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    Ee 1987 06

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    Pee cre CIOCTONICS i VEGAKIT | § | ELECTRONIC HOBBY KITS Available at: GALA ELECTRONICS 20, Kalpana Building, 1st Floor. 357, Lamington Road, Bombay 400 007. Tel: 363549 Publisher: CR. Chandarana Eaditor: Surendra ter Editorial Assistance: Ashok Dongre General Monager: 4. Dnas Advertsing: 8M Moho Production: CN. tuhagar Address: ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS PVT. LTD 52, C Proctor Road Bombay - 400 007 INDIA Telex: (011) 76661 ELEK IN Overseas editions Elektor Electronics Standtast House Gath Place Migh Steet, Garnet Herts ENS SXE UK Editor: Lon Seymour Pblton Publicacoes Tecnicas Lida Ay Ipiranga 1109, 9° andar CEP 01040 Sa0 Paulo — Brac Editor: Juliano Barsait lektor sar Rovio Nationale; Le Seau: 8. 53 69270 Bailou! — France Editors: D RS Moyer GCP Raedersdort Eloktor Verlag GribH Sustereld Straie 25 10 Aachen West Germany Editor’ E J A Krompelsouer Eloktor EPE Karaiskaki 16 16673 Vouls Aihons — Grose Editor: € Xanthouls loktuur BV, Petor Tleckpoolsaat 2.4 6131 VK Beek — the Newettands Editor: PEL Kersuiahere Feneka & Bento Lea FLD. Estefania, 32.1 1000 Lisbos — Portuga Editor: Jorge Goncalves lngelek S.A Ay Alfonso Xil, 18 Modnd 16 — Spain Editor: A 14 Fever In part: Kodhotn Holdings PTY Ltd Chr Fox Valley Road & Kiagle Street Wanroonga NSW 2076 — Austalia Editor: Roger Harrison AB Box 63 182 11 Dandoryd — Sweden Editor: Bill Cedrum ‘Ai crawang, postage. ents ‘en boos and otctes published in ecrmtsy fr ang Kenly such Printed At: Tropt Oftest Bombay = 400.013, Pm aB29z61, 4021988 Copyright © 1987 Elektuur B.V. ‘The Netherlands Electronics Technology Bursting the bubble myth How does the human computer work? Speech recognition system from Marconi Robot arms with versatility of humans Stretchable concave mirrors Projects Spot sine wave generator-part 1 Negative supply from positive supply Capacitance meter Metal detector Simple 556 tester Decoding satellite TV signals Transistor solar cell An introduction to DC power supplies . Voltage drop detector Information News @ News @ News @ New products .... Readers services Info/ Data Sheets _ Guide lines) Switch board Classified ads Index of advertisers 2 aa Corrections Selex-24 + Siren ...... : 2 Radio waves Simple luxmeter Volume-5 Number-6 June - 1887 Alf Design abstracts: low-noise amplifier Type TDA7232 . 6.23 aii 6.21 = 6.32 6.39 6.51 6.53 6.25 - 6.28 6.29 6.35 6.41 6.42 6.46 6.47 6.52 6.19 6.64 6.72 6.81 6.73 6.80 6.80 6.80 6.57 6.59 6.60 into na ane 1967 6.05 BURSTING THE BUBBLE MYTH by Keiron Conway* Bubble memory devices are not new. Until now though, the technology has been haunted by a reputation for unreliability — a leftover from the problems encountered in its early development stages. But, according fo one UK company, now is the lime for a radical reappraisal of bubble memory and its has proved the advantages of this technology over its traditional mass-storage counterparts. Two years affer recommending and installing bubble memory devices as part of a contract associated with an oil exploration project, Vistec has no regrets. The technology itself has been around for over 16 years. Devel ‘oped intially by Bell Labs-USA, it has always been acknowl: ‘edged as a potentially excellent allemative to more traditional massstorage media—magnetic tape or disk. Access times are at least comparable with floppy disk systems, ifmot faster. But it is the technology's rugged quality in comparison with rotating surface memories which has given it ts major ap- peal. Simply because it has no | moving parts it can be used in portable applications or where levels of vibration would cause | head crashes or unwanted tape movement in traditional storage devices. ‘Aithough Bubble Memories contain no moving mechanical parts, bubbles do actually move Binary ones and zeros are stored in bubble loops’, which actas large shift registers within a chip In the Intel 710 chip, for example, a single loop can store up to 4098 bubbles or | The loop is physically maniac tured such that it contains 4096 discrete, fixed locations, or | sites. Each location can support | the presence or ‘absence’ of a | tiny magnetic field — a bubble. | The presence of a bubble at a location represents a ‘I its absence indicates a ‘0: ‘The bubbles are proserved even | when no poxter is supplied to j the chip Bubbles are croatod or | ‘erased’, using localised mag- netic fields, activated over the site of the location to he mod | fea. | The 4096 discrete locations are ananged