ABSTRACT

This project is about the design of a 4 stroke engine driven driven hole-drilling
machine for planting trees. A machine has been proposed that is going to address the
shortcomings of the existing hole drilling methods and provide a solution to the problem
of hole drilling for planting trees or even for other purposes such as for electricity,
telephone and fencing poles. The proposed machine will use power of axel.
It begins with chapter one, which highlights various existing soil drilling methods and
tree planting operations. Literature review together with the project justification,
conceptual model of the proposed machine, operational characteristics and parts required
is given in chapter two
Chapter 3 gives a brief description of the various components, their material properties,
standard sizes of the parts and the relevant equations to be used in the design.
Determination of forces and machine component dimensions is done in chapter four.
Finally the results are discussed in chapter five and appropriate conclusions drawn from
them.

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND; Drilling is the act of making a hole in a material using
cutting equipment and can be done on the earths surface. Hole drilling on the earths
surface is primarily done for several purposes, which include erection of structures,
extraction of oil or planting trees. The structures erected in drilled holes include
electricity poles, flag posts, masts; buildings etc. extraction of oil involves a vigorous
drilling exercise of extracting oil from depths of over 800 feet. Hole drilling for Planting
trees is a major activity that involves digging holes using either a drilling machine
mechanism or hand tools. Trees are defined as woody plants that have secondary
branches supported clear of the ground on single main stem or trunk with clear apical
dominance. A minimum height specification at maturity varies from 3m to 6m ; a
minimum of 10cm trunk diameter (30cm girth). Compared with most other plants, trees
are long lived, some of them getting to be several thousands years old and growing to up
to 115m (375 ft) high., scenic beauty and medicinal value among other reasons. In
general, trees are necessary for our existence due to the following reasons:

They are planted as cash crop e.g. tea, coffee, cottonwood, black locust and white ash
Some are used as medicine. They act as carbon sinks. They control soil erosion
They are used as fuel. They act as windbreakers. They are used for construction
purposes.

Kenya has less than two percent forest cover of the countrys 58 million hectare with an
estimated 186000-hectare forest cover loss since 19909(www.kenyaforests.org). It also
faces a major wood shortage because plantation forests are not regenerating fast enough
with an annual deforestation rate of 0.3 percent. The government is counting on farmers
to increase Kenyas forest cover by up to 10 per cent the level it was at independence.
Even though tree planting is actually a great investment opportunity it has remained
under appreciated in many parts of the country. There is growing scientific evidence that
forests, and the carbon they emit, are undervalued. Recent studies have determined that
huge amounts of carbon are stored in peat and other organic matter soils, now estimated

2
to account for about two thirds of the total undetected. Indeed, native forests, tree
plantations, grassland and other ecosystems in the world may take up more carbon
dioxide than released by industrial activities.

The forest survey carried out by US forest department showed that death rates of trees
overall had more than doubled since 1955. In the pacific north-west and British
Columbia, deaths had doubled in 17 years. In California, the death rate took 25 years to
double. These scientists believe that human induced global deforestations is responsible
for 18 -25% of global climate change. The United Nations, World Bank and other leading
non- governmental organizations are encouraging reforestation, avoided deforestation and
other projects that encourage tree planting to mitigate the effects of climate change.

In an effort to reduce the rapid depletion of the countrys miniscule forest cover, green
belt movement started by Nobel peace laureate prof.wangari mathai in 1977, whose
vision is always to plant more trees , has roughly planted over 30milion trees in public
lands, schools, recreation sites and other parts of the country across Kenya. This
movement had helped in addressing the challenges of deforestation, soil erosion and lack
of water.

Tree planting involves the following operations: lining, holing for planting, transporting
the seedling from the nursery to the field, transporting the seedling in a tray or sling from
roadside to the planting hole, and finally planting the seedling in the prepared hole.

From the stages of tree life, planting is the most important operation and thus it requires
great attention .the operation could affect the whole life to the trees since it is the starting
point of the trees life.

Hole digging methods Hole digging involves either of the following methods :

Traditional methods

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 Mechanized methods

Traditional methods Traditionally, simple tools like hoes, pangas and craw bars are used
in the digging of holes for planting trees. This process is labor intensive and involves

digging of the holes

pick up soil using spade or hand depending on the size of the hole,

The above method has the following limitations;

1. Its slow and time consuming

2. Its tedious and quite involving i.e. a lot of energy is spent on digging of the holes

3. large-scale plantation needs a large human labour force.

4. It may not be done to the required dimensions i.e. depth hole and diameter of hole
since it depends on the limited human accuracy

5. Its expensive; high labor cost

6. The hole digger has to touch dirt every now and then hence becoming dirty

7. Proper orientation of holes is difficult to maintain

1.1.2 Mechanized methods Currently, hand held augers are used for drilling the holes for
planting trees. The drilling of the holes typically involves cutting of the roots of the
harvested stump with an implement such as an axe then using hand held motorized
auger to drill the hole to the desired depth. The use of the hand held motorized auger has
the following limitations;

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 It is difficult to control due to the weight of the device and the engagement of the
roots of the harvested tree stump during operation.

It requires considerable muscular effort and difficult to maintain because of the

difficult operative nature of the motorized auger. With the hand held motorized
augers, the hole drilling process is labor intensive. It requires substantial effort
getting up and down to chop roots, pickup the hand-held motorized auger, drill the
hole, lower the hand held motorized auger, get down on your knees to plant the
seedling, pack dirt around the seedling, and then pick-up all the equipment to
move on to the next site.

Some motorized auger devices tend to scatter dirt away from the holes being
drilled by the auger, resulting in more difficult effort to pack soil around the
seedling to finish the planting process

The movement of machine around the farm is cumbersome.

