PAKIREPHRASE NA LANG

PO MARAMING
MARAMING SALAMAT
A. MATERIALS

SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
Glass tubing - 2
Cork - 1
Suction flask 250 mL 1
Test tube Large; Small 1; 5
Volumetric flask 100 mL 2
Volumetric flask 50 mL 1
Beaker 50 mL 1
Beaker 100 mL 1
Stirring rod - 1
Iron stand - 2
Iron clamp - 2
Filter paper - 2
Litmus paper - 1
Test tube brush - 1
Test tube rack - 1
Test tube holder - 1
Dropper - 5
Condenser - 1
Hot plate - 1
Distilling flask 100 mL 1
Watch glass 70 mm 2
Graduated cylinder 10 mL 1
Graduated cylinder 50 mL 1
Erlenmeyer flask 50 mL 1
Measuring pipette 10 mL 2
Aspirator - 2
Thermometer - 1

B. REAGENTS

QUANTITY USED
Diammonium Hydrogen
-
Phosphate
Brown Sugar 25.116 g
Yeast 34 g
Liquid Paraffin/ Oil -
Calcium Hydroxide -
Sodium Hydroxide 5.5 g
Iodine solution 5 mL

V. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS AND RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. What is the %yield of the alcohol based from the volume of the produced
alcohol with respect to that of the sugar solution used? What were the
possible interferences?

Theoretical yield of ethanol based on amount of sugar used :

4 mole C2 H 5 OH 46.068 g C 2 H 5 OH
25.116 g C12 H 22 O11
( 1 mole
)(
342.296 g C 12 H 22 O11 1 mole C 12 H 22 O11 )( 1 mole C 2 H 5 OH )
13.52097 g C 2 H 5 OH

Mass of empty Erlenmeyer used=15.30 g

 Mass of ethanol+ Erlenmeyer used=16.32 g

Mass of ethanol=1.02 g

1.02 g
Mass of ethanol=
1.1 mL

Density of ethanol produced=0.9273 g /mL

Total grams of ethanol produced=(1.1 mL+3 mL) 0.9273 g /mL

3.802 g

grams of ethanol produced

%yield=
grams of ethanol based on amount of sugar used

3.802 g

13.52097 g

28.118

The following were the possible interferences in the experiment:

a) The fermented sample in the suction flask must first be decanted to a

beaker in order to separate the solid particles before proceeding to
filtration. Omitting this procedure made the filtration more tedious
consuming more than two hours of the experiment period.

The filtration process took about more than two hours because of an
error. The fermented sample was not decanted before the filtration
process just to separate remaining solid particles.

b) The amount of diammonium hydrogen phosphate might not be enough

for the yeast to thrive for the whole duration of fermentation from
Wednesday to Monday which is the experiment proper.

The yeast added might not be enough for the whole reaction to occur since the required

c) There must be another glass tubing connected at the other end of the
condenser to deliver the distillate without any significant loss
considering the volatility of the ethanol.
the ethanol collected might have been collected more if another glass tubing must connected at
the other end of the condenser to deliver the distillate wthout having any loss.

d) The distillation process must be carried out twice. The first one must be
a simple distillation which aims to separate the ethanol from the
fermenting mixture but this is not yet a pure ethanol. Theres a need for
a fractional distillation to completely separate the pure ethanol from the
sample.

Several steps of distillation will result into a pure ethanol. but since the
group only conducted one process of distillation, the ethanol collected
still has other figments on it. and since the time was only limited, the
group was not able to perform fractional distillation.

e) The proponents were not able to distill 1/3 of the fermented sample in
the distilling flask therefore resulting to a low yield. The group was not
able to use all the fermented mixture (about 150 mL was not subjected
to distillation).

2. Show the reaction for the iodoform test.

3. What should be done to increase the yield for the experiment?

 a) Increase the amount of diammonium hydrogen phosphate added to the
fermenting mixture.
b) There must be another glass tubing connected at the other end of the
condenser to deliver the distillate without any significant loss
considering the volatility of the ethanol.

c) The distillation process must be carried out twice. The first one must be
a simple distillation which aims to separate the ethanol from the
fermenting mixture but this is not yet a pure ethanol. Theres a need for
a fractional distillation to completely separate the pure ethanol from the
sample.

VI. CONCLUSIONS

1) ethanol by fermentation

2) actual experiment

3) flammability

4) iodoform

5) RECOMMENDATIONS