in a physical loop. Bubbles are made to rotate round the loop, from one lo- cation to another by switching on and off a magnetic field, af fecting the whole loop. The changing external magnetic field, coupled with the physical shape and composition of the elements that make up a lo- cation, cause a bubble pres in one location to ‘move’ across to the next adjacent site. The composition of the site are such that varying | magnetic polarities are set up whereby ‘attraction’ across the gap between the two locations | occurs and 2 bubble can be | The overall effect is identical to that of a 4096 gate shift register, set up such that the last bit 1s fst, forming Propagation of bubbies the loop is only initiated w | is desired to read from, or write into, the loop, The loop thus acts ina similar manner to a track of rotating magnetic disk but only needs to be rotated when ac- | cess is required An Intel 7110 chip c: ora naning 4096 potential bubble storage sites. Each loop operates as an individual self contained | storage entity These are re- ferred to as ‘ino: although ‘stora i more appropriate description. All minor loops are rorated together, not individually. Arthe ends of each minor loop the bubbles pass another loop ar ranged a3 shown in the dia gram. | One is the read loop ani the clher is the rite loop. These \s ‘major’ loops are structured so that their locations lie adjacent to the end sites on each minot Toop. Between the two sites is 2 transfer gate. 4 Only one bit at a time can be read from each minor loop, by desired bi locations on the empty read P. When the correct bitis present tating all minor loops until the | are adjacent to the | | on all minor loops, the transfer | gale is opened and the bubble ‘splits, ie. it is replicated on to the read loop location ing intact on the minor loop. In his way 920 bits (one from each. loops and tans: ead loop, absence of bubbles) eventually pass a magnetic detector. This erector converts the data pat propagation is achieved using a special loop which contains permanently recorded tems. These allow the position of the required Bit of rotations, may be achieved to align the re- quired bils with the tansier gates. ‘The vnite operation is the exac’ ‘opposite of the read. First the ¢ 1: absence of bub- Die) at a ume, onto the write Joop. This is rotated until all bits ve been transferred anc position of the bubbles hav been aligned with the write ‘gates on the ends of the minor Joops. The minor loopsare ther rotated until the correct bits to e overwritten appear at ends The write gate is then pened and dat loop passes across io the minor Ywops, destroying all previous -p) Rave been read out | | | benefits. The Computer Systems Division of Vistec Business Systems | | | | One read or write operation toa bubble chip involves one bit from each minor loop and this collection of bits is referred to as a page of data. Bubble-tec Corporation of California, _ manufact bubbie_ memory emulates a DEC RX02. 1s of a controller an¢ Intel 7011 board supports up of xorage,equivale iéed, double density RXO2 * disk peration is exec parallel on all four cl bubble board. Thus a total 0 x 320 bits can be read in one al fact, 2 read ops and 2 write loops are con structed within each chip, to double the number of bits that can be read in one operation This now gives a total capacity 2860 bits fora single read or ‘An RXGOZ allows 256 bytes to be read from disc and then trans- ferred to the QBUS memory Single read request. ‘The bubble board needs to be capable of reading or waits 84 bytes per chip in one oper emulate the RXO02 single sector read or write Sixtyfour bytes consist of Biz bits, 2 single bubble chip x provide 640 bits per rea bearing in mind that there two read loops operated in parallel ‘To manulacture error ftee loops in each chip would raise | manufacturing cosis unaccopt- Up to 48 dofective m: loops may be allowed per chi | thus cutting down the total umber of minor loops to 272. ‘This now provides 544 bits, stil eterna pune 1087 6.21 series of DMA transfers in a similar manner to that en ployed by the RX02 controller, ‘The coil drivers that set up the minor loop propogation drive per chip, ‘The manufacturer provides a map of all defective minor loops in the chip. These are recorded into another special | field loop called the ‘boot’ loup) which also contains the viding a to synchronise miner loop takes approximately 7 propagation tions of a major loop to pass all Upon firmware on | bubbles across the detectox (or the bubble boards reads the gene defective loop informatics the boot loop and