Professional Development Short Course On:

Applied Physical Oceanography

Instructor:

Dr. Juan I. Arvelo

ATI Course Schedule: http://www.ATIcourses.com/schedule.htm

http://aticourses.com/applied_oceanography_modeling.htm
Applied Physical Oceanography and Acoustics:
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 Applied Physical Oceanography and Acoustics:
Controlling Physics, Observations, Models and Naval Applications
May 18-20, 2010
Beltsville, Maryland
$1590 (8:30am - 4:00pm)
"Register 3 or More & Receive $10000 each
Off The Course Tuition."
Summary
This three-day course is designed for engineers,
physicists, acousticians, climate scientists, and managers
who wish to enhance their understanding of this discipline
or become familiar with how the ocean environment can
affect their individual applications. Examples of remote
sensing of the ocean, in situ ocean observing systems and
actual examples from recent oceanographic cruises are
given.
Instructors
Dr. David L. Porter is a Principal Senior Oceanographer
at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics
Laboratory (JHUAPL). Dr. Porter has been at JHUAPL for
twenty-two years and before that he was an
oceanographer for ten years at the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration. Dr. Porter's specialties are
oceanographic remote sensing using space borne
altimeters and in situ observations. He has authored
scores of publications in the field of ocean remote
sensing, tidal observations, and internal waves as well as
a book on oceanography. Dr. Porter holds a BS in
physics from University of MD, a MS in physical
oceanography from MIT and a PhD in geophysical fluid
dynamics from the Catholic University of America.
Dr. Juan I. Arvelo is a Principal Senior Acoustician at
JHUAPL. He earned a PhD degree in physics from the
Catholic University of America. He served nine years at
the Naval Surface Warfare Center and five years at Alliant
Techsystems, Inc. He has 27 years of theoretical and
practical experience in government, industry, and
academic institutions on acoustic sensor design and sonar
performance evaluation, experimental design and
conduct, acoustic signal processing, data analysis and
interpretation. Dr. Arvelo is an active member of the
Acoustical Society of America (ASA) where he holds
various positions including associate editor of the
Proceedings On Meetings in Acoustics (POMA) and
technical chair of the 159th joint ASA/INCE conference in
Baltimore.
What You Will Learn
• The physical structure of the ocean and its major
currents.
• The controlling physics of waves, including internal
waves.
• How space borne altimeters work and their
contribution to ocean modeling.
• How ocean parameters influence acoustics.
• Models and databases for predicting sonar
performance.
4 – Vol. 102 Register online at www.ATIcourses.com or call ATI at 888.501.2100 or 410.956.8805
NEW!
Course Outline
1. Importance of Oceanography. Review
oceanography's history, naval applications, and impact on
climate.
2. Physics of The Ocean. Develop physical
understanding of the Navier-Stokes equations and their
application for understanding and measuring the ocean.
3. Energetics Of The Ocean and Climate Change. The
source of all energy is the sun. We trace the incoming energy
through the atmosphere and ocean and discuss its effect on
the climate.
4. Wind patterns, El Niño and La Niña. The major wind
patterns of earth define not only the vegetation on land, but
drive the major currents of the ocean. Perturbations to their
normal circulation, such as an El Niño event, can have global
impacts.
5. Satellite Observations, Altimetry, Earth's Geoid and
Ocean Modeling. The role of satellite observations are
discussed with a special emphasis on altimetric
measurements.
6. Inertial Currents, Ekman Transport, Western
Boundaries. Observed ocean dynamics are explained.
Analytical solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations are
discussed.
7. Ocean Currents, Modeling and Observation.
Observations of the major ocean currents are compared to
model results of those currents. The ocean models are driven
by satellite altimetric observations.
8. Mixing, Salt Fingers, Ocean Tracers and Langmuir
Circulation. Small scale processes in the ocean have a large
effect on the ocean's structure and the dispersal of important
chemicals, such as CO2.
9. Wind Generated Waves, Ocean Swell and Their
Prediction. Ocean waves, their physics and analysis by
directional wave spectra are discussed along with present
modeling of the global wave field employing Wave Watch III.
10. Tsunami Waves. The generation and propagation of
tsunami waves are discussed with a description of the present
monitoring system.
11. Internal Waves and Synthetic Aperture Radar
(SAR) Sensing of Internal Waves. The density stratification
in the ocean allows the generation of internal waves. The
physics of the waves and their manifestation at the surface by
SAR is discussed.
12. Tides, Observations, Predictions and Quality
Control. Tidal observations play a critical role in commerce
and warfare. The history of tidal observations, their role in
commerce, the physics of tides and their prediction are
discussed.
13. Bays, Estuaries and Inland Seas. The inland waters
of the continents present dynamics that are controlled not only
by the physics of the flow, but also by the bathymetry and the
shape of the coastlines.
14. The Future of Oceanography. Applications to global
climate assessment, new technologies and modeling are
discussed.
15. Underwater Acoustics. Review of ocean effects on
sound propagation & scattering.
16. Naval Applications. Description of the latest sensor,
transducer, array and sonar technologies for applications from
target detection, localization and classification to acoustic
communications and environmental surveys.
17. Models and Databases. Description of key worldwide
environmental databases, sound propagation models, and
sonar simulation tools.
 Objectives

