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Giao Trinh MMT PDF
Giao Trinh MMT PDF
Giao Trinh MMT PDF
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SCH HNG DN HC TP
MNG MY TNH
Bin son : Ts. PHM TH QU
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2006
M U
TS Phm Th Qu
Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
Cc node mng
Terminal
Printer
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
Kin trc mng gm cu trc mng (Topology) v giao thc mng (Protocols). Topology l
cu trc hnh hc ca cc thc th mng v giao thc mng l tp cc quy tc chun cc thc th
hot ng truyn thng phi tun theo.
6
Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
thc th trung gian. Phc tp hn khi cc thc th khng chia s trn cng mt mng chuyn
mch, kt ni gin tip phi qua nhiu mng con.
1.5.2. Chc nng giao thc
ng gi: Trong qu trnh trao i thng tin, cc gi d liu c thm vo mt s thng tin
iu khin, bao gm a ch ngun v a ch ch, m pht hin li, iu khin giao thc... Vic
thm thng tin iu khin vo cc gi d liu c gi l qu trnh ng gi (Encapsulation). Bn
thu s c thc hin ngc li, thng tin iu khin s c g b khi gi tin c chuyn t tng
di ln tng trn.
Phn on v hp li: Mng truyn thng ch chp nhn kch thc cc gi d liu c nh.
Cc giao thc cc tng thp cn phi ct d liu thnh nhng gi c kch thc quy nh. Qu
trnh ny gi l qu trnh phn on. Ngc vi qu trnh phn on bn pht l qu trnh hp li
bn thu. D liu phn on cn phi c hp li thnh thng ip thch hp tng ng dng
(Application). V vy vn m bo th t cc gi n ch l rt quan trng. Gi d liu trao
i gia hai thc th qua giao thc gi l n v giao thc d liu PDU (Protocol Data Unit).
iu khin lin kt: Trao i thng tin gia cc thc th c th thc hin theo hai phng
thc: hng lin kt (Connection - Oriented) v khng lin kt (Connectionless). Truyn khng
lin kt khng yu cu c tin cy cao, khng yu cu cht lng dch v v khng yu cu xc
nhn. Ngc li, truyn theo phng thc hng lin kt, yu cu c tin cy cao, m bo cht
lng dch v v c xc nhn. Trc khi hai thc th trao i thng tin vi nhau, gia chng mt
kt ni c thit lp v sau khi trao i xong, kt ni ny s c gii phng.
Gim st: Cc gi tin PDU c th lu chuyn c lp theo cc con ng khc nhau, khi
n ch c th khng theo th t nh khi pht. Trong phng thc hng lin kt, cc gi tin
phi c yu cu gim st. Mi mt PDU c mt m tp hp duy nht v c ng k theo
tun t. Cc thc th nhn s khi phc th t cc gi tin nh th t bn pht.
iu khin lu lng lin quan n kh nng tip nhn cc gi tin ca thc th bn thu v
s lng hoc tc ca d liu c truyn bi thc th bn pht sao cho bn thu khng b trn
ngp, m bo tc cao nht. Mt dng n gin ca ca iu khin lu lng l th tc dng
v i (Stop-and Wait), trong mi PDU pht cn phi c xc nhn trc khi truyn gi
tin tip theo. C tin cy cao khi truyn mt s lng nht nh d liu m khng cn xc nhn.
K thut ca s trt l th d c ch ny. iu khin lu lng l mt chc nng quan trng cn
phi c thc hin trong mt s giao thc.
iu khin li l k thut cn thit nhm bo v d liu khng b mt hoc b hng trong
qu trnh trao i thng tin. Pht hin v sa li bao gm vic pht hin li trn c s kim tra
khung v truyn li cc PDU khi c li. Nu mt thc th nhn xc nhn PDU li, thng thng
gi tin s phi c pht li.
ng b ho: Cc thc th giao thc c cc tham s v cc bin trng thi v nh ngha
trng thi, l cc tham s v kch thc ca s, tham s lin kt v gi tr thi gian. Hai thc
th truyn thng trong giao thc cn phi ng thi trong cng mt trng thi xc nh. V d
cng trng thi khi to, im kim tra v hu b, c gi l ng b ho. ng b ho s kh
khn nu mt thc th ch xc nh c trng thi ca thc th khc khi nhn cc gi tin. Cc gi
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
Terminator T-connector
Bus
Terminator
- Mng hnh BUS hot ng theo kiu qung b (Broadcast). Tt c cc node truy nhp
chung trn mt ng truyn vt l c u v cui (BUS). Chun IEEE 802.3 c gi l
Ethernet, l mt mng hnh BUS qung b vi c ch iu khin qung b ng phn tn, trao i
thng tin vi tc 10 Mbps hoc 100 Mbps.
Phng thc truy nhp ng truyn c s dng trong mng hnh BUS hoc TOKEN
BUS, hoc a truy nhp s dng sng mang vi vic pht hin xung t thng tin trn ng
truyn CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection).
- Mng hnh vng (RING) l mng qung b (Broadcast), tt c cc node cng truy nhp
chung trn mt ng truyn vt l. Tn hiu c lu chuyn trn vng theo mt chiu duy nht,
theo lin kt im - im. D liu c chuyn mt cch tun t tng bit quanh vng, qua cc b
chuyn tip. B chuyn tip c ba chc nng: chn, nhn v hy b thng tin. Cc b chuyn tip
s kim tra a ch ch trong cc gi d liu khi i qua n.
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
Repeater
Chiu truyn
d liu
- Mng hnh sao (Star) cc trm kt ni vi mt thit b trung tm c chc nng iu khin
ton b hot ng ca mng. D liu c truyn theo cc lin kt im - im. Thit b trung
tm c th l mt b chuyn mch, mt b chn ng hoc n gin l mt HUB.
- Mng LAN hng ngoi (Infrared) s dng sng hng ngoi truyn d liu. Phm vi
hot ng ca mng b hn ch trong mt phng, v tn hiu hng ngoi khng i xuyn qua t-
ng. C hai phng php kt ni im- im v kt ni qung b. Cc mng im - im hot
ng bng cch chuyn tip cc tn hiu hng ngoi t mt thit b ti thit b k tip. Tc d
liu t khong 100Kb/s n 16Mb/s. Cc mng qung b hng ngoi c tc truyn d liu
thc t ch t di 1Mb/s.
Thit b
trung tm
Hub, Switch or
Repeater
- Mng LAN tri ph (Spread spectrum) S dng k thut tri ph, thng dng trong cng
nghip v y t.
- Mng LAN vi ba bng hp: Hot ng vi tn s vi ba nhng khng tri ph. C hai
dng truyn thng: vi ba mt t v v tinh. Cc h thng vi ba mt t thng hot ng
bng tn 4-6 GHz v 21- 23 GHz, tc truyn d liu khong vi chc Mbps.
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
...
Head-End
Bus B
Hng truyn d liu trn bus B
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
Nguyn l chuyn mch gi: Thng ip (Message) ca ngi s dng c chia thnh
nhiu gi nh (Packet) c di quy nh. di gi tin cc i (Maximum Transfer Unit) MTU
trong cc mng khc nhau l khc nhau. Cc gi tin ca mt thng ip c th truyn c lp trn
nhiu tuyn hng ch v cc gi tin ca nhiu thng ip khc nhau c th cng truyn trn mt
tuyn lin mng. Ti mi node, cc gi tin c tip nhn, lu tr, x l ti b nh, khng cn
phi lu tr tm thi trn b nh ngoi (nh a cng) v c chuyn tip n node k tip. nh
tuyn cc gi tin qua mng nhanh hn v hiu qu hn.
K thut chuyn mch gi c nhiu u im hn so vi chuyn mch knh:
- Cc gi tin lu chuyn hng ch c lp, trn mt ng c th chia s cho nhiu gi
tin. V vy hiu sut ng truyn cao hn.
- Cc gi tin c xp hng v truyn qua tuyn kt ni.
- Hai thc th c tc d liu khc nhau c th trao i cc gi vi tc ph hp.
- Trong mng chuyn mch knh, khi lu lng tng th mng t chi thm cc yu cu kt
ni (do nghn) cho n khi gim xung. Trong mng chuyn mch gi, cc gi tin vn c chp
nhn, nhng tr phn pht gi tin c th tng ln.
Cc cng ngh chuyn mch gi: Nu mt thc th gi mt gi d liu qua mng c di
ln hn kch thc gi cc i MTU, n s c chia thnh cc gi nh c di quy nh v gi
ln mng. C hai k thut c s dng trong cc mng chuyn mch gi l k thut datagram
trong mng khng lin kt (Connectionless) v k thut knh o cho mng hng lin kt
(Connection- Oriented).
- Phng thc datagram s dng trong mng khng lin kt: Mi mt gi tin c lu
chuyn v x l c lp, khng cn tham chiu n cc gi tin gi trc. Mi mt gi tin c
xem nh l mt datagram.
u, nhc im ca phng thc datagram: Giai on thit lp v gii phng kt ni s
c b qua. Ph hp vi yu cu truyn khi lng d liu khng ln trong thi gian ngn.
Phng thc linh hot hn so vi phng thc knh o. Nu xy ra nghn thng tin, cc datagram
c th c nh tuyn ra khi vng nghn. V nu c node b hng, cc gi tin t tm mt tuyn
khc lu chuyn hng ch, vic phn pht cc gi tin tin cy hn.
Phng thc knh o VC (Virtual Circuit) s dng trong mng hng lin kt: Trc khi
trao i thng tin, hai thc th tham gia truyn thng m phn vi nhau v cc tham s truyn
thng nh kch thc ti a ca gi tin, cc ca s, ng truyn.... Mt knh o c hnh
thnh thng qua lin mng v tn ti cho n khi cc thc th ngng trao i vi nhau. Ti mt
thi im, c th c nhiu knh o i v n t nhiu hng khc nhau. Cc gi tin vn c m
ti mi node v c xp hng u ra trn mt ng truyn, cc gi tin ca cc thng ip khc
trn knh o khc c th chia s s dng ng truyn ny.
u, nhc im ca phng php knh o: Mng c th cung cp cc dch v knh o, bao
gm vic iu khin li v th t cc gi tin. Tt c cc gi tin i trn cng mt tuyn s n theo
th t ban u. iu khin li m bo khng ch cc gi n ch theo ng th t m cho tt c
cc gi khng b li. Mt u im khc l cc gi tin lu chuyn trn mng s nhanh hn v
khng cn phi nh tuyn ti cc node. Tuy nhin s kh khn hn vic thch ng vi nghn. Nu
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
c node b hng th tt c cc knh o qua node s b mt, vic phn pht datagram cng kh
khn hn, tin cy khng cao.
http:// http://www.hostA.com
My ch p ng
(Trang Web t hotsA.com)
Trong m hnh Client/Server nhiu lp, qu trnh x l c phn tn trn 3 lp khc nhau
vi cc chc nng ring bit. M hnh ny thch hp cho vic t chc h thng thng tin trn
mng Internet/ Intranet. Pht trin m hnh 3 lp s khc phc c mt s hn ch ca m hnh 2
lp. Cc h c s d liu c ci t trn cc my ch Web Server v c th c truy nhp
khng hn ch cc ng dng v s lng ngi dng.
Lp khch (Clients) cung cp dch v trnh by (Presentation Services), giao tip ngi s
dng vi lp giao dch thng qua trnh duyt Browser hay trnh ng dng thao tc v x l d
liu. Giao din ngi s dng l trnh duyt Internet Explorer hay Netscape.
Network
Data base
Tow er System
Lp giao dch (Business) cung cp cc dch v qun tr, t chc v khai thc c s d liu.
Cc componenet trc y c ci t trn lp khch, nay c ci t trn lp giao dch. V d,
mt ngi s dng trn my khch t mua hng, lp giao dch kim tra m mt hng quyt
nh tip tc bn hay khng bn. Thnh phn ca lp giao dch trong m hnh Internet l Web
Server v COM+/MTS. Cng ngh ca Microsoft vi Web Server l IIS (Internet Information
Services) s dng ASP kt ni Client vi COM. Web Server giao tip vi COM+/MTS
component qua COM. COM+/MTS component iu khin tt c giao tip vi lp d liu ngun
thng qua ODBC hoc OLE - DB.
Lp ngun d liu (Data Source) cung cp cc dch v t chc v lu tr cc h c s d
liu quan h. Sn sng cung cp d liu cho lp giao dch. c trng ca lp ny l ngn ng tm
kim, truy vn d liu SQL.
1.8.2. M hnh ngang hng (Peer-to-Peer)
Trong m hnh ngang hng tt c cc my u l my ch ng thi cng l my khch.
Cc my trn mng chia s ti nguyn khng ph thuc vo nhau. Mng ngang hng thng c
t chc thnh cc nhm lm vic Workgroup. M hnh ny khng c qu trnh ng nhp tp
trung, nu ng nhp vo mng c th s dng tt c ti nguyn trn mng. Truy cp vo cc
ti nguyn ph thuc vo ngi chia s cc ti nguyn , v vy c th phi bit mt khu
c th truy nhp c ti cc ti nguyn c chia s.
M hnh lai (Hybrid): S kt hp gia Client-Server v Peer-to-Peer. Phn ln cc mng
my tnh trn thc t thuc m hnh ny.
Tow er System
Database
Application
Server
Network Network
Tow er System
Tow er System
Tow er System
Application Server
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
Cu hi trc nghim:
1. Hy chn cu ng nht v nh ngha mng my tnh:
A. Tp cc my tnh kt ni vi nhau bng ng truyn vt l.
B. Tp cc my tnh kt ni vi nhau v hot ng tun theo tp giao thc.
C. Tp cc my tnh kt ni vi nhau bng cc ng truyn vt l v hot ng theo
mt kin trc mng xc nh
2. Mc tiu kt ni mng my tnh:
A. Chia s ti nguyn mng, nng cao tin cy, chinh phc khong cch.
B. Chia s phn cng, phn mm, nng cao tin cy, chinh phc khong cch.
C. Chia s thng tin, nng cao tin cy, chinh phc khong cch.
D. Cung cp cc dch v mng a dng, chia s ti nguyn, nng cao tin cy, chinh
phc khong cch v gim bt cc chi ph v u t .
3. Cc xu hng pht trin dch v mng my tnh:
A. Cung cp cc dch v truy nhp vo cc ngun thng tin xa
B. Pht trin cc dch v tng tc gia ngi vi ngi trn phm vi din rng.
C. Xu hng pht trin cc dch v gii tr trc tuyn (Online) hin i.
D. C 3 cu trn.
4. Mng c cu trc im- im (Point to Point) l:
A. Mng lu v gi tip (Store - and - Forward).
B. Ni tng cp node li vi nhau theo mt hnh hc xc nh.
C. Cc node trung gian: tip nhn, lu tr tm thi v gi tip thng tin
5. Nhc im ca mng c cu trc im- im (Point to Point) l:
A. Kh nng ng thng tin (Collision) thp.
B. Hiu sut s dng ng truyn thp. Chim dng nhiu ti nguyn
C. tr ln, tn nhiu thi gian thit lp ng truyn v x l ti cc node.
D. Tc trao i thng tin thp.
6. c trng ca mng qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcasting)
A. Tt c cc node cng truy nhp chung trn mt ng truyn vt l.
B. Ni tng cp node li vi nhau theo mt hnh hc xc nh.
C. Cc node trung gian: tip nhn, lu tr tm thi v gi tip thng tin
7. Chc nng giao thc:
A. ng gi, phn on v hp li
B. iu khin lin kt v gim st.
C. iu khin lu lng v iu khin li.
D. ng b ho v a ch ho.
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
E. Tt c cc khng nh trn.
8. c trng c bn ca ng truyn
A. Bng thng (Bandwidth).
B. Thng lng (Throughput)
C. Suy hao (Attenuation)
D. Tc truyn dn.
9. Mng cc b LAN (Local Area Networks):
A. Quy m ca mng nh, phm vi khong vi km.
B. Cng ngh truyn dn s dng thng l qung b (Broadcast)
C. Tc truyn d liu cao, t 10100 Mbps n hng trm Gbps,
D. Thi gian tr c 10s , tin cy cao, t s li bit t 10-8 n 10-11.
E. Cu trc tp ca mng a dng.
F. Tt c cc khng nh trn.
10. c trng c bn ca mt mng WAN:
A. Hot ng trn phm vi mt quc gia hoc trn ton cu.
B. Tc truyn d liu thp so vi mng cc b.
C. Li truyn cao.
D. Tt c cc khng nh trn.
11. Li ch khi kt ni lin mng:
A. Gim lu thng trn mng
B. Ti u ho hiu nng
C. n gin ho vic qun tr mng
D. Hiu qu hn so vi mng WAN c phm vi hot ng ln.
12. Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Networks)
A. Thit lp kt ni vt l gia 2 thc th, duy tr kt ni trong qu trnh trao i thng
tin v gii phng kt ni khi truyn xong d liu.
B. Thit lp kt ni logic gia 2 thc th , duy tr kt ni trong qu trnh trao i thng
tin v gii phng kt ni khi truyn xong d liu.
C. Truyn d liu gia 2 thc th.
13. Khng nh ng nht trong mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks):
A. Gi tin lu chuyn trn cc kt ni logic.
B. Gi tin lu chuyn trn cc kt ni vt l.
C. Gi tin lu chuyn c lp hng ch.
D. Cc gi tin lu chuyn hng ch c lp v trn mt ng c th chia s cho nhiu
gi tin.
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
Cu hi
1. Hy trnh by mc tiu v ng dng mng my tnh.
2. Hy pht biu cc li ch khi ni my tnh thnh mng.
3. Hy trnh by tng qut v xu hng pht trin cc dch v mng.
4. Hiu th no l mng my tnh. Hy trnh by tm tt chc nng cc thnh phn ch yu
ca mt mng my tnh ?.
5. Hy trnh by khi qut v cc c trng c bn ca ng truyn: Bng thng
(bandwidth), thng lng (throughput) v suy hao (attenuation).
6. Khi qut cc c trng c bn ca cc phng tin truyn: Cp ng trc (Coaxial
cable), cp xon i (Twisted pair cable), cp si quang (Fiber optic cable).
7. Hy trnh by cu trc kiu im - im (Point to Point).
8. Trong k thut chuyn mch knh, vai tr a ch nh th no ?.
9. Hy trnh by kiu qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcast).
10. Trnh by u, nhc im cc phng thc qung b tnh v ng, Qung b ng tp
trung v phn tn ?.
11. Nhng khc bit c bn gia kiu im - im v qung b ?.
12. Hiu th no l giao thc, vai tr ca giao thc trong truyn thng ?.
13. Trnh by cc chc nng ca giao thc.
14. Mng cc b LAN (Local Area Networks) v cc c trng c bn ca n
15. Hy trnh by cu trc mng hnh BUS, RING v STAR.
16. S khc nhau c bn gia mng hnh BUS v mng hnh RING ?.
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh
22
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
Ni dung ca chng ny s trnh by cc khi nim v kin trc phn tng v m hnh kt
ni cc h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection) vi mc tiu kt ni cc sn phm ca
cc hng sn xut khc nhau. M hnh OSI l gii php cho cc vn truyn thng gia cc my
tnh v c thit k theo quan im c cu trc a tng. Mi mt tng thc hin mt s chc
nng truyn thng, cc tng c xp chng ln nhau, gi l chng giao thc, thc hin cc tin
trnh truyn thng hon chnh. Gia cc tng k nhau c xc nh bi giao din bng cc hm
dch v nguyn thu. Ni dung gm cc phn nh sau:
Cc t chc chun ha mng
M hnh kin trc a tng v cc quy tc phn tng.
M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI .
Nhng vn c bn thit k m hnh kin trc.
nh gi tin cy ca mng.
Mt s m hnh kin trc chun khc.
23
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
- Khuyn ngh loi V: Tp cc tiu chun v truyn d liu bng Modem: V21 tc 300
bps, V32 tc 9600 - 14.400 bps, V90, V92 cho tc 56 Kbps.
- Khuyn ngh loi X: Tp cc tiu chun lin quan n mng truyn s liu. Quy nh cc
th tc giao din ngi s dng v giao din mng: X21, X25,...
- Khuyn ngh loi I: Cc tiu chun lin quan n mng ISDN
- IEEE (Institute of Electronical And Electronic Engineers): Vin cc k s in v in t.
Tp cc th tc tng vt l.
H thng A H thng B
Giao thc tng N
ng truyn vt l
25
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
H thng A H thng B
Giao thc tng 5
(5) M M
(1)
ng truyn vt l
26
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
SAP SAP
Tng N
N - PCI N - SDU N - PCI N- SDU
N - PDU N - PDU
SAP SAP
Tng N-1
Hnh 2.3 Khi nim giao din v dch v trong mi trng cc h thng m
Hai tng trao i thng tin vi nhau phi c nhng tho thun v thit lp cc quy tc giao
din. Thc th ca tng N+1 chuyn mt PDU ti thc th tng N qua SAP. PDU bao gm mt
n v d liu dch v SDU v thng tin iu khin PCI. SDU l thng tin gi qua mng ti thc
th ng tng v sau a ln tng N+1. Nu di ca SDU ln hn di quy nh, cc thc
th tng N chia SDU ra nhiu gi nh c di quy nh v thm Header PCI vo mi gi tin.