can then en- sure that only complete loops 92 bits, excluding any dant bits and exzor rection are utilised. bits. There are four chips 0 If the boot loop becomes cor. | ated in parallel, allowing a total rupled for any reason, then the | of 2048 bits to be accessed in bad loop map can be » Dack into the boot loop undera Tie = diagnostic program supplied | ¢ach bubbl | with the boards 512 bits times : ‘The firmware used to access’ | divided iy am approximate! the bubble memory £9,000 bits per second. This fig- ' error detection and ot | ure assumes minimal minor rection, A. 16 bit Joop ronogetion is requ code is stored for a page of data in the system. Cer: recable errors cause the of fending page to be re-gener- | ated into the memory system The bubble board conc! bubble page access on each, emulates the full RXO2 control | chip, ‘aking less than $ milli rotocel imate onthe con | sBeondo. troller translates track and sec- DEC RX02 drivers are normally tor addresses to a page address _ requested to read a full block or series of blocks, where a block is 512 bytes of datz contained in two sectors, To maximise throughput on a rotating diskette, the driver interleaves sectors and skews them across to rotate all minor loops in all 4 cchips to emulate a single sector | read. Once this has been fed into the controller's internal data buffer, then it can be trans- ferred into main memory in a 6.22 suicr maine 1967 | the disk as well. The purpose ‘behind this is to attempt to en- sure that once the DMA transfer for the last sector has ended, the read/write heads have stil d over the next sector mory always has fone rotation and thus the firm ware re-maps interleaved and fed sector requests to con: iguous page addresses to iow maximum throughput despite the __ interleaving algonthm of the RXO2 diver. It was two years ago that Vistec rediscovered the practical benefits of bubble memory ogy. Working on a drill- r the en and Winchesters, As an alternative, Vistec opted fo use the Bubbletec QBUS bubble memory system, a considerable advantage being that the unit is driven by stan- dard software, The controller and memory card each consist of dual height board and beth can be housed in the QBUS backplane of the system, By simply adding more boards, up to 8 megabytes of storage can bbe included. Indeed the actual bubble boards do not need to bbe installed in the backplane as all they require is power. A single cable connects the con- troller, which must reside in the the next page available within | backplane, to ali bubble mem- ory cards. | In this kind of stile envion- ment, Viste has suecessaly run 87 and RSKNS trom 11/23, 11/28+ and 11/7 systems, con: taining either one or two | memory boards acting as Single, or double, dive R02 | configurations, | ‘This set up has proved reliable and offers a very compact con- atation for delicate and quite complex realtime systems. In-| lity, resistance to hostility and reliability, bubble mermories, believe Vistec, are here to stay, | A final benefit, aeady being | used in military applications, | is the facility of one pulse providing complete | cr wnwante, but sem | | | asure, * Keiron Conway is Technical Manager of Vistec Computer Systems Di Since this ancle was commis- sioned, Intel has sold its bubble | memory operations to Mem- | tech Technology Corporation. | Terms provide for the transfer | of mancfacturing equipment, | inventory, design, and person: nel. Bubbletec, in the mean time, has already appointed an | alternative supplier Hitachito ensure continuity of pro- duction. e) The contents of this column are based on information obtained from manufacturers in the electronics industry, or their representatives, | and do not imply practical experience by Elektor Electronics DESIGN ABSTRACTS or its consultants. ‘The TDA7232 was developed by SGS-Ates in co-operation with American car audio specialists Bose for use in car hifi installations, but it can also be used in domestic hii sys- tems. In car hifi units, the IC is used as a preamplifier in conjunc tion with SGS-Ates’ digital amplifier IC Type TDAI260. The on-board limiter then has the task of preventing the out put amplifier being overdriven. ‘The three internal opamps are used mainly to form an equal- izer to flatten the frequency response of the output signal. When the chip is used in gen- eral-purpose amplifiers, mixer units, or active cross-over fil its symmetrical input is a par- ticularly valuable asset, Further- more, it requires only a simple, unregulated power supply. The onboard opamps enable the TDAT232 to take care of the complete