The cost of machines involved is high

Some of the devices currently used to drill holes for planting trees are held augers, oil
palm transplanter, AEON tree planter etc.

It would, therefore be desirable to provide a device/machine to improve the operation of

drilling a hole for the planting of trees, particularly in the tree farm operations in which
the trees are arranged in a grid pattern and the seedlings are planted between more
mature, unharvasted trees. It would also be desirable to provide a mechanism that would
improve the operation of a motorized auger to cut through trees roots and minimize the
displacement of dirt away from the drilled hole

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1.4 Methodology

6
1. Identification of Problem

7
We use the piles to achieve the required compressive strength in the soft soil; in that case
we use the piles to transfer the load through that soft soil to a suitable bearing stratum by
using the end bearing or toe bearing property of the pile
2. Data available
The selection of type of pile foundation is based on site investigation report. Site
investigation report suggests the need of pile foundation, type of pile foundation to be
used, and depth of pile foundation to be provided. The cost analysis of various options for
use of pile foundation should be carried out before selection of pile foundation types.
Various design data collected from research paper and reference book.
3. Designing The Mechanism or Solution
PHC pile has a high degree of factory, good quality, short curing time, rapid construction,
strong adaptability of complex engineering geological conditions, protection of field
environment, etc., are widely used in all kinds of buildings and structures in the
foundation engineering, such as industrial factory building, high-rise buildings, traffic
construction, water conservancy construction, harbor engineering and other fields. This
paper introduces the characteristics of PHC pile, manufacturing technology and
construction methods
4. Development & Manufacturing
Job Production is used when a product is produced with the labor of one or few workers
and is scarcely used for bulk and large scale production. It is mainly used for one-off
products or prototypes (hence also Prototype Production), as it is inefficient; however,
quality is greatly enhanced with job production compared to other methods.
5. Take Result
After development and manufacturing taking the result
6. Trial And Error to Take More Efficient
With the help of trial and error method we can take test on machine after final
manufacturing of project to getting more efficiency.
7. Final Result:
8. Final result can be carried out on the basis of various output parameters like as
gripping force, material handling capacity, etc.

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Fig No. 1.2 Piling Tool

9
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction. Many traditional methods have been used which are so tedious and not
efficient. Due to their inefficiency, there has been need for a better way to plant trees.
This has lead to mechanized ways of planting trees and hence the development of tree
planting machine.
Tree planting machines are not new , having been in use in both America and Europe for
a number of years.
In the last past years, interest in mechanical planting machines has widened to other soil
types. Agriculture cabbage planter have been adapted to plant trees cuttings (super-prefer)
and purpose built machine (whitfield F-85) has been operating in northeast Scotland, on
new planting schemes only.
Planting machines offer a means of planting woodland quickly using small team
operators. Whilst the quality of machine planting may be lower than standard manual
planting, it is consistent and can achieve better results than operational manual planting.
Manually controlled machines can achieve a higher planting quality than semi-automatic
planters because the operator can influence the positioning of the plant in the furrow.
2.1 Tree planters
2.1.1 Mechanical planters Mechanical tree planters are machines attached to a tractor
that makes a slit in the soil.. A seedling tree is placed in the slit and the packing wheels on
the planter close the slit and firm the soil around the seedling. In addition, some are
equipped with furrowing attachments to scalp part of the planting area, while designs that
are more recent have spray attachments for applying herbicides to control unwanted
vegetation. These planters are only as good as their operators. Adjustments may be
required for depth and firmness of packing around the seedlings. During tree-planting,
correct spacing of trees is usually achieved by adjusting the speed of the tractor. There
are three types of mechanical planting machines; i. Floating type-, it is attached to a
tractor by a three-point hitch so that the entire machine can be raised from the ground by
the hydraulic lift on the tractor. ii. Semi-floating type - it has its front end carried by the
tractor and its back end carried on wheels; the tractor cannot lift it. iii. Trailer type it has
all or nearly all its weight carried on its own wheels.

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Fig.2.1.1 mechanical tree planter.
Most of these planting machines consist of a rolling coulter, a trencher, an operators seat
and packing wheels. These parts are attached to a sturdy frame, usually equipped with a
three-point hitch for use on a tractor with a hydraulic lift unit.
The rolling coulter is a disc like cutting wheel that cuts through the ground surface and
severs old roots, trash and other debris. It also serves to automatically raise the trencher
over buried rocks, logs, etc. it should cut at a depth slightly below the trench point
2.1.2 Auger Drilling. Auger drilling is a drilling method that uses a large helical shaped
screw to extract material from the ground. When used for drilling, the auger drill bit
screws into the soil and material is automatically moved up the shaft of the rotation
device. There are many types of augers available today. Large, powered augers are
typically used in the farming, construction, and utility industries. These auger-drilling
devices are used to drill holes for fence posts, utility poles, and large drainage pipes under
highways. Some of these augers are large an cumbersome to operate. Figure 2.1.2a
illustrates a giant auger for drilling holes for larger diameters.

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Fig2.1.2 a giant auger.