Header ca PDU c cc thc th ng tng nhn dng PDU no cha d liu v PDU no cha
thng tin iu khin.....
Hnh 2.3 minh ho giao din v dch v trong cc tng k nhau. Nh bit, thc th tng
N t h thng A khng th truyn d liu trc tip sang tng N ca h thng B m phi chuyn
tun t xung cc tng di n, cho ti tng thp nht, tng vt l. Bng phng tin truyn vt
l, d liu l nhng chui bit 0 v 1 c truyn sang tng vt l ca h thng B. T y d liu
c chuyn ln cc tng trn.
2.2.5 Dch v v cht lng dch v
Tng N s phi bit s dng dch v no ca tng N-1 v cung cp nhng dch v g cho
tng N+1. Qu trnh cung cp dch v thng qua cc im truy nhp SAP trn cc giao din tng
N/N+1. C hai loi dch v khc nhau: dch v hng lin kt (Connection Oriented) v dch v
khng lin kt (Connectionless).
a. Dch v hng lin kt (Connection Oriented): Cc dch v v giao thc trong cc m
hnh h thng m thc hin truyn thng 3 giai on theo th t thi gian nh sau:
27
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
Thit lp lin kt: Mt knh logic c thit lp gia cc thc th ng tng ca hai h
thng khc nhau. Chng s m phn, thng lng vi nhau v tp cc tham s v s dng cc
tham s ny nh th no trong qu trnh truyn s liu.
Truyn d liu: D liu c truyn gia hai tng ng tng theo c ch kim sot v qun
l qu trnh truyn d liu, thc hin vic ghp knh, ct hp d liu... bo m c th t
truyn, pht hin li, kim sot lung d liu, pht hin tc nghn thng tin...nhm tng cng
tin cy cao v hiu sut truyn.
Gii phng lin kt: Sau khi kt thc qu trnh truyn d liu, cc ti nguyn ca h thng
c cp pht cho qu trnh thit lp lin kt v truyn d liu s c gii phng, sn sng cp
pht cho lin kt tip theo.
Hnh 2.4 minh ha phng thc truyn hng lin kt trong cc dch v thoi.
Dch v V d
Hng Truyn/nhn cc gi tin, yu cu c xc nhn. Gi cc trang sch theo ng th t.
lin
kt Truyn/nhn dng byte, yu cu c xc nhn. Truy nhp v khai thc t xa.
Kt ni khng yu cu c xc nhn. Cc dch v thoi s
Hnh 2.5 Cc loi dch v khc nhau hng lin kt v khng lin kt
Trong h thng B:
- Tng N nhn c yu cu, ch bo- ln tng (N+1) bng hm Indication qua SAP trn
giao din (N+1)/N .
- Tng (N+1) tr li tng N bng hm Response qua SAP ca giao din 2 tng.
- Tng N, kin to mt n v d liu gi tr li sang tng N ca h thng A qua giao thc
tng N.
Nhn tr li, tng N ca h thng A gi xc nhn ln tng (N+1) bng hm Confirm qua
SAP trn giao din. Kt thc giao tc gia 2 h thng.
Qu trnh yu cu thit lp lin kt gia cc thc th ng tng c th c xc nhn
(Confirmed) hoc khng c xc nhn (Unconfirmed).
System A System B
S S
Request
Response
Indication
Confirm
A A
P P
30
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
Request
Thi gian
Indication
Cornfirmed
(c xc nhn)
Respone
Cornfirm
Thi gian
Uncornfirmed
(khng xc nhn)
Request Indication
Application Protocol
7 Application Tng ng dng
Presentation Protocol
6 Presentation Tng Trnh by
Session Protocol
5 Session Tng Phin
Transport Protocol
4 Transport Tng Vn chuyn
Network Protocol
3 Network Tng Mng
Data Link Protocol
2 Data link Tng Lin kt
Physiccal Protocol
1 Physical Tng Vt l
ng truyn vt l
100111010101011110100110
33
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca tng mng l chc nng iu khin tc nghn
(Congestion Control). Nu c qu nhiu gi tin cng lu chuyn trn cng mt ng th c th
xy ra tnh trng tc nghn. Thc hin chc nng giao tip gia cc mng khi cc gi tin i t
mng ny sang mng khc ti ch.
Vai tr & chc nng tng lin kt d liu (Data link Layer): Chc nng ch yu ca tng
lin kt d liu l thc hin thit lp cc lin kt, duy tr v hu b cc lin kt d liu. Kim sot
li v kim sot lu lng.
Chia thng tin thnh cc khung thng tin (Frame), truyn cc khung tun t v x l cc
thng ip xc nhn (Acknowledgement Frame) t bn my thu gi v. Tho g cc khung thnh
chui bt khng cu trc chuyn xung tng vt l. Tng 2 bn thu, ti to chui bt thnh cc
khung thng tin. ng truyn vt l c th gy li, nn tng lin kt d liu phi gii quyt vn
kim sot li, kim sot lng, kim sot lu lng, ngn khng nt ngun gy ngp lt
d liu cho bn thu c tc thp hn. Trong cc mng qung b, tng con MAC (Medium Acces
Sublayer) iu khin vic truy nhp ng truyn.
Vai tr & chc nng tng Vt l (Physical layer): Tng vt l l tng thp nht trong m
hnh 7 lp OSI. Cc thc th tng giao tip vi nhau qua mt ng truyn vt l. Tng vt l xc
nh cc chc nng, th tc v in, c, quang kch hot, duy tr v gii phng cc kt ni vt
l gia cc h thng mng. Cung cp cc c ch v in, c hm, th tc ...nhm thc hin vic
kt ni cc phn t ca mng thnh mt h thng bng cc phng php vt l. m bo cho cc
yu cu v chuyn mch hot ng nhm to ra cc ng truyn thc cho cc chui bit thng tin.
Cc chun trong tng vt l l cc chun xc nh giao din ngi s dng v mi trng mng.
Cc giao thc tng vt l c hai loi truyn d b (Asynchronous) v truyn ng b
(Synchronous).
Tm tt chc nng cc tng nh sau:
Tng Chc nng ch yu Giao thc
7- Application Giao tip ngi v mi trng mng ng dng
6-Presentation Chuyn i c php d liu p ng yu cu truyn Giao thc
thng ca cc ng dng. Bin i m
5-Sesion Qun l cc cuc lin lc gia cc thc th bng cch thit Giao thc
lp, duy tr, ng b ho v hu b cc phin truyn thng phin
gia cc ng dng
4-Transport Vn chuyn thng tin gia cc my ch (End to End). Giao thc
Kim sot li v lung d liu. Vn chuyn
3-Network Thc hin chn ng v m bo trao i thng tin trong Giao thc
lin mng vi cng ngh chuyn mch thch hp. Mng
2-Data Link To/g b khung thng tin (Frames), kim sot lung v Th tc
kim sot li. kim sot
1-Physical m bo cc yu cu truyn/nhn cc chui bt qua cc Giao din
phng tin vt l. DTE - DCE
34
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
35
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
- Chun IEEE 802.2 nh ngha mt tng con LLC c giao thc tng di s dng. Giao
thc tng mng c th thit k c lp vi tng vt l.
- Giao thc tng di: 802.3 (1Base5, 10Base5, 10Base2, 10Basef, 10Broad36, 10BaseT,
10BaseX), 802.4 (TokenBus), 802.5 (Token Ring) , 802.6 , 802.9, 802.11, 802.12.
2.4.6. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
L h cc giao thc cng lm vic vi nhau cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin
mng. V lch s ca TCP/IP gn lin vi B quc phng M, nn vic phn lp giao thc TCP/IP
c gi l m hnh DOD ( Department of Defense ). y l h cc giao thc c s dng ph
bin trn mng Internet, mang tnh m nht , ph dng nht v c h tr ca nhiu hng kinh
doanh. TCP/IP c ci t sn trong phn thc thi UNIX BSD (Berkely Standard Distribution).
M hnh DOD gm 4 tng:
- Network Access Layer (truy nhp mng) tng ng Physical Layer & Data Link Layer
trong OSI.
- Internetwork Layer: nh tuyn gi d liu gia cc my ch.
- Host to Host Layer: Kt ni cc thnh phn mng.
- Application Layer: H tr cc ng dng .
Cu hi trc nghim
1. Cc pht biu no v nguyn tc phn tng l ng
A. Chc nng cc tng c lp vi nhau v c tnh m.
B. Xc nh mi quan h gia cc tng k nhau
C. Xc nh mi quan h gia cc ng tng
D. D liu khng truyn trc tip gia cc tng ng h thng (tr tng vt l).
E. C 4 pht biu u ng.
2. Kin trc mng (Network Architecture) l:
A. Giao din Interface gia 2 tng k nhau.
B. Giao thc tng- quan h ng tng
C. S lng tng.
D. Dch v tng.
E. Tp cc giao din, s lng tng v giao thc tng- quan h ng tng
3. im truy nhp dch v SAP (Service Access Point) l g ?
A. Ni trao cung cp dch v cc tng k nhau.
B. Ni hot ng ca cc dch v.
C. Ni cung cp dch v ca tng di cho cc hot ng tng trn.
4. Nhng pht biu no ng:
36
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
A. Cung cp v nhn cc dch v gia cc thc th trong cc tng k nhau thng qua
vic gi cc hm dch v nguyn thy.
B. Cc dch v nguyn thu l cc th tc trao i thng tin.
C. Cc hm dch v nguyn thy tng tc gia cc tng k nhau.
D. Cc hm dch v nguyn thy c t cc thao tc thc hin yu cu hay tr li mt
yu cu ca cc thc th ng tng.
5. Tng no xc nh giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI.
A. Tng ng dng
B. Tng trnh by
C. Tng phin
D. Tng vn chuyn
6. Tng no cung cp mt dng biu din truyn thng chung cho php chuyn i t dng
biu din cc b sang biu din chung v ngc li.
A. Tng mng
B. Tng trnh by
C. Tng phin
D. Tng vt l
7. Tng no thit lp, duy tr, hu b cc giao dch" gia cc thc th u cui.
A. Tng mng
B. Tng lin kt d liu
C. Tng phin
D. Tng vt l
8. Tng no c lin quan n cc giao thc trao i d liu
A. Tng mng
B. Tng vn chuyn
C. Tng lin kt d liu
D. Tng vt l
9. Nhng thut ng no dng m t cc n v d liu s dng trong tng lin kt d liu:
A. Datagram.
B. Packet.(*)
C. Message
D. Frame (*)
10. Tng no thay i, duy tr tuyn kt ni gia cc thit b truyn thng.
A. Tng vt l.
B. Tng con MAC.
C. Tng con LLC(*)
37
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
D. Tng mng.
11. Phng php chuyn mch no s dng mch o ?.
A. Message.
B. Packet(*).
C. Bit
D. Circuit Switching
12. Tng no thc hin m ho d liu?
A. Tng mng
B. Tng vn chuyn.
C. Tng lin kt d liu.
D. Tng phin.
E. Tng ng dng
F. Tng trnh by.(*)
13. Tng no thc hin bn giao cc thng ip gia cc tin trnh trn cc thit b?
A. Tng mng.
B. Tng vn chuyn.(*).
C. Tng lin kt d liu..
D. Tng phin.
E. Tng ng dng.
14. Tng no thc hin vic phn gii a ch/tn?
A. Tng mng.
B. Tng vn chuyn.(*).
C. Tng lin kt d liu..
D. Tng ng dng
15. Khng nh no ng:
A. Bng thng mng hiu sut cao khi s dng k thut chn ng DIJKTRA.
B. Bng thng mng hiu sut cao khi s dng k thut chn ng BellMan Ford (*).
C. C hai kt hp.
16. Hot ng no c lin quan n ID giao kt
A. Chuyn mch gi.
B. nh tuyn.
C. Pht trin phn on.(*)
D. iu khin lung
17. Khng nh no ng:
A. Tng lin kt d liu x l lu thng gia cc thit b.(*).
B. Tng mng x l lu thng gia cc tin trnh ca tng trn..
38
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
39
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
28. Tng Data Link chu trch nhim gi...... t tng Network xung tng Physical.
29. Thng tin ...... trong khung d liu (Frame) c s dng ch r loi khung, ng i v
thng tin v phn on.
30. Tng con ...... giao tip trc tip vi Card mng v chu trch nhim chuyn giao d liu
khng li gia hai my tnh trn mng.
31. D liu c phn chia thnh nhiu .... nh ..... x l d dng.
32. Nhiu giao thc phi hp cng thc hin hot ng truyn thng, gi l.....
33. S lin kt ..... s cho bit ...... ca tng no ang hot ng.
34. C ba kiu giao thc ng vi m hnh OSI, l cc loi giao thc....
35. Giao thc ng dng hot ng trn tng cao nht v cung cp trao i d liu gia cc
chng trnh ng dng. ?
36. Khi gi d liu c truyn gia cc b nh tuyn vi nhau, a ch ngun v ch ca
tng Data Link b loi b v _________
A. Sau c to li.
B. tip tc c gi ring ri s c ti to ti node ch.
C. Cc gi tin c chuyn tip da trn di tnh bng Byte
D. Gi tin c truyn tip da trn mc u tin.
37. Chuyn tip gi d liu da trn a ch tng con MAC (Media Access Control________
A. B chuyn tip
B. Cng giao tip
C. SONET.
D. SMDS
E. Cu ni (Bridge)
38. Tp hp cc giao thc mng chuyn mch gi________
A. B chuyn tip
B. Cng giao tip
C. SONET.
D. X25
39. Lin kt nhiu mng s dng cc giao thc khc nhau________
A. B chuyn tip
B. Cng giao tip
C. SONET.
D. B nh tuyn.
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Hy cho bit ngha ca khuyn ngh loi V, khuyn ngh loi X v loi I.
2. Tng qut v khi nim kin trc a tng v cc quy tc phn tng
40
Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
41
Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4
Ni dung ca chng s gii thiu tng qut v mng Internet v kin trc m hnh TCP/IP.
B giao thc TCP/IP tr thnh chun chung cho mng my tnh ton cu. Tm hiu v chng
giao thc TCP/IP s cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v cc thnh phn giao thc khc nhau cn
thit cho cc ng dng TCP/IP trn nn cc h iu hnh mng. Phn cui ca chng s trnh
by nhng hn ch ca IPv4 v s cn thit ra i giao thc IPv6. Ni dung ca chng bao gm:
Gii thiu m hnh kin trc TCP/IP.
Mt s giao thc c bn ca b giao thc TCP/IP
Mt s hn ch ca giao thc IPv4 v nguyn nhn ra i IPv6
Cc lp a ch IPv6
ng dng Application
Process
Application ng dng Trnh by Presentation
Layer Phin Session
Host -To-Host Vn chuyn Vn chuyn Transport
Internet Layer Mng Mng Network
42
Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4
Tng tng truy nhp mng (Network Access Layer): Tng ng vi tng Vt l v Lin kt
d liu trong m hnh OSI, tng truy nhp mng cung cp cc phng tin kt ni vt l cp, b
chuyn i (Transceiver), Card mng, giao thc kt ni, giao thc truy nhp ng truyn nh
CSMA/CD, Tolen Ring, Token Bus..). Cung cp cc dch v cho tng Internet phn on d liu
thnh cc khung.
3.1.3. Qu trnh ng gi d liu Encapsulation
Cng nh m hnh OSI, trong m hnh kin trc TCP/IP mi tng c mt cu trc d liu
ring, c lp vi cu trc d liu c dng tng trn hay tng di k n. Khi d liu c
truyn t tng ng dng cho n tng vt l, qua mi tng c thm phn thng tin iu khin
(Header) t trc phn d liu c truyn, m bo cho vic truyn d liu chnh xc. Vic
thm Header vo u cc gi tin khi i qua mi tng trong qu trnh truyn d liu c gi l
Encapsulation. Qu trnh nhn d liu s din ra theo chiu ngc li, khi qua mi tng, cc gi
tin s tch thng tin iu khin thuc n trc khi chuyn d liu ln tng trn.
44
Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4
- Thit lp, duy tr, gii phng lin kt gia hai thc th TCP.
- Phn pht gi tin mt cch tin cy.
- To s th t (Sequencing) cc gi d liu.
- iu khin li.
- Cung cp kh nng a kt ni cho cc qu trnh khc nhau gia thc th ngun v thc
th ch thng qua vic s dng s hiu cng.
- Truyn d liu theo ch song cng (Full-Duplex).
TCP c nhng c im sau:
- Hai thc th lin kt vi nhau phi trao i, m phn vi nhau v cc thng tin lin kt.
Hi thoi, m phn nhm ngn chn s trn lt v mt d liu khi truyn.
- H thng nhn phi gi xc nhn cho h thng pht bit rng n nhn gi d liu.
- Cc Datagram IP c th n ch khng ng theo th t , TCP nhn sp xp li.
- H thng ch pht li gi tin b li, khng loi b ton b dng d liu.
Cu trc gi tin TCP: n v d liu s dng trong giao thc TCP c gi l Segment.
Khun dng v ni dung ca gi tin TCP c biu din nh sau
0 15 16 31
Source port Destination port
Sequence number
Acknowledgment number
Offset Reserved U A P R S F Window
Checksum Urgent pointer
Options Padding
TCP data
Ack (y+1)
Kt thc lin kt: Khi c nhu cu kt thc lin kt TCP, v d A gi yu cu kt thc lin kt
vi FIN=1. V lin kt TCP l song cng (Full-Duplex) nn mc d nhn c yu cu kt thc lin
kt ca A, thc th B vn c th tip tc truyn cho n khi B khng cn s liu gi v thng bo
cho A bng yu cu kt thc lin kt vi FIN=1. Khi thc th TCP nhn c thng ip FIN v
sau khi gi thng ip FIN ca mnh, lin kt TCP thc s kt thc. Nh vy c hai trm phi
ng gii phng lin kt TCP bng cch gi c FIN=1 trc khi chm dt lin kt xy ra, vic ny
bo m d liu khng b tht lc do n phng t ngt chm dt lin lc.
Truyn v nhn d liu Sau khi lin kt c thit lp gia mt cp thc th TCP, cc thc
th truyn d liu. Lin kt TCP d liu c th c truyn theo hai hng. Khi nhn mt khi d
liu cn chuyn i t ngi s dng, TCP s lu tr ti b m. Nu c PUST c xc lp th
ton b d liu trong b m s c gi i di dng TCP Segment. Nu PUST khng c xc
lp th d liu trong b m vn ch gi i khi c c hi thch hp.
48
Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4
0 78 15 16 31
Netid Subnetid Hostid
- Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng con, vi ti a 65535 Host trn mi mng.
Dng a ch ca lp B: (Network number. Network number.Host.Host).
0 78 15 16 31
Netid Subnetid Hostid
0 23 24 26 27 31
Netid Subnetid Hostid
49
Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4
50
Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4
Phn mnh v hp nht cc gi IP: Cc gi IP c nhng trong khung d liu tng lin
kt d liu tng ng trc khi chuyn tip trong mng. Mt gi d liu IP c di ti a 65.536
byte, trong khi hu ht cc lp lin kt d liu ch h tr cc khung d liu nh hn ln ti a
ca gi d liu IP nhiu ln (v d di ln nht ca mt khung d liu Ethernet l 1500 byte). V
vy cn thit phi c c ch phn mnh khi pht v hp nht khi nhn i vi cc gi d liu IP.
di ti a ca mt gi lin kt d liu l MTU (Maximum Transmit Unit). Khi cn
chuyn mt gi d liu IP c di ln hn MTU ca mt mng c th, cn phi chia gi s liu
IP thnh nhng gi IP nh hn di ca n nh hn hoc bng MTU gi l mnh
(Fragment). Trong phn tiu ca gi d liu IP c thng tin v phn mnh v xc nh cc
mnh c quan h ph thuc hp thnh sau ny.
Qu trnh hp nht din ra ngc li vi qu trnh phn mnh. Khi IP nhn c mt gi
phn mnh, n gi phn mnh trong vng m, cho n khi nhn c ht cc gi IP trong
chui phn mnh c cng trng nh danh. Khi phn mnh u tin c nhn, IP khi ng
mt b m thi gian (gi tr ngm nh l 15s). IP phi nhn ht cc phn mnh k tip trc khi
ng h tt. Nu khng IP phi hu tt c cc phn mnh trong hng i hin thi c cng trng
nh danh. Khi IP nhn c ht cc phn mnh, n thc hin hp nht cc gi phn mnh thnh
cc gi IP gc v sau x l n nh mt gi IP bnh thng. IP thng ch thc hin hp nht
cc gi ti h thng ch ca gi.
3.2.4. Giao thc thng bo iu khin mng ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)
Giao thc IP khng c c ch kim sot li v kim sot lung d liu. Cc nt mng cn
bit tnh trng cc nt khc, cc gi d liu pht i c ti ch hay khng
Cc chc nng chnh: ICMP l giao thc iu khin ca tng IP, s dng trao i cc thng
tin iu khin dng d liu, thng bo li v cc thng tin trng thi khc ca b giao thc TCP/IP.
