnijeg odnosa s makedonskom produkcijom the hoard from Baka, may be considered in the peri-
387 Bothmer 1984, 49, Fig. 83. 387 Bothmer 1984, 49, Fig. 83.
388 Archibald 1998, 273, 339, Pl. 37. 388 Archibald 1998, 273, 339, Pl. 37.
389 Vokotopoulou 1975, 768; Archibald 1998, 272; Sideris 2000, 21. 389 Vokotopoulou 1975, 768; Archibald 1998, 272; Sideris 2000, 21.
Rasko keramikog mozaika
Splendour of the ceramic mosaic
197
U I
svakodnevne svrhe, pri stolnom posluiva- n everyday use, serving at the table and at banquets
nju, kao i pri obredima banketa i simpozija and ceremonies of the symposium were used in
u Osoru se koristila i luksuzna uvezena kera- Osor imported luxurious ceramics. Its largest num-
mika. Najvei njezin broj potjee iz istraivanja grad- bers comes from excavations in towns centre, and for
ske jezgre, i zasad nije poznat ni jedan ulomak kerami- now is not known a single fragment of pottery which
ke koji bi bio odreen nekom pogrebnom kontekstu. would be determined by a funerary context. In short,
Ukratko, jedna je od najslabije istraene i gotovo ne- pottery is one of the least explored and almost unpub-
objavljene graa iz Osora.390 Uslijed neodgovarajue lished materials from Osor.390 Due to inadequate doc-
dokumentacije keramiko se gradivo moe atribuirati umentation, the ceramic material can be attributed to
i/ili interpretirati iskljuivo stilski i prema odreenim and/or interpreted solely stylistically and according to
analogijama. certain analogies.
Uvoz slikane keramike prestine kvalitete na Osoru Import of prestigious painted pottery is present in
je prisutan ve od samog poetka starijeg eljeznog Osor from the beginning of the Early Iron Age, mark-
doba, obiljeavajui tako odreenu tradiciju u nje- ing the particular tradition in fostering remote spatial
govanjima udaljenih prostornih i kulturnih konta- and cultural contacts. For the most part it is Daunian
kata. Najveim dijelom rije je o daunijskoj kerami- ceramics which was, with greater or lesser intensity, im-
ci koja se, s veim ili manjim intenzitetom, uvozila od ported from 9th/8th to the 4th/3rd cent. BC. Overseas
9./8. pa sve do 4./3. st. pr. Kr. Prekomorski trgovaki trade relations along both Adriatic coasts were the old-
odnosi du obaju jadranskih obala najdue je pozna- est known customs. In this example of cultural contact
ti obiaj. U ovome primjeru kulturnih doticaja sjever- we should focus on the so-called new vases or pots from
390 Lisiar 1973, T. IX, 23; Faber 1980, sl. 11-13; Mihovili 2002, T. 3, 4; T. 5, 1-2; 390 Lisiar 1973, T. IX, 23; Faber 1980, sl. 11-13; Mihovili 2002, T. 3, 4; T. 5, 1-2;
Blei Kavur 2014a, 37-40. Blei Kavur 2014a, 37-40.
A B
C D
70. Ulomci slikane daunijske keramike novih vaza; mjeovitog (A) i trakastog stila (B-D).
Fragments of Daunian painted pottery of the so-called new vase; mixed style pottery (A) and band style pottery (B-D).
nog jadranskog priobalja i junoapeninskog prosto- later phases of Daunian production.391 To this group
ra italskih civilizacija, pozornosti su vrijedne tzv. nove belong several fragments of light brown to light gray
vaze, odnosno posude iz kasnije faze daunijske pro- fine pottery decorated with several horizontal paint-
dukcije.391 Njima e pripadati nekoliko ulomaka svi- ed strip and parallel lines (Fig. 70). Mostly they have a
jetlosmee do svijetlosive fine keramike ukraene s monochrome matte brown coating and are rarely poly-
nekoliko horizontalnih oslikanih traka i paralelnih li- chrome with brown and brownish-red coating. Splen-
nija (sl. 70). Najee su monokromnog, mat smeeg did parallels of the entire service of vessels and of the
premaza, a rjee polikromnog, smeeg i smee-cr- ceramic production can be observed in the grave units
in Nesactium392 and in fragments from the settlement
199
venog premaza. Raskone paralele itavog servisa po-
suda te keramike proizvodnje mogu se vidjeti kod layers of Rovinj.393 This was a pottery that was started to
grobnih cjelina u Nezakciju392 i kod ulomaka iz nase- be produced by the significant influence of the Greek
D E F G
71. Ulomci slikane crve-
nofiguralne keramike
i karta njezine
rasprostranjenosti
na istonojadranskoj
obali (nadopunjeno
prema eelj 2009).
Fragments of red-figure
painted pottery and a map
of its distribution
(supplemented
after eelj 2009).
Uspostavljanje i odravanje ivih doticaja sjevernog Maintenance of contact of the northern part of the
dijela istonojadranskog prostora i s novoosnovanim eastern Adriatic area with the newly established Greek
grkim kolonijama u junoj Italiji dokazuje fino slika- colonies in southern Italy is attested with the presence
no posue najee junoitalske provenijencije (sl. 71- of finely painted pottery of mostly southern Italian or-
74). Osorski ulomci pripadaju velikim irokim posu- igin (Fig. 71-74). Fragments from Osor belong to big
dama za mijeanje tekuina tipa krater, zatim vrevima wide containers for mixing of liquids craters, then
za vino tipa oinochoe, vrevima za uvanje ulja tipa lekyt- jugs for wine of oinochoe type, pitchers for keeping oil of
hos, te aama i alicama za ispijanje vina tipa kylix ili lekythos type and cups for drinking wine of kylix or sky-
phos type which, with the metal vessels, were incorpo-
201
skyphos koji su, uz luksuzne metalne posude, inili sa-
stavni dio raskonih garnitura za pie. rated into the luxurious drinking sets.
