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    Japanese Grammar Spark Charts

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    3K views6 pages

    Japanese Grammar Spark Charts

    Uploaded by

    nair.aalam
    Japanese Grammar Spark Charts

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    of 6
    REE CLO, sec 2. There are wo exceptions: See small [su] and long vowel in the syllabary below 3. Eachsylableshouldbepronounced ‘with same length 1. Syllables consist of @ vowel, al, [il [uh fe] or fo} and a set of either a consonant of a consonant + [y] anda vowel CET ear A. In authentic written texts, no spaces are used in between words WISPRYAKTH Watashi wa amerkajin des Thre weing tems kaj, 1 Kanji 8 Kdcographs borrowed from Chinese characters, each conveying an idea, ‘most of which have atleast two readings b. Used to write most of nouns and core of adjetives and verbs 2. Hiragana a Aphonetic syllabary made from simplified kanji characters bs Consiss of five basic vowels, and 4 oer ters wih 25 variations Basic Hiragana KIS ® Zoe a | se a [w m we [blk ae le Jam an American raga, and katakana are used in Japanese writen texts B, Word Accent and Rhythm 3. Bach word has a fixed accent The Japanese language has a pattern pitch accent system hhashi: bridge chop sticks. indicates higher pitch 2. Japanese words are pronounced on sl two levels of pitch, low and high Double Consonants 2b Wok ite iu or waka appa rik post samp [2 ticket lea magazine | 22U E38 3, Katakana| ‘Each katakana character was made from part of @ kanji character b.Most words borrowed from romance langu ‘onomatopoeias are transcribed in katakana Basic Katakana Variations KS [TN z[> asa [es [nn a aly [|e 1 [abe a bi Upste 2 e[e mu ya | gu |u| ws | bu |p ¥[>[als lolol IES 1 [iti # [2 [[= usu ime] [re ze | de |e alA[o, [eh e]cl~ to mo | yo [ro 20 | do | bo olelsle[sle zlete 2 x ke ne z * Glides: A smaller-sized letter [ya], [yu] or [yo] is attached to S [ki], Ushi, Shi, (n), Ohi, Dfr}o is saiton to tenseibe sound of ‘syllables containing a consonant and [y] Hiragana Glides ky |S Hy [My | [Gy ® Py © [ho [3 Z Katakana Glides ky [Sy [oe Hy [My] Ry] ba Ea i a Ue hu hy oP yw a [De aye | bya ue tw pa te Py so [ce] ee eu [iw | iw a [cha | nye [nya [mya] ye | eve ia Ue ee Pr ey Eat a4 [De| Fe] = [er|Se hu] aya [hou mae pu Ene 09 [4 [De | ae | Ue | se |e [ow a [Pal Fal =a [ealSa[val ¥a Fa ea yo | sho tye [mye] oo | evo | io | io | by | myo Ss [be Ox DE UE Oe {4 Double consonants; Small leter of > {'su] is used to indicate the first consonant of double consonants; it occurs in a word and requires a slight pause of the same duration of one syllable Some Examples of Double Vowels a | ee | rea | an [ow [ou [ew 3 co 3. 2 ¥ eS a 7a ea Double consonants: Small 'Y[Isulis used inthe same way as in hiragana Double vowels: A dash (~) is used to indieste a second vowel when there are double vowels in Katakana e. Small. yowel: In order fo transcribe the pronunciation of horrowed sounds (Such as people's names) as closely as possible, the following combinations are commonly used, only in katakana +5 Be au te | Os 255 |o5 For the second vowel of double vowels of =" ae also used respectively au co zu 35 % oz oe wa [>a] (te) [vol ta) | 9 | ta (she (6) (ai) [che I 9 Fr bee ee al [An appropriate syle of speech is used depending on the relationship between a speaker and the listener(s), the topic, and the context A. Polite Speech 1. Used in a formal situation, including the classroom, in business oF at a speech or lecture 2, Also used between unfamiliar people to n distance 5. Polite form of verb, copula and adjectives (desu masu form) are used pel of LES. Watashi ga shimas, B, Casual Speech 1. Used among those who are familiar with each other, such as colleagues, fiends, family members and to children Jintain polite formality and Iwill doit. Rss ee A. Sentence Structure 1. Word order 8. Generally, the verb comes at the end of the sentence or clause The red word ofeach sentence is the verb DLE FAUNA TH Watashi wa amerikajin des. Tam an American AUS & BAS & BLES. igo to nihongo o hanashimas. I speak English and Japanese, KBR ik BELZN