XM L GM SI GN XA

Nguyn Th Hu

K t ma xun Mu Dn 1698 khi L Thnh hu Nguyn Hu

Cnh c Cha Nguyn Phc Chu c vo nam kinh lc, ly
t Nng Ni lm ph Gia nh, lp x ng Nai lm huyn
Phc Long, dng dinh Trn Bin, lp x Si Gn n nay
hn 300 nm. Ba trm nm vi bao bin c thng trm, du tch
ca Si Gn xa dn nht phai di lp bi thi gian. Vt i
sao di, y cn lu li mt vi ngi nh, cha miu, lng
m qua sa cha tu b nhiu ln d c lm mt dn nt c
knh nhng phn no cn th hin s lu tm gn gi. Ln theo
s sch v mt vi du tch, chng ti i tm li mt Si Gn
Xa lu nay cha c nhiu ngi bit n. l mt lng
ngh ni ting tng gp phn cho s pht trin ca vng t
ny: Xm L gm.
L trung tm ca lu vc ng nai rng ln v tr ph, Si Gn
Bn Ngh ngay t khi mi hnh thnh sm mang dng v ca
mt th si ng bi hot ng thng nghip v sn xut ca
nhiu ngnh ngh th cng. Khong cui TK XVIII ti y c
62 ty th do nh nc qun l v hng trm phng th trong
dn gian. Nhiu ngnh ngh tp trung trong cc khu vc nht nh
ri xut hin nhng a danh nh Xm Chiu, xm Cm, xm
L Rn, xm Du, xm Ch, xm Vi, xm Bt ring xm L
Gm vn cn li mt s a danh nh ng L Gm - ng
L Siu - ng Xm t bn L gm rch L gm knh L
gm khu l lu thuc khu vc qun 6,8,11 ngy nay. S liu
sm nht ni n ngh lm gm Si Gn xa l sch Gia nh
thnh thng ch ca Trnh Hoi c vit khong nm 1820. on
vit v M trng Giang-knh Rut Nga nh sau: Nguyn xa
t ca Rch Ct ra pha Bc n L Gm c mt ng nc
ng mng tru, ghe thuyn khng i li c.Ma thu nm
Nhm Thn (1772) cho o con knh thng nh rut nga nn
mi t ra tn y. Knh Rut Nga gip cho ghe thuyn i
li gia Si Gn vi min Ty thm thun li. Bn Thnh Gia
nh do Trn Vn Hc v t cui nm 1815 c ghi a danh
Xm L Gm khong lng Ph Lm- Ph nh (ngy nay l khu
vc qun 6 tip gip qun 8). Bi Ph c Gia nh phong cnh
vnh sng tc khong u TK XIX miu t L lng xm L Gm,
chn v v bn c xy tri. Trong 62 ty th tp trung ti Si
Gn lm vic cho nh nc vo cui TKXVIII c cc ty th L
chum, ngi mc, gch mc, l gch
Mt vi ti liu ca Php, tuy tn mn v c phn phin din,
cng phn nh v vic sn xut gm Ch Ln vo cui TK XIX:
Ti Ch Ln c khong 30 l gm tp trung Ha Lc, Ph nh,