nobalkanskog podruja.406 Izuzev izravnog doprema- of the south-eastern Alpine hinterland405 and the west-
nja iz junoitalskih gradova, odreena trgovina tom ern Balkan region.406 Except for direct delivery from
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
luksuznom keramikom pretpostavljena je posredni- the south Italic cities, certain trade with this pottery is
tvom emporija na zapadnoj, italskoj obali Jadrana.407 assumed by the intermediation of the emporia on the
western, Italic coast of the Adriatic.407
U istom kontekstu, od sredine 4. st. pr. Kr. pristiu i prve
posude junoitalske slikane proizvodnje tipa Gnathia. In the same context, since the middle 4th cent. BC, ar-
S vremenom je ta keramika stekla takvu popularnost rived the first painted vessels of southern Italian pro-
da je postala najrairenija keramika helenistikog raz- duction of Gnathia style. In the course of time, this
doblja u i izvan njezinih sredita proizvodnje, osobito pottery received such popularity that it has become
u meujadranskim trgovako-posrednikim odnosi- the most widely used ceramic of the Hellenistic peri-
ma.408 I kod ovog se tipa keramike izdvajaju ulomci ve- od in and also outside of its centres of production, es-
likih zdjela tzv. bacino s crnim sjajnim premazom koje pecially in the trans-Adriatic trade.408 And with this
su oslikavane svjetlijom (utom ili bijelom) i crvenom/ the type of pottery should be put forward fragments
bordo bojom (sl. 72). Prevladavaju geometrijski i bilj- of large bowls of the so-called bacino with black glossy
ni motivi, vitice loza, brljana i listia, zatim mitoloki slip painted with lighter (yellow or white) and a red/ma-
i ivotinjski motivi te enski profili izmeu vitica. Na- roon colour (Fig. 72). Prevalent are geometrical and flo-
402 Faber 1980, sl. 12, 1; Mihovili 2002. Najvjerojatnije je posuda bila oslikana dva- 402 Faber 1980, sl. 12, 1; Mihovili 2002. Most likely the vessel was painted with two
ma mladiima u razgovoru, mitolokog ili svakidanjeg karaktera, scenom ti- young men in conversation of mythological or everyday character - a scene
pinom za junoitalsku crvenofiguralnu keramiku (Trendall 1989, 13, 18, 25). typical of the southern Italian red figure pottery (Trendall 1989, 13, 18, 25).
403 Faber 1980, sl. 12, 2. 403 Faber 1980, sl. 12, 2.
404 Mihovili 2002, 504-505; Mihovili 2013, sl. 202; 204-205. 404 Mihovili 2002, 504-505; Mihovili 2013, sl. 202; 204-205.
405 Teran 1995, 88. 405 Teran 1995, 88.
406 Sanski most, g. 77, Fiala 247-248, sl. 86; Parovi-Peikan 1986, 42-43, T. 1, 4. 406 Sanski most, grave 77, Fiala 247-248, sl. 86; Parovi-Peikan 1986, 42-43, T. 1, 4.
407 Teran 1995, 88; usp. Guzzo 1993; Landolfi 1996; Bonomi 2000; Attische Vasen 407 Teran 1995, 88; cf. Guzzo 1993; Landolfi 1996; Bonomi 2000; Attische Vasen
2004. 2004.
408 Mie 2012, 234. 408 Mie 2012, 234.
vedeni oblikovni i ukrasni elementi odreuju osorske ral motives, tendrils of vine, ivy and leaves, then mytho-
ulomke tzv. srednjoj fazi Gnathia stila koja je znaajna logical and animal motifs and female profiles between
za drugu polovicu 4. st. pr. Kr.409 Meutim, i ovdje se tendrils. These decorative elements determine the
izdvajaju figuralno ukraeni ulomci (sl. 73). Ulomak ti- fragments from Osor to the so-called middle phase
jela posude (vra?) s prikazanim enskim profilom iz- of Gnathian style significant for the second half of the
meu vitica u otisku,410 ulomak tijela posude (vra?) s 4th cent. BC.409 However here too we are dealing with
krilatom rukom oslikanom bijelom bojom i ulomak figural decorated fragments (Fig. 73). A fragment of
izvijenog vrata i ruba vra tipa oinochoe s bijelo oslika- the body of a vessel (jug?) showing a female profile be-
tween tendrils in reflection,410 fragment of the body of
203
nom trakom, mogu se tako blie opredijeliti Dune-
din grupi, inaici Sidewinder.411 Istoj grupi pridruuju a container (jug?) with a winged hand painted in white
se i uobiajeni vei i masivni ulomci velikih i dubo- and fragment of the neck and the edge of a jug of oino-
Gnathia keramika dopremala se na naa podruja iz of their legs and handles (Fig. 74). They were located on
junoitalskih radionica ponajvie Taranta, Mesapije i almost at all the excavated sites of the Kvarner from
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
Canose. Svakako su brojnou i razliitou Gnathia Nesactium415 and Osor, Krk all the way to Kastav in the
posude srednjeg i kasnog stila zastupljene na podru- north and Lupoglav.416
ju Dalmacije417 i to najveim dijelom na priobalju, a
Gnathian ware was imported mainly from Taranto,
iznimno i u njezinom zaleu (sl. 75).418 Zanimljivo je Mesapia and Canosa workshops. In Dalmatia are in
istaknuti kako u Osoru, pa tako i na sjevernom Ja- great number and diversity present Gnathian vases of
dranu uope, nije zabiljeena regionalna keramika middle and late style 417 mostly in coastal areas and
tzv. isejske Gnathia produkcije s Visa. Navedeno, jo exceptionally in its hinterland (Fig 75).418 It is interest-
jednom svjedoi o intenzivnim vezama koje je sje- ing to point out that in Osor, as well as in the north-
vernojadranski prostor uivao izravno s onim juno- ern Adriatic in general, the so-called Issa Gnathian ce-
italskim.419 ramics productions have been not registered. Again, all
this testifies to the intensive relationship between the
Posljednjih desetljea 4. st. pr. Kr. u nasuprotnim se northern Adriatic and the southern Italic area.419
etruanskim sreditima sjevernog Jadrana poela
proizvoditi posebna keramika tzv. tipa Alto Adriatico In the last decades of the 4th cent. BC in the opposing
Etruscan centres of the northern Adriatic they start-
414 Mie 2012, 236, k. 2. 414 Mie 2012, 236, k. 2.
415 Mihovili 2013, 278, sl. 208-209. 415 Mihovili 2013, 278, sl. 208-209.
416 Blei 2002, T. 13; Mihovili 2002, T. 5, 1-2, 4; Mie 2010, 109-110, k. 4; Mihovili 416 Blei 2002, T. 13; Mihovili 2002, T. 5, 1-2, 4; Mie 2010, 109-110, k. 4; Miho-
2013, 282, sl. 214. Mihovili 2013, 282: nekropolu Veli Miinac na Kastvu nespre- vili 2013, 282, sl. 214. Mihovili 2013, 282: necropolis Veli Miinac on Kastav
tno odreuje kao liburnsko-japodsku datirajui je pri tomu u srednji la- was awkwardly defined as liburnian-japodian dating back in the Middle
ten!? La Tne!?
417 Kirigin et al. 2006, 206, Fig. 12; argo 2007, 24-30; Mie 2010; Mie 2012; Mie 417 Kirigin et al. 2006, 206, Fig. 12; argo 2007, 24-30; Mie 2010; Mie 2012; Mie
2013. 2013.
