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Lamp Ro Poulos 2016
Lamp Ro Poulos 2016
Engineering Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/engstruct
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: In this study the efficiency of the use of Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) for
Received 7 April 2015 the strengthening of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams has been investigated. Experimental work
Revised 21 October 2015 has been conducted to determine UHPFRC material properties. Dog-bone shaped specimens have been
Accepted 27 October 2015
tested under direct tensile loading, and standard cubes have been tested in compression. These results
have been used for the development of a numerical model using Finite Element Method. The reliability
of the numerical model has been validated using further experimental results of UHPFRC layers tested
Keywords:
under flexural loading. Further numerical study has been conducted on full-scale beams strengthened
Ultra high performance fibre reinforced
concrete
with UHPFRC layers and jackets, and these results were compared to respective results of beams
Reinforced concrete beams strengthened with conventional RC layers and with combination of UHPFRC and steel reinforcing bars.
Strengthening Superior performance was observed for strengthened beams with UHPFRC three side jackets, and the effi-
Layers ciency of this technique was highlighted by comparisons with other strengthening techniques.
Jackets 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.10.042
0141-0296/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A.P. Lampropoulos et al. / Engineering Structures 106 (2016) 370384 371
of fibre distribution on UHPFRC was highlighted in Ferrara et al. strengthening techniques. The main aim of this paper is to investi-
[23]. In this study the effect of different fibre orientations was gate the effectiveness of the addition of UHPFRC layers or jackets to
examined. For this reason, slabs with the same size but different RC beams and to conduct a critical comparison of the effectiveness
flowing direction were cast. From these slabs, beam specimens of this novel technique with traditional strengthening methods
were cut with their axis parallel and perpendicular to the flow using RC layers. In this paper, a numerical investigation is pre-
direction. From the results it was evident that the orientation of sented first (Section 2) on initial, prior to strengthening, RC beams.
the fibres considerably affects the mechanical performance of fibre Experimental work was conducted to determine the actual mate-
reinforced cementitious composites [23]. rial characteristics in tension and compression and, using these
The findings presented in the previous studies are mostly data, a numerical model was developed for the simulation of
focused on the mechanical properties of UHPFRC, and there are UHPFRC. The accuracy of the model was further validated with
other published studies on strengthening applications [2431]. flexural tests on UHPFRC layers (Section 3). An extensive numerical
Farhat et al. [24] examined beams strengthened with UHPFRC investigation was conducted on beams strengthened with layers
strips. Epoxy adhesive was used for the bonding between UHPFRC and jackets (Section 4). The performance of these specimens was
and the initial beam. In this study [24], UHPFRC prevented shear compared to respective results of elements strengthened with
failure of the beams and the failure load was increased up to additional RC layers, and the superior performance of beams with
86%. Brhwiler and Denarie [25] and Brhwiler [26] studied the three side UHPFRC jacket was highlighted (Section 5).
application of UHPFRC for the rehabilitation of crash barrier wall
of highway bridge, bridge pier, and industrial floors, and the effi- 2. Reinforced concrete beams prior to strengthening: Numerical
ciency of this method for cast in-situ and prefabrication, using modelling and experimental validation
standard equipment for concrete manufacturing, was highlighted.
The application of UHPFRC for the repair and strengthening of The Initial, prior to strengthening, Beam (IB) examined in this
beam-column joints was investigated by Beschi et al. [29] and study is based on a previous experimental program [7]. Initial
remarkable bearing capacity increment was observed [29]. Combi- beams cross sectional dimensions were 150 mm by 250 mm and
nation of UHPFRC with reinforcing steel bars for the rehabilitation the length was equal to 2200 mm. The reinforcement consisted
of existing concrete elements was examined by Habel et al. [27] of two bars with a diameter of 12 mm (2H12) made of steel with
and this technique was found to be quite promising, since the a characteristic yielding stress value of 500 MPa in the tensile side
existing structures were efficiently strengthened and their resis- with a cover of 25 mm (Fig. 1a). The characteristic cylinder con-
tance and their ultimate moment were considerably increased crete compressive strength of the initial beam at 28 days was
[27]. An analytical model for elements strengthened with com- found equal to 39.5 MPa. The effective span was equal to
bined UHPFRC and steel bars was proposed by Noshiravani and 2000 mm and the beam was tested under a four-point bending
Brhwiler [28] together with a simplified formulation for the shear loading with an imposed deflection rate of 0.008 mm/s. The dis-
resistance of the composite members [28]. Magri et al. [30] inves- tance between the two loading points in the middle of the span
tigated the combination of UHPFRC with Textile Reinforced Mortar was equal to 500 mm (Fig. 1b).