signal processing Giteting and power limiting) in an active subwoofer system. The block schematic of the IC together with the external com: ee eee | application is shown in Fig. The positive supply vollage at pin 20 should be not less than 12V nor more than 30 (unregulated). In view of the noise present in any cars elec: trical system, the TDA2732 is provided with an internal volt age regulator that delivers regulated outputs of 10V and 5 V, The 5volt supply is brought ‘out at pin 19 and used to power the opamps, The remainder of the stages are powered by the lovolt output. The Svolt line LOW-NOISE AMPLIFIER TYPE TDA7232—— | | Fig. 1, Block schematic of the TOAT: nts for use 98 a pre-amplifier in 9 ear his system | protected against short-cixcuis: | it is decoupled by the 10 ,F | Table 1 electrolytic capacitor at pin 19. REE ain Supp votage, Us trv Pov Us \| Becwsecc| || | asymmetrical converter. is in puts are protected against sients by diodes. The input re- 800 mi Electrical characteristics sistors are carefully matched to : | Neresta etaoaeefae| >» en |Succeees | (ea joe bao output ofthe stage isnot greater set eee | than 2.8 uV for a 20 kHe band- kiting, ui=70 mV 0.03% | width so that a signal-to-noise sing, 220 tm 03% | ratio of more than 100 dB can be | W270 nV rms % | achieved, | | Rms. ouput weltge, uo vax. 28 ‘The limiter following the input | azo oo lor stage is an inverting opamp that | Fa uses an operational tanscon- | ductance amplifier (OTA) in its! L stair indi june 1987 6,23 EESEEEE 3. Pin 1e TOATI2 | 70 MHz WIDEBAND | on, FM DEMODULATOR esearch 0 MH | ma Linearity | i 5% (2 18 Miz BW) nication systems cauincealeg Demodulator £70 Linear 36 MHz Wideband limite Driver, Discriminator | | detection Amplifier. 9 change of inpust filter, this Ripe) 1 nsec PP BB output level Vp nominal versatile demodulator ean be Used for Video and Telephony Satelite Communications, of Sight mierovave inks | BB response ser applieations mclwing | 1 dB (25 He to RAHa} cuoncy modulation BB output return lose 20 dB TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS Operetitebsereiure Input I Frequency Oto 1 BOC fo MH Humicty Input Frequency deviation 95% RH at + 40°C 18 Miz Max Power supply put Level (F) + 24V 0C 10 dBm nominal Length | Stem |F input, BB output, 6.24 cose ndia une 1997 feedback loop as the eoniiel el cement. In contrast to usua countered! OTAS, the one used here provides @ high output current, so that the feedback and input resistances have 4 iow value to enswe minimal noise genesation The OTA is driven by a window comparator (threshold detector) that monitors the level of the output signal on pin IS. As soon as this level exceeds a prede- mined value, the OTA re- duces the gain and so limits the output voltage to a fixed maxi mm value (see Fig. 2. ‘To obviate the generation of noise a the onset of limiting, an RC network at pin I? ensures sullable attack and release es, Furthermore, the OTA is | dimensioned for ‘particularly | low input offset voltages. InFig. |, the thee availabe low noise opamps are simply cas caded: numbers 1 and 3 are connected as nor-in verting amplifiers with gain, whereas number 2 is a 12 dB non inverting amplier Both the symmetrical input pins and the ouput pin easy DC and must, thezefore, be iso impedance of the cir: cuit (pins 1 and 2) amounts 10 about 4k2, |NEWS e.NEWS « NEWS e NEWS width 18.5 om Wideband FM Demos Industries in india wt adequate experience and facilities. Enterprises interested The outputs of the opamps must be terminated into not less than 2@.The second opamp has an Input impedance of 800 k2; the other two, having input currents of typically 100A, can simi laily be arranged with high- edance inputs. Their no Toad gain (when terminated into 20) is typically 100 €B Sources: TIDAL: Ates May 1985 Preview: SGS- performance, higheft ciency audio subsystem for car radios by Casini, etal, IEEE ‘Transactions on consumer elec tronics, Vol. CE-3l, No 3, Rucrust 1965: wing details of the present activities, infrastructure and facilities, to \GY TRANSFER & SPOT SINE WAVE GENERATOR — 1 by MG Weig| This ultra-low distortion, 44requency, sine wave generator is a laboratory-grade instrument for testing and aligning AF circuits of almost any kind. A spot frequency generator is primarily used for distortion measurements, It derives its | name from the fact that it | delivers one or more fixed out | put frequencies (spois), rather than a continuous range, The use of fixed frequencies makes it possible to tailor the gener ator such that it outputs each ‘spot” as a pure sine wave with