Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Finalseniorespap 1
Finalseniorespap 1
Finalseniorespap 1
Introduction
females in the work force. For instance, only 13 percent of the national
police force consists of women, who also share only 0.5 percent of
corpus callosum, the nerve connections between the left and right
made in order to force each participant to use their cognitive skills, and
ability to multitask. Finally, the points earned from the task simulator
hypothesis that females are more efficient multitaskers than males was
Clark Rashid 3
hold such a small stock in jobs that require critical thinking and
occupations.
Review of Literature
paramedics all face similar difficulties when they are called to action.
Often times, as the first responders try to arrive at the location of the
'During an
solo patrol you have to be much sharper [ ...] but you will
job performance in solo patrol jobs and translates to other similar jobs.
that humans possess. Like any other aspect of life, there lies a
language: processing what you hear and handling most of the duties
and when you need to retrieve a fact, your left brain pulls it from
music (Melina). Some math is done by the right, but only rough
Clark Rashid 5
hemispheres work together to form what is the human brain, and work
to give humans the unique creativity and analytical skills that make
them so outstanding.
Between the right and left hemispheres of the brain, there lie
which fan out in both hemispheres to join every part of the brain
skills and comprehension skills, the time and accuracy of tasks can
Clark Rashid 6
improve (Stoet).
the hemispheres of the brain. Figure 1 provides both a side view and
an above view of the brain. It can be seen how the nerve fibers of the
corpus callosum fan out once they cross over to the adjacent
nervous system. However, until about 1950, the function of the corpus
hemisphere. The task was for the cat to place its nose within a circle
when presented with two screens, one with a circle and the other with
a square. One of the cats eyes were covered, so the cat could only
hemisphere of the brain rather than the opposite. The optic nerves are
that the left optic nerve is connected to the right and vice versa. By
which the only connection from the left eye to the right hemisphere
was the corpus callosum. When the right eye of the cats was covered,
the cats were still able to perform just as well due to the connections
of the corpus callosum. However, when tested with a cat that had the
between the left hemisphere, which is more analytical, and the right
Clark Rashid 8
than the male brain (Bowers). These studies support that, while both
males and females have the corpus callosum, the female corpus
of Glasgow set out to identify how these theories held up. They
Problem Statement
Problem Statement:
Clark Rashid 11
multitask.
Hypothesis:
Data Measured:
everything they could from the reading. If they were able to recall and
vocalize key points from the reading accurately, they were awarded
points. There were a total of 10 key points. The sum of task score and
key points were calculated and recorded as the value for that trial. The
Clark Rashid 12
data were then analyzed using a 2-sample t-test between males and
females.
Experimental Design
Materials:
Procedure:
6. Record the number of main ideas the participant recalls from the
paragraph.
Diagram:
red are the triangle puzzle pieces that were put together to form a
rectangle within the spot indicated with red, and this was worth three
to rotate and flip the piece until it fit into its corresponding slot
indicated with blue, and this was worth two points. Next, the five, four,
and three - point stars, labeled in white, purple, and pink respectively,
were rotated by the participant until they fit into their corresponding
slots labeled in white, purple, and pink. These were worth one point
each, but a bonus point was given if all three were completed. Lastly,
labeled in green is the N track puzzle in which the participants slid the
knob from start to finish, and this was worth one point.
officers already in pursuit. The first plan of action is to shoot out the
Figure 3 is the paragraph that was recorded and then played for
Important details that an officer would need were included and each
one counted for one point towards the trials total value of 10 possible
Figure 4 above displays the task simulator once all the tasks
were completed. The majority of participants did not complete all the
once the paragraph finished playing. At this point the participants were
asked to recall all the information and details they could from the
for the participant as seen in Figure 3. When the paragraph ended the
participant was immediately asked to recall all the details from the
reading that they could. The number of points earned from the task
simulator and the number of points recalled from the paragraph were
Clark Rashid 17
then recorded and added together for final score. Refer to Figures 2-4
for photos.
