Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS

I. L do chn ti:
Nhiu nm gn y trong cc k thi chn lc hc sinh gii cc cp bc
THCS v cc k thi tuyn sinh vo lp 10 THPT thng c cc bi ton yu
cu tm gi tr ln nht (GTLN); gi tr nh nht (GTNN) ca mt biu thc
no . Cc bi ton ny l mt phn ca cc bi ton cc tr i s.
Cc bi ton cc tr rt phong ph v a dng, n tng i mi v kh
i vi hc sinh THCS. gii cc bi ton cc tr hc sinh phi bit i
tng ng cc biu thc i s, phi s dng kh nhiu hng ng thc t
n gin n phc tp... phi tng hp cc kin thc v k nng tnh ton, t
duy sng to.
Vy lm th no hc sinh c th nh hng c hng i, hay hn
th l hnh thnh c mt cng thc "n tng" no mi khi gp mt bi
ton cc tr i s.
L ngi trc tip ging dy ton trong trng THCS, trong qu trnh ging
dy, c bit l dy hc sinh gii, ti lun lun trm tr, tm ti, chn lc nhng
phng php hp l nht dn dt, hnh thnh cho hc sinh mt cch suy ngh
mi lm quen vi dng ton ny dn dn cc em c c mt s phng php
gii c bn nht. Trong khun kh nh hp ny ti xin nu ra "Mt s phng php
c bn gii bi ton cc tr i s bc THCS".
II. mc ch v nhim v ca ti.
1. Mc ch nghin cu
Nghin cu ti mt s phng php c bn gii bi ton cc tr
i s bc THCS gip gio vin vn dng mt cch tng hp cc tri
thc hc, m rng o su v hon thin hiu bit. t c phng
php dy hc phn ny cho hc sinh c hiu qu gip hc sinh nm
chc kin thc v vn dng linh hot kin thc ton hc c bit l kin
thc v "Mt s phng php c bn gii bi ton cc tr i s
bc THCS .
Nghin cu ti lm c nhng thun li v kh khn khi dy hc
phn gii bi ton tm cc tr t xc nh hng nng cao cht lng
dy v hc mn ton.
Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - 3
HSP H Ni
 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS

Nghin cu ti gip gio vin c t liu tham kho v dy thnh

cng dy ton tm cc tr ca thc.
2. Nhim v nghin cu.
ti a ra mt h thng cc phng php thng dng gii bi
ton cc tr v mt s bi ton p dng i vi tng phng php.
Trang b cho hc sinh lp 9 h thng kin thc gi bi ton cc tr,
trnh c nhng nhm ln thng gp khi gii dng bi ton ny.
Thng qua ti, hc sinh c th nm c mt s phng php v c
th vn dng vo gii bi tp, rn k nng gii bi ton cc tr, ng thi
gip hc sinh thy c ci hay, ci p, sc hp dn ca ton hc, kch
thch s t m khm ph, tm hiu bi ton .
III. i tng v phm vi nghin cu
Nghin cu cc phng php gii cc bi ton tm cc tr trong chng
trnh ton THCS
Nghin cu cc ti liu c lin quan .
Gio vin dy ton THCS v hc sinh THCS c bit l hc sinh khi 8, 9
IV. Phng php nghin cu.
1. Phng php nghin cu l lun
c cc ti liu c lin quan
Tp ch ton tui th 2
Phng php dy hc mn ton
Sch gio khoa
Sch gio vin
Sch tham kho
2. Phng php iu tra
iu tra nm tnh hnh dy ca cc gio vin trong v ngoi nh trng.
iu tra mc tip thu v vn dng "Mt s phng php c bn
gii bi ton cc tr i s bc THCS ca hc sinh.
Cht lng ca hc sinh trc v sau khi thc hin
3. Phng php phn tch
Phn tch yu cu, k nng gii mt bi tp
4. Phng php thc nghim
5. Phng php tng kt kinh nghim
Rt ra nhng bi hc cho bn thn v ng nghip dy tt hn
trong qu trnh dy hc.

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - 4

HSP H Ni
 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS

phn ii: ni dung

I . Cc kin thc cn thit

1. Cc nh ngha

1.1. nh ngha gi tr ln nht (GTLN) ca mt biu thc i s

cho biu thc f(x,y,...) xc nh trn min D :
M. c gi l GTLN ca f(x,y,...) trn min |D nu 2 iu kin sau
ng thi tho mn :
1. f(x,y,...) M (x,y,..) |D
2. (x0, y0,...) |D sao cho f(x0, y0...) = M.
K hiu : M = Max f(x,y,..) = fmax vi (x,y,...) |D

1.2. nh ngha gi tr nh nht (GTNN) ca mt biu thc i s

cho biu thc f(x,y,...) xc nh trn min |D :
M. c gi l GTNN ca f(x,y,...) trn min |D n 2 iu kin sau
ng thi tho mn :
1. f(x,y,...) M (x,y,..) |D
2. (x0, y0,...) |D sao cho f(x0, y0...) = M.
K hiu : M = Min f(x,y,..) = fmin vi (x,y,...) |D

2. Cc kin thc thng dng

2.1. Lu tha :
a) x2 0 x |R x2k 0 x |R, k z - x2k 0
Tng qut : f (x)2k 0 x |R, k z - f (x)2k 0
T suy ra : f (x)2k + m m x |R, k z
2k
M - f (x) M
b) x 0 x 0 ( x )2k 0 x0 ; k z
Tng qut : ( A )2k 0 A 0 (A l 1 biu thc)
2.2 Bt ng thc cha du gi tr tuyt i :
a) |x| 0 x|R
b) |x+y| |x| + |y| ; nu "=" xy ra x.y 0
c) |x-y| |x| - |y| ; nu "=" xy ra x.y 0 v |x| |y|