significantly less distortion than would be atainable with a con- sinuously variable. instrument The spot sine wave generator described in this two-part article has technical features that make it suitable for a wide variety of applications having to | do with the analysing, testing, atid setting up of highend audio equipment. Its excellent performance is the more sur prising in view of its simplicity, relatively low cost, and the use of standard, off-the-shelf com- | ponents, Design principles Figure shows the functional Dlocks that make up the spot wave generator. In es sence, the sine wave is obtained by first generating a square | wave, integrating this 10 triangular waveform ing this in turn to a high-order ow-pass filter, which then out- puts the sine wave signal. This approach is based on Fourier’s | theory of signal synthesis and analysis, which proposes that a rectangular wave is composed of an infinite number of hat monicelly related sinusoidal constituents The 4 MHz clock oscillater in ‘he spot sine wave generator is ceysta-controlled, and drives a 18 divider to oblain a 250 ka signal. After subsequent div ision by 28 and 2, a 8 kHz rec: angular wave is available for integrating in an R-C network The other three frequencies of the generator are obtained by ‘Spot sine wave generator Technical specification Output frequencie Output voltage 5 Vie Iv Frequency stability: depends on quarta crystal Distortion: 0.008% (third harmonic). ‘Aditional feature: built in tuning fork circu, 14a) He; Vow 2 Virw (variable) riable) | dividing 10%He by 10 (ie, 1 kHz by 2600 He) andi | ke by 10 (00 Ka). The four rectangular waves are integrated with the aid of RC | combinations to obtain triangu | lar waveforms, Each of these is sed through a low-pass filter | to make tho sine wave signals available for the driving of the burstadapior circu! switch Ss, A useful boon of the spot sine 2 generator is the builtin tary 1 fork cir ich out P ble 440 Hz note Circuit description the circuit diagram of the spot | sine wave generaior appears in Fig. 2. The central clock oscil lator, IC: colled by quartz \ose operating fre- uency can be set to 4.000 MHz precisely by aligning trimme: CG The Qe and Qr outputs of the ripple counter in IC: supply the clock for the spot Fig, 1. Block schematic diagram of the spot sine wave generator. eso ica une 1967 6.25, Niona=t63 = 4073 SI Sie 20,084 tata ev Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of tho spot sine wave generator without output fiters. AtoAd 01 = 7074; ThoBs Fig. 3. Basic circuit diagram of tho 8th order Butterworth filter. Output 1 goes to input 2 6.26 nia dividers, and the 9125 kHz clock for the tuning fork, re spectively, The 260 kHlz signal is divided by 25 in 1C2. The | slightly unusual divisor is ob- | tained with the aid ofa three-bit AND function, Ns, which resets the counter when Qs goes high. | The 10 kHz signal atthe Qs out put is an asymmetrical rec: | fangular wave which is made | available at test point TP, and | applied to the CLK inputs of FF: | and ICs. The bistable divides | by two, and the 5 ke triangular ‘wave is obtained after inte- gration in Pr-Cs The counter divides by ten, and dives in tegrating network PCr to pro | vide the 1 kHz triangular signal, | Bistable FF: and counter ICé | likewise serve to deliver the | 500 Hz and_100 He signals, re spectively. The reistive part of each of the four integrating filters is a preset to enable set ting the period to that ofthe in coming square wave, Example: PC) should be aligned to give a period of 1/5000=200 us. At this setting, the amplitude of the triangular signal is 63% of that of the input square wave. There: fore, the presets are readily ad- Justed by measuring the peak amplitude of both signals Counter IC; is set up to divide | the 31.25 kHz signal by 71 with the aid of AND gates Nez and Np. Ripple output Qs drives in- | tegrating network RrCrs. | Preset Ps is used to adjust the | level of the 440 Hz triangular | wave fed to the active low-pass filter set up around IC. This | filter is a second-order Butter- | worth low-pass section. with multiple feedback, dimer- sioned for a cutoff frequency of 440 He, The output is left DC- coupled, and may require s capacitor to drive an nplifier. Technical data LP)...LPs Fier type: Butterworth low pas | th-order with multiple feedback ur off frequency if) 5 kH2 (LPs) | TkHe (Pa) | 500 He (LPs) 100 He (LP) Fiter coefficients: Ai =1.9616 AQ = 1.5629) Ag= 11111 ‘ad = 0.2902 | BI... B4=1 Overall amplification: Ar=Ad=(Aolt=1 ffear<

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