Table 1
Raw Data for Male Trials
Task Key Total
Trial Gender School Grade Points Points Score
1 Male Butcher 12 6 0 6
3 Male Butcher 12 5 5 10
4 Male Butcher 12 8 4 12
5 Male South Lake 11 6 2 8
6 Male South Lake 9 6 4 10
8 Male South Lake 10 4 3 7
9 Male South Lake 9 6 4 10
10 Male South Lake 12 5 3 8
12 Male Butcher 12 6 4 10
16 Male Center Line 12 10 4 14
17 Male Center Line 12 3 3 6
18 Male Butcher 9 6 4 10
19 Male Butcher 9 2 4 6
20 Male Butcher 9 4 6 10
21 Male Butcher 9 6 2 8
25 Male Center Line 12 7 4 11
27 Male Center Line 11 3 3 6
29 Male Center Line 11 4 3 7
31 Male Center Line 12 4 7 11
37 Male South Lake 12 7 3 10
39 Male South Lake 10 6 3 9
Task Key Total
Trial Gender School Grade Points Points Score
40 Male South Lake 10 6 4 10
41 Male South Lake 10 6 2 8
42 Male Butcher 11 4 6 10
43 Male Butcher 11 10 5 15
46 Male Butcher 11 6 5 11
49 Male Butcher 11 7 3 10
50 Male Butcher 10 7 2 9
51 Male Butcher 10 10 1 11
52 Male Butcher 10 6 6 12
54 Male Butcher 10 4 3 7
58 Male South Lake 9 7 1 8
60 Male South Lake 9 5 2 7
63 Male Center Line 9 6 4 10
64 Male Center Line 10 7 4 11
65 Male Center Line 10 5 2 7
Clark Rashid 18
Table 1 above lists the results of all 48 male trials, as well as the
final averages. The trial number shown in the table represents the trial
four different grade levels. There were 16 male trials allotted for each
school, and 12 trials for each grade level. Male participants account for
48 out of 96 total trials. The trial numbers within this table are not
Table 2
Raw Data for Female Trials
Task Key Total
Trial Gender School Grade Points Points Score
2 Female Butcher 12 6 4 10
7 Female South Lake 9 6 2 8
11 Female South Lake 12 5 2 7
13 Female Butcher 12 7 6 13
14 Female Butcher 12 5 4 9
15 Female Butcher 12 6 5 11
22 Female Butcher 9 7 3 10
23 Female Butcher 9 7 0 7
24 Female Butcher 9 5 1 6
26 Female Center Line 12 6 5 11
Clark Rashid 19
as the averages overall. The trial number shown in the table represents
Clark Rashid 20
schools, and four different grade levels. There were 16 female trials
conducted from participants from each school, and 12 trials for each
Similar to Table 1, the trial numbers are not in order as the above table
Table 3
Significant Observations
Trial Observation
conducting trials. All those trials not listed were performed routinely
they completed tasks that pushed their cognitive abilities using the
task simulator seen in Figure 2. At the same time, the subjects were
points earned using the task simulator and the number of key ideas
that the subject remembered from the paragraph were recorded. These
Clark Rashid 22
numbers were added together and that became the value of each trial.
To ensure that this data was valid, precautions were taken. Many pre-
trials were run in order to get an accurate idea of how long it would
trials also ensured that the experimental design, or the way trials were
was recorded and each trial went smoothly, indicating the final
experiment was ready. Also, a total of 96 trials were run, with 48 males
and 48 females. This met the Central Limit Theorem which states that
if the number of trials collected is greater than or equal to 30, the data
can be considered normal. Lastly, each trial was randomized using the
chosen from Center Line, South Lake, and Butcher high schools in
statistical test. The test best suited for this experiment was a Two-
order to determine the answer to that question, data from both males
Clark Rashid 23
of two sets of data are compared within that statistical test. However,
independent. All trials were conducted such that no trial had any
influence over the result of another trial. Also, the sample populations
normality.
the data sets. Both data sets seem to be skewed slightly to the left.
There is a greater amount of data below the mode than above it. In
females the mode was 11 points, while the male trials produced a
trials.
Clark Rashid 25
collected data is, the closer the distribution is to the line. The data
data. Once again, the data is concentrated fairly closely to the line of
With these tests and observations using box plots and normal
considered normal. With this final assumption met, the data could then
be further analyzed.
Table 4
Sample Standard Deviations of Total Multitasking Score
Males Females
2.11881 2.25344
concentrated each sample is around the mean. The female data set
shows a slightly larger variation from the mean, but this is due to the
outlier.
Table 5
Means of Total Multitasking Score
Males Females
9.25
10.3 3
females. Both males and females were tested using a sample size of
48 people. The mean score of females was 10.33 compared to 9.25 for
Clark Rashid 29
multitaskers.