- iu khin lu lng (Flow Control): Khi cc gi d liu n qu nhanh, thit b ch
hoc thit b nh tuyn gia s gi mt thng ip ICMP tr li thit b gi, yu cu thit b gi
tm thi ngng vic gi d liu.
- Thng bo li: Trong trng hp khng ti c a ch ch th h thng s gi mt
thng bo li "Destination Unreachable".
51
Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4
nh hng li (Redirection) 5
Vt ngng thi gian (Time Exceeded) 11
Cc loi thng ip ICMP: Cc thng ip ICMP c chia thnh hai nhm: cc thng ip
truy vn v cc thng ip thng bo li. Cc thng ip truy vn gip cho ngi qun tr mng
nhn cc thng tin xc nh t mt node mng khc. Cc thng ip thng bo li lin quan n
cc vn m b nh tuyn hay trm pht hin ra khi x l gi IP. ICMP s dng a ch IP
ngun gi thng ip thng bo li cho node ngun ca gi IP.
3.2.5. Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
Giao thc TCP/IP s dng ARP tm a ch vt l ca trm ch. V d khi cn gi mt
gi d liu IP cho mt h thng khc trn cng mt mng vt l Ethernet, h thng gi cn bit
a ch Ethernet ca h thng ch tng lin kt d liu xy dng khung gi d liu. Thng
thng, mi h thng lu gi v cp nht bng thch ng a ch IP-MAC ti ch (cn c gi l
bng ARP Cache). Bng thch ng a ch c cp nht bi ngi qun tr h thng hoc t ng
bi giao thc ARP sau mi ln nh x c mt a ch tng ng mi.
Trc khi trao i thng tin vi nhau, node ngun cn phi xc nh a ch vt l MAC
ca node ch bng cch tm kim trong bng a ch IP. Nu khng tm thy, node ngun gi
qung b(Broadcast) mt gi yu cu ARP(ARP Request) c cha a ch IP ngun, a ch IP
ch cho tt cc cc my trn mng. Cc my nhn, c, phn tch v so snh a ch IP ca n vi
52
Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4
ARP Reply
Node B
IP Address: 128.0.10.4
MAC Address: 08:00:20:02:15:45
53
Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4
RARP Reply
RARP Server
Your IP Address is 128.213.1.17
54
Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4
55
Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4
IPv4 IPv6
di a ch l 32 bit (4 byte) di a ch l 128 bit (16 byte)
IPsec ch l ty chn IPsec c gn lin vi IPv6.
Header ca a ch IPv4 khng c trng Trng Flow Label cho php xc nh lung gi
xc nh lung d liu ca gi tin cho cc tin cc Router c th m bo cht lng dch
Router x l QoS. v QoS
Vic phn on c thc hin bi c Vic phn on ch c thc hin bi my ch
Router v my ch gi gi tin pha gi m khng c s tham gia ca Router
Header c cha trng Checksum Khng c trng Checksum trong IPv6 Header
Header c cha nhiu ty chn Tt c cc ty chn c trong Header m rng
Giao thc ARP s dng ARP Request Khung ARP Request c thay th bi cc thng
qung b xc nh a ch vt l. bo Multicast Neighbor Solicitation.
S dng giao thc IGMP qun l thnh Giao thc IGMP c thay th bi cc thng bo
vin cc nhm mng con cc b MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery)
S dng ICMP Router Discovery xc S dng thng bo qung co Router (Router
nh a ch cng Gateway mc nh ph Advertisement) v ICMP Router Solicitation thay
hp nht, l ty chn. cho ICMP Router Discovery, l bt buc.
a ch qung b truyn thng tin n tt Trong IPv6 khng tn ti a ch qung b, thay
c cc node trong mt mng con vo l a ch Multicast
Thit lp cu hnh bng th cng hoc s Cho php cu hnh t ng, khng s dng nhn
dng DHCP cng hay cu hnh qua DHCP
a ch my ch c lu trong DNS vi a ch my ch c lu trong DNS vi mc
mc ch nh x sang a ch IPv4 ch nh x sang a ch IPv6
Con tr a ch c lu trong IN Con tr a ch c lu trong Ipv6 INT DNS
ADDR ARPA DNS nh x a ch nh x a ch t IPv4 sang tn my ch
IPv4 sang tn my ch
H tr gi tin kch thc 576 bytes (c H tr gi tin kch thc 1280 bytes (khng cn
th phn on) phn on)
56
Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4
3.4. Cc lp a ch IPv6
3.4.1. Phng php biu din a ch IPv6
a ch IPv6 c biu din bng chui s Hexa c chia thnh cc nhm 16 bit tng
ng vi bn ch s Hexa, ngn cch nhau bi du :. V d mt a ch IPv6 : 4021 : 0000 :
240E : 0000 : 0000 : 0AC0 : 3428 : 121C.Cc th thu gn bng cch thay cc nhm 0 lin tip
bng k hiu ::. V d 12AB : 0000 : 0000 : CD30 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 /60 c th vit l
12AB : 0 : 0 : CD30 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 /60 hoc 12AB :: CD30 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 /60 hoc 12AB : 0 : 0 :
CD30 :: /60 . Khng c vit 12AB :: CD30 /60 hay 12AB :: CD30 :: /60
3.4.2. Phn loi a ch IPv6
- a ch Unicast: L a ch ca mt giao din. Mt gi tin c chuyn n a ch
Unicast s ch c nh tuyn n giao din gn vi a ch
- a ch Anycast: L a ch ca mt tp giao din thuc ca nhiu node khc nhau. Mi
gi tin ti a ch Anycast c chuyn ti ch mt trong tp giao din gn vi a ch (l giao
din gn node gi nht v c Metrics nh nht).
- a ch Multicast: a ch ca tp cc giao din thuc v nhiu node khc nhau. Mt gi
tin gi ti a ch Multicast s c gi tt c cc giao din trong nhm.
3.4.3. So snh a ch IPv4 v a ch IPv6
a ch IPv6 v IPv4 c mt s im chung nh cng s dng mt s loi a ch vi mt
s chc nng tng t, nhng trong IPv6 c mt s thay i th hin trong bng sau:
Bng So snh a ch IPv4 v IPv6
IPv4 Address IPv6 Address
Phn lp a ch (Lp A, B, C v D) Khng phn lp a ch. Cp pht theo tin t
Lp D l Multicast (224.0.0.0/4) a ch multicast c tin t FF00::/8
S dng a ch Broadcast Khng c Broadcast, thay bng Anycast
a ch unspecified l 0.0.0.0 a ch Unspecified l ::
a ch Loopback 127.0.0.1 a ch Loopback l ::1
S dng a ch Public Tng ng l a ch Unicast ton cu
a ch IP ring (10.0.0.0/8, a ch Site-lLcal (FEC0::/48)
172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16)
a ch t cu hnh (169.254.0.0/16) a ch Link-Local (FE80::/64)
Dng biu din: chui s thp phn Dng biu din: chui s Hexa cch nhau bi du hai
cch nhau bi du chm chm; c th nhm chui s 0 lin nhau vo mt k t
S dng mt n mng con Ch s dng k hiu tin t ch mng
Phn gii tn min DNS: bn ghi ti Phn gii tn min DNS: bn ghi ti nguyn a ch
nguyn a ch my ch IPv4 (A) my ch IPv6 (AAAA)
Tn min ngc: IN-ADDR.ARPA Tn min ngc: IP6.INT domain
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Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Hy trnh by tng qut m hnh kin trc TCP/IP
2. Vai tr v chc nng cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP
3. Tng ng dng (Process/Application Layer) v cc giao thc ng dng.
4. Tng vn chuyn Host to Host v cc giao thc.
5. Tng mng (Internet Layer) v cc giao thc tng mng.
6. Trnh by khI qut cc giao thc nh tuyn RIP, OSPF, BGP.
7. Qu trnh ng gi d liu Encapsulation
8. Qu trnh phn mnh cc gi d liu Fragment
9. Khi nim n v truyn cc i MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit).
10. Qu trnh phn mnh lm tng thi gian x l, lm gim tnh nng ca mng.
11. Vai tr v chc nng, cu trc gi tin ca UPP (User Datagram Protocol)
12. Vai tr v chc nng ca TCP :
13. Trnh by cc c im ca TCP
14. iu khin lu lng v iu khin tc nghn
15. Trnh by cc c ch ca s ng, pht li thch nghi, iu khin tc nghn.
16. Thit lp v hu b lin kt:
17. tin cy v iu khin lung ca TCP:
18. Cc chc nng chnh ca IP:
19. a ch IP, cu trc gi d liu IP.
20. Phn mnh v hp nht cc gi IP:
21. Trnh by chc nng giao thc thng bo iu khin mng ICMP.
22. Tin trnh ca Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
23. Nguyn tc hot ng, khun dng gi tin ca giao thc RARP
24. Cc c trng ca IPv6
25. Cht lng dch v v bo mt trong IPv6
26. Cu trc khun dng Datagram Ipv6
27. Header m rng
28. So snh IPv4 header v IPv6 header
29. Lp a ch IPv6, biu din, cc loi a ch IPv6
30. So snh a ch IPv4 v a ch IPv6
31. M hnh kin trc TCP/IP v so snh vi m hnh OSI.
58
Chng 4: K thut mng cc b
khng th bit v tip tc truyn d liu dn n tc nghn, xung t thng tin trn ng truyn.
Gii php CSMA/CD (hay cn gi l LWT - Listen while talk) c th pht hin xung t nh sau:
- Khi mt trm ang truyn, vn tip tc nghe ng truyn. Nu pht hin thy xung t,
n ngng ngay vic truyn nhng vn tip tc gi sng mang i thm mt thi gian m bo
rng cc trm trn mng u c th nghe c xung t .
- Sau , trm ch i trong mt thi on ngu nhin, n tip tc th truyn li theo
nguyn tc cc gii thut ca CSMA.
Vi CSMA/CD, thi gian chim dng v ch ng truyn gim xung ng bng thi gian
dng pht hin mt xung t. CSMA/CD cng s dng 3 gii thut kin nhn ca CSMA,
trong gii thut (2) (1-persistent) l c dng hn c.
4.1.2. Token Bus
cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn cho mt trm cn truyn d liu, mt th bi
c lu chuyn trn mt vng logic c thit lp bi cc trm c nhu cu. Khi mt trm nhn
c th bi n c quyn truy nhp ng truyn trong mt thi gian xc nh v c th truyn
mt hoc nhiu n v d liu. Khi ht d liu hoc ht thi gian cho php, n chuyn th bi
cho trm tip theo trn vng logic. Th bi (Token) l mt n v d liu c bit, c kch thc
v ni dung gm cc thng tin iu khin c quy nh ring cho mi phng php.
Token
D B Tr=C F Tr=A
S=A S=C
Thit lp vng logic: Vng logic gia cc trm c nhu cu truyn, c xc nh theo mt
chui c th t m trm cui cng lin k vi trm u tin ca vng. Mi trm c bit a ch
ca trm lin k trc v sau n. Th t ca cc trm trn vng logic c lp vi th t vt l.
Cc trm khng hoc cha c nhu cu truyn d liu th khng a vo vng logic v chng ch
c th tip nhn d liu.
Duy tr trng thi thc t ca mng
- B sung nh k cc trm nm ngoi vng logic nu c nhu cu truyn d liu.
- Loi b mt trm khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu ra khi vng logic.
- Qun l li: Li: c th t vng hoc trng a ch.
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b
- Khi to vng logic: Khi ci t mng hoc t vng cn phi khi to li vng. Vic
khi to vng logic c thc hin khi mt hoc nhiu trm pht hin Bus hot ng vt qua gi
tr ngng thi gian (Time-out) hoc th bi b mt. C nhiu nguyn nhn, chng hn mng mt
ngun hoc trm gi th bi hng. Lc , trm pht hin s gi thng bo yu cu th bi ti
mt trm c ch nh trc c trch nhim sinh th bi mi v chuyn i theo vng logic.
4.1.3. Token ring
Nguyn tc ca phng php: Dng th bi lu chuyn trn ng vt l cp pht truy
nhp ng truyn. Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i n khi nhn c mt th bi
ri. Khi trm s i bit trng thi ca th bi sang trng thi bn v truyn mt n v d
liu cng vi th bi i theo chiu ca vng. Cc trm khc mun truyn d liu phi i. D liu
n trm ch phi c sao li, sau cng vi th bi i tip cho n khi quay v trm ngun.
Trm ngun s xo b d liu v i bit th bi thnh ri v cho lu chuyn tip trn vng
cc trm khc c th nhn c quyn truyn d liu.
A A A
B D B D B D
C C C
Application
Presentation Upper Upper
Session Layer Layer
Transport Protocols LSAP Protocols
Network
Data link LLC LLC Scope of
Physical MAC MAC IEEE 802
Physical Physical Standard
Medium Medium
Hnh 4.3 Quan h ca cc chun IEEE 802 vi m hnh tham chiu OSI.
62
Chng 4: K thut mng cc b
7 1 6 6 4 46-1500 4
Bus A
Slot Slot
generator generator
Bus B
Hnh 4.5: S ni bus ca DQDB
66
Chng 4: K thut mng cc b
Cc mng IEEE 802.6 cho php truyn d liu vi tc cao t vi chc n hng trm
Mb/s. p ng cc yu cu truyn d liu a phng din.
- IEEE 802.9: c t mt mng tch hp d liu v ting ni bao gm 1 knh d b 10 Mb/s
cng vi 96 knh 64 Kb/s (tng cng 6Mb/s). Gii thng tng cng l 16 Mb/s. Chun ny cn
c gi l Isochronous Ethernet (IsoEnet) v n c thit k cho cc mi trng c lng lu
thng ln v cp bch.
- IEEE 802.10: Chun c t v an ton v m ho thng tin trong cc mng cc b.
- IEEE802.11: lchun c t mng cc b khng dy (Wireless LAN), hin ang tip tc
pht trin vi phng php truy nhp CSMA/CD.
- IEEE 802.12 l chun c t mng cc b bi AT&T, IBM v HP, gi l 100 VG -
AnyLAN hay 100BASE-VG. Mng s dng dng hnh sao xp tng (Cascaded Star Topology) v
phng php truy nhp ng truyn c iu khin tranh chp. Khi c nhu cu truyn d liu,
mt trm s gi yu cu n HUB v trm ch c th truyn d liu khi HUB cho php. Chun
cung cp mt mng tc trn 100 Mb/s, c th hot ng trong cc mi trng hn hp Ethernet
v Token Ring. V th n chp nhn c hai dng Frame.
- IEEE 802.14: Chun cui cng hin nay l 802.14. Chun ny dng cho truyn d liu
qua ng cp TV, nhm nng cao tc truy nhp Internet ti gia nh.
4.2.5. Ethernet 100 Mbps
Mng Ethernet 100 Mbps c gm 2 chun :
* Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3u): 100Base-TX, 100Base-T4 v 100Base-FX.
Cc loi cp s dng
- 100BASE-T4 s dng bn i dy cn bng cp UTP Cat-3 hoc Cat-5.
- 100BASE-TX s dng hai i UTP Cat-5 hoc i dy STP.
- 100BASE-FX s dng i dy cp quang a mode.
M ha:
- 100Base-TX v 100Base-FX s dng k thut m ha 4B/5B.
- 100Base-T4 s dng k thut m ha 8B/6T.
Phng thc iu khin truy nhp CSMA/CD
- 100Base-T4 s dng phng thc hot ng bn song cng.
- 100Base-TX s dng phng thc hot ng song cng.
- 100Base-FX s dng c phng thc hot ng song cng v bn song cng.
* 100VG-AnyLAN l cng ngh cnh tranh vi Fast Ethernet, t c s dng.
4.2.6. Gigabit Ethernet.
S ra i ca Gigabit Ethernet m ra mt k nguyn mi Ethernet tc cao. Gigabit
Ethernet c thit lp da trn cc nguyn l c bn ca 10BASE-T, Fast Ethernet v chuyn
mch Ethernet. C 2 chun Gigabit Ethernet:
67
Chng 4: K thut mng cc b
* IEEE 802.3z: Mng Gigabit Ethernet trn cp quang chun ha nm 1998. Phng tin
truyn dn c bn l si quang n mode (SMF) vi ng knh li l 10 m, hay si quang a
mode vi ng knh li l 50 m hoc 62.5 m. Tn hiu c truyn dn ch yu trn hai bc
sng l 850nm (bc sng ngn) v 1310 nm (bc sng di). Nu s dng cp ng th l loi
cp bn i Cat-5 UTP, vi khong cch c th ln ti 100m.
Ti tng vt l: IEEE 802.3z :
1000Base-SX : chun cho cp quang bc sng ngn.
- Vi cp quang a mode 62.5 m, khong cch ti a 220-275 m
- Vi cp quang a mode 50 m, khong cch ti a 500-550 m
1000Base-LX : chun cho cp quang bc sng di
- Vi cp quang a mode 62.5/50 m, khong cch ti a 550 m
- Vi cp quang n mode 9 m, khong cch ti a 5000 m
1000Base-CX : chun cho cp ng tuyn ngn.
- Vi cp ng trc, khong cch ti a l 25 m
Ti tng lin kt d liu:
- Hot ng ch song cng v chuyn mch.
- iu khin truy nhp: CSSMA/CD trong phng thc song cng.
- Trong phng thc bn song cng s dng CSMA/CD ci tin.
Gigabit Ehernet trn cp ng: Chun IEEE 802.3ab c trng bi 1000Base-T. S dng
c 4 i dy cp UTP Cat 5 (hoc Cat-6, Cat- 7) vi khong cch ti a 100m. Tn hiu truyn
dn song cng trc tip 2 chiu trn c 4 i vi tc 250 Mbps/ 1 i dy.
4.2.7. Gigabit Ethernet qua cp si quang
10 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) c trnh by trong d tho tiu chun IEEE 802.3ae. Tc
Ethernet tng t 1 Gbps ln 10 Gbps, cho php Ethernet c th tch hp vi nhng cng ngh
tc cao trn mng ng trc WAN vi tc xp x 9,5 Gbps. Ngoi ra, 10 GbE c th tng
thch vi cc h thng SONET/SDH, c th h tr cho tt c cc dch v ti cc tng 2 v 3.
Nguyn tc c bn khi xy dng cc mng chuyn mch tc cao l kt hp nhiu on mng
tc thp li vi nhau. Khi mt v s lng cc on c tc 100 Mbps trong mng tng
ln th 1000BASE-X v 1000BASE-T tr thnh cng ngh truyn dn mc cao hn c s
dng trn cc li mng.
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b
B: Listen
Mode
D: Receive
Mode
A: Transmit
Mode
Trong Frame c mt s c kim sot qu trnh truyn v nhn d liu. C Frame Status Flags
nhn bit da vo phn cng. C Frame Status gm cc c nhn bit a ch A (Address
Recognized), c sao chp khung C (Frame Copied) v c li E (Error).
4.3.2. Chun Token Ring
L chun c t mng cc b vi Topo dng vng (Ring) s dng th bi iu khin truy
nhp ng truyn tun th chun IEEE 802.5. Chun IEEE 802.5 hot ng trong tng vt l v
tng con MAC .
Giao thc MAC l phn ct li ca IEEE 802.5, s dng phng php Token Ring iu
khin truy nhp ng truyn. Khun dng ca Frame dng trong giao thc MAC ca IEEE 802.5
c trnh by trong hnh 4.8
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b
SD AC FC DA SA INFO FCS ED ES
4.4. Giao din s liu phn b s dng quang FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data
Interface)
4.4.1. Gii thiu FDDI
FDDI l mt tp cc giao thc ANSI truyn d liu qua cp quang. Cc mng FDDI s
dng phng thc truy nhp Token Passing, tc c th t n 100 Mbps. FDDI c s dng
lm Backbone cho cc mng din rng MAN,WAN. Cu hnh Ring cp quang, c th kt ni trc
tip cc trm u cui v cc my ch trong mt nhm lm vic hay lin kt cc mng trong phm
vi mt ta nh, trong mt khu vc hay trong mt thnh ph. Mt trong cc ng dng l kt ni
cc my ch tc cao. Khi ng vai tr l mt mng xng sng (Backbone), FDDI lin kt cc
thit b mng khc nhau nh Router, Switch, Brigde, cc b tp trung... to thnh mt mng
ln hn t cc mng con. Tuy nhin FDDI khng c dng cho cc mng din rng (WAN) c
bn knh ln hn 100 km.
Mc d b thay th bi cc cng ngh LAN khc, FDDI vn c nhng u im nht nh.
FDDI c th c cu hnh nh l hai mng Ring ngc nhau c lp. iu ny lm tng
tnh n nh h thng cao hn. Nu cu hnh (Topo) ca mng c thit k hai ng quang ca
c hai mng khc nhau v mt vt l th s m bo cho hai mng khng b ph hy trong cng
mt thi gian khi xy ra cc s c lin quan n h thng cp.
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b
Cu hi trc nghim
1. Pht biu no ng:
A. Dng th bi lun chuyn trn vng logic
B. Trc khi truyn xc nh ng truyn bn hay ri, nu bn th thc hin 1
trong 3 gii thut Non persistent, Persistent v P-persistent.