418 Mie 2010, k. 4; usp. i Mari 1995, T. 9-11; Pakvalin 2002, 528-529, T. III, 3-4. 418 Mie 2010, k. 4; usp. i Mari 1995, T. 9-11; Pakvalin 2002, 528-529, T. III, 3-4.
419 Mie 2010, 115-135, 327-328, k. 5. 419 Mie 2010, 115-135, 327-328, k. 5.
ili gornjojadranska keramika.420 Vrlo se esto nalazi s ed to produce the special of Alto Adriatico or the up-
Gnathia keramikom koja ju i datira u kraj 4. i poetak per-Adriatic type of pottery.420 It is often found with
3. st. pr. Kr.421 Rije je o slikanoj keramici koja je nasto-
Gnathia pottery dated from the late 4th and early 3rd
jala oponaati junoitalske izvornike. Specifinih je cent. BC.421 It was a painted pottery that tried to imi-
zdepastih oblika posuda i stilske dekoracije njihovih tate the southern Italian originals. It had very specific
tijela. Prevladavaju biljni, vitiasti, geometrijski moti- squatted vessel shapes and stylistic decorations of their
vi i karakteristine enske glave u profilu, slikani brzim bodies. The prevailing were vegetal, tendril, geomet-
potezima. Uobiajeno se koristila crna, tamnosmea rical motifs and typical female head in profile, paint-
209
ili crvena boja loe kvalitete premaza na svijetloj pod- ed with swift strokes. Usually was used a black, dark
lozi.422 Ulomci nekoliko vreva izraenih u tom stilu brown or red colour of poor quality coating on a light
poznati su zasad jedino iz Osora (sl. 76). Svi su prilino background.422 Fragments of several jugs made in this
ostati karakteristine iskljuivo i samo za prostor Ja- to Piceni territory of 425 Ancona and Numana, and final-
ly develops in Adria. But, these vessels will remain
drana, jer vee popularnosti nisu doivjele (sl. 76). Nje-
characteristic exclusively and only for the Adriatic area,
zini sve brojniji nalazi na podruju srednje Dalmacije
since they never experienced an increasing populari-
upuuju na snane trgovake razmjere du cijelog ja-
ty (Fig. 76). Their growing numbers on the territory of
420 Kirigin 1992, 79-82; Mihovili 2002, 505-506, k. 5; Mihovili 2004, 110, Fig. 11, 420 Kirigin 1992, 79-82; Mihovili 2002, 505-506, k. 5; Mihovili 2004, 110, Fig. 11,
Matoevi, Mihovili 2004, 15-16, k. 4. Matoevi, Mihovili 2004, 15-16, k. 4.
421 Landolfi 1997, 116; eelj 2009, 40. 421 Landolfi 1997, 116; eelj 2009, 40.
422 eelj 2009, 39-42. 422 eelj 2009, 39-42.
423 Faber 1980, sl. 12, 4. 423 Faber 1980, sl. 12, 4.
424 Mihovili 2002, 506, f.n. 38; Mihovili, Matoevi 2004, 37-38, T. 9, 16, 17-19; 424 Mihovili 2002, 506, f.n. 38; Mihovili, Matoevi 2004, 37-38, T. 9, 16, 17-19;
Mihovili 2013, 274, 276, sl. 133; 203; eelj 2009, 43-44. Mihovili 2013, 274, 276, sl. 133; 203; eelj 2009, 43-44.
425 Landolfi 1997, 24-33; Berti 1997, 35-49; Bonomi 1997, 51-58. 425 Landolfi 1997, 24-33; Berti 1997, 35-49; Bonomi 1997, 51-58.
76. Ulomci slikane
keramike tipa Alto
Adriatico i karta
njezine rasprostran-
jenosti (nadopunjeno
prema Landolfi 1996;
eelj 2009).
Fragments of painted
pottery of the Alto
Adriatico type
and a map
of its distribution
(supplemented after
Landolfi 1996;
eelj 2009).
dranskog priobalja, posebno na istaknute veze picen- central Dalmatia suggest extensive commercial con-
skog i delmatskog prostora toga vremena.426 tacts along the Adriatic coast, especially the prominent
link of Picenum and Dalmatia in the time.426
Kako pokazuju nalazi iz itavog Kvarnera, tradicija
uvaanja luksuzne, pa i keramike robe, ustalila se ve As demonstrated by the discoveries from the whole
od poetka starijeg eljeznog doba. Kultura i banke- Kvarner, the tradition of importing luxurious, and even
tarski obiaji mjesne aristokracije preuzeti iz okolnih ceramic goods, was established since the beginning of
civilizacija italskih, etruanskih i helenskih, za mla- the Early Iron Age. The culture and banquet customs
eg su eljeznog doba, pod helenistikim utjecajem, of the local aristocracy were taken over from the sur-
211
jo unaprijeeni. Pri tomu je odravanje kulturnih rounding Italic, Etruscan and Hellenic civilizations,
kontkata s prostorom june Italije i u kontektsu novih while in the Late Iron Age, under Hellenistic influence,
426 Kirigin et al. 2006, 205, Fig. 11; argo 2007, 14-19; eelj 2009, 41-42. 426 Kirigin et al. 2006, 205, Fig. 11; argo 2007, 14-19; eelj 2009, 41-42.
Praskozorje nove
epohe
The dawn
of a new era
77. Bronane i eljezne fibule tipa Picugi.
Bronze and iron Picugi type fibulae.
215
T D
ijekom 4. i 3. st. pr. Kr., prema dosadanjem pre- uring the 4th and 3rd cent. BC, according to
gledu, postignut je vrhunac razvitka i znaenja the previous examination, Osor achieved its
Osora kao sjevernojadranske metropole u culmination of the development and mean-
irem optjecanju europskih povijesnih zbivanja. Zbog ing as the northern Adriatic metropolis in the broad
postojanih i profiliranih interakcija s okolnim kultur- circulations of European historical events. Due to per-
nim prostorima, kao i osnovom razvijenog gospodar- sistent and profiled interaction with surrounding cul-
stva, moe se pouzdano pretpostaviti kako stanov- tural areas, as well as the basis of a developed economy,
nitvo onodobnog Osora nije bilo u etnikom smislu it can be reliably assumed that the population of Osor
homogeno, skueno ili izolirano. Mnoga nam arheo- was not homogeneous in ethnic terms, cramped or iso-
loka graa svjedoi o snanoj heterogenosti drutva lated. Numerous archaeological finds bear evidence of
the strong heterogeneity of the society which did not
koje nije samo preuzimalo uvaene predmete i obli-
only take over the enforced items and behaviours, but
ke ponaanja, nego je sa sobom donosilo i/ili prenosilo
brought with them and/or passed certain knowledge
odreena znanja i vjetine, pogodnih za razvoj i recep- and skills, suitable for the development and reception
ciju mjesnih osobitosti, razliitih manifestacija. of local peculiarities, of various manifestations.