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Cy Mai vng Ch Ln sn xut lu v cc gm thng dng
nh chu vm, siu m, ni trch, h khp, c rng vng Cy
Mai c mt l sn xut snh. Cc l ny ly nguyn liu ti ch,
tu cht t m sn xut thnh cc loi sn phm. Mi l gm
hng nm c th sn xut hng trm ngn sn phm. n u TK
XX vn cn nhiu l gm ni ting nh l Tn Di Hng, Qung Di
Thnh, Hip Hng, Bu Nguyn, ng Ha, cc l chuyn sn
xut lu, khp v gia dngTheo Vng Hng Sn th : T khi
lp rch Ch Ln th rch L gm, kinh Vng Thnh khng thng
thng v l gm ch cn st li ci tn trn v khng sn xut
gm na.
T nhng t liu lch s trn v qua kho st thc t c th nhn
bit a bn xm L Gm xa kh rng, gm cc lng Ha Lc
(qun 8), Ph nh-Ph Lm (qun 6), Ph Gio-G Cy Mai
(qun 11) tri di i b knh Rut Nga, knh-rch L Gm.
Nhng con knh ny l tuyn ng giao thng chnh ca khu
vc Si Gn c-nay l Ch Ln: mt vng thp trng chng cht
knh rch ln nh, mi s i li u dng ghe xung. Knh Rut
Nga v rch L Gm cn ni lin rch Ch Ln vi rch Ct (Sa
Giang)v rch Bn Ngh. T ng ba Nh B nc chy chia hai
xung ghe theo rch Bn Ngh v knh Tu H qua knh Rut
Nga ra sng Ct v min Ty. Ngy nay rch Ch Ln khng
cn na, nhiu on rch L Gm bin mt nht l khu vc G
Cy Mai hu nh khng cn du tch con ng thu quan trng
ny. Knh Rut Nga khng cn thng nh tn gi do b bi lp
ln chim hai bn b. Knh L Gm ngy cng cn hp d
no vt nhiu ln Tuy nhin ghe xung vn theo con nc m
xui ngc, d ni y pht trin h thng ng b chng
cht nh mng nhn, d cc lng ngh-ph ngh ven knh rch
khng cn na bit trc y trc y tuyn ng thy
ny quan trng nh th no.
Du tch vt cht ca xm L Gm ngy xa nay ch cn li di tch
l gm Hng Li thuc lng Ha Lc (phng 16 qun 8), nm
ven knh Rut Nga. i din l lng Ph nh cch y vi nm
cn mt s gia nh lm ngh nn ng l bp gm. Di tch l
g ln cha y mnh gm ca cc loi lu, khp, siu, chu...
Cuc khai qut nm 1997-1998 tm thy ti y ph tch 3 l
gm kiu l ng (l Tu) l loi l thng t bu la n ng khi,
dc v hp, nn l c gia c nhiu ln, thnh l p dy bng
ph phm. Cc on vch l cn li c xy bng loi gch ln
chy men dy, lng l cha y mnh sn phm m qua o c
th nhn bit mt s loi sn phm c trng ca l Hng Li. Ba
l gm ny sn xut ni tip nhau trong mt thi gian kh di
nhng c th khng lin tc v l gm ca giai on sau c
xy trn mt phn l c hoc sa cha gia c li l c.
Giai on u khu l ny ch yu sn xut lu cha nc bng
cht liu snh nu, dng thun vo y hoc bu trn, kch thc
kh ln: thng c gi l lu 3 i hay lu 5 i ( mi i
nc-2 thng- khong 40 lt nc). Lu gm lm bng phng