C. Trong khi truyn pht hin thy xung t, n ngng ngay truyn nhng v thng bo
cho cc node khc bit. Sau ch i vi thi on ngu nhin, thc hin gii
thut ca CSMA.
2. Chc nng ca Token Bus
A. B sung nh k cc trm nm ngoi vng logic nu c nhu cu truyn d liu.
B. Loi b mt trm khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu ra khi vng logic.
C. Qun l li.
D. Khi to vng logic
E. Khi phc d liu b mt do gy vng logic
3. Trong phng php Token ring cn gii quyt vn ph v h thng:
A. Mt l mt th bi.
B. Th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng.
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Phng thc a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD
2. u, nhc im ca tng gii thut trong CSMA/CD
3. Token Bus: Thit lp vng logi, duy tr trng thi thc t ca mng v khi to vng logic
khi ci t mng hoc t vng.
4. Token ring, nguyn tc ca phng php. Cn gii quyt hai vn c th dn n ph v
h thng.
5. So snh CSMA/CD vi cc phng php dng th bi
6. Token ring th h th hai: Switched Token Ring, Token ring chuyn dng (Dedicated
Token ring), Full-duplex Token ring (Token ring song cng (hai chiu), 100 Mbps Token
ring (HSTR- high speed token ring).
7. Ethernet v chun IEEE 802
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b
76
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
Ni dung ca chng ny s trnh by tng qut v mng din rng WAN v cc loi mng
din rng: mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN, B_ISDN, mng chuyn mch gi X25, chuyn mch
khung Frame Relay v cc u nhc im ca n v phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM.
Lin kt lin mng.
Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN
Bng rng B_ISDN
Mng chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch khung Frame Relay.
Dch v chuyn mch d liu megabit
Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM
77
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
ISDN Switched
TE1 Device S T U
(ISDN Telephone)
TE1 Device S T U
(Standard Telephone)
78
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
79
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
cu trc ca giao din tc c s c th ln ti 192 Kbps. Giao din ny dnh cho cc thu bao
nh cung cp cc dch v truy nhp mng bng cc thit b u cui a nng hoc cc thit b
ring l.
- Giao din PRI (Primary Rate Interface): Dng cho thu bao c dung lng ln nh tng
i PBAX hoc cc mng cc b LAN. Do cc tiu chun truyn dn khc nhau nn c 2 loi truy
nhp l: 23B+D cho tiu chun Bc M 1544 Kbps v 30B+D cho tiu chun Chu u 2048
Kbps ( giao din ny knh D lun c tc l 64 Kbps).
5.2.5. Chc nng cc tng trong kin trc ISDN
Mng ISDN l s tch hp k thut chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi, trn c s s
ho ton b mng li. V vy n c u th v dch v m cha mt mng no c c.
* Tng vt l trong ISDN: Cu trc trong tng ny ph thuc vo hng lin kt t thit b
u cui n mng hay t mng n thit b u cui. Giao din ca tng gm:
- NT Frame (Network to Terminal)
- TE Frame (Terminal to Network)
* Tng 2 trong ISDN: Tng ng vi tng lin kt d liu (Data Link Layer) ca m hnh
OSI. Hot ng trong tng ny c giao thc LAP-D (Link Access Protocol - D channel). LAP-D
c dn xut t giao thc HDLC (High Level Data Link Control). LAP-D thc hin cc chc
nng sau y :
- Cung cp dch v thit lp mt hay nhiu lin kt Data Link trn cng knh D cho cc
hot ng ca cc thc th tng 3
- To khung (Frame).
- Kim sot ng b.
- Pht hin li v t ng pht li khung c li.
- Ghi nhn cc sai st v th tc.
- Kim sot lung.
- Cc chc nng gim st tng 2.
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport ISDN
Network
Physical
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
cng thch hp chuyn mch phn chia thi gian v vi cc tn hiu video tc cao th thch hp
vi chuyn mch knh phn chia theo khng gian.
V vy, tm c mt h thng truyn dn c kh nng trao i cc tn hiu tc thp/cao
v cc tn hiu lin tc/ nhm l cc k kh khn.
5.3.3. Cu trc chc nng ca B_ISDN
M hnh cu trc chc nng chung ca ISDN bng rng v c bn ging nh ISDN bng
hp. C ngha l v mt cu hnh tiu chun, nhm chc nng v im gc, c hai cu trc l
nh nhau. N ch ra rng B-ISDN c hnh thnh trn c s khi nim ca ISDN. Cu trc ca
ISDN bng rng bao gm kh nng mc cao v kh nng mc thp.
Kh nng mc cao l chc nng lin quan n thit b u cui (TE) v kh nng mc thp
bao gm kh nng ISDN bng hp da trn kh nng bng rng, 64 bit/s v kh nng bo hiu
lin tng i.
5.3.4. So snh gia ISDN v B_ISDN
B-ISDN l mt mng s lin kt a dch v nh ISDN, nhng vic thit lp B-ISDN thc
hin khc vi thit lp ISDN. B_ISDN n bo m lin kt cc tn hiu bng rng v c kh nng
ng thi x l cc tn hiu bng rng bng hp. M hnh cu trc c bn ca B-ISDN v ISDN nh
nhau. Tuy nhin, chng ch tng t nhau v mt khi nim m khng tng thch v mt hot
ng. Cc thit b B_ISDN khng th hot ng nu u ni vo mng ISDN hoc TE ca ISDN
khng th u ni ti NT ca B-ISDN. Trong thc t B-ISDN khc rt xa vi ISDN, v ISDN tch
hp k thut chuyn mch knh v k thut chuyn mch gi, trong khi B-ISDN s dng cng
ngh ATM hon ton khc vi cc h thng ca ISDN. Ngha l, trong khi ISDN ch yu iu
khin h thng thng tin chuyn mch knh th B-ISDN ch yu s dng h thng thng tin chuyn
mch gi, ng thi vn iu khin h thng thng tin knh. B-ISDN khc hn so vi ISDN.
S pht trin ca ISDN v B_ISDN l bc m cho s ra i cc k thut mng vin thng
mi vi mc ch cung cp a dch v trn cng mt mng vin thng duy nht. Mng th h sau
NGN ang c nghin cu v pht trin p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca x hi, l mt
bc tin mi trong k thut mng vin thng? Mt cu hi c gii p trong tng lai khng xa.
X25 khng hp dn khi cung cp cc dch v ng dng LAN trong mi trng WAN. Nm 1976,
CCITT cng b khuyn ngh loi X v giao thc X25 trong cc mng chuyn mch gi cng cng
(Public Packet Switched Networks).
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network X.25
Data link LAP-B
Physical
Physical
Tng lin kt d liu: X.25.2 cung cp cc lin kt gia hai thit b u cui ca mt tuyn
thng tin c tin cy cao, kim sot lung v kim sot li. LAP-B (Link Access Procedure
Balanced) l giao thc LLC tng con ca Lin kt d liu, chun hng bit, hot ng theo ch
song cng v ng b.
Tng cp mng: X.25.3 l giao thc gia mt DTE v mt DCE. DTE c th l mt PAD
cn DCE c th l mt thit b X.25. Giao thc X.25 cung cp cc kh nng chn mch o thng
trc hay theo nhu cu. X.25 yu cu cung cp dch v tin cy v tnh nng iu khin lung d
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
liu End to End. Do cc thit b trn mng c th hot ng theo nhiu mch o, nn X25 phi
cung cp tnh nng iu khin lung cho mi mch
Bng sau tng kt cc chc nng ca cc tng trong m hnh X25:
Tng 1: ng b ho lin kt
Tng 2: Pht hin li v pht li.
iu khin lung
Tng 3: To s th t gi tin.
Truyn d liu theo phng thc Datagram
Thc hin ghp knh.
Thit lp kt ni v giI phng knh o.
Thc hin bo hiu
85
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
lng, qun l tc nghn v x l li, m bo tnh thng nht, ton vn thng tin trn ng
truyn tr nn phc tp, cng knh, lm gim thng lng.
Frame Relay ra i nh l mt cng ngh k tha nhng c im u vit ca mng chuyn
mch gi nh tnh tin cy, mm do, kh nng chia s ti nguyn. ng thi hn ch ti a th tc
kim sot, hi p.. khng cn thit gy ra tr ln. N cho php tn dng cc u th v tc
truyn ti v tnh n nh ca cng ngh truyn dn, tha mn nhu cu dch v tc cao, s
dng nhiu thng lng mng din rng WAN trn truyn ti mt lng ln d liu vi nhiu
nh dng khc nhau.
Cng ngh Frame Relay tch hp tnh nng dn knh tnh v chia s cng ngh X.25. D liu
c t chc thnh cc khung c di khng c nh c nh a ch tng t nh X.25. Tuy
nhin, khc vi X.25, Frame Relay loi b hon ton cc th tc tng 3 trong m hnh OSI. Ch
mt s chc nng chnh tng 2 c thc hin. V vy tc truyn trong mng Frame Relay cao
hn nhiu so vi X.25 v mng Frame Relay c gi l mng chuyn mch gi tc cao.
5.5.2. Cu hnh tng qut mng Frame Relay
Frame
FRAD FRND Relay FRND FRAD
Network
F.R
F.R
UNI
UNI
Hnh 5.7 Cu trc mng Frame Relay
Hnh 5.7 trnh by cc thnh phn chnh ca mng Frame Relay. Cc knh ring to ra lin
kt vt l gia DTE v DCE. DTE cn c gi l thit b truy nhp mng FRAD (Frame Relay
Access Device) thng l cc Router, Bridge, ATM Switch... DCE cn c gi l thit b mng
FRND (Frame Relay Network Device) l cc thit b chuyn mch Frame Relay Switch. FRAD
v FRND chuyn i d liu thng qua cc quy nh ca giao tip UNI. Mng trc ca Frame
Relay c th l cc mng vin thng IP, PSTN...
5.5.3. So snh Frame Relay vi X25
S khc bit gia cn bn gia cng ngh Frame Relay v X.25 l Frame Relay khng k
tha cng ngh X.25 m l mt giao thc tin tin c nhiu im tng ng vi X.25. X.25 l
mt giao thc ca cng ngh chuyn mch gi, c t giao tip gia DTE v DCE.
D liu trong tng 3 ca X.25 s c chia thnh cc gi (Packet), trong mi gi c b
sung phn Network Header. Cc gi ny s c chuyn xung tng 2, cc hm chc nng ca
LAP-B s b sung Layer 2 Header v cc Flag vo mi gi to thnh cc khung LAP-B. Cc
khung s c chuyn xung tng vt l v truyn n ch.
86
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
Hot ng ca cc thc th cht ch, cc node mng X25 phi lun bit trng thi ca mng
trong mi lin kt logic. Cc gi tin iu khin v bo nhn, bo mt (ACK/NACK) thng xuyn
c truyn trn cng lin kt ca gi tin d liu khng ch ti cc giao tip DTE-DCE m cn ti
tt c cc node mng. Ti cc node mng phi duy tr bng trng thi cho mi lin kt logic
qun l lin kt v iu khin li v lu lng, m bo gi tin n ng a ch ch c lu
trong Network Header v s lng gi tin gi vo mng khng c vt qu kh nng x l ca
mng. Nh vy cc giao thc ti tng mng l tuyt i cn thit nht l khi trin khai h thng
mng X.25 trn cc ng truyn c tin cy thp, d b nhiu lon, suy gim tn hiu...
Frame Relay c thit k loi b nhng hn ch trong cc mng X.25 khi trin khai trn
tuyn truyn dn tc cao bng cch:
- Cc gi tin iu khin v d liu c truyn trn cc lin kt logic ring bit. V vy, ti
cc node khng cn duy tr bng trng thi, khng x l cc gi tin iu khin.
- Dn knh, chuyn mch cc lin kt logic c thc hin tng lin kt. Loi b cc qu
trnh trnh x l tng mng.
- Khng iu khin lu lng v iu khin li theo tng on mng (Hop-by-Hop
Control). Trong trng hp cn thit s cc tng cao hn m trch.
Frame Relay ch s dng mt phn cc chc nng tng 2 nn khung thng tin ca Frame
Relay s c cu trc n gin hn so vi khung thng tin ca X.25 nhng vn duy tr c im
ca mt khung thng tin quy nh bi giao thc iu khin.
Khung Frame Relay khng c Header ca tng mng. V Frame Relay khng s dng cc
th tc iu khin lu lng, iu khin li ca tng mng. Mt khc, giao thc c s dng ti
tng lin kt ch l phn li ca giao thc iu khin (LAP-F Core) nn vic x l ti cc node
mng s t hn nhiu so vi X.25. Kch thc phn d liu (User Data) trong khung Frame Relay
c th ti a 2048 byte trong khi phn d liu trong khung X.25 ch c th t ti a 128 byte.
DCE thc hin ba chc nng chnh:
- Kim tra cc khung, loi b cc khung c li.
- Cn c vo a ch trong khung chn ng.
- Kim tra c b nghn hay khng. Nu c th lp bit bo nghn hoc loi b khung ty
trng hp c th.
5.5.4. Frame Relay v m hnh OSI
Tng vt l: Cc giao thc chun nh ngha giao tip vt l gia thit b truy nhp FRAD
v thit b mng FRND, gia cc node mng theo chun giao tip vt l ca ISDN. Frame Relay
tng thch vi nhiu giao din vt l khc nhau nh V.35, X.21...
Tng lin kt: Cc th tc lin kt ca Frame Relay c nh ngha bng giao thc truy
cp LAP-D v LAP-F. Giao thc truy cp LAP-F c ci tin t LAP-D v c s dng ph
bin trong cc mng Frame Relay. qun l lin kt v truyn d liu LAP-F chia thnh 2 tng
chc nng l Upper Function (LAP-F Upper) v Coreunction (LAP-F Core).
- Core Function: c cc chc nng kim sot di khung, pht hin li ng truyn, iu
khin nghn qua trng bo hiu trong cu trc khung.
87
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
- Upper Function: c chc nng iu khin DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier), xc
nh lin kt logic gia FRAD v FRND.
Tng mng (Network Layer): Tng mng nh ngha cc khung d liu lu chuyn trong h
thng, m bo vic nh tuyn trong mt mng hay gia cc mng vi nhau. Trong Frame Relay,
cc giao tip gia DTE v DCE tng 3 khng c th tc nn tc nhanh hn nhiu so vi X.25.
Tuy nhin, nu mt lin kt logic c thit lp ng (SVC), Frame Relay c th s dng mt
phn ca giao thc c t chun Q.931 ca giao thc iu khin ISDN (cn gi l Q.933) thit
lp lin kt.
Giao thc lin kt hai node mng X.25 l X.75, cn lin kt hai node mng Frame Relay
ngi ta s dng giao din NNI (Network to Network Interface).
88
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
Dch v h tr ln nht
(Best Effect)
CIR Kb CIR+EIR Kb
DE=1
Dch v m bo Dch v loi b
(Guaranteed) DE=0 (Discarded)
0 Kb Tc truy nhp Kb
DE: Discard Eligibility-Bit nh du khung c kh nng b loi b
CIR: Committed Information Rate- Tc cam kt.
EIR: Eccess Information Rate- Tc thng tin bng n
Hnh 5.9: iu khin qun l lu lng mng
Khc vi s thnh cng ca SMDS chu u, M SMDS khng pht trin. SMDS
Interest Group, mt t chc ln nht ti tr SMDS ngng hot ng t nm 1997. Hn na,
trong ngy k nim ln th 25 ca Truyn thng s liu - Data Communications (21/10/1997),
SMDS c bnh chn l mt trong 25 tht bi tiu biu nht - Top 25.
5.6.2. SMDS l g
SMDS l mt dch v mng din rng c thit k dnh cho lin kt t mng LAN vi
mng LAN. L mt mng MAN c c trng: n v d liu l t bo (Cell-based), khng lin kt
(Connectionless), tc cao, chuyn mch gi bng thng rng. SMDS cng l mt dch v d
liu, ngha l ch truyn d liu (mc d n c th truyn c m thanh v hnh nh). SMDS l mt
dch v tht s, khng gn vi mt cng ngh truyn s liu no.
5.6.3. Tng quan v SMDS
T bo SMDS l n v c bn c di c nh. Tng t nh t bo ca ATM gm 53
bytes - 44-byte d liu, 7-byte Header v 2-byte du vt. iu ny to cho n s tng thch vi
cc mng din rng cng cng B-ISDN s dng cng ngh chuyn mch gi nhanh v cng ngh
ATM. Mi t bo ca SMDS cha a ch ch cho php cc thu bao SMDS c th truyn d liu
vi nhau.L mt dch v d liu khng lin kt, SMDS thit lp mt ng knh o (Virtual
Circuit) gia thc th ngun v ch, cc t bo d liu truyn i mt cch c lp vi nhau v
khng theo mt th t c bit no.
Mng SMDS cung cp bng thng theo yu cu cho cc bng n giao thng, mt thuc tnh
ca cc ng dng mng LAN.V khng cn phi nh ngha trc ng truyn gia cc thit b,
d liu c th i qua nhng ng t tc nghn nht trong mng SMDS, v vy s cung cp mt
ng truyn nhanh hn, tng tnh bo mt v mm do hn Kha cnh bng rng ca SMDS l
t s tng thch ca n vi B-ISDN v tng thch vi chun IEEE 802.6 MAN.
5.6.4. Tng quan v k thut SMDS
SMDS da trn mt tp con ca tng vt l ca IEEE 802.6 v chun tng di ca MAC
(Media Access Control), v vy n hot ng tng t nh Token Ring tc cao.
- c im tng vt l: IEEE 802.6 c th c thit k nh mt Bus h hoc mt Bus
vng. Khi thit k Bus h, cc Bus khi u v kt thc ti cc node khc nhau.Vi Bus dng
vng, cc Bus khi u v kt thc ti cng mt node .
- c im tng lin kt d liu - DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus): Ti tng lin kt d
liu, mng SMDS c qun l bi giao thc DQDB bus qung b a truy nhp. IEEE 802.6, chia
nh mi bus thnh cc khe truyn d liu. Trong mi bus c mt bit bn v mt bit yu cu.
DQDB lm vic nh sau:
V d node 2 truyn d liu cho node 3, trc khi truyn, t bit Req trn Bus B thng bo
cho cc bus pha trn ca Bus A bit rng ti node ang c d liu cn gi. Sau khi yu cu mt
khe, node 2 quan st c hai bus v duy tr mt s m cc yu cu. S m s tng 1 khi node 2
thy mt bit yu cu c thit lp trn Bus B v gim i 1 cho mi khe trng trn Bus A. Nh vy s
m ti mi node cho bit chiu di hng cc t bo ang i truyn bi cc node pha di. Khi s
m bng 0 ngha l khng cn node di no c d liu cn gi th node bt u gi d liu.
90
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
DQDB h tr dich v khng lin kt v hng lin kt v c kh nng truyn d liu, ting
ni v hnh nh. Mc d l mt tp con ca IEEE 802.6, SMDS ch truyn d liu.
u Bus A sinh ra
khe thi gian u kt thc
Bus A
Bus B
u kt thc u Bus B sinh ra
khe thi gian
Bus A
Bus B
Giao thc giao din mng SMDS (SMDS Interface Protocol - SIP): SIP c nh ngha
bi Bellcore v cu thnh bi ba mc giao thc: SIP mc 3, SIP mc 2, v SIP mc 1, hot ng
trong tng Lin kt d liu v tng vt l.
ng dng
Trnh din
Phin
Giao vn
Mng LLC SIP
Lin kt d liu MAC
Vt l
Hnh 5.11: Cc tng ca SIP tng ng vi m hnh OSI
91
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
92
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network ATM
Data link
Physical SONET/SDH,FDDI...
Hnh 5.12 Mi quan h ATM v m hnh OSI
UNI
Private Public NNI
NNI
Chuyn
mch Chuyn
dch v mch
ATM Switch dch v
Switch ATM
ATM ATM
Router Rout Pha thu bao Rout Router
LAN A LAN B
93
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
a. Cc mt bng qun l
- Mt bng iu khin: Cung cp cc chc nng thit lp, gim st v gii phng lin kt.
Mt bng ny c nhim v khi to v qun l cc yu cu bo hiu.
M hnh OSI M hnh ATM
Tng ng dng
Mt bng
Mt bng iu khin Khch hng
Tng Trnh by
Giao thc Giao thc Qun Qun
Tng Phin
tng cao tng cao L l
Tng Vn chuyn mt lp
Tng thch ng ATM bng
Tng Mng
Tng ATM
Tng Lin kt
Tng Vt l Tng Vt l
- Mt bng khch hng: Cung cp chc nng iu khin vn chuyn cc lung thng tin,
iu khin lung v qun l cc lung d liu , sa li.
- Mt bng qun l: Cung cp chc nng gim st mng lin quan n d liu v thng tin
iu khin. Gm cc chc nng qun l lp v qun l mt bng.
- Qun l lp: Thc hin vic iu hnh cc tham s ngi s dng, cc thng tin qun l
khai thc v bo dng.