No ve krajem 3. st. pr. Kr. prostor sjevernog Jadrana But already at the end of the 3rd cent. BC the area of
naao se u interesnoj oblasti novog velikog hegemona: the northern Adriatic found itself in the field of inter-
Rimske Republike. Njezina agresivna politika kulmi- est of a new great hegemon the Roman Republic.
nirala je najbliim tzv. histarskim ratovima koji su za- Its aggressive policy culminated in the so-called His-
kljueni osvajanjem Nezakcija 177. g. pr. Kr. i, barem trian wars which concluded with the conquest of Ne-
formalnim, okonanjem duge prapovijesti istarskog sactium in 177 BC and, at least formally, the termina-
78. Karta rasprostranjenosti fibula tipa Picugi (nadopunjeno prema Gutin 1987).
Distribution map of Picugi type fibulae (supplemented after Gutin 1987).
poluotoka.427 Sama fizika povezanost bila je klju- tion of the long prehistory of the Istrian peninsula.427
na da su se povijesni dogaaji vezani uz Istru izravno The sheer physical connection was crucial that the his-
odrazili na prilike i ne prilike u itavom kvarnerskom torical events related to Istria directly reflected in the
bazenu.428 Opravdano se promilja kako je ve u 2. st. conditions and circumstances of the entire Kvarner ba-
pr. Kr. odreena rimska vojna prisutnost morala biti sin.428 It is right to assume that already in the 2nd cent.
u Osoru. Ondje je, naime, jedina navigacijska toka iz BC a certain Roman military presence was in Osor.
koje su logistiki mogli planirati, manevrirati i izvri- There is located, in fact, the only navigational point out
ti uinkovit napad na Nezakcij.429 Dojmljiv broj fibu- of which it was possible to logistically plan, maneuver
and execute an effective attack on Nesactium.429 Im-
217
la srednjo i kasnolatenskih shema te drugog arheo-
lokog gradiva jamcem je prispijea novih kulturnih pressive numbers of fibulae of middle and late La Tne
dotoka koji su, rimskom propagandom, prodirali na scheme and other archaeological materials are a proof
219
razdoblje, u pravilu odreivane nekoj od mjesnih pro- Therefore they are in northern Italy, although linked
izvodnji.434 Sve osorske fibule ne potjeu iz okolnosti- to the late La Tne period, typically determined as
trapezoidnom nogom440 jedna je od njih (sl. 81), a ve ju late La Tne scheme were used. A fibula with a faceted
od ranije, s jednim primjerkom, poznajemo iz Krka.441 bow and trapezoid foot440 is one of them (Fig. 81). An
Njezina prostornost odreena je od Trenta, Veneta i example was already known from the island of Krk.441
Furlanije pa do Ljubljanske kotline,442 s najveom kon- Its distribution ranges from Trento, Veneto and Friuli
centracijom na prostoru doline rijeke Po. Datacijski se to the Ljubljana basin,442 with the highest concentra-
ue povezuju uz Lt D1b stupanj443 u iji se vremenski tion in the area of the Po valley. They are dated to the
raspon ranog 1. st. pr. Kr. uklapaju i kvarnerske fibule. Lt D1b phase,443 a time span of the early 1st cent. BC in
to which should fit also the fibulae from Kvarner.
Od sredine 1. st. pr. Kr. zastupljenost odreenih fibu-
la kasnolatenske sheme je znatno manja, no tipoloki Since the middle of the 1st cent. BC the number of cer-
raznolika. Ukupno 14 fibula mogu se odrediti u ak tain fibulae of the late La Tne scheme is much small-
6 tipova. Ponajprije, tu su tri, razliito ouvane, fibule er, but they are typologically more diverse. The total of
tipa Almgren 65A1,444 smatrane najee elementom 14 fibulae can be determined in to even six types. First
muke nonje (sl. 82). Oznaavaju kulturno podruje of all, there are three differently preserved fibulae of
sjeverne Italije i srednje Europe, premda su, u odree- the Almgren 65A1 type,444 considered the most com-
nom broju, bile rasprostranjene i na podruju istone mon element of male costume (Fig. 82). They indicate
440 Tip Ia prema S. Demetzu (1999, 94-95, Karte 27), tip XXVIIId prema A. M. 440 Type Ia according to S. Demetz (1999, 94-95, 27 Karte 27), type XXVIIId
Adam (1996, Tipo XXVIIId, 443-445). according to A. M. Adam (1996, Type XXVIIId, 443-445).
441 Mateji 1963, 114-115. 441 Mateji 1963, 114-115.
442 Demetz 1999, 246, Karte 27; Meller 2002, T. 26-27; Boi 2008, 84-86, Fig. 43. 442 Demetz 1999, 246, Karte 27; Meller 2002, T. 26-27; Boi 2008, 84-86, Fig. 43.
443 Boi 2008, 84-85. 443 Boi 2008, 84-85.
444 Teak-Gregl 1982, 99, 106, sl. 1, 3; Matijai 1984, 55, 63, T. III, 34. 444 Teak-Gregl 1982, 99, 106, sl. 1, 3; Matijai 1984, 55, 63, T. III, 34.
82. Ulomci lukova bronanih fibula
tipa Almgren.
Fragments of bronze bows
of the Almgren type fibulae.
83. Ulomci bronanih lukova fibula
tipa Nauheim.
Fragments of bronze bows
of the Nauheim type fibulae.
84. Ulomci bronanih fibula tipa Gorica (A),
Feugere 11 (B) i Alesia (C).
Fragments of bronze Gorica (A),
A B C D Feugere 11 (B) and Alesia (C) type fibulae.
primjerka fibule tipa Gorica (sl. 84A) te primjerci fibu- dle and at the end of the 1st cent. BC they will be joined
la tipa Feugere 11 (sl. 84B)452 i Alesia (sl. 84C)453 koje su by five previously known fibulae of Jezerine type (Fig.
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
ujedno prvi put izdvojene.454 Sve su to, dakle, italski ti- 85).451 Further there are two examples of Gorica type
povi fibula koji su iz pokrajina sjeverne Italije, napose fibulae (Fig. 84A) and single Feugere 11 (Fig. 84B)452
Veneta i Furlanije, izvorno ili posredstvom iz Akvile- and Alesia fibulae (sl. 84C)453 recognized for the first
je, s novim kulturnim okolnostima i prijelomnim do- time.454 All these were Italic types of fibulae which,
gaajima, na razliite naine, prispijevali i na prostor with new cultural circumstances, came to the area of
Kvarnera. Kvarner from northern Italy, mainly from the Veneto
and Friuli, originally or by means from Aquileia.