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - 5

HSP H Ni
 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS

2.3. Bt ng thc csi :

a1 a 2 .... a n
ai 0 ; i = 1, n : n a1 . a 2 .....a n nN, n 2.
n
du "=" xy ra a1 = a2 = ... = an
2.4. Bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
Vi n cp s bt k a1,a2,...,an ; b1, b2, ...,bn ta c :
(a1b1+ a2b2 +...+anbn)2 ( a12 a 22 .... a n2 ).(b12 b22 .... bn2 )
ai
Du "=" xy ra = Const (i = 1, n )
bi
Nu bi = 0 xem nh ai = 0
2.5. Bt ng thc Bernonlly :
Vi a 0 : (1+a)n 1+na n N.
Du "=" xy ra a = 0.
Mt s Bt ng thc n gin thng gp c suy ra t bt
ng thc (A+B)2 0.
a. a2 + b2 2ab
b. (a + b)2 4ab
c. 2( a2 + b2 ) (a + b)2
a b
d. 2
b a
1 1 4
e. b a a b

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - 6

HSP H Ni
 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS

II. Mt s
phng php c bn
gii bi ton cc tr i s

Phng php 01
( S dng php bin i ng nht )

Bng cch nhm, thm, bt, tch cc hng t mt cch hp l, ta bin i biu thc
cho v tng cc biu thc khng m (hoc khng dng) v nhng hng s . T :
1. tm Max f(x,y,...) trn min |D ta ch ra :
f ( x, y...) M
sao cho f(x0,y0,...) = M
( x 0 , y 0 ....) | R
2. tm Min f(x,y,...) trn min |D ta ch ra :
f ( x, y...) m
sao cho f(x0,y0,...) = m
( x 0 , y 0 ....) | R
I. Cc vi d minh ho :
1. V d 1 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca A1 = x2 + 4x + 7
Gii :
Ta c : A1 = x2 + 4x + 7 = x2 + 4x + 4x + 3 = (x + 2)2 + 3 3 v (x + 2)2 0.
A1 min = 3 x + 2 = 0 x = -2
Vy A1 min = 3 x = -2
2. V d 2 : Tm gi tr ln nht ca A2 = -x2 + 6x - 15
Gii :
2 2
Ta c : A2 = -x + 6x - 15 = - (x - 6x + 9) - 6
A2 = - (x - 3)2 - 6 - 6 do -(x - 3)2 0 x |R
A2 max = - 6 x - 3 = 0 x = 3
Vy A2 max = - 6 x = 3
3. V d 3 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca A3 = (x-1)(x-4)(x-5)(x-8)+2002
Gii :
Ta c : A3 = (x-1)(x-4)(x-5)(x-8)+2002
= (x-1) (x-8) (x-4) (x-5) + 2002
= (x2-9x + 8) (x2 - 9x + 20) + 2002
= {(x2-9x + 14) - 6}.{(x2-9x + 14) + 6} + 2002
= (x2-9x + 14)2 - 36 + 2002
= (x2-9x + 14)2 + 1966 1966 v (x2-9x + 14)2 0 x
x 2
A3 min = 1966 x2-9x + 14 = 0
x 7
Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 7
 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
Vy A3
min = 1966
x 2

x 7
2 x 2 10 x 1
4. V d 4 : Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc A4 = ( x 1)
x 2 2x 1
Gii :
2 2
2 x 10 x 1 2( x 2 x 1) 6( x 1) 9 6 9
Ta c: A4 = 2
2
2
x 2x 1 ( x 1) x 1 ( x 1) 2
2 2
3 3
= -
1 3 3 v -

1 0 x
x 1 x 1
3
A4 Max = 3 1 0 x = -2
x 1
Vy : A4 Max = 3 x = -2
x y
5. V d 5 : Tm gi tr ln nht ca A5 = x y vi x,y>0
y x
Gii :
x y x x y y x y y x x( x y ) y( x y )
Ta c:A 5 = x y=
y x xy xy
( x y ).(x y) ( x y ) 2 .( x y )
A5 = = 0 x,y > 0
xy xy
A 5 min = 0 x y 0 x = y
Vy : A5 min = 0 x = y > 0
6. V d 6 : Cho x,y 0 v x + y = 1 .
Tm gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca A6 = x2 + y2.
Gii :
Do x; y 0 v x + y = 1 0 x;y 1 x2 x, y2 y
x 0 x 1
A6 = x2 + y2 x + y = 1 A6 max = 1 hoc
y 1 y 0
Mt khc : x + y = 1 (x + y)2 = 1 1 = x2 + 2xy + y2 (x2+y2)-(x-y)2
1 1 1
A6 = x2+y2 = ( x y ) 2 do (x - y)2 0
2 2 2
1 1
A6 min = x - y = 0 x = y =
2 2
x 0 x 1
Vy : A6 max = 1 ;
y 1 y 0
1 1
A6 min = x=y=
2 2
7. V d 7 : Tm gi tr ln nht ca A7 = xy + yz + zx - x2-y2-z2
Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 8
 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
Gii :
Ta c : A7
1
= xy + yz + zx - x2-y2-z2 = - (2x2+2y2+2z2-2xy-2yz-2xz)
2
1
A7 = - {(x-y)2 + (y-z)2 + (z-x)2} 0 x,y,z
2
A7 Max = 0 x = y = z
Vy : A7 Max = 0 x = y = z
II. Nhn xt:
Phng php gii ton cc tr i s bng cch s dng cc php bin i ng nht c
p dng cho nhiu bi tp, nhiu dng bi tp khc nhau. Song i khi hc sinh thng
gp kh khn trong cng vic bin i t c mc ch. Vy cn nhng phng php
no; cng phng php va nu trn gip hc sinh nhanh chng tm ra li gii. Trc
ht ta gii mt s bi ton sau cng suy ngm.
III. Cc bi tp ngh :
1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca cc biu thc sau :
a. A = x2 - 10x + 20
b. B = (x-1)2 + (x-3)2
3x 2 8 x 6
c. C = 2 (x 1)
x 2x 1
d. D = x3 + y3 + xy bit x + y = 1
4( x y xy )
e. E = vi x,y > 0
x y 2 xy
2. Tm gi tr ln nht ca cc biu thc :
a. A = - x4 + 2x3 - 3x2 + 4x + 2002
x2 2 7 x 2 74 x 196
b. B= 2 ; C=
x 1 x 2 10 x 25
x2 4x 6
3. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca A = 2
x 2x 3

