Professional Documents
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CPI Construction Standard
CPI Construction Standard
CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS
SUMATRA, INDONESIA
February 2002
PT CALTEX PACIFIC INDONESIA
CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 GENERAL....................................................................................................................3
4.1 GENERAL........................................................................................................................6
4.2 EXCAVATION...................................................................................................................7
4.3 FILL MATERIALS............................................................................................................7
4.4 BACKFILL & COMPACTION.............................................................................................8
5.0 GRADING....................................................................................................................9
6.1 GENERAL........................................................................................................................9
6.2 SITE PREPARATION.......................................................................................................10
6.3 COMPACTION................................................................................................................10
6.4 COMPACTION TESTS.....................................................................................................10
6.5 ROAD AND WELL PAD ELEVATION...............................................................................10
6.6 DRAINAGE....................................................................................................................11
6.7 CULVERTS.....................................................................................................................11
6.8 RIG SUB STRUCTURE...................................................................................................12
6.9 POWER POLE PAD........................................................................................................12
6.10 GEOTEXTILE MATERIALS.............................................................................................12
6.11 CELLAR BOX INSTALLATION........................................................................................12
6.12 CONDUCTOR PIPE INSTALLATION.................................................................................12
6.13 MUD PIT EXCAVATION & CLOSING..............................................................................12
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7.1 GENERAL......................................................................................................................13
7.2 SUBGRADE PREPARATION.............................................................................................13
7.3 PLACING.......................................................................................................................14
7.4 COMPACTION................................................................................................................14
7.5 FINISHING.....................................................................................................................14
7.6 PRIME COATS AND TACK COATS..................................................................................14
7.7 ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVING.......................................................................................15
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1.0 GENERAL
Contractor shall provide all items, operations and methods, specified herein, including
labor and incidentals necessary and required for the completion of the Work. Company
shall provide materials, equipment and consumables necessary for the Work.
a. Site Survey.
b. Verification of all dimensions shown on Project Drawings.
c. Perform soil borings and soil testing as required for design of roads, well pads,
pavements, and grading.
d. Site preparation.
e. Excavate, load, haul, unload and place earthwork materials including premix, crushed
rock, select fill, gravel and sand, as required for road and location construction Work.
f. Locating all existing and proposed underground utilities, piping, structures and
cables.
g. Perform hand excavation where required in plant areas, at existing pipelines/utilities
crossings, and near existing support foundations.
h. Trench and backfill for utility piping, cables, conduit, foundations, pipe supports and
structural steel.
i. Soil Compaction.
j. Break out existing paving and subsequent repair.
k. Installation of asphalt and primer.
l. Improvement and maintenance of roads.
Contractor shall clear the Work Site and remove and/or dispose of any material which is
unsuitable for incorporation into the Work.
Contractor shall, for the duration of the Contract, keep all excavation, embankments,
haul roads, borrow areas, and all other Work areas free from excessive blown dust and
miscellaneous debris, and shall minimize the level of dust generated at the Work Site as a
result of the performance of the Work, by sprinkling water around the Work.
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Contractor shall obtain fill materials from approved borrow pits and deliver such
materials to the Work Site, and shall store and preserve the quality of all materials.
Topsoil shall be removed to a depth of 300 mm (1 foot), placed in a dedicated area for
topsoil and compacted to prevent erosion and preserve the quality of all materials.
The borrow pits shall be operated and maintained in a safe manner. Side slopes shall be
maintained with a maximum slope of 1 (V) to 2 (H) (45). If excavation of materials
exceeds 3 meters (10 feet), terraces shall be constructed, compacted and maintained to
ensure slope stability. The minimum width of such terraces shall be 5 meters.
Entrance roads into the borrow pit shall be constructed and maintained in such a manner
as to allow safe passage of 2 dump trucks. Dump trucks shall reverse into the loading
area to receive their load.
Unsuitable fill materials shall be stockpiled in a dedicated area and compacted to prevent
erosion.