Osobnoj opremi i u izravnoj povezanosti s vojnim po-
strojbama dovode se i strigili (strugai). S najveom 445 Dizdar, Tonc 2013, 54. The nearest examples come from Crikvenica (unpubli-
shed).
445 Dizdar, Tonc 2013, 54. Najblii primjerci potjeu iz Crikvenice (neobjavljeno). 446 Variants II.1a according to S. Demetz (1999, 83, 87) or variants A after D. Boi
446 Varijante II.1a prema S. Demetzu (1999, 83, 87) ili varijante A prema D. Boiu (1993, 143; Boi 2008, 58-65); cf. Piana Agostinetti, Knobloch 2010, 6, 14, Fig. 2;
(1993, 143; Boi 2008, 58-65); usp. Piana Agostinetti, Knobloch 2010, 6, 14, Fig. Fig. 8.
2; Fig. 8. 447 Boi 2008, 62-63; Grossi, Iuliano 2010, 23.
447 Boi 2008, 62-63; Grossi, Iuliano 2010, 23. 448 Sakara Suevi 2004, 25, k. 71-72.
448 Sakara Suevi 2004, 25, k. 71-72. 449 Mihovili 1996, 55, T. I, 11, 13.
449 Mihovili 1996, 55, T. I, 11, 13. 450 Orli 2011, T. 4, 1-2.
450 Orli 2011, T. 4, 1-2. 451 Teak-Gregl 1982, 99, sl. 1, 1-2; can be added to variants IIa and IIb according to
451 Teak-Gregl 1982, 99, sl. 1, 1-2; pridruiti se mogu varijantama IIa i IIb prema the typology of S. Demetz (1999, 100-105, Karte 31); cf. Glogovi, Menui
tipologiji S. Demetza (1999, 100-105, Karte 31); usp. Glogovi, Menui 2007; 2007; Drni 2013.
Drni 2013. 452 Sedlmayer 2009, 16, T. 2, 29; Dizdar, Tonc 2013, 54-59, Fig. 4, Map 1.
452 Sedlmayer 2009, 16, T. 2, 29; Dizdar, Tonc 2013, 54-59, Fig. 4, Map 1. 453 According to S. Demetz the fibula may be considered as type IA3 with a trian-
453 Prema S. Demetzu fibula se moe ubrojiti u tip Ia3 s trokutastim lukom i gular bow and net-shaped ornament (Demetz 1999, 157-161; Isteni 2005, 205-
mreastim ornamentom (Demetz 1999, 157-161; Isteni 2005, 205-206, T. 1, 2; 206, T. 1, 2; Dizdar Tonc 2013, 60-62).
Dizdar Tonc 2013, 60-62). 454 Jezerine type fibulae are known from numerous sites in Kvarner (Stinica,
454 Fibule tipa Jezerine potjeu s vie kvarnerskih nalazita (Stinica, Grobnik, Grobnik, Krk) (Ljubovi 2000, 59, k. 14; Glogovi 2007, 149-151; cf. Blei Ka-
Krk) (Ljubovi 2000, 59, kat. 14; Glogovi 2007, 149-151; usp. Blei Kavur vur 2010, T. 12, 176-177; T. 25, 351; T. 31, 421-422; T. 34, 473), while the fibulae of
2010, T. 12, 176-177; T. 25, 351; T. 31, 421-422; T. 34, 473), dok se fibule tipa Gorica Gorica and Alesia types are still individual finds on the island of Krk (unpubli-
i Alesia nalaze jo pojedinanim primjercima na otoku Krku (neobjavljeno). shed).
86. Tri oteena bronana strigila na kolutu
za ovjes (prema Blei Kavur 2014b).
Three damaged bronze strigili attached
to a suspension ring (after
Blei Kavur 2014b).
zbirkom na podruju istone obale Jadrana, Osor Elements of personal equipment in direct connection
i po pitanju tih predmeta predstavlja pravu iznim- with the military units are also strigili (scrapers). With
ku (sl. 86). Strigili (strigilis/strigils) se u prvome redu the largest collection on the eastern Adriatic coast,
istiu kao simbol tzv. helenizacije.455 U bogatim gro- Osor is in relation to these items a real exception (Fig.
bovima i grobnicama, pojedinano ili u veem bro- 86). Scrapers (strigils) are primarily symbols of the so-
ju, obiljeavali su statusni simbol, pored drugih nala- called Hellenization.455 The rich graves and tombs, in-
za prestinog i simbolikog znaenja mjesne ili vojne dividually or in larger numbers, they were character-
aristokracije. Osorska zbirka strigila nije bila poblie ized as status symbol, among other finds of prestigious
226
obraivana u strunoj literaturi, premda je djelomino and symbolic significance of the local or military aris-
ve bila objavljena.456 Sauvano je ak 20-ak primjer- tocracy. Osor collection of strigili was not properly dis-
povezanost perspektive a coherence of perspective
ka zastupljenih najveim brojem u izvedbi od bronce cussed in literature, although it was partly published.456
i s jednim primjerkom od eljeza. S obzirom na tipo- Preserved are even 20 examples mostly manufactured
from bronze and with a single example made from iron.
loka obiljeja dijele se u dvije vee grupe koje se kro-
Given the typological features they could be divided
noloki smjetaju u podui vremenski raspon. Samim
into two major groups that are chronologically dated in
time svjedoe nam i o znatnoj tradiciji njihova korite-
to a lengthy time span. In the older group, the most nu-
nja u drutvenim zajednicama Osora. U starijoj sku- merous are strigili with a folded and rectangular shaped
pini, najbrojniji su strigili s presavijenim i pravokut- handle whose ribbon-shaped continuation was pressed
no oblikovanim rukohvatom iji je trakasti nastavak against the handle. By their typological and chronolog-
ve potpuno priljubljen uz rukohvat. Tipoloko-kro- ical definition they are generally considered as products
nolokim odreenjem uglavnom se razmatraju u vre- of the period from the 3rd to the 1st cent. BC.457 In addi-
menu od 3. do. 1. st. pr. Kr.457 Pored brojnih paralela na tion to the many parallels on the Italic, especially with
italskom, posebno Senonima naseljenom prostoru, iz- Senones inhabited territory, stand out, of course, spec-
dvajaju se, naravno, i primjerci iz istonojadranskog imens from the eastern Adriatic coast.458 All of them,
priobalja.458 Svi su oni, s obzirom na viekratno ukopa- given the multiple burials in tombs, are dated extensive-
vanje u grobnicama, datirani opirno, od 4. pa do 2. st. ly, from the 4th to the 2nd cent. BC.459 The proposed ap-
pr. Kr.459 Predloena okvirna datacija moe zasad biti proximate dating can for now be appropriate for the old-