- Qun l mt bng: iu khin h thng bng cch can thip vo gia cc mt bng.
b. Vai tr v chc nn cc tng ATM
Ngoi ra giao thc ca mt bng iu khin v mt bng khch hng c phn loi tip
thnh tng giao thc mc cao, tng thch ng, tng ATM v tng vt l nh sau:
- Tng vt l: Tng t nh lp vt l ca OSI, ATM qun l mi trng truyn dn, bao
gm 02 tng con: Tng con mi trng vt l PMD (Physical Medium-Dependent) v tng con
kt hp truyn dn TC (Transmission Convergence).
- Tng ATM: Tng ATM kt hp vi tng thch ng ATM c chc nng tng t nh tng
lin kt d liu trong m hnh tham chiu OSI. H tr cho vic tch/ghp t bo, dch VPI v
VCI, pht sinh t bo mo u, iu khin lung chung.
- Lp thch ng ATM - AAL (ATM Adaption Layer): C nhim v giao tip vi lp bc cao.
Cung cp cc phng tin hi t cho php cc dng truyn thng khc nhau c th tng thch vi
94
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
cc dch v ATM. Lp AAL chun b d liu ca ngi s dng v phn on d liu thnh 48
byte trong t bo ATM. Tng AAL chia thnh hai tng con: Tng con hi t CS (Convergence
Sublayer) v tng con phn chia v kt hp SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer), thc
hin vic ct cc n v d liu ca ngi s dng thnh cc Cell ATM 48-byte truyn v hp
cc Cell ATM thnh n v d liu ca ngi s dng khi nhn.
Upper
TCP/IP, SPX/IPX,AppleTalk... Layers
Protocols
ATM Convergence Sublayer (CS)
AAL
Adaptation Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) Layers
- Giao thc cc tng trn (Upper Layers Protocols) : Nm trn lp AAL, n tp hp cc d liu
khch hng c chp nhn, sau tin hnh sp xp vo trong cc gi, v lin kt vi lp AAL.
95
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
Phn chia tc t bo
Tng To v xc nh tn hiu HEC
Truyn dn hi t
vt l Nhn dng bin ca t bo
tng con
To v xc nh khung truyn dn
97
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
- Ethernet Gigabit c kh nng truyn d liu v ting ni mc chp nhn c, tuy nhin
n vn ch l mt k thut VBR (tc bit thay i) v gp phi kh khn khi mng tc nghn
hoc i hi truyn hnh phn gii cao (HDTV).
- Giao thc gi trc ngun ti nguyn RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) v giao thc
truyn dn thi gian thc RTP (Realtime Transport Protocol) l phng thc li cht lng dch
v ca Ethernet Gigabit. C hai giao thc cho php cc ng dng bo tn tng s ring bit ca
gii thng truyn d liu. So snh Ethernet Gigabit vi ATM:
Khung Ethernet 802.3 c s phn chia tc khng ph hp, v chiu di thay i t 64
n 1518 bytes. Trong khi t bo ATM phn chia tc n nh v m bo s phn chia c th
t trong khung thi gian ring bit m bit d liu n theo th t ng thi gian.
Trong Ethernet 802.3, khung c xp hng ti mt node chuyn mch trn c s vo
trc-ra trc (FI-FO). Hn na trc khi chuyn mch truyn hng khung n th ton b d
liu cha trong hng khung n-1 phi c truyn. Theo mt chuyn mch pht hng khung
lin tc theo th t chng c m. S x l ny trong ATM th khc hn, ti node chuyn
mch ATM , hng i khung khng theo th t chng c m, m chuyn mch ATM da vo
s u tin truyn dn: khung c u tin cao hn s c truyn dn trc v ngc li. Do
ATM c th to ra ng thi nhiu hng dch v c lp nhau vi s u tin truyn dn khc
nhau da trn loi dch v m vn cung cp mt tc phn chia khng i. y chnh l th
mnh v s thng minh ca ATM. Do vy mng nhanh khng phi l gii php cho nhiu vn
hi t.
Cng ngh ATM xut hin vi mng din rng, a dch v bng rng. Phng thc truyn
ti nh l mt Mng trong mng, khng ng b, tch hp chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch
knh. Thng tin c t trong cc gi c di c nh. ATM s dng knh o v nhm knh o
to thnh mt ng dn o Thch hp vi dch v yu cu truyn thi gian thc, a phng tin.
Cu hi trc nghim:
1. Hy chn cu ng nht v phng php kt ni lin mng:
A. Phng php kt ni ti tng vt l, b lp Repeater.
B. Phng php kt ni ti tng lin kt d liu, thit b s dng cu (Bridge) v cc b
chuyn mch (Switched)
C. Phng php kt ni tng mng. Thit b s dng b nh tuyn (Router).
D. Kt ni lin mng s dng cc thit b nh Modem, cp Modem, Router..
2. Mng ISDN c nhng c im sau:
A. L mt mng a dch v.
B. ISDN c h thng bo hiu s 7 v cc node chuyn mch thng minh.
C. Kin trc ISDN tng thch vi m hnh OSI.
D. Tt c khng nh trn.
3. Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN
A. TE1 l cc thit b u cui c cc thuc tnh ISDN.
98
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
99
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
100
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
C. IEEE 802.6
D. Tt c u ng
17. Nu c tnh ch yu phn bit mt t bo v mt gi tin.
A. Cc t bo nh hn mt gi tin.
B. Cc t bo khng c a ch vt l.
C. Cc t bo c di c nh (*).
D. Cc gi tin khng th truyn.
18. Giao thc no c s dng trn cp si quang.
A. Frame Relay
B. FDDI(*)
C. SONET(*)
D. X25
19. Cc chun no s dng k thut truy nhp ng truyn bng th bi:
A. IEEE 802.4(*)
B. IEEE 802.6
C. Frame Relay
D. FDDI(*)
20. Giao thc no ph hp nht cho vic giao vn d liu quan trng v mt thi gian:
A. X25.
B. Frame Relay
C. IEEE 802.5(*)
D. ATM(*)
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network), Khi nim.
Nguyn l chung ca ISDN.
2. Cc dch v ISDN: Dch v ti tin, dch v vin thng, cc dch v b sung.
3. Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN
4. Cc loi knh trong mng ISDN: Knh D, Knh B, Knh H.
5. Giao din ISDN:
9 Giao din BRI (Basic Rate Interface)
9 Giao din PRI (Primary Rate Interface):
6. a ch ca mng ISDN v cu trc a ch trong ISDN:
7. Chc nng cc tng trong kin trc ISDN: Tng vt l, Tng 2 v tng 3.
8. Mng bng rng B_ISDN ( Broadband ISDN)
101
Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN
9. c im ca dch v B-ISDN
10. Nn tng k thut ca B-ISDN
11. Cu trc chc nng ca B_ISDN
12. So snh ISDN v B_ISDN
13. Mng chuyn mch gi X25
14. Giao thc X.25: Tng vt l, Tng lin kt d liu, Tng mng
15. Hot ng ca giao thc X25
16. Mng chuyn mach khung Frame Relay
17. Cu hnh tng qut mng Frame Relay
18. So snh Frame Relay vi X25:
9 Tng vt l (Physical Layer),
9 Tng lin kt (Link Access Layer),
9 Tng mng (Packet Layer)
19. Frame Relay c thit k loi b nhng hn ch trong cc mng X.25, v sao?.
20. V sao thi gian x l ti cc node trong Frame Relay t hn nhiu so vi X.25 ?.
21. Frame Relay v m hnh OSI: Tng vt l, Tng lin kt v Tng mng .
22. Trnh by giao thc LAP-F, LAP-D.
23. iu khin qun l lu lng
24. Khi nim CIR.
25. Cc dch v Frame Relay
26. SDMS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service )
27. SMDS so vi cc cng ngh ATM v Frame Relay.
28. Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
29. Kin trc phn tng ATM:
9 Cc mt bng qun l
9 Vai tr v chc nn cc tng.
30. Khun dng Cell ATM
31. UNI-Format Header : Khun dng giao din ngi s dng v mng
32. NNI-Format Header: Khun dng giao din mng v mng.
33. Cc loi t bo
34. Lin kt o (Virtual Connections)
35. So snh ATM vi cc dch v v k thut khc
36. ATM so snh vi Frame Relay:
37. ATM v SONET
38. So Snh ATM v Ethernet Gigabit
102
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
HDSL (High Data Rate DSL): C kh nng truyn ti hai hng 1,544 Mbps hoc 2,048
Mbps trn ng dy in thoi. HDSL truyn dn tin cy t l li bit t 10-9 n 10-10. H thng
HDSL DS-1 (1,544 Mbps) s dng hai i dy, mi i dy truyn 768 Kb/s trn mi hng.
HDSL E1 (2,048 Mbps) c th la chn s dng hai hoc 3 i dy, mi i dy s dng hon
ton song cng. HDSL 2,048 Mbps 3 i dy s dng b thu pht ging b thu pht h thng
1,544 Mbps. Mch vng HDSL 2,048 Mbps c th c mch r nhng khng cn bng. Tiu chun
HDSL2 c tc bit v di mch vng nh HDSL th h th nht ch khc l s dng 1 i
dy thay v 2 i dy. HDSL2 c k thut m ho cao v iu ch phc tp hn. La chn tn s
pht v thu cho HDSL2 chng xuyn m. SDSL (Single Pair DSL): Truyn i xng tc
784 Kb/s trn mt i dy, ghp knh thoi v s liu trn cng mt ng dy, s dng m
2B1Q. Cng ngh ny cha c cc tiu chun thng nht nn khng c ph bin cho cc dch
v tc cao. SDSL mi ch ng dng truy cp trang Web, ti d liu v thoi vi tc 128
Kb/s, khong cch nh hn 6,7 Km v tc ti a l 1024 Kb/s trong khong 3,5 Km.
VDSL (Very High Data Rate DSL): S dng mch vng t tng i trung tm n khch
hng v cc b ghp knh phn phi. Tiu chun k thut VDSL c pht trin t nhm T1E1.4
m t cc tc v khong cch t n v mng quang ONU ti thu bao. Cp t mng cho ti
cc ONU c th c ni trc tip n ONU, theo hnh trn hoc l b tch quang th ng. Tnh
nng v ng dng ca VDSLl h tr ng thi tt c nhng ng dng thoi, d liu v video.
c bit VDSL h tr truyn hnh c phn gii cao (HDTV) v cc ng dng my tnh tin
tin. Tnh i xng ca VDSL cung cp tc d liu 2 chiu ln ti 26 Mbps cho cc khu vc
khng c cp quang ni ti.
Khong cch S i dy ng
Cng ngh Tc
Truyn dn s dng
IDSL 144 Kb/s i xng 5km 1 i
1,544Mb/s i xng 2 i
3,6 km 4,5 km
HDSL 2,048Mb/s i xng 3 i
1,544Mb/s i xng
HDSL2 3,6 km 4,5 km
2,048 Mb/s i xng 1 i
768kb/s i xng
7 km
SDSL 1,544Mb/s hoc 2,048 Mb/s
3 km 1 i
mt chiu
1,5- 8 Mb/s ng xung
ADSL 5km 1 i
1,544 Mb/s ng ln
26 Mb/s i xng
300 m 1,5 km
VDSL 1352 Mb/s ng xung 1 i
(tu tc )
1,5-2,3 Mb/s ng ln
Hnh 6.1: So snh mt s tnh nng trong h cng ngh xDSL
104
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): ADSL l cng ngh ng dy thu bao s
bt i xng c pht trin cho nhu cu truy nhp Internet tc cao, cc dch v trc tuyn,
video,... ADSL cung cp tc truyn ti 8 Mb/s ng xung (Download) v 16 - 640 Kb/s
ng ln (Upload). u im ni bt ca ADSL l cho php ngi s dng s dng ng thi
mt ng dy thoi cho c 2 dch v thoi v s liu, v ADSL truyn min tn s cao (4400
Hz1,1MHz) khng nh hng ti tn hiu thoi. Cc b lc c t hai u mch vng tch
tn hiu thoi v s liu theo mi hng. ADSL Lite hay ADSL khng s dng b lc ch yu
cho ng dng truy cp Internet tc cao. K thut ny khng i hi b lc pha thu bao nn gi
thnh thit b v chi ph lp t gim i tuy nhin tc ng xung ch cn 1,5 Mb/s.
ADSL2 v ADSL2+: ADSL2 c chun ho trong ITU G.992.3, G.992.4, ADSL2+
c chun ha trong ITU-T G.925.5 l th h th ba ca ADSL, pht trin da trn nn tng
ADSL v ADSL2 nn mang y c trng ca ADSL v ADSL2. ADSL2 v ADSL2+ b
sung nhiu tnh nng mi cho cc ng dng, dch v v tin trnh trin khai mi so vi ADSL
chun. Cng ngh ADSL2+ p ng cc yu cu tc cao, bng thng rng v n h tr
c tc truyn s liu ln 1,2 Mbps v tc xung 24 Mbps.
6.1.3. Cc vn c bn cng ngh DSL trn mng cp ng
Phn chia tn s: Ph tn cp ng t 0 n 1,1 Mhz c chia thnh cc khong tn s
s dng cho cc dch v nh sau:
- T 0 kHz n 4 kHz: dng cho in thoi v cc dch v d liu bng tn thp.
- T 0 kHz n 80 kHz: khong tn s dng cho ISDN.
- T 80 kHz n 94 kHz: m bo s an ton ph tn thoi v ng ln ca ADSL.
- T 94 kHz n 106 kHz: khong tn s dng cho ng ln ca ADSL.
- T 106 kHz n 120 kHz: an ton ph tn ng ln v xung ca ADSL.
- T 120 kHz n 1,1 MHz: khong tn s dng cho ng xung ca ADSL.
Vic phn tch ph tn gia thoi v ADSL cng nh gia ng xung v ng ln ca
ADSL c thc hin nh b lc Spilitter (b lc ny ngn cn c dng DC khng cho vo
modem ADSL).
ng ln ADSL
POST
106
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
Cp nhiu i
Modem
Modem
Data Switch
Hnh 6.3: Nhiu xuyn m u gn NEXT
Modem Cp nhiu i
i dy nhiu
FEXT path
Modem
Data Switch
Hnh 6.4: Nhiu xuyn m u xa FEXT
STM-1
Internet
Rout
PC ADSL DSLAM BRAS
Router
IP IP IP
PPP PPP
Ethernet Ethernet AAL5 AAL5 Ethernet
ATM ATM ATM
M hnh ny c dng trong cc thit b: Internal ADSL Modem, USB Modem hay ADSL
Router (RFC 2364)
108
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
Internet
Rout
PC ADSL DSLAM BRAS
Bridge
IP IP
PPP PPP
PPPoE Ethernet PPPoE Ethernet
Ethernet PPP Ethernet
AAL5 AAL5
10 Base-T ATM ATM ATM
ADSL STM-1 100 Base-F
Hnh 6.6 PPPoE - Giao thc ni im qua Ethernet
STM-1
Internet
Rout
ADSL DSLAM
PC BRAS
Bridge
IP IP IP
Encap 1483
Ethernet Ethernet AAL5 AAL5
STM-1
Internet
Rou
ADSL
PC DSLAM BRAS
Bridge
IP Ethernet IP
1483 1483
Etherne Etherne AL5 AAL5
ATM ATM ATM
RFC 1483 (Bridged) s dng trong Modem ADSL ngoi vi giao thc to khung RFC 1483.
Hin nay c trin khai trong cc sn phm ca SBC v Pac Bell .
6.1.8. Cc ng dng ca ADSL
Truy nhp Internet tc cao: Vi tc truyn bt i xng nn ADSL l cng ngh l
tng cho truy nhp Internet tc cao, bi l nhu cu ti thng tin t Internet v ln hn rt
nhiu so vi nhu cu ti tin i.
Truyn hnh theo yu cu (VoD): Truyn hnh theo yu cu s dng cc phng php nn,
s ha tn hiu m thanh, hnh nh truyn i qua mng. Cc nh cung cp dch v VoD c th
cung cp cc knh truyn hnh theo yu cu vi cht lng khc nhau ty theo yu cu s dng.
Cc knh truyn hnh chun (SDTV) yu cu tc truyn l 3-4Mbps. Cc knh truyn hnh
trung thc cao (HDTV) yu cu tc truyn l 15-18 Mbps. Nh vy, dch v ADSL vi tc
hng xung ti a 8 Mbps th ch c th h tr ti a 2 knh SDTV v khng th h tr c
HDTV, ADSL2+ s h tr c dch v ny.
Hi ngh t xa: Cho php nhiu ngi cc a im khc nhau c th hi hp, trao i
trc tip nh ang trong cng mt phng hp. Tng hiu qu cng vic, tit kim thi gian v chi
ph do gim thiu vic di chuyn, cng nh cng tc t chc hi hp.
Truyn hnh v pht thanh qua mng: Cc knh truyn hnh v pht thanh t i truyn hnh
v i pht thanh c th c truyn hnh trc tip trn mng ADSL2+ n ngi s dng. V tn
hiu Video v Audio ch chim mt phn bng thng ca ng dy, nn ngi s dng va xem
video va c th duyt Web.
110
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
Mt s cc dch v khc: Cc dch v c th trin khai trn cng ngh ADSL nh: Truyn
s liu tc cao, hc t xa, game trc tuyn, khm bnh t xa, lm vic ti nh, mua bn hng
qua mng v cc hot ng giao dch khc...
Hin nay, cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL c ng dng rng rI, p ng mi
nhu cu v cc dch v bng rng trn mng cp ng sn c. Vi u im v phng thc truyn
cng nh phng php m ho, sa li, ADSL rt ph hp vi cc dch v Internet tc cao,
a li nhiu li ch cho ngi s dng cng nh nh cung cp dch v.
6.2. Truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi VoPN (Voice over Packet
Network)
6.2.1. Khi nim
L m hnh truyn thoi thi gian thc khng s dng h thng chuyn mch knh thng
thng m s dng cc mng chuyn mch gi. Tn hiu thoi tng t sau khi c s ha s
c truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi di dng cc gi d liu.
VoPN ang tr thnh mt trong nhng cng ngh vin thng hp dn nht hin nay khng
ch i vi cc nh cung cp dch v m vi c nhng ngi s dng dch v. S pht trin ca
cc mng chuyn mch gi v c bit l mng Internet vi giao thc IP to ra nn tng pht
trin cc giao thc cho php truyn d liu thoi qua cc mng s liu khc nhau. Cc mng
chuyn mch gi thng c s dng truyn thoi l mng Frame Relay, mng ATM v
mng IP.
6.2.2. M hnh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi
Ti pha pht, tn hiu thoi tng t t my in thoi hay micro s c s ha v chuyn i
thnh cc gi d liu thch hp truyn qua mng, vic chuyn i s c thc hin thng qua cc
b m ha-gii m CODEC (Coder-Decoder). B x l tn hiu s DSP (Digital Signal Processing) s
nn cc gi d liu ny vi tc bit thch hp truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi.
Ti bn thu, cc tin trnh din ra ngc li, khi nhn c cc gi tin c nn, cc
DSP s gii nn cc gi tin, sau gii m (Decode) cc gi tin thnh tn hiu m thanh tng t
v pht ra in thoi hoc loa cho ngi nghe.
Trong mt cuc m thoi, cc khong lng chim t l rt ln (30% - 40%), khi truyn
thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi ngi ta s dng k thut VAD (Voice Activity Detection)
loi b cc khong lng nhm gim lng gi tin truyn qua mng. Ti pha thu cc khong lng
li c ti to pht thng tin thoi cho ngi nghe.
6.2.3. u im ca truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi
- Tit kim chi ph u t h tng mng v chi ph s dng dch v: Vic tit kim chi ph
h tng mng y c hiu theo ngha s dng cc mng chuyn mch gi c sn truyn
d liu thoi. Thc t vic u t mt h thng mng chuyn mch gi s dng cc cng ngh
tin tin nh mng ATM cng rt tn km v thng ch s dng cho mng ng trc. Do tn
dng c cc mng chuyn mch gi c sn, c bit l mng Internet thc hin cc cuc gi
ng di c th tit kim c rt nhiu chi ph cuc gi so vi vic thc hin cuc gi thng
qua mng chuyn mch knh thng thng.
111
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
- S dng hiu qu bng thng vi cht lng dch v QoS chp nhn c: Trong mng
chuyn mch knh, bng thng cp cho mt cuc lien lc l c nh (mt knh 64kbps) nhng khi
truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi vic phn chia ti nguyn cho cc cuc gi linh hot hn
nhiu. Khi mt cuc lin lc din ra, nu lu lng ca mng thp, bng thng dnh cho lin lc s
cho cht lng thoi tt nht c th, nu lu lng ca mng cao, mng s hn ch bng thng ca
tng cuc gi mc cht lng thoi QoS chp nhn c nhm phc v c nhiu ngi nht.
- Kt hp cc dch v thoi, s liu, video trn mt mng duy nht: cho php s dng h
tng mng gi a dch v duy nht truyn cc loi lu lng khc nhau.
6.2.4. Cc vn v cht lng dch v QoS
Khc vi mng chuyn mch knh, trong mng chuyn mch gi c rt nhiu cc gi tin
thuc cc loi d liu khc nhau c lu chuyn hng ch trn cng mt knh truyn. V vy
cn phi c c ch u tin i vi cc d liu thi gian thc nh d liu thoi. Ngoi ra mng
chuyn mch gi s dng c ch lu v chuyn tip (Store-and-Forward) truyn thng tin nn
gy tr ti cc nt chuyn mch.