TO E O F TO P O F P E R M IT
SLO PE SLO PE BO UN D ARY
B
P E R M IT
BO U ND AR Y
B O R R O W P IT N AT UR AL O R
A
F IN IS H G R A D E
H
SETBACKS
D E P T H O F P IT - H A B
U n d e r 1 . 5 m ( 5 f t) 0 0 .3 m (1 f t)
NAT UR AL O R
1 .5 - 9 m ( 5 -3 0 ft) H /2 H /5
F IN I S H G R A D E
O v e r 9 m (3 0 ft) 4 .6 m ( 1 5 f t) 1 .8 m (6 f t)
A - S e t b a c k f o r b a s e o f a h i ll s i d e e x c a v a t io n
B - S e t b a c k f o r t o p o f b o r r o w p it s lo p e
( A d d i t i o n a l w id t h m a y b e r e q u i r e d f o r i n t e r c e p t o r d r a i n )
1. All pits must be restored before abandonment. Restoration steps to be taken before
abandonment are:
Clean up
Drainage and erosion control
Re-contouring
Re-vegetation / Re- greenry
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2. Although the pit and surrounding areas should be kept as clean as possible
throughout the operation, any garbage or debris must be completely disposed of at
near by landfill prior to pit abandonment.
a) constructing a berm at the top of the slope to stop water from running into the pit
b) laying brush and slash across the slope to slow run-off and hold back sediment
4. When the pit is totally abandoned, the slopes of the pit should be graded to a suitable angle of
repose no steeper than two horizontal to one vertical (2:1).
5. The final shape of the pit should blend into the natural contour of the land. If pit walls
cannot be graded to the suitable angle of repose (2:1), the re-contoured slope
should be gently stepped to help reduce erosion.
6. All overburden and stockpiled, if any, must be spread evenly over the pit floor and
the re-contoured side walls.
7. The topsoil stored/salvaged, if any, must now be spread, topsoil contains seeds and
organic material that will help vegetation re-grown. Without any topsoil, natural re-
vegetation is a much slower process.
8. Once the pit has been re-stored to satisfy enviornmental and ecological conditions,
CPI is to make decision for the final land use (re-use or hand over to the public).
9. Other factors such as climate, type of surface and its moisture holding capabilities:
10. Safety , security and land ownership signs should be posted for public awareness and
warnings. Emergency contact numbers shall be posted for any assistance.
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1. The most basic task in abandoning any borrow pit is removal of material. All waste
and other discarded material should be removed from the pit.
2. If access roads are to be abandoned, they must have a system of permanent erosion
control, with erosion bars placed at frequent intervals to ensure stability.
3. The road surface itself should be scarified or ripped to promote natural regeneration,
or to provide a suitable site for re-vegetation.
5. When local topography has been disturbed, the original contours should be restored,
preferably to grades 2:1 or less.
6. Erosion-prone areas may require re-vegetation to limit future problems. This begins
with providing a fertile surface dressing of topsoil and organic material, which
should have been stockpiled when the area was originally cleared.
7. Until new growth is established, erosion can be controlled by using a mulch to stabilize the
bare ground. One popular method is hydroseeding, whereby a slurry composed of seed,
fertilizer, mulch and water is pumped through a nozzle and sprayed over the ground.
8. Access roads shall be blocked and not to be reopened till such time the re-greenery, and re-
vegetation programs are fully grown and ecology system is secured.
10. Borrow pit area shall be patrolled by security personnel to keep extruders away entering the
re-stored / re-habilitated borrow pit and to minimizing damaging its environmental system
(re-greenery, re-vegetation) and soil disturbances.
4.1 General
Contractor shall excavate, load, haul, install and compact fill for the roads, well pads,
work sites, and other locations identified on Project Drawings.
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Prior to commencing any excavation Work, Contractor shall survey, locate and mark the
routing of existing underground utilities. Contractor shall develop a work plan that shall
include methods for marking out the area to be excavated and for controlling the depth
and profile of the excavations. Excavation work shall be carried out with extreme
caution and care to avoid damage to any existing underground utilities.