Phng php 02 :
( S dng cc bt ng thc c bn )

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 9

 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
Ta bit
rng : T mt
bt ng thc, bng cch chuyn v bao gi ta cng a v 1 bt ng thc c bn v cc php
bin i tng ng m mt v l hng s. V vy : S dng cc bt ng thc c bn v cc
php bin i tng ng ta c th tm c cc tr ca 1 biu thc no .
I. Cc v d minh ho :
1
1. V d 1 : Cho a > b > 0. Tm GTNN ca B1 = a +
b ( a b)
Gii :
1 1 b(a b)
Ta c : B1 = a + = b + (a-b) + 3. 3 (theo Csi).
b ( a b) b ( a b) b.(a b)
1 a 2
B1 3 B1 min = 3 b = a-b =
b ( a b) b 1
a 2
Vy : B1 min = 3
b 1
1 1
2. V d 2 : Cho a,b > 0 v a + b = 1 . Tm GTNN ca B2 = + 2 2
ab a b
Gii :
1 1 1
Theo bt ng thc Csi : (x + y)( ) 2 x. y . 2 = 4 (vi x,y > 0)
x y xy
1 1 4
(1)
x y x y
ab 2 1 1
Ta c : ab ( ) = 4 (2) do a+b = 1 ; a,b > 0
2 4 ab
p dng bt ng thc (1) v kt qu (2) ta c :
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 4
B2 = 2 2
2 2
( 2 2
)
ab a b 2ab a b 2ab 2ab a b 2 2ab a 2 b 2
4 1
B2 2 + 2
6 do a + b = 1 B2min = 6 a = b =
( a b) 2
1
Vy : B2min = 6 a = b =
2
3. V d 3 : Cho xy + xz + yz = 4 . Tm GTNN ca B3 = x4 + y4 + z4
Gii :
Do xy + xz + yz = 4 16 = (xy + xz + yz)2 (x2+y2+z2) (x2+y2+z2)
(Theo Bunhiacpxki) 16 (x2+y2+z2)2 (x4 + y4 + z4) (12+12+12)
16 16 2 3
B3 = x4 + y4 + z4 B3min = x=y=z=
3 3 3
16 2 3
Vy : B3min = x=y=z=
3 3

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 10

 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
4. V d 4 : Cho
|a| 1; |b| 1 v |
a+ b| = 3
Tm GTLN ca B4 = 1 a 2 1 b 2
Gii :
2
2 a2 b2 a b
Ta c : (a-b) 0 a;b (1)
2 2
p dng (1) ta c :
2
1 a2 1 b2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 a 1 b 2 (a b ) 1 a b
2 2 2 2

2 2
a2 b2 a b 3 3
Do
(do | a + b| = 3 )
2 2 2 4
2
1 a 2 1 b2
1 - 3 = 1 ( 1 a 2 1 b 2 1)
2 4 4

3
B4 = 1 a 2 1 b 2 1 B4Max = 1 a = b =
2
3
Vy : B4Max = 1 a = b =
2
5. V d 5 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca B6 = | x + 7| + | x - 1995|
Gii :
Ta c : |x| + |y| | x + y| du "=" xy ra x,y 0
Do vy : B6 = | x + 7| + | x - 1995| = | x + 7| + | 1995 - x | |x+7 + 1995 - x| = 2002
B6Min = 2002 (x + 7). (1995 - x) 0 -7 x 1995
Vy : B6Min = 2002 -7 x 1995
6. V d 6 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc.
B7 = | x + 2000| + | x + y + 4| + |2x + y - 6|
Gii :
Ta c : B7 = | x + 2000| + | x + y + 4| + |2x + y - 6|
B7 = | x + 2000| + | x + y + 4| + |6 - (2x + y)|
B7 | x + 2000 + x + y + 4 + 6 - 2x - y| = 2010
B7min = 2010 (x + 2000); (x + y + 4) ; (6 - 2x + y) cng du
Vy : B7min = 2010
7. V d 7 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca
B = (1 + x2y + xy2)2001 - 2001 xy (x+y) + 2001 vi x2y + xy2 0
Gii :
Theo BT Becnully ta c : (1 + x2y + xy2)2001 1 + 2001 (x2y + xy2)
B (1 + x2y + xy2)2001- 2001 xy (x+y) + 2001 1+2001.xy(x+y) - 2001xy(x+y) + 2001.
Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 11
 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
B
2002 B min =
x 0
2002 xy(x+y) = 0 y 0
x y