* Tr (Delay): Tr l mt nhn t nh hng n cht lng thoi. Mi h thng truyn
thng ch cho php mt gii hn tr nht nh. Thi gian tr c th chp nhn c trong khong
t 200ms n 400ms. Cht lng cuc gi tt th thi gian tr yu cu khng qu 200ms. Yu cu
gim tr l rt cn thit trong h thng VoPN c th nng cao cht lng dch v. Nguyn nhn
gy tr khi truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi c th do:
- Tr tch ly hay tr thut ton: l tr do ch khung d liu x l cc b m ha.
- Tr x l: thi gian m ha v ng gi d liu m ha truyn qua mng
- Tr truyn qua mng: tr truyn d liu qua mng chuyn mch gi hoc do cc b m
chng Jitter pha thu.
gim thiu tr, phi tng tc mng, nng lc ca cc b x l, m ha, ngoi ra cn
s dng cc b trit ting vng Echo Canceller.
* Trt (Jitter): Trt l s chnh lch thi gian n ca cc gi tin theo cc ng khc
nhau t ngun n ch gy ra. c th ti to ting ni mt cch chnh xc v trung thc bn
thu cn phi loi b Jitter bng cch s dng b m (Buffer), cc gi sau khi nhn s c lu
trong b m v s c x l ln lt. Dng b m s trnh c nhng thi gian tr ln ca
cc gi tin, nhng lm tng thi gian tr trong h thng. Thi gian trt cng ln th dung lng
ca b m cng ln. B m cng ln th thi gian tr gy ra cng tng. V vy vic tnh ton
dung lng ca b m thch hp i vi tng h thng l rt cn thit sao cho trnh c trt
m thi gian tr khng lm gim cht lng ca h thng.
* Mt gi (Packet Loss): Khng th m bo tt c cc gi tin u n ch an ton v
ng th t, nht l trong mng IP. Cc gi tin c th b mt khi mng b qu ti hay trong trng
hp nghn mng hoc do ng kt ni khng m bo. Yu cu cht lng dch v t l mt gi
l nh hn 10%. Do hn ch ca thi gian tr nn cc giao thc vn chuyn khng lin kt gii
quyt vn ny. duy tr cht lng thoi mc chp nhn c hoc truyn li cc gi tin b
mt, hoc thay th cc gi tin mt bng cc khong im lng. nng cao tin cy ca ng
truyn cn tng tc knh truyn, tng dung lng h thng thit b truyn dn (s dng cc
mng tin tin nh mng Frame Relay, ATM).
112
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
7 Application Cc ng dng
6 Presentation CODECS
5 Session H323 hoc SIP
4 Transport UDP, TCP, RTP
3 Network IP
2 Data link ATM,FR,PPP
Ethernet
1 Physical
Cc phn t H.323 bao gm: Cc Gateway, cc b kim sot cng Gatekeeper v cc khi
iu khin a im MCU (Multipoint Control Unit). Cc thit b u cui h tr cho hi ngh
im-im v hi ngh a im vi nhiu thnh phn audio, video, data phi hp tham gia. Cc
Gateway lin kt mng PSTN hoc ISDN phc v cho cc im cui thuc hai mng lm vic vi
nhau. Cc Gatekeeper cung cp cc dch v nh iu khin tip nhn, thng dch a ch cho cc
u cui hoc cho Gateway. Cc MCU cho php cc thit b u cui hay cc Gateway thit lp
hi ngh trn cc phin audio, video v data.
H.323 l mt tp cc giao thc v th tc cung cp cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin -
truyn thoi, hnh nh v d liu thi gian thc qua mng chuyn mch gi bao gm mng IP-
based LAN, MAN, WAN do Hip hi vin thng quc t v tiu chun ho ITU-T a ra.
Chun H.323 bao gm cc chc nng nh bo hiu v iu khin cuc gi, vn chuyn v iu
khin a truyn thng (Multimedia Transport and Control), iu khin rng bng tn cho hi
ngh im-im v hi ngh a im (Point-to-Point and Multipoint Conferences). Ngoi khuyn
ngh H.323, cc khuyn ngh thuc nhm H (H-Series) cn c: H.320 cho mng tch hp s a
dch v ISDN, H.324 cho dch v mng thoi thng thng POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service)
nh l cc k thut vn chuyn.
114
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
Audio Audio
Terminal Call Manager
Applications Applications
G.711
G.729 H.225.0 H.245
H261 RTCP Call Controll T.120
G.723.1
H263 Signalling Signalling Data
RIP
u cui Gatekeeper
H.323
LAN
Proxy
Server Gateway
Router
u cui
H.323
u cui
H.323
PBX
u cui
PBX H.323
115
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
Giao thc SIP (Session Initial Protocol): Giao thc khi to phin SIP l giao thc iu
khin bo hiu lp ng dng, thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc phin a truyn thng bao gm
thoi Internet, cc hi ngh v cc ng dng audio, video v data .. SIP h tr cc phin im -
im hoc a im. SIP l giao thc da trn k t vn bn (Text Based Protocol), kin trc a
truyn thng. Cc chc nng ca SIP c lp vi nhau, c th giao tip, lin kt vi cc giao thc
bo hiu khc nh giao thc H.323 .
Real-time Transport Protocol RTP l mt giao thc End to End, thi gian thc nh Audio
v Video. RTP thc hin vic qun l v thi gian truyn, qun l s hiu tun t, kim tra truyn
d liu v nhn dng kiu d liu c truyn. Nhng RTP khng cung cp bt c mt c ch
no bo m thi gian truyn v cng khng cung cp bt c mt c ch no gim st cht lng
dch v. S gim st v bo m v thi gian truyn dn cng nh cht lng dch v c thc
hin nh hai giao thc l RTCP v RSVP.
Real-time Transport Control Protocol RTCP: Mc d RTP l mt giao thc c lp nhng
thng c h tr bi giao thc RTCP iu khin cho php gi v cc thng tin bn thu v t
thch nghi vi bn pht nh t thch nghi kiu nn tn hiu v t iu chnh lu lng d liu cho
ph hp vi bn pht.
Resource Reservation Protocol RSVP: Cung cp mt c ch m bo bng thng cho cc
hot ng ca cc ng dng. RSVP gi tham s cht lng dch v QoS kt hp vi cc d liu
thi gian thc c truyn trn mng TCP/IP. H tr giao thc RTP, giao thc RSVP c th gii
quyt cc li xy ra trn ng truyn m bo cc tham s cht lng. Giao thc RTP ch h
tr vic truyn thng im - im v khng qun l cc tham s lin kt trn mng. RSVP khng
nhng tc ng my pht, my thu m cn tc ng trn c cc Router trong mng. RSVP thit
lp v duy tr kt ni duy nht cho mt lung d liu, xc lp mt h thng qun l th t cc gi
v to modun iu khin qun l cc ngun ti nguyn ca cc nt mng khc nhau. RSVP a
ra mt m hnh ti u lin kt cc d liu t m ngun ti nhiu ch. RSVP ng vai tr qun
l mt cch c lp cc host ch t thch nghi cc tham s cht lng gia kh nng cung cp
v nhu cu p ng.
Giao thc MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol) cho php iu khin cc Gateway
thng qua cc thnh phn iu khin nm bn ngoi mng. MGCP s dng m hnh kt ni tng
t nh SGCP da trn cc kt ni c bn gia thit b u cui v gateway. Cc kt ni c th l
kt ni im-im hoc kt ni a im. Ngoi cc chc nng iu khin nh SGCP, MGCP cn
cung cp thm cc chc nng yu cu Gateway xc nh kiu m ho pha ng dy kt ni
n thit b u cui, kim tra trng thi v kt ni mt thit b u cui v thng bo vi Call
Agent khi no cc thit b u cui ngng s dng dch v v khi no quay li s dng dch v.
Giao thc Megaco/H.248: Kin trc chnh ca Megaco c th hin bao gm hot ng gia
cc h thng MG, MGC. Megaco chia cc thit b c chc nng khc nhau thnh phn truyn thng
v phn bo hiu. Trong khi Media Gateway (Cng giao tip truyn thng) iu khin phn truyn
thng th Media Gateway Controller (B iu khin cng giao tip truyn thng) hay Call Agents
(Cc tc nhn gi) li iu khin cc MGs thit lp cc ng dn truyn thng thng qua mng
phn tn. Mt MGC c th iu khin nhiu MGs . Ni mt cch khc, mt MG c th ng k vi
nhiu MGCs. Vic trao i thng tin gia hai thit b ny (MG v MGC) c thc hin nh giao
116
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
thc Megaco. V th, Megaco l mt giao thc ch/t, cc tc nhn cuc gi hot ng nh cc b
khi to lnh (my ch), cn cc MGs hot ng nh cc b p ng lnh (my t).
iu khin v truyn ti thng tin H.245 m t chi tit cu trc v nh ngha cc bn tin,
tm lc nhng th tc iu khin, thit lp v gim st qu trnh lin lc a phng tin (d liu
v m thanh) gia hai im cui. Cc bn tin iu khin H.245 kim sot hot ng ca cc phn
trong mng H.323 bao gm kh nng trao i, ng m knh logic, yu cu ch u tin, iu
khin lung. Cc bn tin c truyn trn knh iu khin H.245 tng ng vi knh lgic 0. Mi
cuc gi ch c mt knh iu khin H.245 c thit lp chc nng iu khin n khi knh
logic 0 c gii phng. Bo hiu H.245 c thit lp gia hai im cui, c th l thit b u
cui, MC, Gateway hoc Gatekeeper.
Bo hiu iu khin cuc gi H.225 m t phng thc tch hp d liu, phng thc m
ho v ng gi thng tin gia hai thnh phn ca mng H.323. H.225 cng m t cc giao thc
v nh dng cc bn tin cho Gateway H.323 c lin quan n cc thit b u cui H.320, H.324
hoc H.310, H.321 trn cc mng N-ISDN, B-ISDN. Ngoi ra, chun H.225 cn m t cc giao
thc v nh dng cc bn tin cho qu trnh truyn thng gia Gateway H.323 v Gateway H.322
cng nh cc im cui trong mng H.322 vi s m bo v cht lng dch v (QoS).
RTCP: H.225 cn c thit k mt Gateway H.323 c kh nng phi hp hot ng vi
cc loi thit b u cui H.320. Ngoi ra H.225 cn bo m cht lng dch v ca thit b u
cui H.320 c th c thay i ph hp vi c tnh v kh nng ca Gateway H.323.
AV Data
Applications Terminal Control and Management App.
H.225.0
G.xxx H.261 Terminal H.225.0 T.124
RTCP To H.245
Call
Gatekeeper Signalling
Signalling T.125
RIP (RAS)
Physical Layer
Bo hiu ng k, chp nhn v trng thi RAS: Knh RAS c s dng truyn cc bn
tin phc v qu trnh tm kim Gatekeeper v ng k im cui. Cc bn tin RAS c truyn
trn knh khng c m bo tin cy do tt c cc bn tin u c quy nh mt khong
117
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
6.3. Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (MultiProtocol
Label Switching)
6.3.1. M u
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS l mt k thut truyn d liu trong cng ngh
mng truyn thng, c chun ha bi t chc IETF trong khuyn ngh RFC 3031. tng c
bn ca MPLS l cung cp mt dch v truyn gi tin thng nht cho chuyn mch knh v
chuyn mch gi da trn cc thit b chuyn mch tc cao, c cu trc n gin. MPLS c
kh nng h tr nhiu m hnh dch v v qun l c lu lng nn c th c dng
chuyn ti nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau nh thoi, s liu, video...
MPLS c xem l s tch hp gia cng ngh chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch knh,
gia chc nng nh tuyn trn nn tng IP v chc nng chuyn mch trn nn tng ATM.
6.3.2. Kin trc v nguyn tc hot ng MPLS
M hnh OSI
Tng ng dng
Tng Trnh by
Tng Phin
Tng Vn chuyn Internet Protocol IP
118
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
Cu trc mng MPLS: Mt cch tng qut, cu trc mng MPLS gm c 2 phn bin v li.
Chc nng cc thnh phn trong mng tch bit. Chc nng chuyn mch nhn v chuyn gi c
xu hng tp trung phn li, chc nng x l gi v nh tuyn c y v thnh phn bin.
B nh tuyn bin LER (Label Edge Router) l phn t bin ca mng MPLS thng c tch
hp cc giao thc nh tuyn MPLS v IP. Phn t ny cn c gi l b nh tuyn PE
(Provider Edge). Ty theo v tr ca LER i vi chiu i ca gi tin gi LER l b nh tuyn
u vo (Ingress) hay u ra (Egress). B nh tuyn li LSR (Label Switch Router) l phn t
nm trong mng MPLS, thc hin chc nng nh tuyn da trn vic chuyn mch nhn. Phn t
ny cn c gi l b nh tuyn P (Provider).
Nguyn tc chuyn mch nhn MPLS: Gi tin cha c gn nhn MPLS c chuyn n
LER chuyn qua mng MPLS, LER s xc nh v phn loi gi tin vo cc lp gi l lp
chuyn tip tng ng FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class). Phn Header MPLS ca gi tin s
c thm bng cch chn thm mt hoc nhiu nhn trc gi tin. Sau , gi tin c chuyn
i trn tuyn logic gi l hm (Tunnel) n Router k tip trn ng n ch. Vic n nh
FEC da trn mt phn hoc ton b a ch lp mng ch. Cc gi tin thuc cng mt FEC s
c chuyn i trn cng mt tuyn gi l LSP (Label Switch Path). C ch chuyn gi theo cc
LSP cho thy tnh nh hng kt ni ca MPLS.
IP1 IP1
IP1 #L1 IP1 #L1 IP1 #L1
C ch phn phi nhn nhm mc ch trao i cc thng tin lin kt nhn trong mng MPLS
m bo cho cc b nh tuyn lin k c th cp nht, duy tr v thng nht vi nhau v gi tr nhn
cho cc FEC (biu th bi trng Destination) trong c s d liu nhn. C ch ny c th da trn
giao thc nh tuyn BGP, OSPF, RSVP-TUNNELS hoc giao thc phn phi nhn chuyn dng
LDP (Label Distribution Protocol). Vic trao i thng tin nhn trong MPLS theo nguyn tc ngang
hng. C 4 loi bn tin trong LDP: Discovery, Session, Advertisement v Notification.
C ch x l nhn v chuyn gi tin: Khi mt gi tin c gn nhn MPLS c chuyn
n LSR, phn nhn ngoi cng s c phn tch. Ty theo ni dung ca nhn, mt trong ba thao
tc sau y s c thc hin ln chng nhn: tro i hay thay nhn mi (Swap), ly nhn ra
(Pop), thm nhn vo (Push).
119
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
Thao tc Push s cng thm nhn vo pha trc ca phn nhn ang c, ngha l ng gi tin
(Encapsulating) vo phn lp khc trong MPLS. Qu trnh ny cho php gi tin MPLS c nh
tuyn theo c ch phn cp (Hierarchical Routing), c bit l c s dng cho dch v VPN.
C ch iu khin lu lng v cht lng dch v trong MPLS: MPLS h tr chc nng
iu khin lu lng nh qun tr mng to ra LSP theo phng php nh tuyn cng bc
m bo cht lng dch v hoc gim lu lng ti qua cc nt chuyn tip trnh tc nghn trong
cc tnh hung c bit. Vi c ch nh tuyn rng buc, ngi qun l mng lp trnh cc iu
kin rng buc v mng MPLS s t ng thc hin vic nh tuyn tha mn cc iu kin trn.
C ch ny c h tr bi bo hiu LDP to ra cc CR-LSP (Compulsory Routing - LSP).
MPLS h tr cht lng dch v trn c s phn loi cc lung lu lng theo tr, bng tn.....
Ti bin ca mng, lung lu lng c nhn dng thng qua vic phn tch mt s trng trong
Header ca gi tin phn loi chng vo cc FEC chuyn i trong cc LSP c thuc tnh CoS
hay QoS. Thng tin CoS c th c truyn trong nhn ca mi gi hoc c gn ngm nh cho
LSP. Thng tin QoS c h tr trong trng hp mng MPLS chy trn nn ATM. Vn t
ra trong MPLS l tiu ch phn loi gi tin thnh cc FEC. iu ny ph thuc nhiu vo cng
ngh x l gi ti tin.
nh gi cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS:
a. u im: Cng ngh MPLS n gin, c th gii quyt c vn phc tp v kh
nng m rng mng. C th thay th cng ngh ra i trc nh Frame Relay, ATM. C th
ni MPLS hi t nhng u im ca c ch nh tuyn gi IP v c ch hon i nhn ca ATM,
cho php gim thiu thi gian x l gi tin m khng cn thay i cc giao thc nh tuyn IP.
Nhn MPLS n gin, kch thc nh v linh hot. C th xp ni tip nhn to thnh chng
nhn c phc tp cao, rt tin li cho vic nh a ch v truy tm.
Nu so snh vi ATM th MPLS c u im l khng cn n cc giao thc iu khin bo
hiu hay chuyn mch t bo phc tp nh ATM. Kch thc gi MPLS ln hn nhiu so vi t
bo ATM nn gim ng k thng tin tiu ng gi ti tin. Mng truyn thng hin i , cng
ngh mng quang vi tc cc ln (10Gbit/s) khng ch chuyn ti c cc gi tin c di
1518 byte (kch thc cc i ca gi Ethernet) m cn chuyn ti c gi tin MPLS c kch
thc ti tin bt k. Tm li, MPLS cho php nng cao thng (thng lng) mng. Mc khc,
MPLS duy tr c chc nng kim sot lu lng v iu khin ngoi bng nh FR hay ATM.
MPLS cng c th tn dng c s h tng mng ATM v gi tin MPLS c th chuyn vo knh o
ATM v ngc li. So vi gii php IP/ATM, IP/MPLS c topo (cu trc ln kt) v cu hnh
mng n gin hn.
u im ca MPLS so vi IP l kh nng iu khin lu lng v h tr kim sot cht
lng dch v (cao hn DiffServ, thp hn ATM). MPLS tch bch r rng chc nng nh tuyn
vi chc nng chuyn tip gi (Routing- Forwarding) mc d c th s dng li kiu nh tuyn
IP nu cn.
Nhn chung, MPLS l cng ngh ph hp v bt kp vi xu th v nhu cu cng ngh truyn
thng hin ti v tng lai. MPLS hin ti ang c ng dng trong mng li NGN, trong k
thut lu lng v nn tng cho dch v VPN.
120
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
Softswitch
Lp iu khin
Lp Media
121
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
123
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
HiQ 4000
Framework UM CW1 C C
AP You need 2 2
Interface
C D
Hnh 6.15 M hnh API trong chuyn mch mm gii php ca SIEMENS
Hin nay, API lin kt cc ngun ti nguyn mng v API lin kt cc module c nng lc
x l trong mng c pht trin nhiu trn c s JAIN (Java API Intergrated Network). Nhm
th ba c pht trin theo nhiu hng nh JAIN, 3GPP (3th Generation Ship Project, PARLAY
GROUP). Cc chun API hin vn ang c pht trin v chun hin ang c dng ph bin
l SQL API ca ANSI.
6.4.4. K hoch nh s trong chuyn mch mm
Vic nh a ch cng nh s thu bao v dch v trong NGN l hon ton linh hot bng
cch khai bo d liu kho s vo c s d liu ng ca my ch qun l a ch. C s d liu
ny c th cp nht, b sung hoc thay i bi nh qun tr mng, tuy nhin phi da cc tiu ch
chnh nh sau:
- Quy lut nh a ch tun theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T (E164-E169).
- Quy hoch a ch cn k tha v gi c thi quen quay s ca ngi dng.
- Quy hoch a ch tn dng mt s cc m c bit dnh ring pht trin v sau vi
nhiu mc ch khc nhau.
124
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
125
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
126
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
(Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital Hierachy). WDM cho php s dng rng
bng tn rt ln ca si quang bng cch kt hp mt s cc tn hiu ghp knh theo thi gian vi
bc sng khc nhau ng thi c th tn# dng c cc ca s khng gian, thi gian v di
bc sng. Cng ngh WDM cho php nng tc cc truyn dn ln 5 Gb/s, 10 Gb/s v 20 Gb/s.
Phng thc truyn thng khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode): Thng tin
ca mt ng dng khng nht thit phi xut hin mt cch tun hon v ng b. ATM s dng
cc t bo c di c nh 53 byte, khng nh v theo xung ng b v thay i theo nhu cu
truyn tin. ATM cho php chuyn ti lu lng cho nhiu loi dch v vi tc khc nhau. Hin
nay, xu hng kt hp cng ngh ATM vi DSL mang li mt gii php hiu qu cho dch v
truy nhp bng rng.
Cc c trng chnh ca ATM nh sau:
- H tr a dch v, a tc
- m bo QoS
- Qun l bng tn
- Kt ni hng lin kt.