4.2 Excavation
Contractor shall maintain the integrity of the sides of all excavations in a safe and stable
condition. Side slopes shall be maintained to a minimum slope of 1(V) to 2 (H) or be
properly shored.
Contractor shall keep excavations free of water and shall at all times have suitable
equipment at the Work site for dewatering. Dewatering shall be performed to the extent
necessary to prevent heaving, loosening or destabilization of the bottom of the
excavation. Excavations shall be kept dry during the execution and inspection of the
Work. Where excavation is required below the water table, such as required for
installation on thrust bored road crossings, such excavations shall be dewatered and
maintained using a well point system.
All excavations shall be free from blown debris during the time they are open. Any such
material entering an excavation shall be removed prior to backfilling.
Contractor shall obtain fill materials from approved borrow pits. Contractor shall load,
haul and unload excavated material suitable for backfill to temporary approved storage
areas. Contractor shall store and preserve the quality of all materials.
All fill material utilized around or under foundations shall be select fill. Select fill
material is defined as material having the following properties:
Soil free of stems, trees, wood and deleterious matter or organic materials in
accordance with AASHTO M 57 (material for embankments and sub-grade)
Soil 100% passing a 3/8 inch (10 mm) sieve
Soil 65% passing on No.200 sieve maximum
Soil having 15% plastic index maximum
Soil having an 8 % LAB CBR minimum by AASHTO T 193
Samples of select fill taken from approved borrow pit sources shall be laboratory tested
as follows:
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A set of three samples shall be taken for every 5000 m3 of homogeneous in situ material.
Select fill shall be placed in maximum 200 mm (8-inch) lifts, loose measured, and
compacted to the required density.
Compacted areas that fail to comply with the compaction tests shall be re-compacted.
Should any compaction operation cause softening of the subsoil, Contractor shall
immediately stop its operations in the affected area, redirect labor and equipment to other
Work and report the occurrence of softening to the Contractors Inspection Department
in writing along with his proposed procedures for correcting the compaction problem.
Upon review and approval by Contractors Inspection Department, Contractor shall
resume its compaction operations.
Excavated soil unsuitable for backfill material shall be loaded, transported and unloaded
by Contractor to a CPI approved disposal site.
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beyond the design edge of the slope and then trimming back to
achieve the final slope dimensions.
Embankment material shall be placed in lifts not exceeding 150 mm (6 inches) thickness
after compaction and compacted to an average relative density of 85% with no test results
less than 75% average relative density as determined in accordance with ASTM D-4253
and ASTM D-4254. Moisture content during placement shall be slightly less than the
optimum value as determined by ASTM D-1557.
Contractor shall have all compaction tests performed and recorded. A copy of the
results of all compaction tests shall be furnished to Company Representative and
included in the Project Record Books. Where in-place compaction test results indicate
the specified degree of compaction has not been achieved, additional compaction shall be
required and the area re-tested.
5.0 GRADING
Sites shall be compacted and graded to provide a stable surface. Finished grade
elevations have an allowable tolerance of 25 mm.
6.1 General
The width of the field roads shall be 7 meters, as shown on the Typical Drawing No.
BA-7-RL-029-0 or latest revision.
Well pads shall be 66 m x 48 m, as shown on the Typical Drawing No. BA-7-RL-029-0
or latest revision.
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The size and configuration of Rig Sub Structure shall be shown on the Project
Drawings.
The drainage shall be provided as shown on the Typical Drawing No. BA-7-RL-030-0
or latest revision.
Contractor shall perform a survey to determine the road and well pad location limit
that will be cut or filled and clearing area limit as shown in the Project Drawings.
6.3 Compaction
The compaction requirements road and well pad locations are as follows:
Subgrade fill of road shall have a minimum field dry density of 90% of the
maximum laboratory dry density.
The top layer of road (1m thickness from surface road) shall have a minimum field
dry density of 95% of maximum laboratory dry density.
The general fill layer (well pad, well test and corridor) shall have a minimum field
dry density of 95% of maximum laboratory dry density.
