Plasticity Theory 2006 Lecture 4 Plastic flow

PLASTIC FLOW

Sammenheng mellom spenninger og tyninger i det

plastiske omrdet

Fundamentals
I det elastiske omrdet gir Hookes lov forholdet mellom spenning og tyning
1
1 = ( 1 (2 + 3 ) )
E
1
2 = ( 2 (3 + 1 ) )
E
1
3 = ( 3 (1 + 2 ) )
E

P samme mte er det ndvendig definere

tyningene i det plastiske omrdet
Plastiske deformasjoner er
irreversible
vei-avhengig (path dependent)
invariant til hydrostatiske spenninger
konserverer volum
Da plastiske deformasjoner er irreversible
og vei-avhengige m inkrementell
formulering innfres
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Plasticity Theory 2006 Lecture 4 Plastic flow

Levy-Mises equations (1)

Assumptions
The elastic strains are negligible: ideal plastic solid
The material is isotropic

Yielding in uniaxial tension Constancy of volume + isotropy

1 0, 2 = 3 = 0 1
d1 + d 2 + d3 = 0 d 2 = d 3 = d1
2
m = 1 ,
3 Combining the equations
21
1 = 1 m = , d 2 d 3 1
3 = = = 2 = 3
1 d1 d1 2 1 1
2 = 3 = 0 m =
3 d1 d 2 d3
1
2 = 3 = 1 = =
2 1 2 3

Generalization gives the Levy-Mises equation

Forholdet mellom plastisk
d1 d 2 d3 tyningsinkrement og
= = = d Plastic r
1 2 3 multip
lie deviatorisk spenning er
konstant
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Levy-Mises equations (2)

The Levy-Mises flow rule
1
d1 = d1 = d 1 (1 + 2 + 3 )
3
2 1 2
= d 1 ( 2 + 3 ) 1
d 2 = d2 = d 2 (3 + 1 )
3 3 3 2
2 1 2
= d 1 ( 2 + 3 ) 1
d3 = d3 = d 3 (1 + 2 )
3 2 3 2

Volume constancy during plastic flow requires

d V = d1 + d 2 + d3 = 0

It is straightforward to check that the Levy-Mises flow rule

preserves (bevarer) the volume during plastic deformation
2 1 1 1
d V = d 1 (2 + 3 ) + 2 (3 + 1 ) + 3 (1 + 2 ) = 0
3 2 2 2
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Plasticity Theory 2006 Lecture 4 Plastic flow

Effective strain (1)

The incremental plastic work reads Using the Levy-Mises flow
rule and the expression
dW p = 1d1 + 2 d 2 + 3d3 for the von Mises effective
stress, we get (after some
The effective strain is defined by calculations) d
antar at inkrementelt plastisk 2 e
= d
arbeid kan uttrykkes ved en e 3
effektiv spenning og effektiv
inkrementell tyning The Levy-Mises flow in
terms of the effective
dW p = 1d1 + 2 d 2 + 3d3 = e d e strain increment
or equivalently d e
1
d1 = 1 2 ( 2 + 3 )
1 e
d e = (1d1 + 2 d 2 + 3d3 )
e d 1
d 2 = e 2 (3 + 1 )
e 2
d e 1
d3 = 3 2 (1 + 2 )
e
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Effective strain (2)

The following expressions for the effective plastic strain increment

can now be derived (tedious exercise!)
2 1
(d1 d 2 ) 2 + (d 2 d3 ) 2 + (d3 d1 ) 2 2
d e =
3 1
2 2
d e = ( d12 + d 22 + d32 )
3
The effective (or accumulated) plastic strain is defined by
1
2 2
e = d e = ( d12 + d 22 + d32 )
3

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Plasticity Theory 2006 Lecture 4 Plastic flow

Effective strain (3)

In uniaxial tension, the following relation between the strain

increments exists, due to isotropy and plastic incompressibility
1
d 2 = d3 = d1 and d1 0
2

The effective plastic strain increment in uniaxial tension

1 1
1
2 2 2 3 2
2
2 1
2
de = ( d12 + d 22 + d32 ) = d12 + 2 d1 = d12 = d1
3 3 2 3 2
In uniaxial tension, the effective plastic strain equals the plastic
strain in the direction of the stress
e = 1 ( = p )

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Constitutive relation

In a uniaxial stress state, the stress-strain relation was defined by

= f ( p )

but, in this case, we have the relations

e = & e = p

Thus, in multiaxial stress states, the stress-strain relation, or the

constitutive relation, is defined in terms of the effective stress and
strain, as

e = f ( e )