Fig.2.1.2b Tractor driven auger type drilling units.(www.bush hog tough

features.com)

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13
3 AEON Tree Planter
The AEON tree planter was invented by Norbert noecker in 1946. It was the first
successful tree planting machine in the state of Michigan. The planting machine are now
called AEON TREE PLANTER. Each machine is hand cratfed by larry kaylor or
KAYLOR WELDING SERVICES.
The basic design of the AEON TREE PLANTER consists of : a coulter, trencher, and
packing wheel. These very basic parts have remained unchanged since the planter was
invented. However, there have been several improvements made to increase strength and
convenience. One makes the frame out of steel bars five inches and half inches with a
trencher welded securely to it.
Each machine is equipped with a single seat for planting ease and comes with a tub to
hold the trees being planted. Lift eye balances whole planter while being loaded for
transit. In addition, each machine comes with two support legs to simplify storage and
hook-up procedures. A 33.56 KW Tractor is strongly recommended or a tractor that is
capable of lifting 2000kgs.
AEON TREE PLANTING MACHINE is easy to operate, requires maintenance, and is
durable. With so few parts very little repair is ever needed. It is occasionally necessary to
hard face weld or replaces the trencher point. This planter has been on the market for 25
years. It is used in many types of soil conditions and can handle most any large sized
transplant. It has a planting trench of 0.3-0.356m, which minimizes root pruning of stock
and insures better survival rate.

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Special features of the AEON Tree Planter;
trencher point easily accessible for changing
cleanout space between coulter and trencher
front surface of trencher and point seated with hard face weld
comfortable seat, easily adjustable sideways and the lengthwise
lift eye balances whole planter while being loaded for transit
The complete machine weighs approximately 55okgs.
Standard features
3 point hitch
Adjustable tree spacer with sound effect from 3 to 8
Coulter 35 diameter and 3/8 thickness
It has a heavy packing wheel with an adjustable spring load.
Extra heavy steel frame- 5 *1.5

2.1.4 Hand auger equipment

The hand auger consists of extendable steel rods, rotated by a handle. A number of
different steel augers (drill bits) can be attached at the bottom end of the drill rods. The
augers are rotated into the ground until they are filled, and then lifted out of the hole to be
emptied. A different auger can be used for each formation (soil) type. Hand augering can
be done both by using a heavy tripod and winch (such as the vonder rig), or with lighter
materials. It is suitable for unconsolidated formations: sand, silt and soft clay. Stiff clays,
hard materials and gravels are difficult or impossible to drill through.
By applying extension rods with a bayonet or a conical threaded connection, augering to
greater depths is possible. With hand auger equipment a depth of 8-10 meter can
realistically be achieved. The maximum boring depth strongly depends on factors such
as soil profile and the characteristics of the material the auger has to pass through.
Figure 2.1.4a Shows different bailers with augers.

15
Fig.2.1.4a different bailers and augers.

As with any tool or equipment, hand auger equipment too has to meet certain
requirements.
The most important requirements are:
The equipment should be efficient, i.e. it should be such that, depending
on the type of soil research and the requirements the research should meet,
this research can be executed as fast as accurate as possible.
The equipment should be solid and strong
As general little manpower is available for such soil research in the field ,
and sometimes long distances have to be covered carrying equipment, it is
an important condition that the equipment should be light and easy to
handle.
The augers have been made of a high grade non-toxic steel and carefully
selected hardening treatment contributes to achieve a wear resistant and
solid design
Advantages of hand augers.
It is easy to use above the groundwater table.

Disadvantages of hand augers.

It may be difficult to remove the temporary casing. If clay layers are penetrated. It
is very difficult to use a temporary casing as it sticks to the clay.

16
 II. The hole drilled does not stay open if a collapsing sand layer is encountered
below a clay layer (through which the temporary casing could not penetrate.)
There are various types of hand auger equipments
(i)Edelman augers
This type of soil auger is by far the most used auger. The typical design of the Edelman
auger allows for a minimum of friction during penetration into the soil, and the extraction
of the auger from the soil, which means less physical effort to achieve optimal results, the
auger type should be chosen in respect of the soil type in question. There are 4 types: the
clay, sand, coarse sand as well as a combination type.
Clay soils are very cohesive. Therefore, the blades of the clay auger can narrow,
having the advantage that they meet with little resistance. Sandy soil is not
cohesive, in order to keep the sample inside the auger, this has broad blades.
Cars sand soils and extremely dirt sands soils have little or no cohesion at all. The
blades of this auger are extended with extra wings, thus forming an almost closed
auger
The combination auger type gets a reasonably good hold of sandy material clavey
material can be fairly easily removed from the auger bod

Fig 2.1.4b Edelman augers: clay combination, sand and coarse sand type
(www.eijkelkamp.com)
To remove the sample from the Edelman auger, it is placed with its tip down on the
surface, after which it is turned 180 degree
(ii) Riverside auger
This is a very suitable for auguring in hard stiff soils, mixed with fine gravel both above
and below the ground water level. The very sharp extremities of the auger bits point at an
angle downwards. This design makes auger go through the soil easily.

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Fig2.1.4c Riverside auger(www.eijkelkamp.com)
(iii) stony auger
For soil with large gravel content. The auger body for stony soils consists of heavy steel
strip, vaulted all along, which is bent double forging .
The pointed cutting bits of the trip are bent outward, thus creating some-what wider than
the average body diameter. The stony soil auger is used when the Riverside auger is not
yielding adequate results in coarse gravel soils.
(iV). Spiral auger and stone catcher.
The spiral auger operates similar to a cocks screw and does not cut off the soil. the auger
is usually applied when hard layer need to be penetrated The spiral auger has a negative
end, i.e the centre of the auger end is whetted away. For profile research (soil mapping)
the spiral auger is seldom used. Its use is confined to augering through very hard layers
e.g bore ore, bricklayers, chalk and lime profiles in combination with other auger types.
The single spiral auger is standard equipped with a contact for electrodes. The stone
catcher auger type is used to remove loose stones from the auger hole.