In areas of unsuitable sub-grade with low bearing strength such as peat or organic
soils, a bridging fill of approximately 0.75 to 1.0 meter deep may be placed with no
compaction criteria with Company representative approval.
The maximum soil layer thickness (lift) shall be in accordance with the Table below:
Minimum dry density laboratory test for optimum moisture content per ASTM D
1557.
Field density test using sand cone method per ASTM D 1556. One test for every
1000 m2 on each sub-layer.
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Finished road elevation as shown on the drawings shall be the high point at the crown
of the road. The elevation of the well pad area is referenced to the existing road
elevation.
6.6 Drainage
Storm water shall be drained into ditches provided on both sides of the road and around
the well pad, as shown on the drawings. (Refer to Typical Drawing No. BA-7-RL-030-0
or latest revision)
Contractor shall advise Company if the water runoff is likely to result in erosion
damage. If required Contractor shall provide drainage improvements to minimize
erosion.
6.7 Culverts
The number, location, size and length of culverts to be installed will be shown on the
Project Drawings. Typical Company required culvert is 24 steel pipe. The length of
the culvert can be estimated as shown below (assumes a 1 (V) to 2 (H) side slope).
CULVERT
CL
BANK
ROAD
BANK
CULVERT LENGTH = L
ROAD
L = ROAD WIDTH + (4 x H)
BANK
H
CULVERT
Fill material shall be thoroughly compacted using hand operated power tampers until
compacted is at least 600 mm above culvert.
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CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS
Self-propelled compaction equipment shall not be used above culvert until the
compacted material has reached the height of 600 mm minimum, unless approved by
Company.
When a flat bed is required for the bottom of a culvert trench, granular material shall be
provided for bedding to depths indicated on the Project Drawings. Unsuitable soil, as
determined by Company, shall be removed.
Contractor shall survey and stake the pipe pile locations and install a piled foundation
rig sub structure as indicated on the Project Drawings using a suitable pile hammer.
Company will determine number of blows/feet per last 900 mm (3 feet) and the blow
count shall be recorded by Contractor.
Contractor shall handle the sub structure beams with care as Company will reuse
these beams for future wells.
Contractor shall fabricate and install a wooden cellar box at the well pad location as
shown in the Project Drawings. (Refer to Typical Drawing No. BD-6-BKSP-CI-124 or
the latest revision)
Contractor shall install a 24 conductor pipe at the well pad location with suitable pile
hammer. The number of blows/feet for last 900 mm (3 feet) shall be determined by
Company Representative.
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Contractor shall construct a mud pit in accordance with Project Drawings. Contractor
shall make a temporary drain for the mud pit to keep rainwater from forming a pool
prior to initiating drilling activity. Contractor shall sample and backfill the mud pit
after drilling completion as directed by Company Representative in accordance CPIs
Guidelines for Pit Closures (Reference Drawing No. BA-7-RL-029-0 or latest revision).
Samples and closing shall be followed as per CPI guideline EP-18, revison-1, 9910
(attached).
Contractor shall dress up location after the drilling rig leaves. A fresh layer of fill may
be needed to restore the pad to as good as new condition.
7.1 General
Contractor shall install asphaltic concrete paving where indicated in the Project
Drawings. Installation shall include, but not be limited to, hauling of all materials,
excavating, backfilling and compacting the base course, applying the prime coat, placing
and compacting the surface course, restoring adjacent areas and facilities clean-up.
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7.3 Placing
7.4 Compaction
The rolling shall continue until the base and subbase are compacted to
not less than (100 percent for the base and 95 percent for the
subbase). In-place density shall be measured by ASTM D2922 or other
approved methods.
7.5 Finishing
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CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS
Prior to the application of the prime coat the surface shall be cleaned
of all loose dirt and other objectionable materials by means of
approved mechanical sweepers or blower and or hand broom.
Prime coat shall be applied only when the surface to be treated is dry
and when the weather is not foggy or rainy. The prime coat shall be
applied uniformly to the surface of the base using a pressure
distributor at a rate between and at a temperature as recommended
by the manufacturer. The prime coat materials shall be applied to a
width of 300 mm (1 feet) greater on each side of the road than the
specified width of the finished surface.