- Tc chuyn gi cao, gim tr gi tin
nh tuyn v chuyn mch gi tin IP (Internet Protocol): C cc c trng c bn sau: Qui
hoch a ch ton cc: Mi mt giao din mng c gn mt a ch duy nht. Tn dng nng
lc truyn ti a (Best Effort): IP c gng ti a chuyn cc gi tin, tuy nhin n khng c cam
kt v cht lng dch v (QoS) nh t l thnh cng hay thi gian cn a gi tin n ch.
Vi phin bn IPv6, mt s tnh nng mi c h tr nh phng php nh a ch linh hot,
khng gian a ch ln. C ch bo mt cao. H tr a phng tin. H tr cht lng dch v
QoS v c kh nng t cu hnh
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) tr thnh cng
ngh nn tng trong lp chuyn ti ca NGN.
Cng ngh chuyn mch mm (Softswitch):l cng ngh ct li trong lp iu khin NGN.
Phn t h thng trung tm s dng cng ngh ny chnh l MGC (Media Gateway Controller).
Ngoi ra, cng c lp trnh theo module giao din chng trnh ng dng API (Application
Program Interface) cng c ng dng nhiu cc lp ng dng/dch v v qun l cng nh
lin kt gia chng vi lp iu khin trong NGN. C th xem API nh mt cng ngh phn mm
nn tng trong Softswitch ni ring v NGN ni chung.
Tm li xu hng hin nay ca cng ngh nn tng theo phn lp NGN nh sau:
- IP/ATM/DSL: cng ngh nn tng trong lp truy nhp
- IP/MPLS/SDH/WDM/Optical: cng ngh nn tng trong lp truyn ti
- IP/Ehernet (FE,GE) + Softswitch: cng ngh nn tng trong lp iu khin
- IP/FE + API: cng ngh nn tng trong lp ng dng/dch v v qun
- SCTP chuyn ti theo hng bn ghi, khng nh TCP hng byte, ng thi cho php
nhiu lung d liu logic c ghp knh truyn qua mt kt ni. SCTP m bo truyn tin
cy theo c ch khc vi TCP bng cch thit lp nhiu kt ni.
129
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
Nhn xt:
- Qua cc gii php thit k ca cc hng, nhn chung chc nng truyn dn v chuyn
mch c tch hp chung trong lp chuyn ti hay lp li. Nh vy thit b truyn dn v chuyn
mch c xem nh cng c thc hin chc nng chuyn ti lu lng. Mt s hng gp chung
lp truy nhp vi lp chuyn ti.
- Cc hng ch n chc nng iu khin v qun l. Tnh phc hp giao thc lp ny
i hi kh nng tng thch cao gia cc chng loi thit b.
- Chc nng qun l c xu hng tp trung cao v xuyn sut qua cc lp khc nhau trong
cu trc mng li.
- Vai tr ca cc thit b iu khin, thit b quang v thit b truy nhp v cc giao thc
chuyn gi nh IP ng vi tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh mng NGN.
- NGN c th xem nh mng th h k tip, khng phi l mng hon ton mi, v vy cc
hng u cn nhc n kha cnh tng thch vi mng v chng loi thit b hin c.
- Mi gii php u c nhng u im v hn ch nht nh. Vic la chn gii php ti u cn
phi cn c trn nhiu tiu ch v cn nhc v gia cc yu cu v mc tiu c th mu thun nhau.
6.5.8. Mt s dch v NGN
Dch v thoi truyn thng s chuyn dn sang VoIP v c tch hp trong cc dch v
mi khc. Cc dch v truyn s liu s c thay th bi cc dch v mng ring o VPN. Dch
v ISDN s c thay th bng cc dch v MMA trn nn NGN. Dch v truy cp Internet bng
hp chuyn sang truy cp bng rng DSL. Cc dch v trn nn WEB v dch v thng minh s
c tng cng pht trin trn c s giao din phn mm m, hng n nh cung cp dch v
th ba v khch hng.
- Dch v th tr trc 1719cho php s dng ti khon th thc hin cuc gi ni ht, lin
vng v quc t. Khch hng cng c th gn mt ti khon tr trc cho mt s in thoi c
nh. u im ni bt ca dch v 1719 l kh nng cung cp dch v vi nhiu cp cht lng
dch v trn cng mt h tng mng. Khch hng c th la chn cht lng cao nh PSTN
64kb/s hoc gi r nh VoIP 8kb/s
- Dch v gi min cc 1800 (Freephone) cho php thc hin cuc gi min cc n
nhiu ch khc nhau thng qua mt s truy nhp thng nht. Khi thu bao quay s Freephone, s
Freephone s c chuyn thnh mt s ch tng ng ti chuyn mch mm v cuc gi s
c thit lp n ch tng ng. ch tng ng c la chn trn c s vng ca thu bao
ch gi, m s dch v v thi im gi trong ngy.
- Cc dch v a phng tin MMA l dch v cho php thc hin cuc gi a phng tin
tch hp nh thoi, s liu, hnh nh ng thi. Mt s dch v MMA ang c trin khai nh:
hi ngh truyn hnh, o to t xa, y t, truyn bn tin video tng tc..
- Cc dch v thng minh: Mt s dch v thng minh c pht trin trn nn NGN nh:
chuyn i ngn ng, game trc tuyn, truy vn c s d liu, video theo yu cu V d 1900 l
dch v gii tr, t vn c ni dung ph thuc vo cc phn mm ng dng c xy dng trn
cc my ch ca nh cung cp dch v.
131
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
- Dch v WEB trn NGN c kh nng cung cp nhiu loi hnh dch v WEBk hc nhau.
Mt trong cc dch v thng dng ang c trin khai l WEB DIAL PAGE cho php thc hin
cuc gi t trang WEB, WEB CONFERENCE: in thoi hi ngh qua WEB.
Dch v truy nhp Internet tc cao cung cp kt ni Internet bng rng vi cng ngh
truy nhp DSL, c cc cam kt (SLA) nh v tc , bng thng Dch v ny cho php kt ni
my n hoc mng my tnh vi phng thc cp a ch IP tnh hoc ng ty theo nhu cu.
- Dch v mng ring o VPN cung cp kt ni mng LAN/WAN ring cho khch hng trn
nn h tng mng cng cng NGN IP/MPLS, c h tr an ninh mng v tha thun v cp dch
v SLA (Service Layer Agreement). Dch v cung cp cho khch hng cc ti nguyn mng, cc
ng dng trong VPN l do khch hng t xy dng.
VPN trn nn NGN c nhiu u im so vi cc mng my tnh khc, c kh nng m bo
cht lng dch vQoS, kh nng cung cp cc kt ni linh hot c th thay i cu hnh d dng,
s dng ti nguyn mng mt cch hiu qu., kh nng m rng dch v ton cu v khng hn
ch bng thng kt ni.
6.5.9. NGN trong mng vin thng Vit nam
NGN cng c trin khai Vit Nam t nm 2004 theo gii php kt hp: SIEMENS
cho lp iu khin, JUNIPER cho lp chuyn ti, ALCATEL cho lp truy nhp. Trong tng lai,
NGN s c pht trin m rng trn a bn c nc. Tn dng nng lc ca mng hin c, vic
chuyn t mng vin thng hin ti ln mng th h sau NGN phi tri qua nhiu giai on. tng
bc, vn phi duy tr hot ng ca cc mng truyn thng. ng thi mng ng trc VNPT
s c u t cc cng ngh trong NGN. Cc mng truyn thng khc nh di ng v ni ht s
kt ni vi NGN qua thit b cng chuyn i. Trong tng lai, cc mng ny cng s c thay
th hon ton bi cng ngh NGN.
Chc nng cc lp NGN trong mng vin thng Vit Nam:
- Lp qun l: s hnh thnh h thng qun l mng vin thng tp trung theo m hnh
TNM (Telecom Network Management).
- Lp ng dng v dch v mng: trang b cc server dich v ti hai im nt H Ni v TP
H Ch Minh, cung cp cc dch v mi trn nn NGN nh dch v gii tr, truy nhp c s d
liu thng tin t ng, in thoi th gi r, in thoi min cc ng di, cuc gi hi ngh,
cc dch v trn c s WEB, truy nhp Internet bng rng qua NGN, cho thu c s h tng mng
di hnh thc mng ring o (VPN) c thng hiu l MegaWAN
- Lp iu khin: T chc 5 nt iu khin (chuyn mch mm) ng vi 5 vng lu lng
theo m hnh hai mt ngha l c d phng 1+1
- Lp truyn ti: Lp truyn ti NGN da trn cng ngh IP/MPLS/SDH/WDM/truyn dn
quang. Lp truyn ti c t chc thnh hai cp: cp ng trc quc gia v cp vng. Mng
truyn dn quang ng trc quc gia t n dung lng 20Gb/s.
- Lp truy nhp: Ti mi vng u c trang b cc thit b truy nhp cho lu lng VoiP
qua h thng MG v lu lng truy nhp internet v mng ring o qua h thng DSLAM vi
cng ngh ADSL v SHDSL.
132
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
Cu hi trc nghim:
1. Hy chn cu ng nht v DSL:
A. Cng ngh DSL cho php tn dng min tn s cao truyn tn hiu tc cao trn
i dy cp ng thng thng.
B. Cng ngh DSL bin i tn hiu ca ngi s dng thnh cc tn hiu ph hp vi
ng truyn.
C. K thut DSL cho php truyn ch song cng i xng v bt i xng.
2. H cng ngh DSL gm:
A. IDSL
B. HDSL
C. VDSL
D. ADSL
E. ROUTER
3. Cc phng php m ha ng truyn
A. Phng php iu ch bin v pha trit sng mang CAP
B. Phng php a m tn ri rc DMT
C. C hai phng php.
4. Nhiu trong k thut DSL:
D. Nhiu xuyn m u gn NEXT (Near - end Crosstalk)
E. Nhiu xuyn m u xa FEXT (Far - end- Crosstalk)
F. C hai phng php.
5. Cc phng php chng nhiu trong k thut DSL:
A. Chng xuyn nhiu
B. Phng php trit ting vng (EC)
C. C hai phng php.
6. Cc m hnh kt ni ADSL
A. M hnh PPPoA (Point to Point over ATM)
B. M hnh PPPoE (Point to Point over Ethernet) RFC 2516
C. M hnh IP over ATM (RFC 1483R)
D. M hnh Ethernet over ATM (RFC 1483B)
7. Cng ngh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi:
A. Ti pha pht, tn hiu thoi c m ha bng cc b CODEC (Coder-Decoder). B
x l tn hiu s DSP (Digital Signal Processing) s nn cc gi d liu/. VAD
(Voice Activity Detection) loi b cc khong lng
B. Ti bn thu, ngc li, DSP s gii nn cc gi tin, CODEC gii m cc gi tin
thnh tn hiu m thanh tng t. Cc khong lng c ti to pht thng tin
thoi cho ngi nghe.
C. C hai phng php.
133
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Tng quan v IDSL (ISDN DSL):
2. Tng quan v HDSL (High Data Rate DSL):
3. Tng quan v VDSL (Very High Data Rate DSL):
4. Tng quan v ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
5. Tng quan v ADSL2 v ADSL2+
6. Cc vn c bn cng ngh DSL trn mng cp ng
7. Cc phng php m ha ng truyn
8. K thut pht hin li v sa li
9. Nhiu xuyn m u xa FEXT (Far - end Crosstalk)
10. Nhiu xuyn m u gn
11. Chng xuyn nhiu
12. Phng php trit ting vng (EC)
13. M hnh PPPoA (Point to Point over ATM)
14. M hnh PPPoE (Point to Point over Ethernet) RFC 2516
15. M hnh IP over ATM (RFC 1483R)
16. M hnh Ethernet over ATM (RFC 1483B)
17. Truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi VoPN (Voice over Packet Network)
18. M hnh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi
19. u im ca truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi
20. Cc vn v cht lng dch v QoS: Tr , Trt v mt gi
21. Voice over Frame Relay VoFR
22. Voice over ATM - VoATM
23. Voice over Internet Protocol - VoIP
24. Cc thnh phn ch yu ca VoIP: Internet Protocol IP: Cc chun nn tn hiu thoi
25. H.320, H.324 v POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service)
26. Vai tr, chc nng v cc thnh phn giao thc H.323
27. Giao thc SIP (Session Initial Protocol)
28. Real-time Transport Protocol RTP
135
Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi
137
Chng 7: An ton mng
138
Chng 7: An ton mng
4. Tnh ton vn (Integrity): L c tnh khi thng tin trn mng cha c u quyn th
khng th tin hnh bin i c, tc l thng tin trn mng khi ang lu gi hoc trong qu
trnh truyn dn m bo khng b xo b, sa i, gi mo, lm ri lon trt t, pht li, xen vo
mt cch ngu nhin hoc c v nhng s ph hoi khc. Nhng nhn t ch yu nh hng ti
s ton vn thng tin trn mng gm: s c thit b, sai m, b tc ng ca con ngi, virus my
tnh
Mt s phng php bo m tnh ton vn thng tin trn mng:
- Giao thc an ton c th kim tra thng tin b sao chp, sa i hay sao chp. Nu pht
hin th thng tin s b v hiu ho.
- Phng php pht hin sai v sa sai. Phng php sa sai m ho n gin nht v
thng dng l php kim tra chn - l.
- Bin php kim tra mt m ngn nga hnh vi xuyn tc v cn tr truyn tin.
- Ch k in t: bo m tnh xc thc ca thng tin.
- Yu cu c quan qun l hoc trung gian chng minh tnh chn thc ca thng tin.
5. Tnh khng ch (Accountlability): L c tnh v nng lc khng ch truyn b v ni
dung vn c ca tin tc trn mng.
6. Tnh khng th chi ci (Nonreputation): Trong qu trnh giao lu tin tc trn mng,
xc nhn tnh chn thc ng nht ca nhng thc th tham gia, tc l tt c cc thc th tham gia
khng th chi b hoc ph nhn nhng thao tc v cam kt c thc hin.
7.1.3. Cc l hng v im yu ca mng
1. Cc l hng bo mt h thng l cc im yu c th to ra s ngng tr ca dch v,
thm quyn i vi ngi s dng hoc cho php cc truy nhp khng hp php vo h thng.
Cc l hng tn ti trong cc dch v nh Sendmail, Web,Ftp ... v trong h iu hnh mng nh
trong Windows NT, Windows 95, UNIX; hoc trong cc ng dng. Cc loi l hng bo mt trn
mt h thng c chia nh sau:
L hng loi C: cho php thc hin cc phng thc tn cng theo kiu t chi dch v
DoS (Dinal of Services). Mc nguy him thp, ch nh hng cht lng dch v, c th lm
ngng tr, gin on h thng, khng ph hng d liu hoc chim quyn truy nhp.
L hng loi B: cho php ngi s dng c thm cc quyn trn h thng m khng cn
thc hin kim tra tnh hp l. Mc nguy him trung bnh, nhng l hng ny thng c trong
cc ng dng trn h thng, c th dn n hoc l thng tin yu cu bo mt.
L hng loi A: Cc l hng ny cho php ngi s dng ngoi cho th truy nhp vo h
thng bt hp php. L hng rt nguy him, c th lm ph hy ton b h thng.
2. Cc phng thc tn cng mng: K ph hoi c th li dng nhng l hng trn
to ra nhng l hng khc to thnh mt chui nhng l hng mi. xm nhp vo h thng, k
ph hoi s tm ra cc l hng trn h thng, hoc t cc chnh sch bo mt, hoc s dng cc
cng c d xt (nh SATAN, ISS) t c quyn truy nhp. Sau khi xm nhp, k ph hoi
c th tip tc tm hiu cc dch v trn h thng, nm bt c cc im yu v thc hin cc
hnh ng ph hoi tinh vi hn.
139
Chng 7: An ton mng
140
Chng 7: An ton mng
hu ton b hoc mt phn ca h thng. Chng s dng cc quyn Root thay i logfile, ci
t cc chng trnh Trojans khc m ngi qun tr khng th pht hin c v ngi qun tr
h thng ch cn cch l ci t li ton b h thng
7.2.4. Sniffer
Sniffer theo ngha en l nh hi hoc ngi. L cc cng c (c th l phn cng hoc
phn mm) "tm bt" cc thng tin lu chuyn trn mng "nh hi" nhng thng tin c gi tr
trao i trn mng. Hot ng ca Sniffer cng ging nh cc chng trnh "tm bt" cc thng
tin g t bn phm (Key Capture). Tuy nhin cc tin ch Key Capture ch thc hin trn mt trm
lm vic c th, Sniffer c th bt c cc thng tin trao i gia nhiu trm lm vic vi nhau.
Cc chng trnh Sniffer hoc cc thit b Sniffer c th ngi cc giao thc TCP, UDP, IPX ..
tng mng. V vy n c th tm bt cc gi tin IP Datagram v Ethernet Packet. Mt khc, giao
thc tng IP c nh ngha tng minh v cu trc cc trng Header r rng, nn vic gii
m cc gi tin khng kh khn lm. Mc ch ca cc chng trnh Sniffer l thit lp ch
dng chung (Promiscuous) trn cc Card mng Ethernet, ni cc gi tin trao i v "tm bt" cc
gi tin ti y.
142
Chng 7: An ton mng
Kha K
Bn r Bn m Bn r
Mt m Gii m ban u
Phng php s dng kho cng khai (Public key): Cc phng php mt m ch dng mt
kho cho c m ho ln gii m i hi ngi gi v ngi nhn phi bit kho v gi b mt. Tn
ti chnh ca cc phng php ny l lm th no phn phi kho mt cch an ton, c bit
trong mi trng nhiu ngi s dng. khc phc, ngi ta thng s dng phng php m
ho 2 kho, mt kho cng khai m ho v mt m b mt gii m. Mc d hai kho ny
thc hin cc thao tc ngc nhau nhng khng th suy ra kho b mt t kho cng khai v
ngc li nh cc hm ton hc c bit gi l cc hm sp by mt chiu (trap door one-way
functions). c im cc hm ny l phi bit c cch xy dng hm th mi c th suy ra c
nghch o ca n.
Gii thut RSA da trn nhn xt sau: phn tch ra tha s ca tch ca 2 s nguyn t rt
ln cc k kh khn. V vy, tch ca 2 s nguyn t c th cng khai, cn 2 s nguyn t ln c
th dng to kho gii m m khng s b mt an ton. Trong gii thut RSA mi trm la
chn ngu nhin 2 s nguyn t ln p v q v nhn chng vi nhau c tch n=pq (p v q c
gi b mt).
Kha KE Kha KD
Bn m
Bn r Bn r
Mt m Gii m
ban u
7.3.2. Firewall
Firewall l mt h thng dng tng cng khng ch truy xut, phng nga t nhp bn
ngoi vo h thng s dng ti nguyn ca mng mt cch phi php. Tt c thng tin n v i
nht thit phi i qua Firewall v chu s kim tra ca bc tng la. Ni chung Firewall c 5
chc nng ln sau:
1. Lc gi d liu i vo/ra mng li.
2. Qun l hnh vi khai thc i vo/ra mng li
3. Ngn chn mt hnh vi no .
143
Chng 7: An ton mng
144
Chng 7: An ton mng
145
Chng 7: An ton mng
146
Chng 7: An ton mng
Client A Server
Internet
Security Security
Gateway 1 Gateway 2
a ch ngun
a ch ch c m ho
Internet
Security Security
Gateway 1 Gateway 2
LAN
147
Chng 7: An ton mng
nh
dng gi tin to ng hm: IP Header, AH, ESP, Tiu v d liu.
ng hm c 2 loi: Thng trc (Permanent) v tm thi (Temporary hay Dynamic).
Thng thng cc mng ring o VPN s dng dng ng hm ng. ng hm ng rt hiu
qu cho VPN, v khi khng c nhu cu trao i thng tin th c hu b. ng hm c th kt
ni 2 im cui theo kiu LAN- to - LAN ti cc cng bo mt (Security Gateway), khi ngi
dng trn cc LAN c th s dng ng hm ny. Cn i vi trng hp Client- to - LAN, th
Client phi khi to vic xy dng ng hm trn my ngi dng thng tin vi cng bo
mt n mng LAN ch.
7.4.3. Nhng u im ca mng VPN
Chi ph: Cng ngh VPN cho php tit kim ng k chi ph thu knh ring hoc cc cuc
gi ng di bng chi ph cuc gi ni ht. Hn na, s dng kt ni n ISP cn cho php va
s dng VPN va truy nhp Internet. Cng ngh VPN cho php s dng bng thng t hiu qu
cao nht. Gim nhiu chi ph qun l, bo tr h thng.
Tnh bo mt: Trong VPN s dng c ch ng hm (Tunnelling) v cc giao thc tng 2
v tng 3, xc thc ngi dng, kim sot truy nhp, bo mt d liu bng m ho, v vy VPN c
tnh bo mt cao, gim thiu kh nng tn cng, tht thot d liu.
Truy nhp d dng: Ngi s dng trn VPN, ngoi vic s dng cc ti nguyn trn VPN cn
c s dng cc dch v khc ca Internet m khng cn quan tm n phn phc tp tng di.