(TRM) and increment of maximum load capacity and ductility of For the finite element analysis, ATENA software [32] was used.
the examined specimens was observed [30]. Concrete was simulated with an eight-node element, with nonlin-
However, until now, there are not any published studies on ear behaviour and softening branches in both tension and com-
three sides jacketing with UHPFRC, and there are not any direct pression using SBETA constitutive model [32]. The ascending
comparisons of the use of UHPFRC layers or jackets with traditional compressive branch of this model is based on the formula
Table 1
UHPFRC mix design.
Fig. 6. Direct tensile tests monitoring using Digital Image Correlation System.
Table 2
Comparisons of the mechanical performance with other studies from the literature.
Research study Binder (kg/m3) Water/binder Steel fibres (vol.%) Compressive strength Tensile strength (MPa) Youngs modulus (GPa)
28 days (MPa)
Cement GGBS Silica fume
Hassan et al. [19] 657 418 119 0.15 2 151 7 46
Toledo et al. [20] 1011 0 58 0.19 2 156 10 47.7
Habel et al. [21] 1050 0 275 0.14 6 168 11 48
Current study 657 418 119 0.15 3 164 12 57.5
Fig. 7. Tensile stress strain behaviour adopted in the numerical model for the
simulation of UHPFRC.
Fig. 10. (a) Setup of the flexural testing of UHPFRC and (b) typical crack pattern after the end of the test.
Fig. 11. (a) Numerical model and (b) strain and crack distribution.
376 A.P. Lampropoulos et al. / Engineering Structures 106 (2016) 370384
Fig. 14. Geometry of strengthened beams with UHPFRC in (a) the tensile side, (b) the compressive side, and (c) three side jacket.
Fig. 16. Crack pattern and strain distribution for (a) ST_UHPFR_TS, (b) ST_UHPFR_CS, and (c) ST_UHPFR_3SJ.
value for all the examined specimens, is presented in Fig. 17. From in Fig. 14. The model presented in Fig. 7 was used, with maximum
these results it can be observed that in all the examined cases the tensile strength values 8 MPa, 16 MPa and the results were com-
slip was maximum near the ends of the beams and the maximum pared to the respective results of Fig. 18, where 12 MPa tensile
observed slip values were; 0.93 mm for the specimen strengthened strength was assumed. Various tensile strength values were used
in the tensile side (Fig. 17a), 0.44 mm for the strengthened beam in in this parametric study in order to investigate the effect of
the compressive side (Fig. 17b), and 0.05 mm for the specimen UHPFRC with different amounts of steel fibres, since the steel fibres
with the three side jacket (Fig. 17c). These results indicate that, amount has an impact on the tensile strength.
in case of three side jackets, the slip was considerably reduced The load deflection results of strengthened beams in the com-
compared to the respective values for strengthening with a single pressive side (ST_UHPFR_CS), in the tensile side (ST_UHPFR_TS),
layer in the tensile or in the compressive side. and specimens with the three side jackets (ST_UHPFR_3SJ) are pre-
The numerical results of the strengthened elements were com- sented in Fig. 19ac respectively.