The prime coat shall be permitted to cure until the underlying surface
is penetrated, but at no time shall the curing period be less than 24
hours. The prime coat shall be fully set and cured before placing an
asphalt mixture on the base.
Prior to the application of the tack coat the surface shall be swept and
cleaned until it is free from all loose dirt and any other objectionable
materials. The tack coat shall be applied on paved surfaces by means
of bitumen distributor at a maximum rate recommended by the
manufacturer. The tack coat shall be uniformly applied over the entire
surface of the area to be covered. Tack coat shall not be placed during
rainy weather, nor when the moisture on the surface to be paved
would prevent proper bond. If application of the surface course is
delayed by more than three days, or if dirt, sand or other impurities
have contaminated the tack coat, then a new tack coat shall be applied
after the original one has been swept clean.
Company shall approve the Job-Mix formula. Upon receiving the job-mix
formula, Contractor shall adjust his plant to proportion the individual
aggregate, mineral filler and asphalt to produce a final mix.
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In no case shall thin layers of fine materials be added to the top of the
wearing course in order to achieve the required thickness or specified
tolerances.
Unless otherwise specified on the Project Drawings, Contractor shall line evaporation
ponds or burn pits with compacted natural clay material. Soil additives, such as calcium
bentonite, may be required to meet the impermeability requirements.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
1.5. Guidelines for Wastes That May or May Not Be Hazardous EP.18 - 5
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I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE
This Pit Closure Guideline provides practical procedures for field personnel in CPI in
regard with Pit Closure Management.
1.2 SCOPE
This document is intended to provide guidance for Pit Closure. However, there may be
conditions which require assistance from Corporate SH&E. Therefore, if in doubt please
seek assistance.
This document is designed for field application. Field personnel are the most important
members of the Environmental Team. You are encouraged to provide input in order to
maintain a current and useful working document.
Section I provides the user with an Introduction, along with background information on
CPI SH&E Policy, Waste to be handled at Pit, and Health & Safety of Pit Closure
Management.
Section III contains the recommended worksheets to be used when closing a pit.
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Comply with all safety, health and environmental laws or regulations and recognized
industry standards and self-regulate where there are none.
Exhibit socially conscious leadership and demonstrate exemplary safety, health and
environmental performance.
Integrate safety, health and environmental protection into every aspect of our business
activities.
Design, construct, operate and maintain our facilities following relevant standards,
good engineering practices and applying the principles of risk management to provide
safe and healthful workplaces and minimize the risk and prevent the discharge of oil and
other hazardous substances to the air, water and land. Encourage applications of
appropriate technology in improving the quality of the environment.
Train employees and contractors in policies, procedures, practices and laws applicable to
their assigned duties emphasizing individual responsibility for sound safety, health and
environmental management.
Encourage employees to initiate and maintain an open dialogue within the company and
with the public or its agents regarding safety, health and environmental matters.
Recognize and respond as appropriate to company and community concerns about such
matters.
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Work to resolve any problems created by past operations, practices or handling of oil or
hazardous materials.
Waste products associated with oil and gas production are not exempted from hazardous
waste regulations. Therefore, some of the waste could be hazardous, while some other
could be non-hazardous depending upon the testing result.
Those SBUs producing waste may use only waste transporters authorized by the
respective SBU Management. Disposal of oil and gas waste may only occur at facilities if
approved by SBU Management.