7.4.4. Giao thc PPTP (Point to Point Tunnelling Protocol)
PPP l giao thc tng 2-Data link, truy nhp mng WAN nh HDLC, SDLC, X.25, Frame
Relay, Dial on Demand. PPP c th s dng cho nhiu giao thc lp trn nh TCP/IP,
Novell/IPX, Apple Talk nh s dng NCP - Network Control Protocol. PPP s dng Link Control
Protocol thit lp v iu khin cc kt ni. PPP s dng giao thc xc thc PAP hoc CHAP.
PPTP da trn PPP thc thi cc chc nng sau:
- Thit lp v kt thc kt ni vt l.
- Xc thc ngi dng
- To gi d liu PPP.
7.4.5. Giao thc L2F (Layer Two Forwarding Protocol)
Giao thc L2FP do hng Cisco pht trin, dng truyn cc khung SLIP/PPP qua Internet.
L2F hot ng tng 2 (Data Link) trong m hnh OSI. Cng nh PPTP, L2F c thit k nh
l mt giao thc Tunnel, s dng cc nh ngha ng gi d liu ring ca n truyn cc gi
tin mc 2. Mt s khc nhau gia PPTP v L2F l to Tunnel trong giao thc L2F khng ph
thuc vo IP v GRE, iu ny cho php n lm vic vi cc mi trng vt l khc nhau.
Cng nh PPTP, L2F s dng chc nng ca PPP cung cp mt kt ni truy cp t xa v
kt ni ny c th c i qua mt tunnel thng qua Internet ti ch. Tuy nhin L2TP nh
ngha giao thc to tunnel ring ca n, da trn c cu ca L2F. C cu ny tip tc nh ngha
vic truyn L2TP qua cc mng chuyn mch gi nh X25, Frame Relay v ATM. Mc d nhiu
148
Chng 7: An ton mng
cch thc hin L2TP tp trung vo vic s dng giao thc UDP trn mng IP, ta vn c kh nng
thit lp mt h thng L2TP khng s dng IP. Mt mng s dng ATM hoc Frame Relay cng
c th c trin khai cho cc tunnel L2TP.
7.4.6. Giao thc L2TP (Layer Two Tunnelling Protocol)
Giao thc L2TP c s dng xc thc ngi s dng Dial-up v Tunnel cc kt ni
SLIP/PPP qua Internet. V L2TP l giao thc lp 2, nn h tr cho ngi s dng cc kh nng
mm do nh PPTP trong vic truyn ti cc giao thc khng phi l IP, v d nh l IPX v
NETBEUI.
PPP L2TP
Qun l kho
Internet
149
Chng 7: An ton mng
Bo mt trong L2TP: Vic xc thc ngi dng trong 3 giai on: Giai on 1 ti ISP, giai
on 2 v giai on 3 (tu chn) ti my ch mng ring. Trong giai on 1, ISP c th s dng
s in thoi ca ngi dng hoc tn ngi dng xc nh dch v L2TP v khi to kt ni
ng hm n my ch ca VPN. Khi ng hm c thit lp, LAC ca ISP ch nh mt s
nhn dng cuc gi (Call ID) mi nh dnh cho kt ni trong ng hm v khi to phin
lm vic bng cch chuyn thng tin xc thc cho my ch VPN. My ch VPN tin hnh tip
bc 2 l quyt nh chp nhn hay t chi cuc gi da vo cc thng tin xc thc t cuc gi
ca ISP chuyn n. Thng tin c th mang CHAP, PAP, EAP hay bt c thng tin xc thc
no. Sau khi cuc gi c chp nhn, my ch VPN c th khi ng giai on 3 ti lp PPP,
bc ny tng t nh my ch xc thc mt ngi dng quay s truy nhp vo thngr my ch.
Vic s dng cc giao thc xc thc n gin nhng khng bo mt cho cc lung d liu
iu khin v thng bo d liu to k h cho vic chn gi d liu chim quyn iu khin
ng hm, hay kt ni PPP, hoc ph v vic m phn PPP, ly cp mt khu ngi dng. M
ho PPP khng c xc thc a ch, ton vn d liu, qun l kho nn bo mt ny yu khng an
ton trong knh L2TP. V vy, c c xc thc nh mong mun, cn phi phn phi kho v
c giao thc qun l kho. V m ho, s dng IPSec cung cp bo mt cao bo v gi mc IP,
ti thiu cng phi c thc hin cho L2TP trn IP. Vic qun l kho c thc hin thng qua
lin kt bo mt - Security Association( SA). SA gip 2 i tng truyn thng xc nh phng
thc m ho, nhng vic chuyn giao kho li do IKE thc hin. Ni dung ny s c ni r hn
trong giao thc IPSec.
7.4.7. Giao thc IPSEC
IPSec bo m tnh tin cy, tnh ton vn v tnh xc thc truyn d liu qua mng IP
cng cng. IPSec nh ngha 2 loi tiu cho gi IP iu khin qu trnh xc thc v m ha:
mt l xc thc tiu Authentication Header (AH), hai l ng gi bo mt ti Encapsulating
Security Payload (ESP). Xc thc tiu AH m bo tnh ton vn cho tiu gi v d liu.
Trong khi ng gi bo mt ti ESP thc hin m ha v m bo tnh ton vn cho gi d liu
nhng khng bo v tiu cho gi IP nh AH. IPsec s dng giao thc Internet Key Exchange
IKE tha thun lin kt bo mt SA gia hai thc th v trao i cc thng tin kha. IKE cn
c s dng phn ln cc ng dng thc t em li thng tin lin lc an ton trn din rng.
* Xc thc tiu AH: AH mt trong nhng giao thc bo mt IPsec m bo tnh ton
vn cho tiu gi v d liu cng nh vic chng thc ngi s dng. N m bo chng pht
li v chng xm nhp tri php nh mt ty chn. Trong nhng phin bn u ca IPsec ng
gi bo mt ti ESP ch thc hin m ha m khng c chng thc nn AH v ESP c dng kt
hp cn nhng phin bn sau ESP c thm kh nng chng thc. Tuy nhin AH vn c
dng do m bo vic chng thc cho ton b tiu v d liu cng nh vic n gin hn i
vi truyn ti d liu trn mng IP ch yu cu chng thc.
AH c hai ch : Transport v Tunnel. Ch Tunnel AH to ra tiu IP cho mi gi
cn ch Transport AH khng to ra tiu IP mi. Hai ch AH lun m bo tnh ton
vn (Integrity), chng thc (Authentication) cho ton b gi.
* X l m bo tnh ton vn: IPsec dng thut ton m chng thc thng bo bm
HMAC (Hash Message Authentication Code) thng l HMAC-MD5 hay HMAC-SHA-1. Ni
150
Chng 7: An ton mng
151
Chng 7: An ton mng
Internet
Internet
Giao
u im Nhc im S dng trong mng
thc
Chun giao thc rnh. Phn mm tt nht cho
Khng qun l NSD.
Hot ng c lp cho cc Khng kh nng tng cc gii php c quyn
ng dng mc caohn. tc gia cc nh cung ca nh cung cp i vi
cp. vic truy nhp t xa bng
IPSec Giu a ch mng khng s
quay s.
dng dch a ch mng NAT. Khng h tr giao din.
p ng s pht trin cc k ( Desktop support)
thut m ho .
152
Chng 7: An ton mng
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Tng quan v an ninh mng
2. An ton mng l g
3. Cc c trng k thut ca an ton mng
4. Xc thc (Authentification), Tnh kh dng (Availability), Tnh bo mt (Confidentialy),
Tnh ton vn (Integrity), Tnh khng ch (Accountlability)
5. Cc l hng v im yu ca mng: L hng loi C, L hng loi B, L hng loi A
6. Cc phng thc tn tn cng mng
7. Cc bin php pht hin h thng b tn cng
8. Mt s phng thc tn cng mng ph bin: Scanner, B kho (Password Cracker),
Trojans, Sniffer
9. Tng quan v bo v thng tin bng mt m (Cryptography)
10. Firewall, u im v nhc im ca Fire wall
11. Cc loi Firewall
12. K thut Fire wall
153
Chng 7: An ton mng
154
Cc t vit tt
CC T VIT TT
155
Cc t vit tt
156
Cc t vit tt
157
Cc t vit tt
158
Cc t vit tt
159
Cc t vit tt
160
Cc t vit tt
161
Cc t vit tt
162
Cc t vit tt
163
Mc lc tham kho
Ti liu
[1] Malone, D., IPv6 - A Service Provider View in Advancing MPLS Networks, Internet
Protocol Journal, Vol. 8, Nr. 2, June 2005
[2] Hinden, R., Advanced Networking Lab (ANML) Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Resources,
Pervasive Labs at Indiana University
[3] Jason Halpern, Sean Convery, Roland Saville, Safe VPN IPSec Virtual Private Network in
depth , White paper of Cisco Systems , 2004.
[4] Guide to IPsec VPNs - Sheila Frankel, Karen Kent, Ryan Lewkowski,Angela D. Orebaugh,
Ronald W. Ritchey, Steven R. Sharma - 01/2005.
[5] A Comprehensive Guide to Virtual Private Networks, Volume III: Cross-Platform Key and
Policy Management, 2003.
[6] Johan Zuidweg, Next Generation Intelligent Networks, Artech House Telecommunication
Library, Bolton London, 2002.
[7] F.D.Ohrtman Jr, Softswitch architecture for VoIP, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
[8] K.H.Lee, K.O.Lee, K.C.Park, Architecture to be deployed on strategies of Next Generation
Networks, IEEE Communication magazine, 2003.
[9] Introduction to MPLS & Its IP VPN, Juniper Networks 2000
[10] MPLS VPN Fundamentals, Juniper Networks 2000
[11] Michael A.Gallo & William M.Hancock: Computer Communications and Networking
Technologies, Thomson Learning, 2002.
[12] Malone, D., Misbehaving Name Servers and What They're Missing, Internet Protocol
Journal, Vol. 8, Nr. 1, March 2005
13] Carpenter, B. E.; Moore, K.; Fink, B., Connecting IPv6 Routing Domains Over the IPv4
Internet, Internet Protocol Journal, Vol. 3, Nr. 1, March 2000
[14] Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Fourth Edition,
2003.
[15] Man Young Rhee, Wilay, Internet Security - Cryptographic Principles, Algorithms and
Protocols, 2003.
[16] William Stallings, Data & Computer Communications, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Sixth
Edition, 2000.
[17] William Stallings, Network Security Essentials, 2000
164
Mc lc
MC LC
M U .................................................................................................................................................................3
CHNG 1: KHI NIM V MNG MY TNH..........................................................................................5
1.1. nh ngha mng my tnh ..........................................................................................................................5
1.2. Mc tiu mng my tnh..............................................................................................................................6
1.2.1. Mc tiu kt ni mng my tnh ...............................................................................................................6
1.2.2. Li ch kt ni mng.................................................................................................................................6
1.3. Cc dch v mng ........................................................................................................................................6
1.3.1. Cc xu hng pht trin dch v mng my tnh......................................................................................6
1.3.2 Cc dch v ph bin trn mng my tnh ................................................................................................6
1.4 Cu trc mng (Topology) ..........................................................................................................................7
1.4.1 Kiu im - im (Point to Point) ............................................................................................................7
1.4.2. Kiu a im hay qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcasting) .............................................................8
1.5. Khi nim giao thc mng my tnh (Protocols) .........................................................................................8
1.5.1. Khi nim v giao thc.............................................................................................................................8
1.5.2. Chc nng giao thc.................................................................................................................................9
1.6. Cp mng - phng tin truyn (Network Medium) ..................................................................................9
1.6.1. c trng c bn ca ng truyn .......................................................................................................10
1.6.2. Cc loi cp mng .................................................................................................................................10
1.6.3. Cc phng tin v tuyn......................................................................................................................11
1.7. Phn loi mng ..........................................................................................................................................12
1.7.1. Theo khong cch...................................................................................................................................12
1.7.2. Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Networks) .........................................................................15
1.7.3. Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks) ............................................................................16
1.8. Cc m hnh x l d liu .........................................................................................................................17
1.8.1. M hnh Client-Server............................................................................................................................17
1.8.2. M hnh ngang hng (Peer-to-Peer) .......................................................................................................18
Cu hi trc nghim: ........................................................................................................................................19
Cu hi .............................................................................................................................................................21
CHNG 2: KIN TRC MNG V M HNH KT NI CC H THNG M OSI ........................23
2.1. Cc t chc tiu chun ha mng my tnh ...............................................................................................23
2.1.1. C s xut hin kin trc a tng ...........................................................................................................23
2.1.2. Cc t chc tiu chun ...........................................................................................................................23
2.2. M hnh kin trc a tng..........................................................................................................................24
2.2.1. Cc quy tc phn tng............................................................................................................................24
2.2.2. Lu chuyn thng tin trong kin trc a tng.........................................................................................25
2.2.3. Nguyn tc truyn thng ng tng........................................................................................................26
2.2.4. Giao din tng, quan h cc tng k nhau v dch v ............................................................................26
2.2.5 Dch v v cht lng dch v................................................................................................................27
2.2.6. Cc hm dch v nguyn thu (Primitive)..............................................................................................29
2.2.7. Quan h gia dch v v giao thc .........................................................................................................30
2.3 M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection) ....................................................31
2.3.1 Nguyn tc nh ngha cc tng h thng m.........................................................................................31
2.3.2. Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI ...........................................................................................................32
2.3.3 Truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI .........................................................................................................32
2.3.4. Vai tr v chc nng ch yu cc tng ...................................................................................................33
2.4. Mt s kin trc khc ...............................................................................................................................35
2.4.1. Systems Nework Architecture (SNA) ....................................................................................................35
2.4.2. Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) ..............................................35
165
Mc lc
2.4.3. AppleTalk...............................................................................................................................................36
2.4.4. Digital Network Architectur (DNA)......................................................................................................36
2.4.5. H IEEE 802 (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer)..............................................................36
2.4.6. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) ...................................................................36
Cu hi trc nghim..........................................................................................................................................37
Cu hi v bi tp .............................................................................................................................................41
CHNG 3: MNG INTERNET V GIAO THC TCP/IPV4....................................................................42
3.1. M hnh TCP/IP ........................................................................................................................................42
3.1.1. M hnh kin trc TCP/IP ......................................................................................................................42
3.1.2. Vai tr v chc nng cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP ...........................................................................43
3.1.3. Qu trnh ng gi d liu Encapsulation ..............................................................................................44
3.1.4. Qu trnh phn mnh d liu Fragment ..................................................................................................45
3.2. Mt s giao thc c bn ca b giao thc TCP/IP ....................................................................................45
3.2.1. Giao thc gi tin ngi s dng UDP (User Datagram Protocol)..........................................................45
3.2.2. Giao thc iu khin truyn TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).......................................................45
3.2.3. Giao thc mng IP (Internet Protocol) ...................................................................................................49
3.2.4. Giao thc thng bo iu khin mng ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)................................51
3.2.5. Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)...........................................................52
3.2.6 Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) ...............................53
3.3 Giao thc IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version Number 6).............................................................................54
3.3.1 Nguyn nhn ra i ca IPv6 .................................................................................................................54
3.3.2 Cc c trng ca IPv6...........................................................................................................................55
3.3.3 So snh IPv4 v IPv6..............................................................................................................................56
3.4 Cc lp a ch IPv6 .................................................................................................................................57
3.4.1 Phng php biu din a ch IPv6.......................................................................................................57
3.4.2 Phn loi a ch IPv6.............................................................................................................................57
3.4.3 So snh a ch IPv4 v a ch IPv6 ......................................................................................................57
Cu hi v bi tp .............................................................................................................................................58
CHNG 4: K THUT MNG CC B .....................................................................................................59
4.1 Cc phng thc truy nhp ng truyn .................................................................................................59
4.1.1 Phng thc a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection).....................................................................59
4.1.2 Token Bus...............................................................................................................................................60
4.1.3 Token ring ..............................................................................................................................................61
4.1.4 So snh CSMA/CD vi cc phng php dng th bi..........................................................................62
4.2 Ethernet v chun IEEE 802 .....................................................................................................................62
4.2.1 Gii thiu chung v Ethernet..................................................................................................................62
4.2.2 Chc nng cc tng trong IEEE 802.......................................................................................................63
4.2.3 Cu trc khung Ethernet:........................................................................................................................64
4.2.4 H IEEE 802 ..........................................................................................................................................65
4.2.5 Ethernet 100 Mbps. ................................................................................................................................67
4.2.6 Gigabit Ethernet. ....................................................................................................................................67
4.2.7 Gigabit Ethernet qua cp si quang........................................................................................................68
4.3 Mng cc b Token Ring .........................................................................................................................68
4.3.1 Hot ng ca Token Ring.....................................................................................................................69
4.3.2 Chun Token Ring..................................................................................................................................69
4.4. Giao din s liu phn b s dng quang FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) .................................70
4.4.1 Gii thiu FDDI .....................................................................................................................................70
4.4.2. So snh nhng gia FDDI v IEEE 802.5..............................................................................................71
4.4.3 Cc kiu kt ni u cui FDDI .............................................................................................................71
4.4.4 Kh nng chu li ca FDDI...................................................................................................................72
4.5 Mng LAN ATM....................................................................................................................................72
4.5.1 c trng ca ATM LAN ......................................................................................................................73
4.5.2 Cc loi ATM LAN................................................................................................................................73
4.5.3 K thut chuyn mch ATM LAN ........................................................................................................74
166
Mc lc
Cu hi trc nghim..........................................................................................................................................74
Cu hi v bi tp .............................................................................................................................................75
CHNG 5: K THUT MNG DIN RNG WAN...................................................................................77
5.1 Khi nim v lin mng (Internetworking)................................................................................................77
5.2. Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)................................................78
5.2.1 ISDN l g...............................................................................................................................................78
5.2.2 Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN.......................................................................................................79
5.2.3 Cc loi knh trong mng ISDN.............................................................................................................79
5.2.4 Giao din ISDN ......................................................................................................................................79
5.2.5 Chc nng cc tng trong kin trc ISDN..............................................................................................80
5.3 Mng bng rng B_ISDN ( Broadband ISDN) .........................................................................................82
5.3.1 Tng quan v s ra i ca B-isdn .........................................................................................................82
5.3.2 c im ca dch v B-ISDN ...............................................................................................................82
5.3.3 Cu trc chc nng ca B_ISDN...........................................................................................................83
5.3.4 So snh gia ISDN v B_ISDN..............................................................................................................83
5.4 Mng chuyn mch gi X25......................................................................................................................83
5.4.1 Khi qut k thut mng X25.................................................................................................................83
5.4.2 Giao thc X.25 .......................................................................................................................................84
5.4.3 Hot ng ca giao thc X25 .................................................................................................................85
5.5 Mng chuyn mach khung Frame Relay ..................................................................................................85
5.5.1 Gii thiu chung .....................................................................................................................................85
5.5.2 Cu hnh tng qut mng Frame Relay ..................................................................................................86
5.5.3 So snh Frame Relay vi X25 ................................................................................................................86
5.5.4 Frame Relay v m hnh OSI .................................................................................................................87
5.5.5 iu khin qun l lu lng .................................................................................................................88
5.5.6 Cc dch v Frame Relay .......................................................................................................................89
5.6 SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service ).........................................................................................89
5.6.1 Gii thiu chung. ....................................................................................................................................89
5.6.2 SMDS l g .............................................................................................................................................90
5.6.3 Tng quan v SMDS ..............................................................................................................................90
5.6.4 Tng quan v k thut SMDS ................................................................................................................90
5.6.5 SMDS so vi cc cng ngh ATM v Frame Relay...............................................................................91
5.7 Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode).......................................92
5.7.1 Gii thiu chung .....................................................................................................................................92
5.7.2 Kin trc phn tng ATM.......................................................................................................................93
5.7.3 Lin kt o (Virtual Connections) ..........................................................................................................96
5.7.4 So snh ATM vi cc dch v v k thut khc ..................................................................................97
Cu hi trc nghim: ........................................................................................................................................98
Cu hi v bi tp ...........................................................................................................................................101
CHNG 6: MNG TC CAO V NG DNG CC CNG NGH MI .....................................103
6.1 ng dy thu bao s DSL (Digital Subscribers Line) .........................................................................103
6.1.1 M u .................................................................................................................................................103
6.1.2 Tng quan v h cng ngh DSL .........................................................................................................103
6.1.3 Cc vn c bn cng ngh DSL trn mng cp ng .....................................................................105
6.1.4 Cc phng php m ha ng truyn...............................................................................................106
6.1.5 Pht hin li v sa li .........................................................................................................................106
6.1.6 Nhiu v chng xuyn nhiu ................................................................................................................106
6.1.7 Cc m hnh kt ni ADSL ..................................................................................................................108
6.1.8 Cc ng dng ca ADSL......................................................................................................................110
6.2 Truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi VoPN (Voice over Packet Network) ...................................111
6.2.1 Khi nim .............................................................................................................................................111
6.2.2 M hnh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi................................................................................111
6.2.3 u im ca truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi.........................................................................111
6.2.4 Cc vn v cht lng dch v QoS.................................................................................................112
6.2.5 Voice over Frame Relay - VoFR..........................................................................................................113
167
Mc lc
168
MNG MY TNH
M s: 492MMT450
In ti : Cng ty c phn In Bu in
S lng : 2000 cun, kh 19 x 26 cm
Ngy hon thnh : 01/06/2006.