x 0
Vy : B min = 2002 y 0
x y

8. V d 8 : Cho xyz = 1 v x + y + z = 3.
Tm GTNN ca B8 = x16 + y16 + z16
Gii :
Cch 1 :
Ta c : (a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2 0 a,b,c
a2 + b2 + c2 ab + ac + bc (1)
p dng bt ng thc (1) ta c :
B8 = x16 + y16 + z16 = (x8)2 + (y8)2 + (z8)2 x8y8 + y8z8 + z8x8
B8 x8y8 + y8z8 + z8x8
B8 (x4y4)2 + (y4z4)2 + (z4x4)2 x4y4. y4z4+ x4y4. z4x4 + y4z4. z4x4
B8 x4y8z4 + x8y4z4 + x4y4z8
B8 (x2y4z2)2 + (x4y2z2)2 + (x2y2z4)2 x6y6z4 + x6y4z6 + x4y6z6
B8 (x3y3z2)2 + (x2y3z3)2 + (x3y2z3)2 x5y6z5 + x6y5z5 + x5y5z6
B8 (xyz)5.x + (xyz)5.y + (xyz)5.z = x + y + z = 3
(do xyz = 1 v x + y + z = 3)
B8min = 3 x = y = z = 1
Cch 2: (Khng s dng gi thit xyz = 1)
p dng bt ng thc bunhiacpxki nhiu ln ta c :
3 = x + y + z 9 = (x+ y + z)2 (x2 + y2 + z2).3
3 (x2 + y2 + z2) 9 (x2 + y2 + z2)2 (x4 + y4 + z4).3
3 x4 + y4 + z4 9 (x4 + y4 + z4)2 (x8 + y8 + z8).3
3 x8 + y8 + z8 9 (x8 + y8 + z8)2 (x16 + y16 + z16).3
B8 = x16 + y16 + z16 3 . B8min = 3 x = y = z = 1
Vy : B8min = 3 x = y = z = 1
II. Nhn xt :
R rng khi p dng mt s bt ng thc c bn, bi ton c gii quyt nhanh hn.
Song vic vn dng bt ng thc no thun li cn tu thuc vo gi thit bi ton v s
vn dng linh hot cc bt ng thc . Mt vn t ra l : Hai phng php va nu
Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 12
 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
vn cha
gii
quyt c ht cc bi ton cc tr i s THCS. Chnh v l nhu cu phi c nhng
phng php khc ti u hn v thc hin c yu cu bi ton. Trc khi i nghin cu
phng php 03. Chng ta cng nghin cu mt s bi tp sau :
III. Mt s bi tp ngh :
1. Cho a,b,c > 0 v a + b + c = 1
1 1 1
Tm GTNN ca A = (1+ ) (1+ ) (1+ )
a b c
2. Cho a,b, > 0 v a + b = 1
2 3
Tm GTNN ca B = 2
ab a b2
3. Cho a,b,c > 0
a b c
a) Tm GTNN ca C =
bc ca ab
a b c bc ca ab
b) Tm GTNN ca D =
bc ca ab a b c
3
4. Cho x,y,z v x + y + z = 1
4
Tm GTLN E = 4x 3 4 y 3 4z 3
5. Cho a,b,c 0 v a + b + c = 1
Tm GTLN ca F = a b a c b c
4
6. Cho 0 x . Tm GTLN ca G = 4x2 - 3x3
3
7. Cho 0 x 3 ; Cho 0 y 4. Tm GTLN H = (3-x).(4-y).(2x+3y)
8. Cho x,y,z,t 0 v 2x + xy + z + yzt = 1
Tm GTLN ca I = x2y2z2.t
9. Cho x,y,z,t 0 v xt + xy + z + yzt = 1
Tm GTLN ca K = xyzt
10. Tm GTNN ca M = | x-2 | + | y-3 | + | x+y-2007 |

Phng php 03 :

( S dng phng php t bin ph )

Bng cch t bin ph v s dng cc php bin i tng ng. S dng cc bt ng

thc c bn ta c th chuyn bin thc cho v biu thc n gin hn, d xc nh cc tr
hn.
Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 13
 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
I. Cc v
d minh ho :
1. V d 1: Tm GTNN ca C1 = x4 + 6x3 + 13x2 + 12x + 12

Gii :
4 3 2
C1 = x + 6x + 13x + 12x + 12
C1 = ( x4 + 6x3 + 19x2 + 30x + 25) - 6 (x2 + 3x + 5) + 17
C1 = (x2 + 3x + 5)2 - 6 (x2 + 3x + 5) + 17
t : x2 + 3x + 5 = a
C1 = a2 - 6a + 17 = a2 + 6a + 9 + 8
C1 = (a-3)2 + 8 8 do (a-3)2 0 a.
x 1
C1min = 8 a - 3 = 0 a = 3 x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
y 2
x 1
Vy : C1min = 8
y 2
x2 y2 x y
2. V d 2: Tm GTNN ca C2 = 2. 2
- 5 6 vi x,y > 0
y x2 y x

Gii :
2
x y x2 y
t : = a 2 2 2 = a2 - 2
y x y x
C2 = 2.( a2 - 2) - 5a + 6 = 2a2 - 5a + 2
Ta thy : a 2 C2 = 2a2 - 5a + 2 0
C2min = 0 a = 2 x = y > 0
Vy : C2min = 0 x = y > 0

x y x y
3. V d 3: Tm GTNN ca C3 = - 3 3 + 2004 vi x,y>0
y x y x

Gii :
x y
t : =a2
y x
x y
= a2 - 2
y x
Khi : C3 = (a2 - 2) - 3a + 2004
C3 = a2 - 3a + 2004 = a2 - 3a + 2 + 2002
C3 = (a-1) (a-2) + 2000
Do ta c : a 2 a - 1> 0 ; a - 20 (a-1) (a-2) 0