pared to the respective loaddeflection results of the Initial Beam The results of Fig. 19 were used to calculate the ultimate
(IBnum), and the results are presented in Fig. 18. moment for all the examined cases, and the distribution of the ulti-
From the results of Fig. 18, the yield and the maximum load mate moment (Mu) with the tensile strength of UHPFRC is illus-
were identified and, using these values, the moment increment trated in Fig. 20.
at yield and maximum load were calculated (Table 3). The plateau As it was expected, and based on the results of Fig. 20, the ten-
with the two picks of specimen ST_UHPFR_TS could be attributed sile strength of UHPFRC was not affecting the response of speci-
to the strain hardening phase (Fig. 6) which, depending on the mens strengthened in the compressive side (ST_UHPFR_CS)
overall performance of the elements, can reflect to the loaddeflec- considerably, since an increment less than 4% in the ultimate
tion response. moment was observed when UHPFRC tensile strength was
The results indicate that the addition of UHPFRC layer in the increased from 8 MPa to 16 MPa. In case of strengthened speci-
tensile and in the compressive side had almost the same effect to mens with UHPFRC in the tensile side (ST_UHPFR_TS), the ultimate
the yield and ultimate moment since an increment of almost 30% moment was increased by 31% when UHPFRC tensile strength was
was observed in both cases. The addition of a three side jacket increased from 8 MPa to 16 MPa. The respective increment for
resulted to significant increment of both yield and ultimate strengthened specimens with three side jackets (ST_UHPFRC_3SJ)
moments (160180%). was significantly higher and equal to 53%.
In order to investigate the effect of UHPFRC material properties The effect of the post-peak (softening) stressstrain behaviour
on the response of the strengthened beams, a parametric study of UHPFRC on the overall performance of the strengthened ele-
was conducted for the various strengthening techniques presented ments was also investigated. The softening behaviour of UHPRC
A.P. Lampropoulos et al. / Engineering Structures 106 (2016) 370384 379
Fig. 17. Interface distribution slip (m) in strengthened beams with UHPFRC in (a) the tensile side, (b) the compressive side, and (c) three side jacket.
Table 3
Yield and ultimate bending moment values and the respective increment for all the
examined specimens.
Fig. 20. Ultimate moment (Mu) for the strengthened elements with various UHPFRC
tensile strength values.
Fig. 21. Examined tensile stress strain models with various post-peak character-
istics for UHPFRC.
6. Conclusions
Fig. 23. Geometry of strengthened elements (a) ST_RCL_TS and (b) ST_RCL_CS.
Fig. 24. Failure crack patter for (a) ST_RCL_TS and (b) ST_RCL_CS.
Table 4
Yield and ultimate bending moment values and the respective increment for
ST_RCL_CS and ST_RCL_TS.
Table 5
For beams strengthened in the tensile side, combination of steel
Yield and ultimate bending moment values and the respective increment for
ST_RCL_TS and ST_UHPFRC_TS_12 MPa and steel bars. bars and UHPFRC was also investigated and an increment of 7% in
the yield bending moment and 9% in the ultimate bending moment
Specimen My DMy/My,IB Mu DMu/Mu,IB
was observed, compared to the respective values of beam strength-
(103 Nm) (%) (103 Nm) (%)
ened with RC layers. The results indicate that even if the perfor-
ST_UHPFRC_TS_12 64 160 68 106
mance is overall enhanced, the contribution of the UHPFRC in
MPa and steel bars
ST_RCL_TS 60 150 63 97 this case was not fundamental.
The main conclusion of this study is that superior performance
can be achieved by the use of three sides UHPFRC jackets. In prac-
tise, UHPFRC could be used following the same procedure with the
one used for RC jackets. The application of UHPFRC could be done
In case of strengthened specimens with UHPFRC in the tensile using formworks by adapting the rheological properties of UHPFRC
side, the ultimate moment was increased by 31% when UHPFRC [26]. This novel technique has a great potential for the structural
tensile strength was increased from 8 MPa to 16 MPa. upgrade of the existing structures.
384 A.P. Lampropoulos et al. / Engineering Structures 106 (2016) 370384