Shown below is a list of production related wastes which may or may not be hazardous
and which might be contained in Pit: (Produced Water is considered as Non Hazardous
Waste)
I. - Drilling Fluids
- Drilling Muds and Cuttings
- Rigwash
- Well completion, treatment, and stimulation fluids
- Basic sediment and water and other tank bottoms from storage facilities that hold
product and waste
- Accumulated materials such as hydrocarbons, solids, sand, and emulsion from
production separators, fluid treating vessels, and production impoundments
- Pit sludges and contaminated bottoms from storage or disposal of wastes
- Workover wastes
- Gas plant dehydration wastes, including glycol-based compounds, and filter
backwash
- Gas plant wastes
- Cooling tower blowdown
- Filter backwash
- Produced sand
- Pipe scale, hydrocarbon solids, and other deposits removed from piping and
equipment prior to transportation
- Hydrocarbon-bearing soil
- Pigging wastes from gathering lines
- Constituents removed from produced water before it is injected or otherwise
disposed of
- Liquid hydrocarbons removed from the production stream
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- Materials ejected from a producing well during the process known as blowdown
- Waste crude oil from primary field operations and production
- Light organics volatilized from wastes in reserve pits or impoundments or
production equipment.
- Excess cement slurries and cement cuttings
- Produced water
- Wastes from the reclamation of tank bottoms and emulsions when generated at a
production location
- Production line hydrotest/preserving fluids utilizing produced water
- Iron sulfide.
- Incinerator ash
The following is a list of production related wastes which are likely to be hazardous
waste; this type of waste might be contained in Pit Bottom:
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Any waste product which appears on the List I should be tested if there is any reason to believe
that it might contain any hazardous compounds or exhibit any hazardous characteristics (i.e.
toxic, reactive, corrosive or ignitable).
On the other hand, any waste product which appears on the List II may be tested if there is any
reason to believe that it might not hazardous.
A. Non-Compliance Assessments
This manual was designed, with proper use, to prevent the fines and penalties mentioned
in regulation.
The goal of proper Pit Closure Management is to protect Human Health and the
Environment.
Therefore, the guideline should be used in conjunction with applicable CPI Safety, Health
and Environmental Policy and Programs. References for these Programs and Policy
include:
When hazardous wastes are generated and stored on site at a temporary accumulation
facility, then the training, documentation of training, emergency response procedures and
equipment provisions of Hazardous Waste Regulation must be complied with.
Corporate SH&E personnel are available to answer questions and provide additional
assistance.
This guideline provides information about the closure of all related exploration and production
pits.
Pits were previously constructed and utilized because they were the most practical alternative for
storing fluids and wastes produced during exploration and production operation.
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Pit bottom usually consist of sand, silt, paraffin, iron sulfide, debris oil, produced water, and
other materials. Pits are normally have a natural clay, manufactured plastic liner or concrete
lining.
2.1. APPLICABILITY
Drilling Reserve Pits provide temporary storage for water based drilling fluids. When
drilling is completed, the pit is immediately closed. Centralized Mud Treating Facilities
(CMTF) collect and treat the water based drilling fluids prior to discharge.
Workover Pits or Well Site Pit provide temporary storage for spent workover fluids, silt,
sand, debris, water, brine, oil scum, spent foam, or other materials cleaned out of a well.
When the operation is completed, these pits were immediately drained and back filled
after disposing of the waste in accordance with current waste management plans.
Production Pits including Satellite Well Pit provide temporary containment for fluids
produced prior to transport to gathering station; Satellite Well Pit is also used to test
well production; therefore, this pit do not active if no fluid to be transferred to gathering
station or if there is no well testing. Under normal conditions, these pits might be used
or become active. It is used also as catch basins for routine operation, such as blow
down, bleeding and sample purging.
D. Gathering Station Pit (including Steam Station Pit; CVCS and Tank Farm Pit)
Gathering Station Pits is utilize the gravity separation process for removing oil from
produced water. These pits have a long life and require a compacted natural clay,
manufactured plastic liner, or concrete liner. Special precautions should be taken to
ensure there is no leakage if they are located where leakage may pose a substantial
risk to human health or the environment. These pits are not active at GSs with zero
discharge; therefore, under normal conditions, these pits are not active; they become
active during abnormal condition such as injection pump failure.
A. Location
To the extent practical, pits are located in an environment that has an acceptably low
sensitivity to such operations.
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B. Criteria
Some of the criteria used for assessing site suitability during the construction period are
as follows:
1. Pits may be above or below ground level, depending on the depth of the ground-
water table. Where the water table is high, the above ground Pit should be chosen.