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 14

 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
C3 =
(a-1) (a-2) +
2000 2000
C3 min = 2000 a = 2 x = y ; xy > 0
Vy C3 min = 2000 x = y v xy > 0
4. V d 4: Cho x,y,z > 0
x y z
Tm GTNN ca C4 =
y z x z x y
Gii :
t : a = y z ; b= x z ; c= x y
abc
x y z =
2
abc abc abc
x ; y ; z
2 2 2
abc a bc abc
Khi : C4 =
2 2 2
1 a b b c a c
C4 = ( ) ( ) ( ) 3
2 b a c b c a
a b a c b c
Theo Csi vi a,b,c >0 ta c : 2 ; 2; 2
b a c a c b
1 3
C4 (2 2 2 3)
2 2
3
C4min = a = b = c x = y = z > 0.
2
3
Vy C4min = x = y = z > 0.
2
( x 2 y 2 )(1 x 2 y 2 )
5. V d 5: Tm GTLN, GTNN ca C5 =
(1 x 2 ) 2 (1 y 2 ) 2

Gii :
2
(a b) ( a b) 2
Ta c : a.b (1) a,b v ab (2) a,b
4 4
x2 y2 1 x2 y2
t : a v b
(1 x 2 )(1 y 2 ) (1 x 2 )(1 y 2 )
Khi : C5 =a.b
( a b) 2 ( a b) 2
Theo (1) v (2) ta c : - C5 = ab
4 4
2 2
1 x2 y2 1 x2 y2 1 x2 y2 1 x2 y2
- C 5
4 (1 x 2 )(1 y 2 ) 4 (1 x 2 )(1 y 2 )

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 15

 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
-

2 2
1 ( x 2 1)(1 y 2 ) 1 ( x 2 1)(1 y 2 )
C 5
4 (1 x 2 )(1 y 2 ) 4 (1 x 2 )(1 y 2 )
2 2
1 x2 1 1 1 y2
- . 2 C5 .
4 x 1 4 1 y 2
2 2 2
x2 1
1 y
Ta c : 0 2
1 ; 0 1
2
x 1 1 y
2 2
1 1 x2 1 1 1 y 2 1
Do : 2 C5
2
4 4 x 1 4 1 y 4
1
C5min = (x2 - 1)2 = (x2 + 1)2 x = 0
4
1
C5max = (1 - y2)2 = (1 + y2)2 y = 0
4
1
Vy : C5min = x = 0
4
1
C5max = y = 0
4
II. Cc bi tp ngh :
1
1. Tm GTNN ca A = x2 + 4 - x + 2
x x 1
3 50
2. Tm GTLN ca B = a 1 2a 3 50 3a vi a ;
2 3
1 1 1
3. Cho a - ; b - ; c - v a+ b + c = 1
2 2 2
Tm GTLN ca C = 2a 1 2b 1 2c 1
x2 y2 x y
4. Cho x,y > 0. Tm GTNN ca D = 2
2
3 4
y x y x

Phng php 04 :
( S dng biu thc ph )

tm cc tr ca 1 biu thc no , i khi ngi ta xt cc tr ca 1 biu thc khc c

th so snh c vi n, nu biu thc ph d tm cc tr hn.

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 16

 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
V d :
tm cc tr ca
1
biu thc A vi A > 0, ta c th xt cc tr ca biu thc : , -A, kA, k + A, |A| , A2
A
(k l hng s).
I. Cc v d minh ho :
x2
1. V d 1: Tm GTLN ca A =
x4 x2 1
Gii :
a) Xt x = 0 A = 0 gi tr ny khng phi l GTLN ca A v vi x 0 ta c A > 0.
1
b) Xt x 0 t P = khi Amax Pmin
A
x4 x2 1 1
vi cch t trn ta c : P = 2
x2 2 1
x x
1 1
ta c : x2 + 2
2 x 2 . 2 2 (theo csi)
x x
P 2 + 1 = 3 Pmin = 3 x = 1
1
Do : Amax = x=1
3
x
2. V d 2: Tm GTNN ca B = vi x > 0
( x 2002) 2
Gii :
t P1 = - B nh vy P1max Mmin
x
Ta c : P1 = vi x > 0 P > 0
( x 2002) 2
1
t P2 = > 0 vi x > 0 khi P2 Min P1 Max
P1
( x 2002) 2 x 2 2.x.2002 2002 2
P2 =
x x
x 2 2.x.2002 2002 2 4.x.2002
P2 =
x
( x 2002) 2
P2 = 4.2002 4.2002 8008
x
( x 2002) 2
(do 0 x > 0)
x
P2 Min = 8008 x = 2002
1
P1 Max = x = 2002
8008
1
BMin = - x = 2002
8008

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 17

 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
Vy BMin
1
= - x
8008
= 2002
3. V d 3: Cho a,b,c dng v a + b + c = 3
Tm GTLN ca C = 5a 4b 5b 4c 5c 4a
Gii :
Do a,b,c > 0 C > 0
t : P = C2 khi PMax CMax