455 Bolla, Buonopane 2010, 413-414. 455 Bolla, Buonopane 2010, 413-414.
456 Klodi 1885, III, Fig. 11. 456 Klodi 1885, III, Fig. 11.
457 Tabolli 2012, 435-437, k. 1351; 1363. 457 Tabolli 2012, 435-437, k. 1351; 1363.
458 Vis, Martivlo (Cambi, Kirigin, Marin 1981, T. IX, 2, 9,13, 29; Kirigin 1985, 92- 458 Vis, Martivlo (Cambi, Kirigin, Marin 1981, T. IX, 2, 9,13, 29; Kirigin 1985, 92- 95;
95; Kirigin, Marin 1985, 52, T. IX, 15; usp. Parovi-Peikan 2005, 119), Budva, Kirigin, Marin 1985, 52, T. IX, 15; cf. Parovi-Peikan 2005, 119), Budva, Apolo-
Apolonija, Epidamno (Mano 1971, 195-196, T. XLVI, 4, 6; Hidri 1983; usp. nia, Epidamnos (Mano 1971, 195-196, T. XLVI, 4, 6; Hidri 1983; cf. Parovi-Pei-
Parovi-Peikan 2005, 118-120). kan 2005, 118-120).
459 Markovi 2012, 79, T. 4, 21-22; T. 17, 7, 12. 459 Markovi 2012, 79, T. 4, 21-22; T. 17, 7, 12.
227
87. Mali eljezni noevi. Small iron knives.
Osobnoj opremi mogu se pripisati i mali eljezni no- As elements of personal equipment small iron knives
evi. Dva manja noa oznaava trnast rukohvat u istoj should be considered. Two smaller knives have a tang-
shaped grip running in the same line with an extended
liniji s proirenim sjeivom blago zakrivljene profila-
blade of a slightly curved profile (Fig. 87). On one side,
cije (sl. 87). S jedne strane, ispod hrpta, nalaze se dva/
below the back, are located two/three parallel grooves.
tri usporedna lijeba. Naime, vrlo srodni, gotovo iden-
In fact, very similar, almost identical specimens are
tini primjerci potjeu iz nekropole Vinice, gdje su za- known from the necropolis in Vinica, where resent in
stupljeni i u bogatijim grobovima ena, esto s pin- richer female graves, often with tweezers and fibulae
cetama i fibulama srednjolatenskih shema mlaih of middle La Tne scheme of younger versions, and
460 Giovannini, Maggi 1994, 612-613. 460 Giovannini, Maggi 1994, 612-613.
88. eljezni bojni noevi tipa Pritoka
Bela Cerkev i karta njihove rasprostranjenosti
(nadopunjeno prema Balen-Letuni 2006).
Iron combat knives of Pritoka Bela Cerkev
type and a map of their distribution
(supplemented after Balen-Letuni 2006).
varijanti, zatim u Lici i u Pounju.461 Ulomak manjeg further in Lika and Una valley.461 Fragment of a small
eljeznog noa naen je i u grobu 1/1979 na nekropo- iron knife was found in the grave 1/1979 in the necrop-
li Veli Miinac na Kastvu.462 Openito se povezuju uz olis Veli Miinac in Kastav.462 They are generally associ-
kasne faze mlaeg eljeznog doba 2./1. st. pr. Kr. i in- ated with the late phase of Late Iron Age in the 2nd/1st
terpretiraju kao regionalna izvedenica, razliita od cent. BC and interpreted as regional derivatives, differ-
keltskih tipova noeva koritenih u okolnom kultur- ent from the Celtic types of knives used in the nearby
nom ambijentu.463 cultural environment.463
Dva, neto vea eljezna noa srodna su pak noevi- Two, slightly larger iron knives are in turn related to the
229
ma tipa Pritoka-Bela Cerkev (sl. 88). Obiljeava ih jed- Pritoka-Bela Cerkev type (Fig. 88). They are character-
norezno sjeivo, blago zakrivljeno u donjem dijelu, s ized by a single cutting edge, slightly curved in the low-
461 Boi 1999, 187, sl. 17. 461 Boi 1999, 187, sl. 17.
462 Blei 2002, 100, T. 1, 12. 462 Blei 2002, 100, T. 1, 12.
463 Boi 1999, 187. 463 Boi 1999, 187.
464 Gaspari 2002; Balen-Letuni 2006, 65-68, karta 1; usp. Dizdar 2011, 116. 464 Gaspari 2002; Balen-Letuni 2006, 65-68, karta 1; cf. Dizdar 2011, 116.
89. Olovna tanad za prake (prema Blei Kavur 2014b;
crtei s natpisima prema Benndorf 1880).
Roman republican lead sling-shots (after Blei Kavur 2014b;
drawings with descriptions after Benndorf 1880).
oko 20-ak primjeraka razliitih oblika i teina.465 Za- weight.465 Interesting are certainly two projectiles with
nimljivost predstavljaju svakako dva taneta koja su na inscriptions.466 Heterogeneity of the sling-shots, as well
sebi sadravala i natpis.466 Heterogenost tanadi, kao i as the inscriptions on the surfaces were characteristic
ispisivanje njihovih povrina, obiljeilo je naime repu- for the Republican period, associated with military ac-
blikansko razdoblje, mahom povezano uz vojne aktiv- tivities around the establishment of Aquileia and ac-
nost uokolo osnivanja Akvileje i akcija usmjerenih u tions aimed at the penetration to the East, during
prodiranju prema istoku, tijekom druge polovice 2. the second half of the 2nd and early 1st cent. BC. Later
i poetkom 1. st. pr. Kr. Nakon toga vremena vie nisu they were no longer in use.467
bili u upotrebi.467
231
If the described sling-shots cant testify, then they will
Ako opisana tanad ne moe svjedoiti, tada e zasigur- surely meaningfully suggest the thesis of the political-
233
Da je institucija aleata ili foederata s kvarnerskim zajed- ties in Kvarner indeed existed continuously from that
nicama uistinu postojala u kontinuitetu ve od toga time, if not earlier, is also affirmative readable from oth-
470 Kirigin 1994; Horvat 1997, 57-59, sl. 48; Buora 1997; Buora 2001, 160-162, 181, Fig. 470 Kirigin 1994; Horvat 1997, 57-59, sl. 48; Buora 1997; Buora 2001, 160-162, 181, Fig.
3, 6; Kirigin et al. 2006, 198-204. 3, 6; Kirigin et al. 2006, 198-204.
471 Salata 1899; Dukat, Mirnik 1982; usp. Kos 1993, 300; Blei Kavur et al. 2014, 27- 471 Salata 1899; Dukat, Mirnik 1982; cf. Kos 1993, 300; Blei Kavur et al.
28. 2014, 27-28.