The pits bottom is at least 1.5 meters (5 feet) higher than the seasonal high, ground-
water table.
2. Sites normally have surface deposits with a hydraulic conductivity of 10-5 cm/sec
or less. Sites with sandstone, stream alluvium, and terrace deposits should be avoided to
the extent practical.
3. Pits should not constructed if near usable water, buried channel aquifers, or
drainage systems unless they are constructed with a suitable natural clay,
manufactured plastic liner, or concrete liner.
1. The topsoil removed during the construction of a pit should be stocked pile to be
reused as the final cover when closing the pit a regreening purpose.
2. The pits should be sized appropriately, to ensure that the capacity is adequate to
maintain a suitable freeboard, normally up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) vertical
measurement but not larger than necessary.
1. With a low point or a sump at one end so that the pit can be pumped out completely.
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3. With elevated dikes or diversion ditches around the pit where appropriate to provide
protection from surface runoff water.
3. Double Liner
If a pits contents would pose a substantial risk to human health or the environment,
the pit were prevented from leaking as follows:
Pit operations are affected by surrounding conditions such as high ground or swampy area.
It is affected by soil and by the characteristics of contents as well. Despite these defenses,
SBUs normally follow these general guidelines:
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2. Where appropriate, fence a pit for site security and to prevent entry by wildlife or
domestic animals.
3. Where a pit poses a hazard to insects, birds and other animals, it would be
covered with net to prevent them from landing in the pit.
Pits are to be used only for the type of fluids or wastes for which they are intended or
designed. Extraneous, non-compatible fluids should not be drained into pits because
they can alter the closure techniques.
C. Emergency Conditions
1. Not allow the liquid levels in pits to reach within 0.6 meters (2 feet) of the top of
the pits levees or walls.
2. Maintain the pits walls to protect against deterioration, subsequent overfill, and
leakage.
3. Re-evaluate any facilitys design and operating procedures if gathering station pits
are used frequently at zero discharge station.
A. Decision
3. It is no longer needed.
B. Closure Considerations
1. Within six months after ceasing use of a pit, empty it of all fluids and bottom
sludges and close it in such a way that minimizes the overall impact on the
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4. Before closing a pit, send representative samples of the pits contents or bottom or
both to a diagnostic laboratory for analysis. The analyses may include:
a. pH
b. Oil content
c. Metals content (TCLP Metal, and if required Total Metals and LD50 by
calculation)
d. Organic content (Volatile and Semi Volatile organic content) - if required
e. Solution phase electrical conductivity - if required
f. Solution phase sodium adsorption ratio - if required
g. Solid phase exchangeable sodium percentage - if required
1. Samples of the pit material or post-excavation soil at the bottom of each pit should
be sampled using a procedure that is statistically rigorous. This will provide the
field person with a high level of confidence that the closure endpoint concentration
has been reached. The recommended sampling procedures are described in
Appendix I.
a. Reuse the contents if possible, or transport them to another pit for the purpose of
reuse.
b. Dispose of the contents by injection, incineration, or transport them to an
appropriate disposal facility.
c. Use the contents as Premix.
a. Grade the site so that it drains well and does not pool water.
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The following sequence applies to closure of any unlined pit where there is no
indication of soil or groundwater impacts beyond the immediate vicinity of the pit.
1. Select pit to close based on established priorities.
3. If required for disposal purposes, collect sample(s) of liquid in pit. Submit to lab
for appropriate analyses.
7. Following excavation of waste material from bottom and sides of pit, perform
another sampling event of the clean pit according to the procedure in Appendix I.
Submit composite sample(s) to laboratory for appropriate analyses. Record information
in Worksheet C.
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WORKSHEET A
PIT INFORMATION
FIELD / SITE:
TYPE OF PIT:
SBU:
PHONE:
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DATE:
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WORKSHEET B
SAMPLING & CHARACTERIZATION OF PIT MATERIAL
SAMPLES:
SBU:
PHONE:
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DATE:
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WORKSHEET C
POST-EXCAVATION SAMPLING OF PIT
SAMPLES:
SBU:
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PHONE:
DATE:
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WORKSHEET D
CLOSURE SUMMARY
The following is a summary of the pit elimination activities that were conducted.