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Fig.2.1.4d spiral auger and stone catcher. (www.eijkelkamp.com)
(Vi) soft soil auger
This special type of Edelman auger has an extended auger body (sensitive to torsion) and
is suitable only sampling very soft (clay) soils.

Fig.2.1.4e soft soil auger (www.eijkelkamp.com)

(Vii). Gouge auger
The gouge auger can be used for sampling with a minimal disturbance of more or less
soft, cohesive layers e.g. wet clay, peat. The gouge auger with the smallest diameter is
used for the deepest sample.
(Viii). Piston sampler
The piston sampler differs completely in design and application from the augers
described before and is very suitable for sampling less cohesive soil layers (sand) below
the ground water table. the piston sampler is also suitable for sampling sediments with a
sand content. Essential differences between the other augers and the piston sampler are

19
 The piston sampler can only be applied below the water table in
moderately cohesive soils like sand, weak soil layers, etc.
The piston sampler can take almost undisturbed samples.
The piston sampler takes samples of 0.75 or 2.0 meters, while the
other types have a maximum sample length

Fig. 2.1.4f Gouge auger and piston sampler (www.eijkelkamp.com)

2.1.2 Medium duty augers: earth (dirt) augers
This particular model of our earth auger is set up for soil applications with blade teeth
and a fish tail pilot bit. 16 through 24 models can also accommodate bolt-on bullet
teeth for rock applications. Hundreds of variations are possible for virtually any soil
condition with changeable shanks,teeth and pilots.

2.2 Tractor Driven Post Drillers These are also auger type but are rotary driven by
the power take off of a tractor and hydraulic press is applied to push the rotating auger

20
into the ground. The hydraulic unit also provides the up and down motion that removes
the loose soil after digging to reveal a clean hole.

Fig 2.2 tractor driven post-hole driller. (www.bush hog tough features.com)
2.3 Project justification.
The above machines have got their shortcomings as discussed below
The mechanical planter can only be used in an open field plantation due to its size i.e its
hard to maneuver through an existing plantation. It is also expensive and cannot dig deep
holes. The AEON tree planter cannot dig deep holes; also the operator is quite close to the
ground and chances of getting hurt by the removed soil or particles as the machine
operates or getting dirty.
The hand held augers which have been used have got its shortcomings due to high
friction, also a lot of manual efforts, tiring to operate, proper orientation of the drilled
hole is difficult to maintain because of the difficult operative nature of the auger. The hole
drilling process is labor intensive and requires substantial efforts getting up and down to
chop roots, pick-up the hand held motorized auger, drill the hole, lower the hand held
auger motorized auger, get down your knees to plant the seedling, pack dirt around the

21
seedling, and then pick up all the equipment to move on to the next site. Some motorized
auger devices tend to scatter dirt away from the hole being drilled by the auger, resulting
in a more difficult effort to pack soil around the seedlings to finish the planting process.
Proposed machine design.
It is proposed to design a machine that can easily be used to drill holes for planting trees,
electricity or telephone poles and other applicable areas.
The machine to be designed can drill a hole of 200mm diameter and a maximum depth of
one meter. The holes to be produced by the machine will be of uniform diameter
throughout as opposed to the ones drilled by augers, which are usually conical. It is also
possible to drill holes of different diameters like 200mm, 300mm and 400mm by just
changing the size of the cutter plate.
Important features of the proposed machine are: ease of transportation to drilling site,
ease of assembly at the drilling site, being able to be attached and detached from the
driving power easily.

CONSTRUCTION

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 The manufacturing & designing of suitable machinery for rural industrialization
will help in better production improve productivity more employment. The designing &
manufacturing of viable, economic machinery is the necessary of the have in rural
economy.

Our project should be such that its operation should be simple, its running &
maintenance expenses should be law. It should work with minimum economic input & its
depreciation cost is low.

It should provide better technique of hole digging with minimum cost by giving a
better result.

There are different parts used in machine / system.

1) 4 stroke engine
2) Large chain gear
3) Small chain gear
4) One pair shaft
5) One pair chain
6) gear
7) Metal frame.
8) bearings

2.1. FRAME:

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 Fig 2.1 Frame

In our project firstly we make square tube frame on which owe other parts are
assemble.On the frame there is a longer shaft is mounted horizontally. & it is mounted in
plumber block at the base engine is mounted horizontally & drive is passed through chain
gears.

2.2. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:

The mechanical power produced by prime mover we used to drive various
machines in the workshop & factories. A transmission system is the mechanism which
deals with transmission of power & motion from prime move to shaft or from one shaft to
the other.

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 Fig 2.2 Shaft
The rotary motion of the one pulley is transmitted to the operative element to
provide on operative working or auxiliary motion. When the required motion is rotary;
the transmission takes place through mechanisms transfer rotary motion from one shaft to
another. Transmission of the motion from the external source i.e. electrical energy to the
operative element can take place trough mechanical elements such as belts, chain etc.

The chain drive is one of the most common effective devices transmission motion
& power from one from one shaft to the other by means of then inextensible chain over
running over chain gear.

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26
3. DESIGN
3.1. Design of spring

A spring is an elastic object used to store mechanical energy. Springs are usually made
out of spring steel. There are a large number of spring designs; in everyday usage the
term often refers to coil springs.

3.2 Shaft Design

A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft (prop shaft), or Cardan shaft is a
mechanical component for transmitting torque and rotation, usually used to connect other
components of a drive train that cannot be connected directly because of distance or the
need to allow for relative movement between them.

As torque carriers, drive shafts are subject to torsion and shear stress, equivalent to the
difference between the input torque and the load. They must therefore be strong enough
to bear the stress, whilst avoiding too much additional weight as that would in turn
increase their inertia.

