Santos received his bachelor of arts degree from the University of the Philippines where he first

studied creative writing under Paz Marquez Benitez. In 1941, Santos was a
government pensionado (scholar) to the United States at the University of Illinois, Columbia
University, and Harvard University. He had arrived in San Francisco on October 12, 1941 aboard
the Ruth Alexander leaving his wife and three daughters in the Philippines.[1] When war in the Pacific
came to the Philippines on December 8 (December 7 Hawaii time) he feared he would never see his
family againa reality that "not only interrupted his study of realism; it was overwhelming it" leading
to a transformation in his sense of national consciousness and identity.[2] That crisis changed the
nature of his writing into a less carefree style to one mixing laughter and pain; described
by Florentino Valeros as "a man hiding tears in his laughter."[2]

During World War II, he served with the Philippine government in exile under President Manuel L.
Quezon in Washington, D.C., together with the playwright Severino Montano and Philippine National
Artist Jose Garcia Villa. Santos left for home on January 17, 1946 aboard the Uruguay arriving in
early February.[2][note 1][3]

In 1967, he returned to the United States to become a teacher and university administrator. He
received a Rockefeller fellowship at the Writers Workshop of the University of Iowa where he later
taught as a Fulbright exchange professor. Santos has also received a Guggenheim Foundation
fellowship, a Republic Cultural Heritage Award in Literature as well as several Palanca Awards for
his short stories. Scent of Apples won a 1980 American Book Award from the Before Columbus
Foundation.

Santos received an honorary doctorate degrees in humanities and letters from the University of the
Philippines, and Bicol University (Legazpi City, Albay) in 1981. He was also a Professor of Creative
Writing and Distinguished Writer in Residence at the Wichita State University from 1973 to 1982, at
which time the university awarded him an honorary doctorate degree in humane letters. After his
retirement, Santos became Visiting Writer and Artist at De La Salle University in Manila; the
university honored Santos by renaming its creative writing center after him.

Kalamazoo /klmzu/ is a city in the southwest region of the U.S. state of Michigan

The history of human activity in Michigan, a US state in the Midwest, began with settlement of the
western Great Lakes region by Native Americans perhaps as early as 11,000 BCE. [1] The
first European to explore Michigan, tienne Brl, came in about 1620.[2] The area was part
of Canada (New France) from 1668 to 1763. In 1701, the French officer Antoine de la Mothe
Cadillac, along with fifty-one additional French-Canadians, founded a settlement called Fort
Pontchartrain du Dtroit, now the city of Detroit. When New France was defeated in the French and
Indian War, it ceded the region to Britain in 1763. After the British defeat in the American
Revolutionary War, the Treaty of Paris (1783) expanded the United States' boundaries to include
nearly all land east of the Mississippi River and south of Canada. Michigan was then part of the "Old
Northwest". From 1787 to 1800, it was part of the Northwest Territory. In 1800, the Indiana
Territory was created, and most of the current state Michigan lay within it, with only the easternmost
parts of the state remaining in the Northwest Territory.[3] In 1802, when Ohio was admitted to the
Union, the whole of Michigan was attached to the Territory of Indiana, and so remained until 1805,
when the Territory of Michigan was established.[4]
The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and New
York City, and brought large numbers of people to Michigan and provided an inexpensive way to ship
crops to market. In 1835 the people approved the Constitution of 1835, thereby forming a state
government, although Congressional recognition was delayed pending resolution of a boundary
dispute with Ohio known as the Toledo War. Congress awarded the "Toledo Strip" to Ohio. Michigan
received the western part of the Upper Peninsula as a concession and formally entered the Union as
a state on January 26, 1837.

When iron and copper were discovered in the Upper Peninsula, impetus was created for the
construction of the Soo Locks, completed in 1855. Along with mining, agriculture and logging
became important industries.[5] In 1899 Henry Ford built his first automobile factory in Highland Park,
an independent city that is now surrounded by Detroit. General Motors was founded in Flint in 1908.
Automobile assembly and associated manufacturing soon dominated Detroit, and the economy of
Michigan.

The Great Depression of the 1930s affected Michigan more severely than many other places
because of its industrial base.[5] However, the state recovered in the post World War II years.
The Mackinac Bridge connecting the Upper and Lower Peninsulas was completed and opened in
1957. By the 1960s, racial tensions produced unrest through the nation, and Detroit experienced a
dramatic instance with the 12th Street Riot in 1967. By the 1980s, the state saw a decline in
automobile sales and unemployment climbed. Michigan continues to diversify its economy away
from its dependence on the automobile industry.

The entry of the United States into World War II in 1941 the same year ended the economic
contraction in Michigan. Wartime required the large-scale production of weapons and military
vehicles, leading to a massive number of new jobs being filled. After the end of the war, both the
automotive and copper mining industries recovered. [36]

Starting during World War I, the Great Migration fueled the movement of hundreds of thousands
of African-Americans from the South to industrial jobs in Michigan especially in Detroit. Migration of
white southerners from Appalachia to the city increased the volatility of change. Population increases
continued with industrial expansion during World War II and afterward. African Americans contributed
to a new vibrant urban culture, with expansion of new music, food and culture.

The postwar years were initially a prosperous time for industrial workers, who achieved middle-class
livelihoods, fostered the Baby Boom, and sought better, more spacious housing in safer
neighborhoods. These were the years of the creation and popularity of Motown Records. By late
mid-century, however, deindustrialization and restructuring cost many jobs. The economy suffered
and the city postponed needed changes. Neglect of social problems and urban decline fed racial
conflicts. In 1967 there was a major riot in Detroit that burned out the inner city, caused tens of
millions of dollars in damages, and resulted in 43 deaths with The U.S. Army being called in to stop
it. The violence then spread to several other Michigan cities and was the trigger for a mass migration
to the suburbs.

The 1973 Oil Crisis caused economic recession in the United States and greatly affected the
Michigan economy. Afterward, automobile companies in the United States faced greater
multinational competition, especially from Japan. As a consequence, domestic auto makers enacted
cost-cutting measures to remain competitive at home and abroad. Unemployment rates rose
dramatically in the state.
Throughout the 1970s, Michigan possessed the highest unemployment rate of any U.S. state. Large
spending cuts to education and public health were repeatedly made in an attempt to reduce growing
state budget deficits. A strengthening of the auto industry and an increase in tax revenue stabilized
government and household finances in the 1980s. Increasing competition by Japanese and South
Korean auto companies continues to challenge the state economy, which depends heavily on the
automobile industry. Since the late 1980s, the government of Michigan has actively sought to attract
new industries, thus reducing economic reliance on a single sector.