Ta c : P = ( 5a 4b 5b 4c 5c 4a )2
P (12 + 12 + 12) (5a + 4b + 5b + 4c + 5c + 4a) theo Bunhiacpxki
P 3.9(a + b + c) = 81 do a + b + c = 3
PMax = 81 a = b = c = 1
2
C Max = 81 a = b = c = 1
CMax = 9 a = b = c = 1
Vy CMax = 9 a = b = c = 1
4. V d 4: Cho x, y, z, t > 0
x yt y tx t x y
Tm GTNN ca D =
yt x tx y x y t
Gii :
t P = 2D ta c :
2 x 2( y t ) 2y 2(t x) 2t 2( x y )
P=
yt x tx y x y t
2x y t 2y t x 2t x y 3 yt t x xt
P=
yt 2x t x 2y x y 2t 2 x y t
2x y t 2y t x 2t x y 3 y t t x x y
P=
yt 2x t x 2y x y 2t 2 x x y y t t
3
P 2 + 2 + 2 + .6 (theo csi)
6
P 15 PMin = 15 x = y = t > 0
15
DMin = x=y=t
2
15
Vy DMin = x=y=t
2
5. V d 5: Cho x, y > 0 v 7x + 9y = 63 Tm GTLN ca E = x.y
Gii :
t : P = 63.E ta c :

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 18

 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
P =
63xy = 7x.9y
2
7x 9 y
(theo csi)
2
2
63 3969 3969
P = PMax =
2 4 4
9
x
63
Du "=" xy ra 7x = 9y = 2
2 y 7
2
3969 63 x 4,5
EMax = : 63 =
4 4 y 3,5
6. V d 6 : Cho x2 + y2 = 52 Tm GTLN ca F = 2x + 3y
Gii :
Xt : P1 = |F| khi P1 = |2x + 3y|
t : P2 = P12 khi P2 = (2x + 3y)2
Theo Bunhiacpxky : P2 (4 + 9) (x2 + y2) = 13.13.4
x 4 x 4
P2 Max = 13.13.4 hoc
y 6 y 6
P1 Max = 26
Do F |F| = P
x 4
FMax = 26
y 6
x 4
Vy FMax = 26
y 6
7. V d 7: Cho x,y > 0
x4 y4 x2 y2 x y
Tm GTNN ca G = 4
4 2 2
y x y x y x
Gii :
t : P = G - 2 ta c :
x4 y4 x2 y2 x y
P= 4
4 2 2 -2
y x y x y x
x4 x2 y4 y2 x2 x y y2 x y
P = 4
2. 2
1

4
2. 2
1

2
2 . . 2 2
y y x x y y x x y x
2 2 2
x2 y2 x y ( x y) 2
P = 2 1 2 1 0
y x y x xy
PMin = 0 x = y > 0
Vy GMin = 2 x = y > 0

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 19

 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
II. Cc
bi tp ngh
:
1. Cho x,y, z > 0 v x2 + y2 + z2 = 1
xy yz zx
Tm GTNN ca A
z x y
2. Cho x 0.
x8 x 4 1
Tm GTNN ca B =
x4
3. Cho x 0
x8
Tm GTLN ca C =
x 16 x8 1
4. Cho a2 + b2 + c2 = 1
Tm GTLN ca D = a + 2b + 3c
5. Cho a,b > 0 v a + b = 2
4 4
Tm GTNN ca E = 1 2 1 2
a b
6. Cho a, b, c, d > 0
ab bc cd d a
Tm GTNN ca F =
bcd cd a d ab abc
7. Cho a,b |R
Tm GTNN ca G = a 2 (1 b) 2 b 2 (1 a) 2

Phng php 05 :
( Phng php min gi tr )

Trong mt s trng hp c bit, biu thc i s cho ch c th c mt hoc hai

bin s v a c v dng tam thc bc 2 th ta c th s dng kin thc v min gi tr ca
hm s gii v thy rt hiu qu.
ng li chung l :

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 20

 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
Gii s ta
phi tm cc tr
ca hm s f(x) c min gi tr D. Gi y l mt gi tr no ca f(x) vi x D. iu ny c
ngha l iu kin phng trnh f(x) = y c nghim. Sau gii iu kin phng trnh
f(x)=y c nghim (x l bin, coi y l tham s).
Thng a n biu thc sau : m yM
T Min f(x) = m vi x D.
Max f(x) = M vi x D.
I. Cc v d minh ho :
1. V d 1: Tm GTNN ca f(x) = x2 + 4x + 5
Gii :
Gi y l mt gi tr ca f(x) .
Ta c : y = x2 + 4x + 5
x2 + 4x + 5 - y = 0 (c nghim)
' = 4 - 5 + y 0
y1
Vy f(x) Min = 1 x = -2
2. V d 2:
Tm GTLN ca f(x) = - x2 + 2x - 7
Gii :
Gi y l mt gi tr ca f(x) .
Ta c : y = - x2 + 2x - 7
x2 - 2x + y + 7 (c nghim)
' = 1 - y - 1 0
y-6
Vy f(x)Max = -6 x = 1
x 2 4x 6
3. V d 3: Tm GTLN, GTNN ca f(x) =
x 2 2x 3
Gii :
Gi y l mt gi tr ca f(x) .
x 2 4x 6
Ta c : y = 2
yx2 + 2yx + 3y - x2 - 4x - 6 = 0
x 2x 3
(y - 1)x2 + 2 (y - 2).x + 3y - 6 = 0 (c nghim)
3
* Nu y = 1 x = -
2
* Nu y 1 ' = (y - 2)2 + (3y - 6)(1 - y) 0
y2 - 4y + 4 - 3y2 + 3y + 6y - 6 0
- 2y2 + 5y + 2 0