To allow for variations in the alignment and distance between the driving and driven
components, drive shafts frequently incorporate one or more universal joints, jaw
couplings, or rag joints, and sometimes a splined joint or prismatic joint

From appendix. 1 the selected tractor model is ORM/CAB, which has the following value
for its PTO.

P= 27.1 HORSEPOWER (20.2KW)

N = 540 RPM

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From equation 3.4.1

60 p
T = Power = 2N

60 20.2 103
Speed = 2 540 = 357. 21 N.m

For the gears, the driving forces are computed as though the contact is always at the pitch
circle.

Hence the driving force F is given as

Torque
F=
Pitch Dia
T
F= PCD /2

The bending moment at the centre of the gear

PCD

=F 2

T PCD
Therefore M= PCD /2 2 =T

The equivalent twisting moment

= cm2+T 2

= T 2 +T 2

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 = 357.122 +357.122
= 505.044

Grade C40 is selected from which y = 380 Mpa.

(From machine Design by R.K. Jain pg. 1414)

The relationship between allowable stresses and specified minimum strength using the
AISC (American institute of steel construction)

Code is specified as.

Max = 0.4 y

(From mechanical engineering design by J.E.shigley page 24)

Where max = maximum allowable shear stress

= 0.4 380 = 152 mpa.

Applying a safety factor of 2,

152
max = = 76 mpa
2

from equation 3.4.2

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max =
D
3 cm2+T 2

Where d= Shaft diameter

6
16
76 x 10 = D3 505.044

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Therefore,

d= 32.35 mm

Resistance to twisting method.

P = 27.1 horsepower

N = 540 rpm

From equation 3.4.3 C

D= P
N
4 (Inches )

D= 27.1
540
4 (Inches )

D= 0.89608 inches

D = 22.7 mm

Transmission of torque Approach.

From equation 3.4.3 (b)

D= 60 P
N (Inches)

D= 60 271
540 (Inches)

= 1.735255 inches

D = 4.41 cm (44.1 mm )

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The larger value obtained from the third design criteria i.e. (transmission of torque
approach ) is selected which is 44.1 mm. the nearest standard shaft size of 45 mm is
chosen (from machine design by R.K. jain pg 650)

3.3 Shaft Length

From the machinerys handbook, the rule of thumb is that the shaft must be large enough
so that it would not deflect more than one degree in a length of 20 times its diameter.

P= T x W
2 N
W= 60

P 60
T= 2 N

D4
T= 32

From equation 3.4.4

T G
=
J L

T G
=
J L

GJ

L L

G = 77 GN/m2 for steel (mechanics of engineering materials by p.p.Benham and R.J.

Crawford pg 60)
P = 27.1 Hp or 20.2 kw
N = 540 RPM
J = 4.02578 10 -7 m 4

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If the twist of the shaft should not exceed degree, the length of the shaft can be found 0
= 10 = 0.01745329 rad
T = 357.214 N.m
L = 1.5 m

Table No.3.1 Coefficient c for the Plate Configuration

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3.4. Design of Bevel Gears

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 Fig No.3.2 Bevel Gear Nomenclature

3.4.1 Theory

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A spiral bevel gear is a bevel gear with helical teeth. The main application of this is in a
vehicle differential, where the direction of drive from the drive shaft must be turned 90
degrees to drive the wheels. The helical design produces less vibration and noise than
conventional straight-cut or spur-cut gear with straight teeth.

A spiral bevel gear set should always be replaced in pairs i.e. both the left hand and right
hand gears should be replaced together since the gears are manufactured and lapped in
pairs.

A right hand spiral bevel gear is one in which the outer half of a tooth is inclined in the
clockwise direction from the axial plane through the midpoint of the tooth as viewed by
an observer looking at the face of the gear.

A left hand spiral bevel gear is one in which the outer half of a tooth is inclined in the
counterclockwise direction from the axial plane through the midpoint of the tooth as
viewed by an observer looking at the face of the gear.

Fig no.3.3 Bevel Gear

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Note that a spiral bevel gear and pinion are always of opposite hand, including the case
when the gear is internal.

Also note that the designations right hand and left hand are applied similarly to other
types of bevel gear, hypoid gears, and oblique tooth face gears

Fig No3.4 Spiral Angle

The spiral angle in a spiral bevel gear is the angle between the tooth trace and an element
of the pitch cone, and corresponds to the helix angle in helical teeth. Unless otherwise
specified, the term spiral angle is understood to be the mean spiral angle. Mean spiral
angle is the specific designation for the spiral angle at the mean cone distance in a bevel
gear. Outer spiral angle is the spiral angle of a bevel gear at the outer cone distance. Inner
spiral angle is the spiral angle of a bevel gear at the inner cone distance.

Materials used in gear manufacturing process

The various materials used for gears include a wide variety of cast irons, non ferrous
material and non metallic materials. The selection of the gear material depends upon:

36
 Type of service

Peripheral speed

Degree of accuracy required

Method of manufacture

Required dimensions and weight of the drive

Allowable stress

Shock resistance

Wear resistance.

Some materials chosen include:

Cast iron, which is popular due to its good wearing properties, excellent
machinability and ease of producing complicated shapes by the casting method. It is
suitable where large gears of complicated shapes are needed.

Steel, which is sufficiently strong & highly resistant to wear by abrasion.

Cast steel, which is used where stress on the gear is high and it is difficult to
fabricate the gears.

Plain carbon steels, which find application for industrial gears where high
toughness combined with high strength.

Alloy steels, which are used where high tooth strength and low tooth wear are
required.

37
 Aluminum, which is used where low inertia of rotating mass is desired.

Gears made of nonmetallic materials give noiseless operation at high peripheral

speeds.

