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MCA5033
Winter 2016

1 What are the different strategies of OSS licensing? Explain briefly.

Answer: OSS licensing strategies which are given below:

Expansion strategy: It is an open source demonstration of the law of
conservation of modularity which says that a single layer of a software stack
is "modular and agreeable" permitting adjacent

2 Explain ACID properties in transaction management

Answer:

Transactions
In the context of a database, a transaction can be defined as a group of tasks (database operations). It is a
unit of a program execution that accesses and possibly modifies various data objects (database tuples,
relations). A

3 Explain the SELECT and PROJECT operations.

Answer: Relational Algebra Operators are mathematical functions used to retrieve

queries by describing a sequence
4 What is a Trigger? Describe trigger creation in detail.

Answer: SQL trigger is a set of SQL statements stored in the database catalog and
is executed or fired whenever an event (insert, update or delete) that is associated
with a table occurs. This is a special type of stored procedure which is invoked
directly by an event. The main difference between a trigger and a stored procedure
is that a trigger is called automatically whenever data modification takes place
while the stored procedure must be called explicitly.

The general form of trigger declaration is given below:

CREATE TRIGGER Triggername (BEFORE | AFTER) _table Name_
(INSERT| UPDATE | DELETE)
MySQL stores triggers in data directory with the files named table name. TRG and
triggername.TRN. The tablename. TRG file maps the trigger to the corresponding
table and the trigger name. TRN file contains the trigger definition.
It has some limitations when compared to standard SQL. MySQL trigger cannot Use
SHOW, LOAD DATA, LOAD TABLE, BACKUP DATABASE, RESTORE, FLUSH and RETURN
statements. It cannot use statements that commit or rollback implicitly or explicitly.
And also it cannot use prepared statement such as PREPARE, EXECUTE because
Itcant use dynamic SQL.
MySQL trigger cannot call a stored procedure.
Creating Trigger in MySQL
In order to create a trigger we can use CREATE TRIGGER statement. The syntax of
CREATE TRIGGER statement is as follows:
CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name trigger_time trigger_event
ON table_name
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
...
END
We are giving the trigger name after the CREATE TRIGGER statement. The trigger
name should follow the naming convention [trigger time]_[table name]_[trigger
event], for example before_employee_update. Trigger activation time can be either
BEFORE or AFTER. We can use BEFORE keyword if we want to process the action
prior to the modification on the table and can use AFTER if we need to process
action after changes are made. Trigger events are INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. A
trigger should be associated with a specific table. Without a table trigger would not
exist therefore we have to specify the table name after the ON keyword. SQL is code
is placed between BEGIN and END keywords. Consider, we have an employee table
with attributes Ename, empid, exp, salary. Then we create a new table named
Emp_audit. This table is used to keep the record of changes made to employee
table.
CREATE TABLE Emp_audit (
eid int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
Name varchar(50) NOT NULL,
Changedon datetime DEFAULT NULL,
actionvarchar (50) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (eid));
Then, we can create the BEFORE UPDATE trigger to be invoked before a change is
made to the employee records
DELIMITER $$
CREATE TRIGGER before_employee_update
BEFORE UPDATE ON employees
FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
INSERT INTO Emp_audit
SET action = 'update',
eid = OLD.empid,
Name = OLD.Ename,
Changedon = NOW ();
END$$
DELIMITER

5 Write short notes on:

a) Ingres
b) Postgres
c) Postgres95
d) PostgreSQL7
e) PostgreSQL8

Answer: Ingres
Ingres, a research project to create a relational database, was a project in the early
1970s at the University of California, Berkeley. This was the starting of the research
and later many other databases were developed from this research and which
includes the commercial Ingres and Informix

6 Describe briefly about the experimental evaluation. Write the

significance of generic benchmarks.

Answer: The performance of a database system can be evaluated with bench

marks. Probably the most popular and widely accepted is TPC-C (it is a benchmark
tool by TPC (Transaction processing Performance
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