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Unfavorable discontinuities and axes with
offsets in elevation

 -
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Plan irregularities due to unfavorable
core location
Irregularities due to plan discontinuity for
lateral resisting systems

Out of plane offsets

73


Diaphragm behavior under horizontal loads: shear
distribution ( top ) for rigid ( left ) and fl exible

Pyramid and inverted pendulum configurations
are extreme examples of vertical setbacks

The pyramid is the optimal geometric

shape for earthquake resistance. The
bulk of the mass is located near the
ground and its plan density is
extremely high. By contrast, the
inverted pendulum (or inverted
setback) has low resistance to
overturning and unfavourable location
of the mass at the top of the structure.
 building aspect ratio in plan ( L / B )
The plan aspect ratio should be not greater
than 2 3.
Alternatively, the structure may be subdivided
into independently responding parts by using
seismic joints.
Separation joints should be large enough to
accommodate lateral displacements between
adjacent buildings and to avoid pounding.
 Aspect ratio of building in elevation ( H / B )
The aspect ratio of the building in elevation affects the
overturning moment exerted on the foundations.
Very slender structures suffer from higher mode contributions,
which can cause damage at intermediate storeys.
In addition, structures with higher mode effects exhibit a
complex dynamic response that necessitates the use of more
elaborate seismic force calculation methods.
Therefore, buildings and structures employing low aspect ratios
( H / B ) are considered regular.
The ratio of the height ( H ) to the smallest depth ( B ) should not
exceed 4 5.
This figure is exceeded by far in modern tall buildings
worldwide, which exhibit H /B of 10 15.
Configurations with different
perimeter resistance (high(
Configurations with different
perimeter resistance (low)