Case Study: Lighting Column, Assuit Street, North Sinai, 1998

Description of the Structure:

In General: Lighting columns and fittings make a major impact on the
appearance of the scheme and should be planned as part of the overall
design concept. It is especially important that in historic towns and
conservation areas particular attention should be paid to the aesthetic
quality of the street lighting installation. At the same time care should
be taken to avoid light pollution, particularly in rural areas.

The Collapse:
Arround 9:00 P.m., a lorry was emptying its contents of aggregates for
the development of Sinai; unfortunately the lorry crashed the lighting
column which led to a damage in the column making it invalid lighting.
As a result of the damage the Assuit st., become dim lighting and it
caused night time accidents, crime and vandalism, residents feel
unsecure so we shall enhance the appearance of area after dark.

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Pictures of the damaged column:

Figure 1(The reason for the damaging)

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 Figure 2(The damaged column during the daytime)

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 Figure 3(The damaged column during the Night-time)

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The Structure:

Steel Pipe Column with circular section

directly Instilled in earth with

Height h=11.0 m
Diameter D=32 cm
Thickness t=10 mm

Figure 4(Layout of Column)

Column Condition:

Visual Inspection: the column has a damage from the

lorry wich cause Protrusion on column at a distance of
2.00 m from the base of the column and made the column
have an angel of 45 from the earth.

Figure 5(Detail of local

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 Rating of Structure:

the column still exist on its site but it needs a repair to be

prependicular on the earth surface .
the area which the column surve needs an additve lighting so we
suggest that the column resist two lighting equipments the old
one and a new one back to back.
Strengthen required because of the Inadequate design due to the
increase of the design loads.
The estimated cost of the operation will save over than 95% of
replacing the column with a new one.

Physical Condition:
as the column constructed during years of 1960-2000 so:
Yielding stress Fy=36 Ksi
Tension force Ft=42-54 Ksi
Elongation E=22
Chemical Composition:
Alloy of High Carbon Steel

Repair of the column: Using Heat-Straightening Method

Recommendation: we have to take off the column from the earth
then begin to use hea treatment method to make it straight again.

Heat Treatment:
Temperatures greater than about 700C (1300F) begin to produce a
phase change in steel. This temperature is often called the lower
critical (or lower phase transition) temperature. The body centered
cubic molecular structure begins to assume a face centered cubic
form. With this structure, a larger percentage of carbon will be
carried in solution. When steel cools below the lower critical
temperature, it attempts to return to its body centered structure.
Since this retransformation requires time, rapid cooling may not
permit the complete change to occur and a hard, brittle phase called
martensite occurs. This form has reduced ductility and is more
sensitive to brittle fracture under repeated loads.

The upper critical (or upper phase transition) temperature is the level
at which the molecular change in structure is complete.

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 At this temperature (around 815925C or 15001700F for most
steels, depending on carbon content) the steel assumes the form of a
uniform solid solution called austenite.
It is at temperatures between the lower and upper critical that a wide
range of mill hot rolling and working can occur. As long as the
temperature is lowered slowly in a controlled manner from these
levels, the steel assumes its original molecular configuration and
properties.

Figure 6 (Ironcarbon equilibrium diagram.)

This temperature control is more difficult to maintain at a fabrication

shop or in the field when conducting heat straightening repairs.
Consequently, if the temperature during heat straightening is not
kept below the lower critical temperature, undesirable properties
may be produced during cooling. It is this concern that has limited
the application of heat straightening in many cases.

A related issue is the question of residual stresses. When heated steel

cools, the surfaces having the most exposure to the cooling
environment contract more rapidly. This unequal contraction
produces residual stresses found in most steel shapes and it is
important to understand how heat straightening affects these
patterns. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a summary of how
heat straightening affects material properties and residual stresses.

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Jacking Forces:
Jacking forces producing plastic moments of 50, 70 and 90 percent of capacity
were used. As expected, the plate movement during heat straightening was
directly proportional to the level of jacking force. Material properties tests
showed that the level of jacking force had little effect on yield stress, tensile
strength, modulus of elasticity, or ductility. However, there were significant
differences in material properties on the side compressed by damage.
Comparing material properties from the areas placed in tension and
compression by the damage, the compression side had significantly: (1) higher
yield stress, (2) lower ductility, and (3) less toughness based on Charpy tests.
These results indicate that the compressed side is more brittle and thus more
likely to fracture during repair with large jacking forces.

Figure 7(Yield stress versus number of damage/repair cycles for heat straightened
beam)

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 Figure 8(Tensile stress versus number of damage/repair cycles for
heat straightened beam.

Figure 8 (Percent elongation versus number of damage/repair cycles

for heat straightened beam)

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Procedures of Repair Process:

As the yield stress and tensile stress have a small value which not shown in the
figures, then we will use the curve of elongation to calculate the number of
Damage /Repair Cycles .

Procedures of Strengthening Process:

Due to the repair process, the tensile strength of the section may reduce with
a value.

Assume ft reduces by 10% of the initial ft

And assume weight of another lighting equipment = 15 Kg

Length of repaired section =20 cm

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Use length of circular sec. =30 cm

Reference:
Lectures of Dr. Maha Moudather
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/04.cfm

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