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Plasticity Theory 2006 Lecture 4 Plastic flow

The plastic parameter

Graphical interpretation of plastic parameter d in the
Levy-Mises flow rule
e
e = f ( e )

2 d 1
d = e
e 3 e tan

de e

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Associated flow rule normality (1)

The von Mises yield criterion may be written in the form
1
1
e = f (1 , 2 , 3 ) = ( 1 2 ) 2 + (2 3 ) 2 + (3 1 ) 2 2 = Y
2
where f is the yield function, which is a function of the stress state.
The partial derivatives of the yield function

f ( 2( 2 ) 2( 3 1 ) )
1

= 1
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 2

1 2 2

( 4 2 2 2 3 ) 1
e 1 2 ( 2 3 )
1
= = +
1

4 e

f 1 1
= 2 (3 + 1 )
2 e 2
f 1 1
= 3 (1 + 2 )
3 e 2

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Plasticity Theory 2006 Lecture 4 Plastic flow

Associated flow rule normality (1)

The partial derivatives of the yield function f are proportional to the
plastic strain increments (Levy-Mises flow rule)
f 1
1 ( 2 + 3 ) d1
1 2
f 1
2 (3 + 1 ) d 2
2 2
f 1
3 (1 + 2 ) d3
3 2

The Levy-Mises flow rule can thus be written as

f f f
d1 = d , d 2 = d , d3 = d
1 2 3

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Associated flow rule normality (2)

Denne formen av flyteregelen kalles

enten
assosiert flyteregel - inkrementell
plastisk tyningsvektor er proporsjonal
med gradienten til flytefunksjonen,
eller
normalitetsregelen - inkrementell
plastisk tyningsvektor er normal p
flata definert av konstante verdier av
flytefunksjonen i spenningsrommet.

(Backofen, 1972)

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Plasticity Theory 2006 Lecture 4 Plastic flow

Flow rules, normality & convexity

2

Y
dp

dp
-Y Y 1

-Y

NB Inkrementelt plastisk arbeid m vre strre eller lik 0 for

plastiske deformasjonsprosesser: dp 0
Bruk av normalitetsprinsippet flyteflata br vre konveks for
unng negativt inkrementelt plastisk arbeid!
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Proportional strain paths

The ratios between the principal strain increments are
constant, and integration leads to
1
2 2
e = ( 12 + 22 + 32 )
3

The total strains are thus given as functions of the

stresses
e
1
1 = 1 2 ( 2 + 3 )
e
1
2 = e 2 (3 + 1 )
e 2
e 1
3 = 3 (1 + 2 )
e 2

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Plasticity Theory 2006 Lecture 4 Plastic flow

Proportional strain paths in plane stress (1)

Principal strains (assuming negligible elastic strains)
1 > 0, 2 = 1 , 3 = (1 + )1
Principal stresses
1 > 0, 2 = 1 , 3 = 0
von Mises yield function
e = 12 1 2 + 22 = 1 + 2 1 = Y
The flow rule
d1 d 2 d3 1 1
= = m = ( 1 + 2 ) = ( 1 + 1 ) = 1 (1 + )
1 2 3 3 3 3
1 1
1 = 1 m = 1 1 (1 + ) = ( 2 )
d1 d 2 d 3 3 3
= =
2 2 1 (1 + ) 2 = 2 m = 1 1 (1 + ) = 1 ( 2 1)
3 3
1 1
3 = 3 m = 0 (1 + ) = (1 + )
3 3
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Proportional strain paths in plane stress (2)

Integration of flow rule
1 2 3
= =
2 2 1 (1 + )
Relations between stress ratio and strain ratio
2 1 2 + 1
= , =
2 2+
Effective (plastic) strain increment
d12 + d 22 + d 32 = d12 + 2 d12 + ( (1 + ) d1 )
2 2
d e = (d12 + d 22 + d32 )
3
(
= d12 1 + 2 + (1 + )
2
) = d (1 +
2
1
2
+ 1 + 2 + 2 )

de =
4
(1 + + 2 ) d1 = 2d12 (1 + + 2 )
3
Integration gives the effective (plastic) strain
4
e = (1 + + 2 ) 1
3
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Plasticity Theory 2006 Lecture 4 Plastic flow

Bibliography

Backofen, W.A., 1972. Deformation Processing. Addison-Wesley,

Reading, Mass.
Dieter, G.E., 1988. Mechanical Metallurgy. McGraw Hill, Singapore.
Khan, A.S., Huang, S., 1995. Continuum Theory of Plasticity. John
Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.

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