3.4.2 Advantages

This gear makes it possible to change the operating angle.

Differing of the number of teeth (effectively diameter) on each wheel

allows mechanical advantage to be changed.

By increasing or decreasing the ratio of teeth between the drive and driven wheels
one may change the ratio of rotations between the two, meaning that the rotational
drive and torque of the second wheel can be changed in relation to the first, with
speed increasing and torque decreasing, or speed decreasing and torque increasing.

3.4.3 Disadvantages

One wheel of such gear is designed to work with its complementary wheel and no
other.

38
 Must be precisely mounted.

The shafts' bearings must be capable of supporting significant forces

3.4.4 Calculation of Dimensions for Pinion.

Number of teeth = 16

Number of gear teeth Ng = 16

Diametral pitch = 0.222mm

Number of pinion teeth Np = 16

Cone distance A0 = 50.91 mm

Face width F = 16.97 mm

39
 2
Working depth hk = 2/p = 0.222 = 9 mm

2.188
+0.05=9.90 mm
Whole depth ht = 2.188/p + 0.05 = 0.222

3.1416
Circulor pith, P = P

3.1416
= 0.222

=14.139mm

0.46
Addendum of gear Ag = M(0.54)+ Mgo 2

Equivalent 90 ratio

1
Mgo = MG = P

1
= 0.2222

= 4.5

0.46
Ag = 4.5 (0.54+ 4.52 )

= 2.532mm.

Addendum of pinion, Ap

Ap = hk AG

40
 = 9.0 2.5322

= 6.4678mm.

Dedendum ,

2.188
bp = P

2.188
Ap = 0.222 - 6.4678

= 3.388 mm.

Clearance,

C = ht hk

C= 9.9 - 9.0

C= 0.9 mm.

Dedendum angle p

bp
p = tan-1 Ao

3.388
p = tan-1 50.91

p = 3.8070

Face of angle of blank

Yo = Y + G

Yo= 45 + 8.176

41
 Yo= 53.176o

G = dedendum angle for the gear

bG
G = tan -1 Ao

bG = Dedendum of gear

2.188
Ag
bG = P

2.188
2.5322
= 0.222

bG = 7.32370

7.3148
G = tan-1 50.91

= 8.17600

Root angle ,

Y -p = 45 3.807

= 41.1930

Outside diameter, do

Do = d + 2ap cos

42
 = 72 + 2 (6.4678co545)

= 81.1469 mm

Pitch apex to crown, xo

D
Xo = 2 ap Sin

72
= 2 6.4678sin45

= 31.4266 mm

Circular thickness

t = P-T

= 14.139 5.637

= 8.50 mm

P
T= 2 (Ap Ag ) tan

= 7.068 (6.4678 2.5322) tan 20

= 5.637 mm

Choral addendum,

Acp = Ap + t2 cos

8.5cos 45
= 6.4678+ 4 72

= 6.6452 mm

43
Fig No 3.5 Forces Acting on Pinion

44
3.4.5 Calculation of Dimensions of Gear.
Number of pinion teeth,
Np = 16
Number of gear teeth,
Ng = 16
Diametric pitch
= 0.2222mm
Face width
F = 16.97mm
Shaft angle
E = 900
Working depth,
hk = same as pinion = 9.0 mm
Whole depth
same as pinion = 9.90 mm
Pitch diameter,
N 16
D= P = 0.22222

D= 72 mm
Pitch angle ,
X = 90 = 450
Pitch cone distance,
Ao = same as pinion = 50.91mm
Circulor pitch
p = same as pinion = 14.139
Addendum for gear ,

45
 Ag= 2.5322mm
Deddendum,
2.188
bg = 0.22222 -2.5322

= 7.3138mm
Clearance
c = same as pinion = 0.9 mm
Dedendum angle
bG
G = tan -1 Ao

7.3138
=tan -1 50.91

=8.1750

Face angle of blank

Xo = + p

Xo= 45 + 3.80
Xo= 48.8080

Root angle

XR = - G

XR=45 8.175
XR=36.82530

Outside diameter

46
 Do= D +2Ag COST
= 72+22.5322cos45
= 75.581 mm
Pitch apex of crown
d
x0 = 2 Ag Sin 45

72
= 2 -2.5222 sin45

= 34.2165mm
Circular thickness
P
T= 2 (Ap Ag ) tan20

= 14.139 (6.9678-2.5322) tan20

= 5.637mm.

47
 Fig No 3.6 Spiral Bevel Gear

3.4.6 Selection of Bearing

Rolling element bearings are available in a variety of types, configurations, and sizes.
When selecting the correct bearing for your application, it is important to consider several
factors, such as the calculation ofvarious angles and clearances, which will ensure proper
fit. A comparison of the performance characteristics for each bearing type is shown in As
a general guideline, the basic procedure for selecting the most appropriate bearing is
shown in the following flow chart.

Bearing life
Even in bearings operating under normal conditions, the surfaces of the raceway and
rolling elements are constantly being subjected to repeated compressive stresses which
causes flaking of these surfaces to occur. This flaking is due to material fatigue and will
eventually cause the bearings to fail. The effective life of a bearings usually defined in
terms of the total number of revolutions a bearing can undergo before flaking of either the
raceway surface or the rolling element surfaces occurs.
Other causes of bearing failure are often attributed to problems such as seizing, abrasions,
cracking, chipping, gnawing, rust, etc. However, these so called "causes" of bearing
failure are usually themselves caused by proper installation, insufficient or improper
lubrication, faulty sealing or inaccurate bearing selection. Since the above mentioned
"causes" of bearing failure can be avoided by taking the proper precautions, and are not
simply caused by material fatigue, they are considered separately from the flaking aspect.