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 21

 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
1
y
2
2
1
Ta thy : <1<2
2
1
Do vy : f(x) Min = x = -3
2
f(x) Max = 2 x = 0
4. V d 4 :
x 2 2x 6
Tm GTNN ca f(x) =
x 2 2x 1
Gii :
Gi y l mt gi tr ca f(x) .
x 2 2x 6
Ta c : y=
x 2 2x 1
yx2 + 2yx + y - x2 - 2x - 6 = 0
(y - 1)x2 - 2(y + 1)x + y - 6 = 0 (c nghim)
5
* Nu y = 1 x = -
4
* Nu y 1 ' = (y + 1)2 - (y - 1)(y - 6) 0
y2 + 2y + 1 - y2 + 6y + y - 6 0
9y - 5 0
5
y
9
5 5 7
Do < 1 nn ta c YMin = x=-
9 9 2
5 7
Vy f(x) Min = x = -
9 2
x2 2
5. V d 5: Tm GTLN ca f(x) =
x2 1
Gii :
Gi y l mt gi tr ca f(x).
x2 2
Ta c : y= yx2 + y - x2 - 1 = 0
x2 1
(y - 1)x2 + y - 2 = 0
(y - 1)x2 = 2 - y (c nghim)
* Nu y = 1 Phng trnh v nghim
2 y
* Nu y 1 x2 = (1)
y 1

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 22

 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
(1) c
2 y
nghim
y 1
01<y<2
YMin = 2 x = 0
Vy f(x) Max = 2 x = 0
II. Cc bi tp ngh :
1. Tm GTNN ca :
3 5 2x
a) A = 5x2 + x + 7 ; b) B = 2
; c) C = 2
4x 4x 7 x 4 4x
2. Tm GTLN ca :
11 7 x 2 74 x 196
a) A = -x2 + x + 2 ; b) B = ; c) C =
x 2 4 x 18 x 2 10 x 25
3. Tm GTLN v GTNN ca :
x2 x 1 4x 3 8 x 2 6 xy
a) A = ; b) B = 2 ; c) C =
2
x 1 x 1 x2 y2
Phng php 06 :
( Phng php xt tng khong gi tr )

C nhiu bi ton nu ta ch s dng cc php bin i tng ng, cc bt ng thc c

bn phng php i bin hay biu thc ph, thm ch ngay c khi s dng phng php min
gi tr hm s, vic tm cc tr vn gp rt nhiu kh khn c khi khng th tm c. Nhng
khi ta bit cch xt tng khong hp l (c s d on) th vic tm c cc tr tr nn n
gin.
I. Cc v d minh ho :
1. V d 1:
Cho m, n N*. Tm GTNN ca A = |36m - 5m|
Gii :
m
Do m N* 36 c ch s tn cng l 6
n N* 5m c ch s tn cng l 5
V vy : Nu 36m > 5m th A c ch s tn cng l 1
Nu 5m > 36m th A c ch s tn cng l 9
a) Xt A = 1 ta c : 36m - 5m = 1 (khng xy ra) v
(36m - 1) : 7 cn 5m :7
b) Xt A = 9 ta c : 5m - 36m = 9 (khng xy ra) v
(5m - 36m) : 9 cn 9 : 9
c) Xt A = 11 , xy ra , chng hn m = 1, n = 2
Vy AMin = 11 m = 1; n = 2
Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 23
 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS

n2
2. V d 2: Cho m N* . Tm gi tr ln nht ca B =
2n
Gii :
1
Vi n = 1 ta c : B = <1
2
Vi n = 2 ta c : B = 1
9
Vi n = 3 ta c : B = >1
8
Vi n = 4 ta c : B = 1
25
Vi n = 5 ta c : B = <1
32
36 9
Vi n = 6 ta c : B = <1
64 16
.................................................................................
Ta d on rng vi n 5, n N th B < 1
Tht vy : Ta chng minh d on bng phng php quy np.
n2
a) Gi s n 5, n N ta c B = < 1 (*)
2n
Ta cn phi chng minh cng thc (*) ng vi (n+1) ngha l phi chng minh :
(n 1) 2
1 (n + 1)2 < 2n+1 (1)
2 n 1
T (*) ta c : n2 < 2n 2n2 < 2n+1 (2)
chng minh (1) ta chng minh (n + 1)2 < 2n2
n2 + 2n + 1 < 2n2 n2 - 2n - 1 > 0 (n - 1)2 - 2 > 0 (ng v 5)
n2
b) Kt lun : B = <1 n 5, n N*
2n
9
Vy Bmax = n=3
8
3. V d 3: Cho a, b, c, d N* v a + b = c + d = 20
ab
Tm GTNN v GTLN ca T =
ac bd
Gii :
1 c d
Do T 0 nn t P =
T b a
Nh vy : TMin PMax TMax PMin
Do a, b, c, d N* v a + b = c + d = 20 1 a, b, c, d 19
c b cd 20
* Xt a = b = 10 lc P = 2
10 10 10 10
* Xt b < a (trng hp b > a tng t)
Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 24
 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS

