Y

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

P
Frequency division multiplexing is the position of signal

CO
spectra in frequency such that each signal spectrum can be
separated out from all the others by filtering. FDM does
not preclude the use of other modulating methods.

'S
There are N signals in frequency, each is bandlimited to fm
Hz. In order to separate N signals in frequency, each is

T
modulated with a carrier frequency fC1 , fC2 , , fCN. Using
DSB-LC, the spectral density of every modulated signal
ER
has a bandwidth of 2fm and each is centered at various
carrier frequencies fC1, fC2,, fCN. These carrier frequencies
are chosen far enough apart such that each signal spectral
B

density is separated from all the others.

IL

Frequency Division Multiplexing 1

G
 Y
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

P
CO
f1 ( t )

fC1
f2 (t )

'S
fC 2

f3 ( t )

T
ER fC 3

2 fm 2 fm 2 fm

f
fC 3 fC 2 fC1
B

fC1 fC 2 fC 3
IL

Frequency Division Multiplexing 2

G
 Y
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

P
CO
f1 ( t )
@ f c1

'S
f2 (t )
@ fc 2

T
f3 ( t )
@ fc3
ER
Receiver
B
IL

Frequency Division Multiplexing 3

G
 Y
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

P
In Telephony, the most widely used method of modulation in FDM is

CO
single sideband modulation, which, in the case of voice signals,
requires a bandwidth that is approximately equal to that of the original
voice signal. Each voice input is usually assigned a bandwidth of 4
KHz. The bandpass filters following the modulators are used to restrict

'S
the band of each modulated signal to its prescribed range. The resulting
bandpass filter outputs are combined in parallel to form the input to the
common channel.

T
At the receiving terminal, a bank of bandpass filters, with their inputs
ER
connected in parallel, is used to separate the message signals on a
frequency-occupancy basis. The original message signals are recovered
by individual demodulators.
B
IL

Frequency Division Multiplexing 4

G
 Y
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

P
CO
'S
T
ER
B
IL

Frequency Division Multiplexing 5

G
 Y
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

P
CO
'S
T
ER
The first multiplexing step combines 12 voice
inputs into a basic group
B
IL

Frequency Division Multiplexing 6

G
 Y
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

P
The first multiplexing step combines 12 voice inputs into a basic
group, which is formed by having the nth input modulate a carrier at

CO
frequency fc = 60 + 4n KHz, where n = 1,2, , 12. The lower
sidebands are then selected by bandpass filtering and combined to
form a group of 12 lower sidebands (one for each voice channel). Thus
the basic group occupies the frequency band 60 ~ 108 KHz.

'S
The next step in the FDM hierarchy involves the combination of five
basic groups into a supergroup. This is accomplished by using the nth

T
group to modulate a carrier of frequency fc = 372 + 48n KHz, where
ER
n = 1, 2, , 5.
Note: fC1 = (372 + 48 ) = 420 KHz ; 420 KHz 108 KHz = 312 KHz
fC2 = (372 + 482 ) = 468 KHz ; 468 KHz 108 KHz = 360 KHz
B

fC3 = (372 + 483 ) = 516 KHz ; 516 KHz 108 KHz = 408 KHz
IL

The supergroup occupies the frequency band 312 ~ 552 KHz. A

supergroup is designed to accommodate 60 independent voice inputs.
Frequency Division Multiplexing 7
G