TH. Nihongo wa omoshiroi des, 2, Omission of information ‘8. Omit information understood from the context ». Avoid consecutive use of /L (atashi) when itis clear fom the context €- Do not use €575% (anata) a pronoun meaning either you or your, iit Japanese language is interesting. is possible to use the actual name andor name ofa tte or role 4. Speech that overuses pronouns sounds less polite B, Grammatical Funetion Indicator: Particles 1. The grammatical function of nouns ae indicated by particles 2. Most particles are attached to the end of a noun; Some are atached 10 another particle 3. Sentence patil are attached toa sentence, including the question marker Ya] List of particles 2. It is used in informal everyday situations 3. To form casual speech, plain verbal form is used DILBTS. Watashi ga sure. I will doit . Respect Language 1. To show respect, terms of honor are used when referring to others, Lebas a AKT. Shachoo ga nasaimas. The president will do it. 2. Humble termi are used when refering to oneself peL w WELES. Watashi ga itashimas. I will doit. (respectful) beSL ® SUT esas, Watakushi ga sasete itadaki will doit (more respectfil) When the preceding word is omitted, the particle should be omitted also, as they act as a set and are pronounced as one word Sentence Topic Marker: (3[wa] 18. The topic ofa sentence i indicated with [wa and ls wed fora sound of [wa] only in case ofa particle b, The topic is often the same asthe subject, but not always: ©. J& [al is used for the object, especially ina nezative sentence Subject marker: Aga) ig is used to mark the subjct when te information is newt the listener b, Bilgalis used inthe following structure as well fk A BUTT. Shi wa me ga aoides. As forme, the eyes ar blue £5825 ld DE H HAUTI. ‘Tookyoo wa hito ga ooides. There are los of people in Tokyo. Question Marker: 2 [ka] 8. A sentence particle» [ka is attached to a statement to make it a question Statement: DSTA % RET. [eat anch or Hirugohan 0 tabemas. I'am going to eat lunch, Question: DSTI % TENET. Do you eat lunch or Hliugohan 0 tabemasuks? Are you going to eat lunch? wa} [topic ofthe seatence Ba5 1k ZESUTH Kyoo wa doyoobi des. ‘Today is Saturday teat | subject 805 HD ADELE WoESUE Uk i BET There will bea test on Monday. “Getsyobs ni shiken ga arian i rained yesterday, ‘Kinoo ame formas BE le SUTIN ee DSK Ik BUTT Bea) ‘Ast wa sams, hina wa atuies 1 cold in the moening. uti’ hot during the da. Bilal [soften FREEA RUE BAL TIA ‘Sumimasen ga ina nani desk, | Excuse me, but what ine is pow? Elol__| diver object BEA E DUT SEW. Namie o ite kas Pease write your name. lace or objet fom which lol | something r someone eaves BS BEL E55 & TES leave home at cight in the ‘Asa hachij nui o demas moming. lace tht something moves lel | over slong or through E5AA€ SMSLET, Kooen o samposhimas [ake a walkin the park Etna destination Sibh ERA UR ‘Rann ion ina. ‘Neat year, am going to Japan location SSK pe i USF chin neko ga mas, Tihave a ct at my home indies object EOS fe BET “Tomodachi ni mas. Tee my Tends tine HUA est RET Maiban jj nema. T go to sleep at 100 every ight purpose BLE DEO EDSET, ‘Ashita kaimono ni ikimas Tam going shopping tomorrow. ite forthe actviy ihesplice [ELEDA, C_NABESLET ‘Tosokan de benkyooshmas, | tu at the brary ‘means or implement ofthe = AMD T BERS DEES Empisu de mimaeo kakimas. | Write your mame in pencil, DEC Mors © PFE. Kaze de gakko 0 ysumimashita | T missed school due w cold ston SubA EBA A USER ‘Raine lon eas. ‘Next yer, am going to Jpan stating point oF tie o poi, es Drak SE DS TH Kura wa ki kara des, My class tas at ine. ending point or Hine EOBE CSAA 80 RUDE "Naina Keon made hasirimas [Ivan othe park every moming, Dinol | modifier PRU CSRS Watashi no omedach ay end Etto) __[tstmaksr Lea i PHXE BACH, ‘Shur wa anime engaku des | My hobbies are anime and music Etro) [accompany ERE E RASESLET. “Tomodachiw bekyooshimas. [Ist with my fiend Ettol | quotion marker BSUBE BES, E UT CEBU, _ | Mooichide “ahayoo” ote hada. | Please sy “ohajoo" once again. Kixdiono wa budoo ye ‘As for fais, [ike grapes and ichigo wa skies siranberies, Simo) [sional info TGF SFETH Banana mo sukides Tike bananas, 