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php nn tay bng di cun kt hp bn dp, bn xoa nn
dy v dng trn u, bn trong vnh ming lu cn du ngn tay
li khi dng tay vut cho vnh ming trn v gn cht vo thn
lu. Trong s hng ngn mnh lu thng k c th mnh np
chim n gn 2/3, cho bit np c sn xut nhiu hn p
ng nhu cu v np hay b v hng khi s dng. Do mnh lu, np
lu nhiu nn khu l ny cn c gi l L Lu. L sn xut lu
ng nc c nin i sm nht khu l ny, khong na sau
th k XVIII. Mnh ph phm ca l lu cn phn b trn mt din
rt rng xung quanh l, o su xung hn 1m vn gp mnh lu
gm.
Chim t l ln nht l mnh cc loi sn phm gm v snh men
nu, men vng hoc khng men. l h, khp, hp, siu, ni c
tay cm di y c in 3 ch Hn Hng Li diu (l Hng
Li). Bn cnh l cc kiu chu bng hnh trn hay lc gic,
bt gic ph men xanh lam hay xanh ng mu men c trng
ca Gm Si Gn. Chu bng phn ln c kch thc nh, hoa
vn in ni trong cc khng men l hoa mai, hoa cc hoc t qu,
bt tin y l sn phm ca giai on th hai, giai on c tn
l Hng Li khong th k XIX. Cc sn phm ny vn dng k
thut nn tay nhng c kt hp khun in, cht liu gm snh nh
la, khng s dng bao nung (hp nung) nhng ph bin cc
loi con k trong vic chng k sn phm trong l nung. c
trng l con k hnh ng c th chng ln nhau to nhiu cao
thp khc nhau nhm tn dng th tch l nung.
Giai on th 3 y sn xut gm s gm cc loi chn, t, a,
ly, cc, mung, m tr, l hng men trng hoa vn men xanh
v men nhiu mu, chai men trng ng Sn phm lm bng
bn xoay, c nhiu loi bao nung cho mt hay nhiu sn phm.
Cc loi gm gia dng tuy n gin v kiu dng nhng c
nhiu kch thc khc nhau, theo thi gian c s khc bit nh
chi tit to dng hay hoa vn. Mt s sn phm c ch Hn nh
Vit li, Kim ngc, Chn hoa xut phm, Nht phin bng tm
cc ch ny khng ph bin trn sn phm, khng c ch Diu
km theo nn chc hn khng phi tn l sn xut m rt c th
l tn ca va gm ln hay ca hng bn gm in ln cc sn
phm m h t l sn xut, tc l giai on ny l sn xut theo
t hng c v s lng v tng loi sn phm. Tnh trng sn
xut theo s t hng ca ch hng l ngi bun bn cho bit
c s chuyn ha gia sn xut v lu thng hng ha khi
nhu cu ca th trng ngy cng a dng v thay i thng
xuyn. Cht liu lm gm l loi t st tng i trng khng c
ti ch m chc phi khai thc t min ng v. Da vo loi
hnh sn phm v tnh cht sn xut ni trn c th nhn thy l
gm ny c nin i khong na u th k XX.
Tuy c ba giai on vi nhng loi sn phm c trng cho tng
giai on nhng k thut sn xut khu l c ny kh thng nht:
Cu trc l gm (loi l ng-l tu), k thut to dng (bn xoay,
in khun), hoa vn, phng php chng l v nung gm, sn

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phm ca hai giai on u (lu, khp, siu, ni c tay cm) u
mang m du n k thut lm gm ca ngi Hoa. Theo nhiu
nh nghin cu, ngun gc ca ngh lm gm mang tnh cht
sn xut hng ha Gia nh-ng Nai l s kt hp ngh gm
ca lu dn ngi Vit vi truyn thng k thut sn xut gm m
ngi Hoa mang vo vng t ny trong bc ng lu lc
kim sng. T khi c cc Cha Nguyn cho vo nh c ti C
Lao Ph, vng Si Gn (c) v ri rc mt s ni khc, ngi Hoa
sinh sng ch yu bng thng nghip v th cng nghip. Ti
C Lao Ph trn sng ng Nai (nay thuc thnh ph Bin Ho)
cng c Rch L Gm, bn Ming Snh m qua kho st, cc loi
sn phm hu nh khng khc bit vi sn phm khu l gm c
Hng Li. Cc phng th lm gm ca ngi Hoa thng gm
nhng ngi ng hng v chuyn sn xut mt vi loi sn
phm: ngi H chuyn lm lu, khp, h men nu v men vng
( men da ln, da b); ngi Tiu (Triu chu) chuyn lm b
bch (khng men) nh siu, ni c tay cm; ngi Qung
(ng) chuyn lm chn, a c men trng hay men nhiu mu
Hin nay truyn thng k thut ny vn ph bin nhng l lu, l
gm khu vc Qun 9-TP.HCM ( nh l Long Trng), Tn
Vn-TP Bin Ha v Li Thiu-Bnh Dng d cc ch l c
th khng phi l ngi Hoa. Cn ni thm rng, cho n nay mt
s dn tc min Nam ( ngi Chm, ngi Khmer) vn bo
lu k thut lm gm c truyn ng Nam l nn tay, khng
dng bn xoay v nung gm ngoi tri, sn phm l gm t
nung t c s thay i v kiu dng, s lng khng nhiu, v vy
sn xut ch mang tnh cht t cung t cp.
i vi ngh lm gm mun tn ti v pht trin th phi c v tr
thun li : l ni c hoc gn ngun nguyn liu, c h thng
ng thu tin cho vic chuyn ch hng ha i nhiu ni, gn
trung tm thng nghip nm bt nhanh nhu cu th trng
Xm L Gm ca Si Gn xa c nhng iu kin thun li :
nguyn liu y thch hp cho vic sn xut cc loi gm gia
dng v gm xy dng. Nht cn th, nh cn giang, lng ngh
ny li gia Si gn - ni tp trung nhiu ph ch nht min
Gia nh khi y: ph x tr mt bun bn sut ngy m, l ni
hi thng thuyn ca cc nc cho nn trm mn hng ha
phi t hi ni y. Nam b khi y l vng t ang trong qu
trnh khai ph nn nhu cu v gm gia dng rt ln, do vy th
trng ca Xm L Gm khng phi ch l Si Gn-Bn Ngh m
cn l c min Ty rng ln. T cui th k XIX qu trnh th
ha din ra Si Gn-Bn Ngh v mt s th t Nam b, sn
phm ca Xm L Gm c thm cc loi hnh mi phc v nhu
cu xy dng, trang tr kin trc ca nh, Cha, Hi qun, ph
ch, cng s, nh Kho st cc di tch c nhiu tnh Nam
b u thy ph bin cc loi gm trang tr, th cng, nhiu di tch
ni ting vi nhng qun th tng trang tr trn mi nh hay
tng th, th trong ni tht Khu l gm G Cy Mai , qua
kho st ca ngi Php cho bit, bn cnh gm gia dng sn
xut gm mang tnh m thut cao nh tng gm trang tr,