b < 10 < a hay 1 b 19 ; 11 a 19

1
a) Trc ht ta tm TMin = PMax = 19 +
19
Ta xt 3 trng hp sau :
a1) 1 b < 10 = c = d < a 19
c d 10 10 10
Khi : P = 1 11
b a b a 1
c d 19
a2) 1 c b < 10 < a d 19. Khi : P = 1 3
b a 11
19
a3) 1 d b < 10 < a c 19Nu b > 1 th P 1 11
2
19 1 1
Nu b = 1 th P 19
1 19 19
1 172
Kt hp c 3 trng hp ta thy PMax = 19
19 19
19
Do TMin = a =19, b = 1 , c = 19 , d = 1
172
b) By gi ta tm TMax = PMin vi 1 b 9 ; 11 a 19
c d c 20 c 1 1 20
P= c
b a b a b a a
1 1 1 1
Ta c : 0 ; t A =
b a b a
20
Ta c : P = A.C +
a
V A > 0 nn PMin vi C = 1
1 1 20 1 19 1 19
* Xt P =
b a a b a b 20 b
1 19
t Pb =
b 20 b
* Xt Pb+1 - Pb : 1 b 9 ; b N
18b 2 58b 380
Pb+1 - Pb =
b(b 1)(19 b)(20 b)
Ta c : b(1 + 1)(19 - b)(20 - b) > 0 1b9,bN
2
Do vy : Xt t = 18b + 58b - 380 (*)
29 7681
Nghim dng to ca (*) l t =
18
Ta c bng xt du :
29 7681 29 7681
b - +
18 18
Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 25
 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS

t + 0 - 0 +

Vi 0 < b < bo th t < 0 Pb+1 < Pb

b > bo th t > 0 Pb+1 > Pb
Lun lun chng minh c 3 < bo < 4
1 19 23
Xt P3 = 1
3 7 51
P3 > P4
7 7
P4 = 1 1
16 16
23 16
Nn : a = 16 , b = 4, c = 1, d = 19 th PMin = Tmax
16 23
16 19
Vy : TMax = ; TMin =
23 172
II. Cc bi tp ngh :
1. Tm GTNN ca A = |11m - 5m| vi m,n N*
2. Cho a, b, c, d N* v a + b = c + d = 1000.
a b
Tm GTLN ca B =
c d
3. Cho m, n N v 1 m ; n 1981 v (n2 - mn - m2)2 = 1
Tm GTLN ca C = m2 + n2
Phng php 07: ( Phng php hnh hc )

Trong cc bi ton xt cc tr ca biu thc i s nu biu thc dng l tng hiu ca

cn bc hai ca cc tam thc th ta c th a bi ton xt cc tr ca cc biu thc i s sang
xt di ca cc on thng bng vic chn cc im c to thch hp cha cc on thng
.
L thuyt cn vn dng.
+ Nu A(x1, y1); B (x2, y2) AB = ( x1 x 2 ) 2 ( y1 y 2 ) 2
+ Vi 3 im M, A, B bt k ta c :
|MA - MB| AB MA + MB
Cc v d minh ha.
1.V d 1: Cho f(x) = x 2 4 x 5 x 2 10 x 50

Hy tm gi tr ln nht ca f(x) .
Gii :

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 26

 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS

Ta c : f(x) = ( x 2) 2 1 ( x 5) 2 25

Chn trong mt phng to 3 im : A (2,1); B(5, 5); M (x, 0)

Ta c : MA = ( x 2) 2 12 ;MB = ( x 5) 2 5 2
AB = 3 2 4 2 25 5
Mt khc ta c : |MA - MB| AB
hay | ( x 2) 2 12 - ( x 5) 2 5 2 | 5
Vy gi tr ln nht ca f(x) = 5
khi v ch khi 3 im M, A, B thng hng.
4 5
Ta li c phng trnh ca ng thng qua A v B l : d = x
3 3
5
d ct ox ti M ( ; 0)
4
5
Vy gi tr ln nht ca f(x) = 5 t ti x =
4
2. V d 2:
Cho f(x) = 5 x 2 20 5 x 2 32 x 64 5 x 2 40 x 100 5 x 2 8 x 16
Tm gi tr nh nht ca f(x) (1)

Gii :
Ta c : 5 x 2 20 ( x 4) 2 ( 2 x 2) 2

5 x 2 40 x 100 x 2 (2 x 10) 2
Chn A (4 , -2) ; B(x , 2x) ; C (0, 10)
AB = ( x 4) 2 (2 x 2) 2 ; BC = x 2 (2 x 10) 2 ; AC = 4 10
Ta c : AB + BC AC
5 x 2 20 + 5 x 2 40 x 100 4 10 (2)
Ta li c : 5 x 2 32 x 64 x 2 (2 x 8) 2

5 x 2 8 x 16 ( x 4) 2 (2 x) 2
chn D (x, 8); E (0, 2x) ; F (x-4, 0)
DE = x 2 (2 x 8) 2 ; EF = ( x 4) 2 (2 x) 2 ; DF = 4 5
ta c : DE + EF DF
x 2 (2 x 8) 2 ( x 4) 2 (2 x) 2 4 5 (3)
Cng (2) v (3) ta c :
VT 4( 5 + 10 )

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 27

 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS
VT =
4( 5 + 10 ) khi
v ch khi

A,B,C thng hng PT ng thng i qua AB nhn C (0, 10) l nghim

D,E,F thng hng PT ng thng i qua DE nhn F (x-4, 0) l nghim

Gii iu kin ta tm c x = 2.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca f(x) = 4 ( 5 + 10 ) ti x = 2.
Nhn xt : Vn dng phng php ny tm cc tr ca biu thc, i hi ngi gii
phi rt tinh t khi chn im tho mn nhng yu cu bi ton.
Bi tp tham kho :
Bi 1 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca f(x) = x 2 2 x 5 x 2 2 x 10
Bi 2 : Tm gi tr ln nht ca f(x) = 4 x 2 2 x 1 4 x 2 2 x 1

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - HSP H Ni 28

 Mt s phng php c bn giI bi ton cc tr bc THCS

Ng-i thc hin: Nguyn Xun Lp Ton K9 - 3

HSP H Ni