10, ‘Piya | ist of example SAO RES PBT FETT, Verb and Adjective Conjugation 4. Verbs 1. Verbs and adjectives conjugate to show non-past, past, negative and 4. Classified into groups: Group I, group Il and group Il, depending on affirmative form ofthe sentence their conjugation patterns 2.4 non-past form is used to indicate present and future tense, and past '. To obtain te-orm, replace “ta” and “da” atthe end of each plain past form is for past, present perfect and past perfect tense aifimative form with “te” and “de,” respectively: “kata” tums t0| 5. The conjugation isnot affected by the type ofthe subject ofa sentence katte,” and “beta” changes to “tabete Group | Verb Conjugations (3verb) GUD: Paite form USI: Pla form ita iota ‘Nonpat form Past form ‘Non-past form Past form ive | Negative | _Alfirmative ‘Negative ‘Atfirmative | Negative | Atfimative | Negative wis] eee | DEREA | PEELE | DRREATLIE Ed pow | Buk | tiem raw | kakimaso aki akimashta | kakimasendeshitn hak akan ita Sakanalata x0 buy WesT | UEREA | USRLR | OSREATLE we win | Mot | biniior iki ‘kimasen | skimasita | —_ikiasendesbite ihe shana iva ikanakata DUET | MELA | BUELE | HUREATUE BS pan | bok | moumor ira aimasen | _kaimashitn | _haimasendoshite aw wana aa Kawano Polite, DELL PAINT KC AVET BEAL DSS. Polit, PRL BATE EC EBATT BEAL DSKLM, non-pis,Watashwa amerkadewa yoku eigode —namaco akimast. past, Watashiwa nihondewa yoku nihongode amacokakimashit, aMfnpative: (often write my nae in English inthe US.) afimative: (often wrote my name in Japanese in Japan.) Poli, ELM FAUATIS BRO KBACT BEAL MSE. Poli, DLL KEATS BRD AVTT GRAS HEUATLA, non-pas, Watashiva amerikadowa amari nihongode namaco kakimasen. past, Watshiwa hondewa amari eigode _amaco _akimasendeshia rogative! (I don't write my name i Japanese oe in the US.) ‘ogatve: (did't write myname in English often in Japan.) Group Ut Bverb) CEST Pla form jootal "Now-past form Past form ‘Non-past form Past form Airmative | Negative | Affirmative Negi ‘Airmative [Negative | Affirmative | Negative BESS | BSELA | BSELE | BeUATLR | Bes | SGN | BBE | BSuDE skimasu | _okimasen | _okimashita | _okimasendehita skin ‘kina oki ‘kina RASS | RAEUA | E Shinw (ley | shinai | shinsnakana shinarera | shinaseru | shisimasu | shinn | shine | shincba | shinera_| shinoo ne phan [roumoe loans lanes loser [ax me [ane [awe [os Kaku (write) | Kakanai | kokanakara Katarers | tatasers | kakimasu [taku [take | kakeba | takers | taboo rg wien [oom lumps lusts fuass [uc we ove fume [ues hago) | skanai_—_ | ikanaaa itarera | ihaserw | ikimasu | ku ike itsba [ikem | io | BEC Bite siieror leans lexus [essay [asc ase [ase | waite | wscs Oyogu swim) | ovoaanai | oyozmakata | oyosarera_| oyoxaseru | ovozimasu | oyoas _[-eyoue | oyozeba_ | eyozers_| oyou00 Plain, nega | Plain, nea. past nonpast |~ 7% D> fe “GU mai | mates rerw ear Baas |asasnor lamans assis |aslat uss lame Janus | amis |anes ‘Nanas (speaktalk) Phinpasive: DLE UES DELO SESHLAK WESLO BEAL AMM Pin Conditional: DEAT HVE HOST, a refer amen my iy my yogi on) yon wre ta Magara, 1 wil sdersnd fy younger sister wrote her name on my textbook, (Ealish equiva ee pee ae Phincaussive: DELIZ WESEK USAD BELE DAUT MES. Lnlienend Witond ied ncn ih aS Pe ee a My youngest on wit kaj it Phin Imperive: 320 EEKEE DAUT Bie Phin Voltions: BEA WSDL HED. ‘Write the iowing words in kanj- "giz instructions” Lets write names clea Fanasonai | banasonaksta | banasrera | banasasere_| hanashimasu | honaso | banase | banaseba | angsers | hanao Plain, Polite, nompast past | Passive (omase-form) Povential Sibert |~sne at ~5ns makita | rarer mas rarer BStiot | BESS Bear BSSHS cokinakata | okirarers okimasy okiraren feXtein ote RAST ABN tabenakata taberasu taberaery aah wet wens ‘minakata | mirarert rmimase mirorem Polite nom past| Passive (uasu-orm) ~she 35 zene aay ens horror ima Lan [Ummoe | eens EF shinai | shinakana | servers shimasa ££ Connection Forms of Important Expressions (for beginners) teform DS ‘Abts Awana imas Group BES Ey BeeT BET view eet wp) kim okie Group 8 iy Let v5 ut Ut Sara (do) shinai shimasu sur shite shit << z aay

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