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tng th, th, gm ln nh chu king, n c gi
chung l Gm Cy Mai. Khu vc G Cy Mai cng ch l mt
trong nhiu khu l ca Xm L Gm Si Gn xa. V vy, chc
hn khng ch c l Cy Mai sn xut gm trang tr m ngh
m cn c c nhng khu l khc na mi c th p ng nhu cu
rt ln trong giai on cui th k XIX - u th k XX. V vy, c
th nh danh cc loi gm c sn xut vng gm Si Gn
xa - bao gm nhiu khu l, nhiu loi sn phm nhng c sc
nht l gm trang tr m thut - l Gm Si Gn tn gi ch r
a bn sn xut mt lng ngh th cng tng c ghi vo s
sch v truyn tng trong dn gian, ging nh tn gi ca lng
gm Chu u, Bt Trng, Ph Lng, Hng Canh min Bc.
Khong gia th k XX, cng vi nhng bin c chnh tr-x hi,
qu trnh th ha nhanh chng v mnh m theo mt quy
hoch nht nh cng l nguyn nhn quan trng lm cho cc
lng ngh th cng Si Gn- Ch Ln khng cn iu kin tn
ti, hoc phi tm i bn mi pht trin vng ven ngoi
thnh hay xa hn, n cc tnh ln cn. th ha lm bin mt
cnh quan t nhin, vng nguyn liu khng cn, knh rch b lp
dn, ph x mc ln V tr u i ca mt lng gm khng cn
na, vic sn xut khng cn p ng c nhng nhu cu mi
ca th trng mi, cc l gm, l gch ngi cui cng ca Xm
L Gm ngng sn xut. Xm L Gm ca Si Gn xa phi kt
thc vai tr ca mnh, nhng bc cho s pht trin ca vng
gm Bin Ho Li Thiu.

TI LIU THAM KHO

Trnh Hoi c Gia nh thnh thng ch. Si Gn, 1972.
Hunh Ngc Trng, Nguyn i Phc Gm Cy Mai Si Gn
xa. Nh xut bn Tr,1994
Nguyn Th Hu, ng Vn Thng K thut sn xut ca l gm
c Hng Li, Qun 8 TP.HCM. Tp ch Kho c hc s 2/2001.

9/2006 - Ngun: http://www.vanchuongviet.org

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