Basic rating life and basic dynamic load rating

48
A group of seemingly identical bearings when subjected to identical load and operating
conditions will exhibit a wide diversity in their durability. This "life" disparity can be
accounted for by the difference in the fatigue of the bearing material itself. This disparity
is considered statistically when calculating bearing life, and the basic rating life is defined
as follows. The basic rating life is based on a 90% statistical model which is expressed as
the total number of revolutions90% of the bearings in an identical group of bearings
subjected to identical operating conditions will attain or surpass before flaking due to
material fatigue occurs. For bearings operating at fixed constant speeds, the basic rating
life (90% reliability) is expressed in the total number of hours of operation. The basic
dynamic load rating is an expression of the load capacity of a bearing based on a constant
load which the bearing can sustain for one million revolutions(the basic life rating). For
radial bearings this rating applies to pure radial loads, and for thrust bearings it refers to
pure axial loads. The basic dynamic load ratings given in the bearing tables of this
catalog are for bearings constructed of NTN standard bearing materials, using standard
manufacturing techniques. Please consult NTN Engineering for basic load ratings of
bearings constructed of special materials or using special manufacturing techniques.

3.4.6.1 Dynamic Equivalent Load

When both dynamic radial loads and dynamic axialloads act on a bearing at the same
time, the hypothetical load acting on the center of the bearing which gives thebearings the
same life as if they had only a radial load oronly an axial load is called the dynamic
equivalent load. For radial bearings, this load is expressed as pureradial load and is called
the dynamic equivalent radialload. For thrust bearings, it is expressed as pure axialload,
and is called the dynamic equivalent axial load.
(1) Dynamic equivalent radial load
The dynamic equivalent radial load is expressed by
where,
Pr=Dynamic equivalent radial load, N
Fr=Actual radial load, N
Fa=Actual axial load, N

49
X =Radial load factor
Y =Axial load factor
The values for X and Y are listed in the bearing tables.
(2) Dynamic equivalent axial load
As a rule, standard thrust bearings with a contact angle
of 90 cannot carry radial loads. However, self-aligning
thrust roller bearings can accept some radial load. The
dynamic equivalent axial load for these bearings is
given in formula (4.18).
Pa=Fa=1.2Fr
where,
Pa=Dynamic equivalent axial load, N
Fa=Actual axial load, N
Fr=Actual radial load, N
Provided that Fr / Fa = 0.55 only.
4.4.2 Static equivalent load
The static equivalent load is a hypothetical load which would cause the same total
permanent deformation at themost heavily stressed contact point between the rolling
elements and the raceway as under actual load conditions; that is when both static radial
loads and staticaxial loads are simultaneously applied to the bearing.For radial bearings
this hypothetical load refers to pureradial loads, and for thrust bearings it refers to
purecentric axial loads. These loads are designated staticequivalent radial loads and static
equivalent axial loads respectively.
(1) Static equivalent radial load
For radial bearings the static equivalent radial load can
be found by using formula or The greater
of the two resultant values is always taken for Por.
Por=Xo Fr=Yo Fa
Por=Fr
where,

50
Por=Static equivalent radial load, N
Fr =Actual radial load, N
Fa =Actual axial load, N
Xo=Static radial load factor
Yo =Static axial load factor
The values for Xo and Yo are given in the respectivebearing tables.

(2) Static equivalent axial load

For spherical thrust roller bearings the static equivalentaxial load is expressed by formula
Poa=Fa=2.7Fr
where,
Poa=Static equivalent axial load, N
Fa =Actual axial load, N
Fr =Actual radial load, N
Provided that Fr / Fa =0.55 only.

Fig No.3.7 Tapered Roller Bearing

51
 Table no.3.2 Operating Conditions and Safety Factor
Operating condition Ball bearing Roller bearing
High rotational accuracy 2 3
demand
Normal rotating accuracy 1 1.5
(universal application)
Slight rotational accuracy 0.5 1
deterioration permitted
(low speed, heavy, loading,
etc)

Cr=54.5kn
Dp=150mm
P=20
HP=40kw
=speed factor

19100 40
Kt = 150 2000

Kt=2.54 KN

Ks=KtTan
=9.55tan 20
Ks =0.92 KN

52
 Kr= Kt 2+ Ks2
Kr=2.70 KN

100
Kr
Fr1= 170

100
2.70
Fr1= 170

Fr1=1.58 KN

The equivalent Radial Load

Pr1=Fr1
From Formula
Cr 1
Fn1=Fn Pr 1

54.5
Fn1=0.293 1.58 =10.10 KN

Lh1=13200a2
Lh1=132001.4
Lh1=18480 ore

Lh1

1
Lh= 1
9
( )
8

Lh=9780 Hr

53
Therefore we are selected Bearing 4T-30208 with given specification

Fig No. 3.8 Specification of Bearing

MANUFACTURING & FABRICATION

Table no. 7.1 Manufacturing & Fabrication

Sr. Dimension
Part Name
No. s

1. Plummer Block

Inner Dia.=
20mm

Length-
125mm

Height-
60mm

54
2. Driven Pulley

Outer
Dia.=150m
m

Inner
Dia.=20m
m

3. V-Belt Type-B90

Material-
Polyester
Cord

55
 h
a

4. Driver Pulley

Inner
Diameter=
20mm

Groove

56
 Angle=
40

5. Shafts

Diameter
of
shaft=20m
m

6. Diameter
of
coil(wire)=
1mm

Magnetic
coil

57
7. Magnet Holder Inner
Dia.=20m
m

Outer Dia.
=50mm.

