Physics Investigatory

Project

Topic:
LIGHT DEPENDENT
RESISTOR

Name : SAQUIB
AMEER KHAN
Exam no:
2016-2017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Primarily, I would thank God for

being able to complete this project
with success. Then I would like to
thank my chemistry teacher,
Mrs.UMA, my principle
Mrs.SHAILA.R and my lab
assistant Mrs.Kavi Priya
whose valuable guidance has been
the ones that helped me patch this
project and make it a full proof
success her suggestions and her
instructions has served as the
 major contributor towards the
completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my
parents and friends who have
helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of
the completion of the project.
Last but not the least I
would like to thank my classmates
who have helped me a lot.

CONTENTS

Aim
Materials Required
Introduction
 Principle
Theory
Working
Bibliography
Conclusion

AIM

To prepare a
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR.
 MATERIALS
REQUIRED

Transistor
Diode
Relay
 Carbon resistor
LDR
Transformer
Capacitor
Bulb

INTRODUCTION

In the society, sometimes street

lights glow in day time due to
any reason. In the mines area
people face many difficulties due
to the absence of light in the
nights. In frontier and hilly areas,
people face many problems due
to damaged street lights.

To solve the above problems, we

create a device in which the
lights glow at night and in
daytime, they off automatically
and don't glow. Due to use of
this, we can solve above
problems and can also save
electricity and men's power.

PRINCIPLE
This project is based on Light
Dependent Resistance (L.D.R.). Light
Dependent Resistance [LDR] is a resistance,
in which opposing power of current depends
on the presence of quantity of light present,
i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or
decreases, according to the quantity of light
which falls on it.

If LDR places in the darkness, the

resistance of LDR increases and when light
falls on it, the resistance of LDR decreases
and act as a conductor. Any LDR in the
presence of light and darkness changes its
resistance is depends on the different types of

LDR.

THEORY
1. TRANSISTOR:-When a thin
slice of p-type is sandwiched
between two blocks of n-type,
then n-p-n transistor is
formed. It consists of emitter,
base, and collector. In the
project, common emitter n-p-n
transistor (BC-147 & SL-100) is
used.

2. DIODE:-When a p-type and

n-type semiconductors are
joined a diode is formed. It
conducts when forward biased
and does not conduct when
reverse biased. In the project,
IN-4007diode is used.
3. RELAY:-It helps to contact
and discontact. In the project,
we use relay of 6 ohms.

4. CARBON RESISTOR: - A
carbon resistor has generally
four rings or bands A, B, C and
D of different colors
corresponding to the value of
resistance. In project, we use
carbon resistance of 220 kilo-
ohms, 1.5 kilo-ohms and 820
ohms.
5. LDR:-LDR means light
dependent resistance which is
used to complete the circuit.

6. TRANSFORMER: -
Transformer is used to convert
low alternating voltage to high
alternating voltage by
decreasing the current and
vice-versa. We use a
transformer of 6-0-6V for the
circuit.
7. CAPACITOR: - Capacitor is
used to block DC. In the
circuit, we use the capacitor of
220mfd and 1000mfd.

8. BULB: - An electric bulb is

connected to the circuit when
LDR comes in the darkness.

WORKING
Let 6V. DC is flowed in the circuit.
When light falls on LDR then the
resistance of LDR will decrease and
approximate equal to zero. 6V DC
come from 220 kilo-ohms
resistance and passes through LDR.
At this time, it becomes earth, so
that no voltage flows through the
base of transistor T1. Due to
absence of positive voltage at
base, emitter hasn't negative
voltage in the comparison of its
base, so that transistor T1 don't
conduct and no current flows
through it. But resistance of 1.5
kilo-ohms is connected with 6V DC
line, so that from 6V DC
approximate 4V DC passes through
820 ohms and reach at the base of
transistor T2. For conduction,
emitter has some negative voltage
in the comparison of its base. But
at this time, 4V DC reach at base of
transistor T2, so that emitter has
highly negative voltage in
comparison of its base, so that
transistor T2 highly conducts. The
collector of transistor T2 is
connected with relay coil, so that
magnetic induction around relay
coil will disconnect with rest point
and connect with active point. So,
According to the circuit, the bulb
will glow.

Now, when light don't fall on LDR

so that the resistance of LDR
increases. Now LDR has not zero
resistance due to darkness, so that
6V DC line and 220 kilo-ohms
resistance, some positive voltage
reach at the base of transistor
T1.The collector of transistor T1 has
positive voltage because 6V DC
pass through 1.5 kilo-ohms
resistance and reach at collector of
transistor T1. In this way transistor
T1 conduct and current start to flow
in transistor T1. Transistor T1 and
resistance of 1.5 kilo-ohms are
connected in series so that the
current also flows through 1.5 kilo-
ohms resistance. Now, the above
terminal of 1.5 kilo-ohms
resistance has 6V DC, it means the
lower terminal of 1.5 kilo-ohms
resistance has lower voltage i.e. 3
or 3.5 V. From 3V approximate 1.5
V or 1 V. DC reaches at base of
transistor T2. The collector of
transistor T2 has positive voltage
by relay coil. But at this time,
emitter has some negative voltage
in the comparison of its base.

So that the quantity of current

which flows through transistor T2
and relay coil will very low. Due to
this, magnetic induction around
relay coil will not more effective
and pole point will disconnect with
active point and connect with rest
point. According to the circuit, the
bulb will glow
 PRECAUTIONS
Use a sensitive LDR.
LDR should be so adjusted
that it should not get light
from the street light.
The connections should be
tight.
 Each component should be
soldered neat clean.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

http://www.helpguide.org
http://m.wikihow.com

www.circuitstoday.comdepe
ndent-resistors
www.instructables.com
How-to-Use-a-Light-
Dependent-Resistor

CONCLUSION
 Thus LIGHT
DEPENDENT RESISTOR
was prepared as
mentioned.