CHAPTER 2: MATTER

1. To determine melting point

Heating Cooling

Water bath to ensure uniform heating

Plot graph y axis (Start at 50 o C).

2. The kinetic theory of matter (solid, solid liquid, liquid, liquid-gas, gas)
Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles (atoms, ions or molecules), there is space between these
particles.
a) arrangement of particles-pack closely together, orderly arrangement, far apart from each other
b) Movement of particles-vibrates, rotate, slowly, rapidly, vigorously, randomly.
c) kinetic energy content-
d) change in energy content-
e) force of attraction-strong, weak, weaker
Temperature,oC

Boiling point

Time, s
to t1 t2 t3
Example:
Graph shows the heating curve of element X.
Describe the graph in terms of states of matter, particle arrangements and changes in energy.

Sample answer:

Stage State of matter Particles arrangement Changes in energy

to t1 Liquid The particles are close to each other. The kinetic energy increases
The particles arrangement is not orderly.
t1 - t 2 Liquid Some of particles are close to each other The kinetic energy is constant
gaseous and some far apart.
The particles arrangement is not orderly.
t2 t3 Gaseous The particles are far away from each other. The kinetic energy increases
The particles arrangement is not orderly.

3. Diffusion the movement of particles (atom/ions/molecule) of substance in between the particles of

another substance / from highly concentrated area to less concentrated area. Gas > liquid > solid
4. Isotope are atoms of the same element (same number of proton) with different number of
neutrons/nucleon number.