Weight =
1Kg

58
8. Inner
Dia.=6mm

Outer Dia.
=50mm.

Weight =
1Kg

Electro
-Magnet

59
 Chapter- 8

PROCESS SHEET

Part Name: - Shaft

Part size : - 20 x 450 mm

Part WT : - 4 kg

Part Qty :-1

Part Material M.S.

Table no.8.1 Operation on Shaft

Sr. No Operation Machine Tool Time

Cutting the Hacksaw

Power Hack
1 material as 20 min
m/c Blade
required size

Make a center Lathe Turing

2 Groove 1mm and 10 min
deep 2mm m/c Tool

Lathe Facing
3 Facing both side 5 min
m/c Tool

Part Name: - Holder

Part size : - 70 x 50mm

60
Part Qty :-1

Part Wt : - 1 kg

Part Material M.S.

Table no.8.2 Operation on Holder

Sr .No Operation Machine Tool Time

Cutting the
Power Hack
1 material as our Hacksaw Blade 20 min
m/c
required size

As in center Drilling Bit

2 Lathe m/c 15min
20.25mm 20.25mm

Drilling bit 6.5mm

Drilling and Twist Drill
3 and tapping m8 15 min
tapping m8 size &Tap
size

Part Name: - Magnet Plate

Part size : - 50 x3 mm

Part Qty :-1

Part Wt : - 1 kg

Part Material: - M.S.

Table no.8.3 Operation on Shaft

Sr. No. Operation Machine Tool Time

61
 Cutting the Hacksaw
Power Hack
1 material as our 20 min
m/c
required size Blade

Drilling Drilling bit

2 Drilling two hole 10 min
machine 5mm

62
 Chapter- 10

COST ESTIMATION

1. COST OF MATERIAL:

Table No.: 10.1 Cost of material

Total
Part Name Material Wt Rate / kg
Rate

Shaft MS 6kg 63 378

Holder MS 2 50 100

Locking
MS 100gm 50 5
plate

2. COST OF MACHINE:

Table No.: 10.2 Cost of machine

Using Total
Machine Name Rate /hr
Time Rate

Lath m/c 45 250 187 /-

Power Hacksaw 30 175 87 /-

Welding 60 250 250 /-

3.COST OF STD PART

Table No.: 10.3 Costs of STD Parts

Part Name Qty Rate Total

Angle 24ft 34 500 /-

63
 Magnet 2 2000 4000 /-

Motor 1 2000 2000 /-

Nut & Bolt 12 50 50 /-

Pulley I 1 75 75 /-

Pulley II 1 350 350 /-

Pedals switch 1 500 500 /-

Dc adapter 2 500 1000 /-

Wire 5mts 5 25 /-

pedestal Bearing 4 250 1000 /-

copper wire 5mts 10 50 /-

Belt 1 150 150 /-

Total cost 9700 /-

COST OF PROJECT =COST OF MATERIAL + COST OF MACHINE + COST OF STD

PART

=483+524+9700

=10,707 /-

64
6. FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION
Discussion
The main aim was to design various components for a tractor driven hole-drilling
machine for planting trees and even holes for erection of electricity, telephone and
fencing poles.
The engineering design approach used to design the dimensions of various components
involved the following steps:
i. Computing the forces and stresses expected during operation.
ii. Selecting appropriate materials for the parts and noting their properties
(yield strength, shear strength and density).
iii. Applying a factor of safety to the relevant property in order to get the
working or allowable stresses.
iv. Comparing the stresses expected during operation with the allowable
stresses in order to obtain the appropriate dimension of the component.
A machine that will address the problems posed by the already existing machines as
highlighted in chapter two is proposed and fully designed using the above procedure. The
designed machine is small and hence can be used in an existing plantation. It can also
drill holes of uniform diameter and can be attached to operate on various tractor models
other than the model on which the design was based on.
The weight of the components carried by the boom was found to be 425.7N and is
therefore sufficient to provide the required penetration force of 64.95N into the soil. The
spring was found to occupy only 25% of the cutter plate circumference.
With an accurate fabrication, the machine should achieve the intended objective.
Conclusion
The machine component was successfully designed and has the following specifications:
a) Cutter plate Plate thickness (h)= 5mm.
b) Diameter = 150mm.
c) ShaftDiameter = 20mm.

65
 Length = 1500mm.
(d)Bevel gears.
Pinion teeth, n = 16.
Gear teeth, N = 16.
Diametral pitch, P = 0.222
Pitch diameter, = 72mm.
Pressure angle, = 200.
Shafts are at an angle of 900 to each other.
(e) Boom.
Length =
Tube diameter

References
a) www. aeonintl.com/treeplanterpricing.com
b) machinery handbook.
c) Soil cutting and Tillage by E. Mc Kyes.
d) www. Answers.com/topic/gear.com
e) Design of Agricultural Machinery by Gary Krutz (Purdue University), Lester
Thompson (Sundstrand corporation), Paul clear (Lowa state university)
f) www.citroparts.com.
g) Fundamentals of metal machining and machine tools by Geoffrey Boothroyd.
h) Machine design(Mechanical engineering design) by R.K. JAIN.
i) Design of plate and shell structures by Maan H. Jawad.
j) Structural mechanics on behavior of plates and shells by Jack R. Vinson.
k) Tool design for manufacturing by Mark A. Curtis.
l) www.bushhog tough features.com.
m) Mechanics of engineering materials by P.P Benham and R.J Crawford.
n) www.wikipedia .com
o) Green Belt movement website

66
p) Mechanical engineering design by Joseph E. shigley.

67