Pogovor
Afterword
237
N A
aposljetku, nekoliko rijei i o samoj knji- t last a few words about the book itself. It
zi. Tiskana je u sklopu meunarodnog pro- was published as part of the international
jekta Clash of Cultures ija je osnovna zadaa project Clash of Cultures. Its primary task was
bila prikazati ispreplitanje svjetova, kultura, utjecaja, to demonstrate the intertwining of cultures, influenc-
jednom rijeju ivota prapovijesnih zajednica europ- es, with other words the life of prehistoric cultures of
skog kontinenta i sredozemnih civilizacija. U njemu su the European continent and the Mediterranean civili-
sudjelovali mnogi partneri i suradnici koji su nastojali zations. It was a cooperation of many partners and col-
oivjeti djeli toga vremena i predstaviti kulturne od- laborators who sought to revive a fraction of that time
nose u pojedinim regijama, nalazitima, arheolokom and to present cultural relations in individual regions,
nasljeu.472 Loinjski muzej sudjelovao je kao partner on sites and in the archaeological heritage.472 The
pri projektu upravo s nalazitem na Osoru. A, uloga Loinj Museum participated as a partner in the proj-
je Osora, u takvim okolnostima bila neupitna, samim ect with the site of Osor. The role of Osor was unques-
time to je njegov zemljopisni poloaj bio nekako u tionable in such circumstances even with the fact that
sreditu stjecita tih dogaanja tijekom mlaeg elje- its geographical location was somehow at the centre of
znog doba, odnosno za posljednjih stoljea stare ere. confluence of these events during the Late Iron Age,
Kako je objanjeno u knjizi, izuzetno bogata, poseb- i.e. in the last centuries BC. As explained in the book
na i vrlo bitna osorska eljeznodobna graa odraava- very rich, exceptional and very important Iron Age
la je tako esencijalne ideje i samoga projekta. Odrane finds from Osor reflect the essential idea of the proj-
izlobe, promocije knjiga, druge afirmacije i predstav- ect itself. Organized exhibitions, books promotions,
ljanja tih vrijednih arheolokih nalaza uvjetovale su, other affirmations and presentations of these valuable
pogodovale i na razne naine pripomogle nastanku i archaeological finds have conditioned, favoured and
472 Blei Kavur et al. 2014. 472 Blei Kavur et al. 2014.
Karta nalazita ukljuenih u projekt Clash of Cultures.
Map presenting sites included in the project Clash of Cultures.
ove monografije. No osim sredstava u sklopu projek- in many ways helped to the emergence of the present
ta Clash of Cultures, tiskanje knjige potpomognuto je i publication. But in addition to the funds from the proj-
sredstvima Ministarstva kulture Republike Hrvatske ect Clash of Cultures, its preparation was supported by
i Grada Malog Loinja. founds of the Croatian Ministry of Culture and the
City of Mali Loinj.
U istraivanje osorske arheoloke batine uloeno je
mnogo truda, znanja i vremena. Sve je otpoelo 2009. In to the study of Osors archaeological heritage was in-
godine kada smo, Zrinka Ettinger Stari, Boris Ka- vested a lot of effort, knowledge and time. It all started
vur i moja malenkost, zapoeli otkrivati i istraivati in 2009 when we Zrinka Ettinger Stari, Boris Ka-
239
prapovijesnu zbirku u Arheolokoj zbirci Osor. Tom vur and myself, started to explore the prehistoric col-
prilikom omoguena mi je daljnja analiza gradiva to lection in the Archaeological Collection Osor. On
pogovor afterword
je rezultiralo i velikim doprinosom pri izradi moje that occasion I was enabled to further analyze the ma-
doktorske disertacije. Posebno je pri tomu naglae- terial which resulted with a great contribution in the
na osorska situlsku umjetnost koja se izdigla kao pra- preparation of my doctoral dissertation. In this con-
vo neoekivano otkrie, iznimnog repertoara nalaza. text should be especially emphasized the Situla Art
Tijekom rada na Clash of Cultures projektu istraivanja from Osor that appeared as a really unexpected discov-
svake vrste sustavno su se produbljivala, nadopunjava- ery presenting an extraordinary array of finds. While
la i razvijala. Pri generiranju nekih zaokruenih raz- working on the Clash of Cultures project research of
miljanja i sukusa brojnih razmatranja, teilo se jasni- every kind was systematically deepened, supplement-
jem iitavanju arheolokih pokretnih i nepokretnih ed and developed. When generating some conclusions
dobara kao izvora za preglednije predstavljanje njezi- and the essence of numerous considerations, it was pur-
ne opirne kulturno-povijesne prolosti, znanstvenoj sued towards a clearer reading of archaeological goods
ali i iroj zainteresiranoj publici. as sources for an intelligible presentation of its compre-
hensive cultural and historical past to the scientific and
Iz tog je razloga knjiga i podijeljena u est veih po- wider interested public.
glavlja, s manjim potpoglavljima. itatelja se uvodi u
prostorna, prirodna i druga osnovna razmatranja o re- For this reason the book is divided into six major sec-
giji i kraju, na koncu i o samom Osoru, njegovom ar- tions with smaller sub-chapters. The reader is intro-
duced to the spatial, natural and other basic consider-
hitektonskom izgledu i urbanoj organizaciji. Kroz
ations about the region and the place and finally to
pregled arheolokih istraivanja moglo se vie sazna-
Osor, its architectural appearance and urban organi-
ti o uspjesima i neuspjesima istraivanja i predstavlja-
zation. Through the examination of archaeological re-
nja njegovih arheolokih vrijednosti ve od 18. stolje-
search it was possible to find out more about the suc-
a. Posljednja tri poglavlja vezana su uz analiziranje i cesses and failures of research and presentation of its
interpretiranje arheolokog gradiva. Kako veina po- archaeological valuables starting already in the 18th cen-
tjee iz nama nepoznatih okolnosti nalaenja ono je tury. The last three chapters are related to the analysis
prikazano po pojedinim tipoloko-stilskim kategori- and interpretation of archaeological material. As most
jama, u kronolokom slijedu, koliko je to bilo mogue, of it comes from unknown circumstances of discovery,
i u irem povijesnom kontekstu. Uz bogatu slikovnu it is presented according to separated typological and
opremu osorske i komparativne grae, te karte raspro- stylistic categories in chronological order and, as far as
possible, in a wider historical context. I hope that with an
240
tetska objava zbira samo jednog od brojnih osorskih ual items, my goal of illuminating and explaining this
dobara. and such Osor was at least partly proven to be success-
ful. In the end, however, this is the first synthetic pub-
Mnogim kolegama koji su bili voljni i eljni pomoi mi lication of only one of numerous treasures from Osor.
