A solid solution is formed when two metals are completely soluble in both the liquid and solid states, resulting in a homogeneous mixture of atom types within the solid structure. There are two types of solid solutions: substitutional, where solute atoms replace solvent atoms in the crystal lattice; and interstitial, where solute atoms occupy spaces between the solvent atoms. The extent of solid solubility is influenced by factors such as similar crystal structure between the elements, relative atomic size within 15% difference, lower chemical affinity, and relative valence. Alloying elements are selected based on their ability to distort the crystal lattice and thereby strengthen the material, while maintaining important properties for the intended application.
A solid solution is formed when two metals are completely soluble in both the liquid and solid states, resulting in a homogeneous mixture of atom types within the solid structure. There are two types of solid solutions: substitutional, where solute atoms replace solvent atoms in the crystal lattice; and interstitial, where solute atoms occupy spaces between the solvent atoms. The extent of solid solubility is influenced by factors such as similar crystal structure between the elements, relative atomic size within 15% difference, lower chemical affinity, and relative valence. Alloying elements are selected based on their ability to distort the crystal lattice and thereby strengthen the material, while maintaining important properties for the intended application.
A solid solution is formed when two metals are completely soluble in both the liquid and solid states, resulting in a homogeneous mixture of atom types within the solid structure. There are two types of solid solutions: substitutional, where solute atoms replace solvent atoms in the crystal lattice; and interstitial, where solute atoms occupy spaces between the solvent atoms. The extent of solid solubility is influenced by factors such as similar crystal structure between the elements, relative atomic size within 15% difference, lower chemical affinity, and relative valence. Alloying elements are selected based on their ability to distort the crystal lattice and thereby strengthen the material, while maintaining important properties for the intended application.
are completely soluble in liquid state and also Solid Solution Hardening completely soluble in solid state. when homogeneous mixtures of two or more kinds of atoms (of metals) occur in the solid state, they are known as solid solutions.
Solid Solution Substitutional solid solutions
Types of solid solutions If the atoms of the solvent or parent metal are Solid solutions are of two types. They are replaced in the crystal lattice by atoms of the (a) Substitutional solid solutions. solute metal then the solid solution is known as substitutional solid solution. (b) Interstitial solid solutions.
Hume Rothery rules for the formation
Substitutional solid solutions of substitutional solid solutions Hume Rothery formulated certain rules which govern the formation of substitutional solid solutions. Crystal structure factor Relative size factor For complete solid solubility, the two As the size (atomic radii) difference between elements should have the same type of crystal two elements increases, the solid solubility structure becomes more restricted. For extensive solid solubility the difference in atomic radii of two elements should be less than about 15 percent.
Chemical affinity factor Relative valence factor
Solid solubility is favoured when the two It is found that a metal of lower valence tends metals have lesser chemical affinity. to dissolve more of a metal of higher valence If the chemical affinity of the two metals is than vice versa. greater then greater is the tendency towards compound formation.
Interstitial Solid Solutions Interstitial Solid Solutions In interstitial solid solutions, the solute atom does not displace a solvent atom. but rather it enters one of the holes or interstices between the solvent atoms.
Interstitial Solid Solutions Effect of Solute Size
Effect of Solute Size Effect of Solute Size
The degree of strength imparted by the alloying element depends on the relative difference in size between the solute and solvent. Effect of Solute Size Effect of Solute Size A large difference in size creates more distortion of the crystalline lattice. This extra distortion further impedes the progress of dislocations, resulting in higher stength.
Effect of Solute Size Effect of Solute Size
Based on atomic mass, zinc and copper atoms Aluminum (27.0) and Silicon (28.1) are both are nearly the same size, 65.4 and 63.5, substantially smaller than copper and give respectively. Zinc gives the lowest return on much greater return. strength. Beryllium (9.0) is about 1/7 the size of copper Nickel (58.7) is also very close in size to and tin (118.7) is nearly double the size. These copper, but not as close as zinc. elements give the highest return on strength
Effect of Solute Size Selection of alloying elements
Solution hardening, or alloying, is a powerful Various alloying elements are also used in method to improve the strength of a material. different combinations in efforts to vary other important properties, such as conductivity, elastic modulus, ductility, and cost. However Selection of alloying elements All properties of a material must be scrutinized by the designer before a material choice can be made.