Figure 9 above displays the box plots of total scores for both
quartile, and maximum values are all labelled as well. The male box
plot is almost exactly normal with the median score exactly 1.5 points
above and below the second and third quartiles. The female box plot is
skewed to the left with a median that is 0.5 points away from the third
quartile, yet 2 points away from the second. This could be alarming,
Clark Rashid 30
but as stated prior, the data was assumed to be normal due to the
Central Limit Theorem and normal probability plots. There is one outlier
for the female data set, being a score of 5. The medians of the data
sets show a difference. The median for females was 11 points, while
the median for males was a score of 9.5 points. In fact, the median of
such results. There is a great deal of overlap between each box plot,
males and females. To begin, the null and alternative hypotheses were
formed.
males= females
H o :
H a : males females
when comparing the total scores of males and females using a Two-
Sample t-test. The p-value was small, which corresponds the small
t-value: -2.67021
p-value: 0.0089
of 0.0089. This value is below the alpha level of 0.05, meaning the null
conclusions.
1 1
( x malesx females z S p n males + n females
chosen in order to have 95% confidence. This test was then run using
Interval using the collected data. This test was run using 95% and the
when comparing the task scores of males and females using a Two-
Sample t-test. The p-value was small, which corresponds the small
t-value: -1.7413
p-value: 0.0850
of 0.0850. However, this value is not below the standard alpha level of
0.05. This means that the null hypothesis failed to be rejected and it
results this extreme, if the null hypothesis was true. This probability is
too large to claim there was a significant difference in the task scores
comparing the key point scores of males and females using a Two-
Sample t-test. The p-value was fairly small, which is shown in the small
t-value: -1.9502
p-value: 0.0541
of 0.0541. However, this value is not below the standard alpha level of
0.05. This means that the null hypothesis failed to be rejected and it
results this extreme, if the null hypothesis was true. This probability is
slightly too large to claim there was a significant difference in the task
scores of males and females. While the null hypothesis was failed to be
recollection of key points between males and females was only 0.0041
collected was valid. All assumptions for the statistical analysis were
met and the data sets were both considered normal. Then, using this
the two means, it was then concluded that the multitasking total
average total score for females was 10.33 points, while the average for
males was 9.25 points. These tests were conclusive in that the mean
means of tasks completed and key points recalled alone do not yield
gauge if there was one area in which females were far superior to
males and analyze patterns that may connect to the anatomy of the
multitasking overall, but not in any specific area, tasks or key points,
alone.
Conclusion
Clark Rashid 39
other diverse fields all share and demand a constant skill: multitasking.
common theory that women are better at multitasking than men. This
raises many questions about the work place. There is a 0.5% share of
efficient at it. It was hypothesized that the data would indeed yield that
had to balance physical tasks that call on their cognitive abilities, and
was then made, making the simulator worth 10 points. Along with this
could from the paragraph. The number of key points recalled and the
points earned from the task simulator were added and that became the
value for each respective trial. A total of 96 people from 9th through
being the most notable and cited, produced results and conclusions
supportive and in line with this research. Another study out of the
been in place for all peoples until 11,000 to 12,000 years ago. This
The aim of this research was not to create gender bias against
ages to become involved in these fields, however change has not come
their anatomy and should not shy away due to stereotypes or social
previously stated.
begin, only high school students were the participants of this test.
While males and females both have experienced the majority of their
Further, during data collection, the setting of each trial varied. A very
wide range of people were tested: high school students of all grades,
were taken in the library in quiet conditions, while some were taken in
gender gap.
Clark Rashid 44
Materials:
Procedure:
1. Draw the outline of all shapes on the top surface of the wooden
4. Cut out the green rectangle (Figure 15) at a shallow depth and
then cut the removed rectangle into multiple triangles as seen in
Figure 15.
6. Attach the ball joint and rod to the bottom of the box directly
beneath the center of the pathway such that it can rotate freely
enough to move through the entire track.
Diagram:
x 1x 2
t=
s 21 s 22
+
n1 n 2
Clark Rashid 46
multitasking score for males and the x2 in the equation is the same
deviation of the male trials. The s2 in the equation is the same but
for females. The n1 in the equation is the total number of male trials
and the n2 in the equation is the total number of female trials. The p-
value was found automatically on the TI-NSpire software when the test
was run.
Works Cited
Clark Rashid 47
2016.
20 Sept. 2016
Cheshire, William P., Jr. "Multitasking and the neuroethics of distraction." Ethics
2016.
Hubel, David. "The Corpus Callosum and Stereopsis." Eye, Brain, and Vision.
Jansen, Reinier J., Rene van Egmond, and Huib de Ridder. "Task Prioritization in
Jarrett, Christian. "Yes, Men's and Women's Brains Do Function Differently - But
It's a Tiny Difference." Science of Us. N.p., 26 Aug. 2015. Web. 21 Sept.
201
Melina, Remy. "What's the Difference Between the Right Brain and Left Brain?"
Stoet, Gijsbert, et al. "Are women better than men at multi-tasking?" BMC