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3 Chemical Formulae and Equations
3 Chemical Formulae and Equations
3 Chemical Formulae and Equations
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
state the meaning of relative atomic mass based on carbon-12 scale,
state the meaning of relative molecular mass based on carbon-12 scale,
state why carbon-12 is used as a standard for determining relative atomic
mass and relative molecular mass,
calculate the relative molecular mass of substances.
Example:
Ar of C=12
Ar of O=16
Ar of Mg=24
Calcium, Ca Argon, Ar
Sodium, Na Silver, Ag
Iron, Fe Caesium, Cs
Copper, Cu Lead, Pb
Carbon, C Chlorine, Cl
Hydrogen, H Flourine, F
Potassium, K Aluminium, Al
Lithium, Li Zinc, Zn
Bromine, Br Helium, He
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
Example:
Fr of Magnesium oxide, MgO = 24 + 16 = 40
Fr of Sodium chloride, NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5
of one atom of
2. Calculate the relative molecular masses of the substances in the table below.
Ethanol C2H5OH
Bromine gas Br2
Methane CH4
Glucose C6H12O6
Ammonia NH3
[Relative atomic mass : H,1; C,12; O,16; Br,80 ; N,14 ]
3. Calculate the relative formula masses of the following ionic compounds in the table.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
Potassium K2CO3
carbonate
[Relative atomic mass: O,16; C,12; H,1; K,39 ; Cu,64 ; Zn, 65; Cl, 35.5 ; Al, 27 S,32 ;
Ca, 40; Na,23; N, 14]
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
define a mole as the amount of matter that contains as many particles as the
number of atoms in 12 g of 12C,
state the meaning of Avogadro constant,
relate the number of particles in one mole of a substance with the Avogadro
constant,
solve numerical problems to convert the number of moles to the number of
particles of a given substance and vice versa.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
5. In other words:
.. formula units
x Avogadro Constant
number of moles number of particles
A
vogadro Constant
. atoms of C and
. atoms of O
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
contains :
atoms of Oxygen.
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
state the meaning of molar mass,
relate molar mass to the Avogadro constant,
relate molar mass of a substance to its relative atomic mass or relative molecular mass,
solve numerical problems to convert the number of moles of a given substance to its
mass and vice versa.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
x Molar mass
Number of moles Mass in g
Molar mass
Mass = 2 x 12
= 24g
Mass = 2 x [ 2(1) + 16 ]
= 36g
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
k) 0.25 moles of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) l) 0.25 moles of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
Mass = Mass =
m) 0.5 moles of potassium manganate (VII) n) 0.25 moles of hydrated magnesium sulphate
(KMnO4) (MgSO4.7H2O)
Mass = Mass =
Activity 5
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
Activity 6
Chemical
Element/compound formulae Molar mass Calculate
(c)Mass of mol = .g
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
state the meaning of molar volume of a gas,
relate molar volume of a gas to the Avogadro constant,
make generalization on the molar volume of a gas at a given temperature and
pressure,
calculate the volume of gases at STP or room conditions from the number of moles
and vice versa,
solve numerical problems involving number of particles, number of moles, mass of
substances and volume of gases at STP or room conditions.
2. One mole of any gas always has the under the same
24 dm3 at or
22.4 dm3 at .
Example :
1 mol of oxygen gas, 1 mol of ammonia gas, 1 mol helium gas and 1 mol sulphur dioxide gas occupies
the same volume of 24 dm3 at room condition
x 22.4 / 24 dm3
Number of moles of Volume of gas
x 22.4/24 dm3
gas 22.4/24 dm3
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
5. Complete the diagram below . (Refer to Page 33,34 & 38-Chemistry textbook)
Activity 8
2. Find the number of moles of oxygen gas contained in a sample of 120 cm3 of the gas
at room conditions.
[Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions]
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
7. Find the volume of nitrogen in cm3 at STP that consists of 2.408 x 1023 nitrogen molecules.
[Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]
The letter H
shows Subscript shows 2
.
. H2 hidrogen atoms in
a molecule
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
Propane
C3H8 .. atoms of C combine with . atoms of
H
Magnesium oxide
.. .
.. H2SO4
3). There are two types of chemical formulae. Complete the following:
** Empirical Formula The simplest .. ratio of atoms of each .
in the compound.
** Molecular Formula The actual of atoms of each that are
present in a molecule of the compound
Element X O
Mass of element(g) 10.35 11.95-10.35
Number of moles of atoms 10.35207 (11.95-10.35)16
Ratio of moles
Simplest ratio of moles
Empirical formula :
b) A certain compound contains the following composition:
Na 15.23%, Br 52.98% , O 31.79%, [ RAM : O, 16; Na, 23; Br,80]
(Assume that 100g of substance is used)
Element Na Br O
Mass of element(g) 15.23 52.98 31.79
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
Empirical formula:: .
d) 2.52g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16 g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the
hydrocarbon is 84. [RAM H,1; C,12]
i. Find the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
Avtivity 12
a) Chemical formula of an ionic compound comprising of the ions Xm+ and Yn- is constructed
by exchanging the charges of each element. The formula obtained will XnYm
Example : Sodium oxide Copper (II) nitrate
2 1 1 2
= Na2O = ....................
b) Construct a chemical formula for each of the following ionic compounds:
(i) Magnesium chloride (ii) Potassium carbonate
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to
1. state the meaning of chemical equation
identify the reactants and products of a chemical equation
2. write and balance chemical equations
3. interpret chemical equations quantitatively and qualitatively
4. solve numerical problems using chemical equations
5. identify positive scientific attitudes and values practiced by scientist in doing research
6. justify the need to practice positive scientific attitudes and good values in doing researsh
7. use chemical equations for easy and systematic communication in the field of chemistry.
a) Sodium + chlorine ..
+ NaCl
b) Carbon + .. Carbon dioxide
. + ..
c) Sulphur + oxygen
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
.. + .. ..
d) Zinc + oxygen ..
+ O2 ..
3) Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions and interpret the equations
quantitatively.
(a). Carbon monoxide gas + oxygen gas carbon dioxide gas
Interpreting:
Activity 14
** Numerical Problems Involving Chemical Equations
1). Calculate the volume of oxygen gas, O2 measured at STP that can be obtained from the
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
2).Silver carbonate Ag2CO3 breaks down easily when heated to produce silver metal
2 Ag2CO3(l) 4 Ag (s) + 2 CO2 (g) + O2
Find the mass of silver carbonate that is required to produce 10 g of silver
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12 ; O, 16 ; Ag, 108]
(Ans : 12.77g)
3). 16 g of copper (II) oxide, CuO is reacted with excess methane, CH 4 . Using the equation below, find
the mass of copper that is produced.
[Relative atomic mass : Cu, 64 ; O, 16]
4 CuO (s) + CH 4 (g) 4 Cu (s) + CO2 (g) + 2 H 2 O (l)
(Ans : 12.8 g)
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations
4). A student heats 20 g of calcium carbonate CaCO3 strongly. It decomposes according to the
equation below:
CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g).
(a). If the carbon dioxide produced is collected at room conditions, what is its volume?
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