 One-Day Crash Course Coverage Of State-of-

the-Art In Underwater Acoustics & Sonar Systems
 Illustrations, Animations & Audiovisuals Heavily
Used To Help “Visualize” Concepts
 Furnish Literature Books, Technical Reports &
Research Journals For In-Depth References
 Hyperlinks To Internet Resources (e.g., Websites &
Podcasts) For Up-To-Date Information
 Sound Absorption
 Absorption vs. Attenuation (Careful!) Jensen,
Jensen,et.
et.al.,
al.,
 Words Often Used Interchangeably Computational
Computational
Ocean
OceanAcoustics
 Absorption Is One Attenuation Component Acoustics

 Absorption Is Energy Lost To Heat

 Attenuation In Architectural Acoustics Defined As
Sum Of Energy Lost To Heat & Transmission
 Attenuation In Underwater Sound Propagation
Defined As Sum Of Energy Lost To Heat & Scattering
 Units Often Used For Sound Propagation
  = dB/nepers = m
m / 8.686 20 log e = 8.686
 m
m = dB/m = 
/
Transmitted
 kk = dB/km = 1000 m
2 c 2 t
m
 ff = dB/kHz-m = 8.686 / f(kHz) 1 c1 Scattered
  = dB/ = 8.686 

E inc  E refl  E tran  E scat  E abs r

i
Incident Reflected
 Sound Diffraction
 Described by Van Huygen’s Principle Of Elementary
Waves
 Interface Points Reached By Sound Wave Act As Secondary
Sources
 Appears As Waves Bending Around Corners
 Ray-Theory Can’t Account For Diffraction
 Gaussian Ray-Bundle Formulation Combines Rays & Waves To
Account For Diffraction At Higher Frequencies

http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/acoustics/essay1/beugung_en.html
 Sound & Waves JAVA Applets
 Oscillations and Waves

 Ripple
Ripple Tank
Tank (2-D
(2-D Waves)
Waves) Applet
Applet
 Ripple
 Ripple tank
tank simulation
simulation that
that demonstrates
demonstrates wave
wave motion,
motion, interference,
interference, diffraction,
diffraction, refraction,
refraction, Doppler
Doppler effect,
effect, etc.
etc.

 2-D
2-D Waves
Waves Applet
Applet
 Demonstration
 Demonstration of
of wave
wave motion
motion in
in 2-D.
2-D.

 3-D
3-D Waves
Waves Applet
Applet
 Demonstration
 Demonstration of
of wave
wave motion
motion in
in 3-D.
3-D.