pri istraivanjima kao i pri izradbi same knjige dugu-
I owe gratitude to many colleagues who were willing
jem neizmjernu zahvalnost, a prva meu prvima je sva-
and eager to help me during my research as well as in
kako Zrinka Ettinger Stari (Loinjski muzej, Mali
producing the book. The first among them is for sure
Loinj), koja je dobrohotno ustupila grau iz muzej- Zrinka Ettinger Stari (Loinj Museum, Mali Loinj),
skog fundusa na obradu i njezino objavljivanje. Profe- who has benevolently made available the materials
sor Mitja Gutin (Univerza na Primorskem, Koper) u from the museum for the processing and its publica-
svojstvu uitelja ali i voditelja projekta Clash of Cultures tion. Professor Mitja Gutin (University of Primors-
poticao je i promicao sveukupna istraivanja i projek- ka, Koper) as a teacher but also the project manager of
tne aktivnosti. Pri sakupljanju grae, dokumentacije, Clash of Cultures encouraged and promoted the overall
raznim savjetima pri interpretacijama i na putu mojih research and project activities. I was helped on the way
promiljanja pomogli su mi: Andrej Gaspari (Univer- of my considerations, in collecting of the sources and
za v Ljubljani, Ljubljana), Tea Suanj Proti (Ministar- documentation as well as with various advices in in-
stvo kulture, Uprava za zatitu kulturne batine, Kon- terpretations by: Andrej Gaspari (University of Ljub
zervatorski odjel u Rijeci), Ranko Starac (Pomorski i ljana, Ljubljana), Tea Suanj Proti (Ministry of Cul-
povijesni muzej Hrvatskog primorja, Rijeka), Morana ture, Conservation Department in Rijeka), Ranko
auevi Bully (Universit de Franche Comt/UMR Starac (Maritime and History Museum of the Cro-
Chrono-Environnement, Besanon), Mirna Vujovi atian Littoral, Rijeka), Morana auevi Bully (Uni-
(Vrbnik), Italo Samblich (Krk), zatim Jacqueline Ba- versit de Franche Comt / UMR Chrono-Environ-
len, Lidija Bakari, Ivan Drni, Miljenka Gali, Igor nement, Besanon), Mirna Vujovi (Vrbnik), Italo
Krajcar i Ivan Radman Livaja (Arheoloki muzej u Samblich (Krk), then Jacqueline Balen, Lidija Bakari,
Zagrebu), Marko Dizdar i Asja Tonc (Institut za arhe- Ivan Drni, Igor Krajcar and Ivan Radman Livaja (Ar-
ologiju u Zagrebu), Josipa Mandi (Universit Rennes chaeological Museum in Zagreb), Marko Dizdar and
2 Universit degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza), Asja Tonc (Institute of Archaeology in Zagreb), Josi-
Maja Mie (University Fribourg, Fribourg), Pero Ar- pa Mandi (Universit Rennes 2 Universit degli Stu-
djanlijev (Arheoloki muzej na Makedonija, Skopje) i di della Basilicata, Potenza), Maja Mie (University of
Antonio Jakimovski (Univerzitet Sv. Kiril i Metodij, Fribourg, Fribourg), Pero Ardjanlijev (Archaeologi-
cal Museum of Macedonia, Skopje) and Antonio Jaki-
241
Skopje). Ne mali posao obavili su urednik izdanja mo-
nografija Clash of Cultures Jonatan Vinkler (Univer- movski (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje).
Not a small job was done by the editor of publications
pogovor afterword
za na Primorskem, Koper) te lektori Boena Buni
of Clash of Cultures Jonatan Vinkler (University of Pri-
(Zagreb) i Gregor Pobein (Univerza na Primorskem,
morska, Koper) and proofreaders Boena Buni (Za-
Koper). Zadnji, ali ne i posljednji je i moj suprug Boris greb) and Gregor Pobein (University of Primorska,
Kavur (Univerza na Primorskem, Koper) koji izuzev Koper). Last, but not least is my husband Boris Kavur
prijevoda, potpisuje i vjeno poticanje te otroumnu (University of Primorska, Koper), who apart from the
kritiku moga rada u svim njegovim fazama nastajanja, translation contributed eternal encouragement and
bez kojeg bi tako okonanje ovog projekta jedno- perspicuate critique of my work in all its phases of cre-
stavno bilo nemogue. ation. Without him the completion of this project
would simply not be possible.
Koristim stoga ovu prigodu kojom bih, jo jednom,
eljela izraziti veliko zadovoljstvo na uspjenoj surad- Therefore I use this opportunity to, once again, express
nji i uputiti vam rijei iskrene zahvalnosti. great satisfaction at the successful co-operation and ad-
dress to you a word of sincere gratitude.
U Izoli studenog 2014. godine
Martina Blei Kavur Izola in November 2014.
Martina Blei Kavur
Bibliografija
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Martina Blei Kavur
Povezanost perspektive / A coherence of perspective
Scientific Monograph
Reviewers dr. Marko Dizdar, dr. dr. h. c. Mitja Gutin, dr. Maja Mie
Edited by, graphic design and typesetting dr. Jonatan Vinkler
Photographs Arhiv Arheolokog odjela Pomorskog i povijesnog muzeja Hrvatskog primorja, Rijeka, Arhiv krke biskupije, dr. Jacquelin Balen,
dr. Martina Blei Kavur, dr. Boris Kavur, Igor Krajcar, Nadir Mavrovi
Cartography and drawings dr. Martina Blei Kavur, Miljenka Gali
Translation dr. Boris Kavur, dr. Martina Blei Kavur
Proof reading Boena Buni, dr. Gregor Pobein
Published by University of Primorska, University of Primorska Press, Titov trg 4, 6000 Koper,
Loinjski muzej, Vladimira Gortana 35, 51550 Mali Loinj (zanj: Zrinka Ettinger Stari)
Editor in chief dr. Jonatan Vinkler
Managing editor Alen Jeovnik
2015 Zaloba Univerze na Primorskem
isbn 978-961-6963-40-4 (printed, not for sale)
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This publication was financially supported by the European commission with the Culture program. This publication reflects the views only of the aut-
hor, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
903(497.5Osor)"638"(0.034.2)
BLEI-Kavur, Martina
Povezanost perspektive [Elektronski vir] : Osor u kulturnim kontaktima mlaeg eljeznog doba = A coherence of perspective : Osor in cultural contacts during the Late
Iron Age : [professional monograph] / Martina Blei Kavur ; [photographs arhiv Arheolokog odjela Pomorskog i povijesnog muzeja Hrvatskog primorja Rijeka ... [et al.] ;
cartography and drawings Martina Blei Kavur, Miljenka Gali ; translation Boris Kavur, Martina Blei Kavur]. - El. knjiga. - Koper : University of Primorska Press ; Mali
Loinj : Loinjski muzej Vladimira Gortana, 2015
279357440
Zaloba Univerze na Primorskem
www.hippocampus.si
978-961-6963-38-1