ACTIVITY DATE(S)
OTHER INFORMATION
Approximately bbl of liquid were removed from the pit and disposed of by
Approximately m3 of solids
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APPENDIX I
RECOMMENDED SAMPLING PROCEDURES
Sampling Procedures
1.0 Sampling Equipment and Cleanliness: Use augers or pipes since they are readily
available and when used properly give samples of uniform size. Shovels can be
used, but care must be employed to ensure that sampling holes are dug in the same
manner and samples extracted in a reproducible manner. In order to eliminate cross-
contamination between sites, tools must be cleaned according to section 1.1. If
practical, tools should also be cleaned between each sample. If this is not possible
due to time constraints or other logistical factors, the tool should be wiped free of
loose and solid and liquids using a clean paper towel.
1.1 Cleaning and Cleanliness: The person taking the samples should wear latex or
nitrile gloves. Sampling equipment must be kept clean to avoid cross-contamination
of samples. Clean all sampling equipment by washing with detergent (such as
ALCONOX) in deionized water, followed by rinsing with deionized water. Clean the
sampling equipment between each sample or composite sample. Change gloves
(latex or nitrile) between sampling stations. Collect and separate the washings and
dirty sampling equipment for proper disposal at the laboratory.
Pipe, 2.25 ID
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Jars, pre-cleaned, quality assured, 500 mL glass, Teflon-lined lids (3 per composite
sample)
Coolers, 40-50 L
Labels
Field forms
Clipboard
1.3 Labeling
Construct a list of samples to be taken and set up a logbook for recording samples and
their location. Produce a list of samples for each site visit. This can act as a chain-of-
custody form. Label each sample by including the SBU, field location, site location,
date, time of day, and person collecting the sample.
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1.5 Sample Size: In general, 3-500 mL samples should be sufficient for both
hydrocarbon and metals analysis. One jar of each sample should be retained for future
analysis in case of suspected laboratory error or the need to analyze for other
constituents at a later time. One jar will be sent to Core Labs and one to the Duri Lab
for analysis.
1.6 Stratified Sampling: It may be visually apparent or the history of the site indicates
that the contamination is not evenly distributed with depth. In this case, it may be
desirable to collect samples from various depths. For example, at a spill site,
contamination may be predominantly in the top 15 cm. A decision might then be made
to collect samples from the 0 to 15 cm and the 15 to 30 cm intervals.
1.7 Documentation: Each sampling point should be drawn on a map of the site. A
hand-rendered map of the site drawn to scale will suffice and aid in subsequent analysis
of the results.
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In this example, samples are taken in a pit approximately 100 m in length and 100 m
wide.
1) As shown below, overlay a square 50 x 50 grid on a drawing of the pit scaled so that
the grid completely covers the area of contamination. For this size site, each grid
square is 2 m x 2 m.
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
2) Choose the sampling locations using pairs of random numbers selected from the
attached table. For example, the first sampling location will be at column 45, row 33
on the overlying grid. The coordinates of this sampling point are (45,33).
3) Continue selecting sampling points in the same manner. Note that some of the
points lie off the contaminated area. Do not sample at these points, but continue
until at least ten sampling points have been identified in the contaminated area. The
first 14 randomly selected points are shown on the drawing below. Sample at the 10
points in the contaminated area.
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4) Cross off the numbers used from the random number table and never use
them again.
N
origin
X
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
5) At the site, pound a stake into the ground at coordinates 0,0 (marked with an X on
the map), the origin of the grid. Each sampling point will be in the exact center of the
selected grid square. To find this exact location, multiply each coordinate by 2 (the
size of each square) then add 1 (one-half the size of each square). For example, the
sampling point with coordinates (45,33) will be found at 91 m east (45 x 2 + 1) and 67
m south (33 x 2 + 1) of the origin. The exact sample location is shown on the
drawing below.
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N
origin
91 m
67 m
sampling point
42