 Coupled
Coupled Oscillations
Oscillations Applet
Applet
 Demonstration
 Demonstration of
of longitudinal
longitudinal wave
wave motion
motion in
in oscillators
oscillators connected
connected by
by springs.
springs.

 Dispersion
Dispersion Applet
Applet
 Dispersion
 Dispersion and
and group
group velocity.
velocity.

 Acoustics

 Loaded
Loaded String
String Applet
Applet
 Simulation
 Simulation of
of wave
wave motion
motion of
of a
a string.
string.

 Rectangular
Rectangular Membrane
Membrane Waves
Waves Applet
Applet
 Vibrational
 Vibrational modes
modes in
in a
a 2-d
2-d membrane.
membrane.

 Circular
Circular Membrane
Membrane Waves
Waves Applet
Applet
 Vibrational
 Vibrational modes
modes in
in a
a 2-d
2-d circular
circular membrane
membrane (drum
(drum head).
head).

 Bar
Bar Waves
Waves Applet
Applet
 Bending
 Bending waves
waves in
in a
a bar.
bar.

 Vowels
Vowels Applet
Applet
 The
 The acoustics
acoustics of
of speech.
speech.

 Box
Box Modes
Modes Applet
Applet
 Acoustic
 Acoustic standing
standing waves
waves in
in a
a 3-d
3-d box.
box.

 Acoustic
Acoustic Interference
Interference Applet
Applet
 Generates
 Generates audio
audio interference
interference between
between your
your speakers.
speakers.
Sound Speed Profile Measurement
XBT = Expendable Bathythermograph
XCTD = Expendable Conductivity/Temperature and Depth

http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/goos/uot/xbt-what-is.php
Ocean Waveguide May Be Divided Into
Continental Shelf, Slope, & Basin

Deep Sea Continental Shelf

(Blue Waters) Continental Slope (Brown Waters)
Dw< 200 m

Sound
Velocity
Profile
 Sound Refraction Due To Variable Speed
 Sound Speed Variability Causes Refraction
 Depth Excess Required To Form Convergence Zones
 Shadow Zones Are Filled With Interface-Reflected Energy

Depth
Excess
 Monthly Variability In Brown Waters
 Sound Speed Proportional To Temperature
February August

February

August
Transmission Loss Of Whale Vocalization

North Pacific Blue Whale

Gaussian Canyon: Nx2D vs. 3D

PE TL Along Canyon

F = 25 Hz, Ds = 30 m, Dr = 35 m,
cb = 1700 m/s,  = 1.5 gm/cc,  = 0.1dB/

Arvelo & Rosenberg, JCA 9:17, 2001

 Active Sonar Detection Range Estimation

 Once Acceptable
Detection
Values For Pd &Pfa Range
Are Determined,
Associated RD Is
Used With Computed
SNR To Infer Max. RD
Detection Range
 SE = SNR – RD > 0
 SNR > RD
 Figure-Of-Merit (FOM)

 Parameter Used To Estimate

Detection Range From TL Curves
Detection Detection
 More Useful For Passive Than Range Range
Active Sonars Due To Range- Cylindrical
Dependence Of Interference
FOM
 Passive FOM
 SE = FOM – TL > 0
 FOM = SL-NL+AG+PG-RD FOM
 TL < FOM
 Active FOM
 SE = FOM – (TL11+TL22) > 0 Spherical

 FOM=SL-(NL+RL)+TS+AG+PG-RD
 FOM > TL11 + TL22

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/fun/part08.htm
Sonar Effects On Humans & Marine
Mammals Must Also Be Assessed
Careful With The Units! Don’t Compare Apples & Oranges!
Marine Injury Criteria Behavioral Response
Medium
Mammals Peak Pressure 24-hr Dosage Peak Pressure 24-hr Dosage
Cetaceans Water 230 dB//1uPa 198 dB//1uPa2-s 224 dB//1uPa 183 dB//1uPa2-s
Pinnipeds Water 218 dB//1uPa 186 dB//1uPa2-s 212 dB//1uPa 171 dB//1uPa2-s
Pinnipeds Air 149 dB//20uPa 144 dB//20uPa2-s 109 dB//20uPa 100 dB//20uPa2-s

Southall,
Southall, et.
et. al.,
al., “Marine
“Marine Mammal
Mammal Noise
Noise Exposure
Exposure Criteria:
Criteria: Initial
Initial
Scientific
Scientific Recommendations,”
Recommendations,” Aquatic
Aquatic Mammals,
Mammals, 33(4),
33(4), 2007
2007

Human Exposure Is Broadband A-Weighted (Ear Response)

Sound Level (dBA)

Duration Per Day (hrs)
OSHA NIOSH
16 85
8 90
6 92
4 95 88
3 97
2 100
1.5 102
1 105 94
0.5 110 97
0.25 115 100
0.125 120
 Oceanographic & Atmospheric Master
Library (OAML) Propagation Models
 ASTRAL 5.1
 Range-Dependent Range-Averaged TL
 20 Hz – 4 kHz
OAML
OAML POC
POC
 Colossus II 1.1 Walter
Walter Moskal
Moskal
(228)
(228) 688-5160
688-5160
 Range-Independent & Semi-Empirical moskalw@navo.navy.mil
moskalw@navo.navy.mil
 Shallow Waters (<400 m)
 2-Layers Positive Sound Speed Gradient
 100 Hz – 10 kHz
 PE 5.4
 Method 1: Split-Step Fourier Parabolic Equation
 Method 2: Split-Step Pade Parabolic Equation (RAM)
 Nautilus 1.0
 Broadband Range-Dependent Normal Modes
 Adiabatic Propagation (No Mode Coupling)
 OAML Environmental Databases

 GDEM-V 3.0
 Generalized Digital Env. Model Variable Resolution
 DBDB-V 5.3
 Digital Bathymetric Data Base Variable Resolution
 LFBL 11.1
 Low-Frequency Bottom Loss (F < 1 kHz)
 HFBL 2.2
 High-Frequency Bottom Loss (F = 3.5 kHz)
 BST 2.0
 Bottom Sediment Type (F > 10 kHz)
 VSS 6.3
 Volume Scattering Strength
 OAML Noise Models & Databases
 Models
 ANDES
 Ambient Noise Directional Estimation System
 Used Only To Generate Static Shipping Noise (SN)
 DANM 1.1
 Dynamic Ambient Noise Model
 Plans To Use For Shipping Noise Database Upgrade
 Incorporated HITS Vessel Motion Simulation (HVMS)

 Databases
 Shipping Noise (SN) 5.4
 Generated With ANDES
 Historical Temporal Shipping (HITS) 4.1
 Yields Shipping Density For Fishing Boats, Merchant Ships,
Tankers, Large Tankers & Supertankers
 Wind & Residual Noise (WRN) 3.0
 Surface Marine Gridded Climatology (SMGC) 2.0
 OAML & Other Sonar Models
 OAML Sonar Models OAML
OAML POC
POC
 ASPM 6.1.2 Walter
Walter Moskal
Moskal
(228)
(228) 688-5160
688-5160
 Acoustic System Performance Model moskalw@navo.navy.mil
moskalw@navo.navy.mil
 CASS 4.1
 Comprehensive Acoustic Simulation System
 Gaussian Ray Bundle (GRAB) Propagation Model

 Other Sonar Models

 NSWC (PC-IMAT, PC-SWAT, …)
 NRL (BiRASP, BiKr, …)
 APLUW (SST)
 JHUAPL (APL-Sonar, HFPSM, HFASM, ARAMIS, …)
 Adaptive Methods (GAMUT)
 Sonar Performance Prediction Model For
Mobile Devices In Process…
SignalScope SoundMeter SignalSuite

http://www.faberacoustical.com/products/iphone/
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