Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Measurement-Based Load Modeling
Measurement-Based Load Modeling
Abstract: Accurate dynamic load models allow This approach does not seem to be appropriate for
more precise calculations of power system large systems, since the determination of an average
controlsand stability limits. System identification (and precise) composition for each load bus of
methods can be applied to estimate load models interest is virtually impossible. The second approach
based on measurements. Parametric and does not suffer from this drawback, since the load to
nonparametric (functional) are the two main be modelled can be assumed a "black-box".
classes in system identification methods. The However, a significant amount of data related to
parametric approach has been the only one used programmed tests and natural disturbances affecting
for load modeling so far. In this paper. the the system needs to be collected.
performance of a functional load model based on Considering the shortcomings of the two
a polynomialartificial neural network is compared approaches, and the fact that data acquisition (and
with a linear model and with the popular 'ZIP' processing) systems are becoming very cheap, it
model. The impact of clustering different load seems that the system identification approach is more
compositions is also investigated. Substation in accordance to current technology. This approach
buses (138 kV) from the Brazilian system feeding allows real-time load monitoring and modeling.
important industrial consumers have been Parametric I31 and nonparametric (functional) I41
modeled. are the t w o main classes in system identification
methods. The parametric methods assume a known
Keywords: Load Modeling, Neural Networks, model structure with unknown parameters. Methods
Stability Studies. in this class have been the only ones used for load
modeling so far. Their performance depends on a
1. INTRODUCTION good guess of the model order, which generally
requires previous knowledge of the load
Independent of the study to be performed, characteristics.
literature has shown the fundamental importance of In recent years, artificial neural networks (ANNs)
power system component modeling. Therefore, have been used for dynamic load modeling due to
accurate models for transmission lines, transformers, features such as nonlinear mapping and generalization
generators, regulators and compensators have been capability I5,6,71. The multilayer perceptron trained
proposed. However, the same has not happen to load with error back propagation has been employed.
models. Although the importance of load modeling is However, it has several shortcomingssuch as difficult
well known, specially for transient and dynamic setting of learning parameters, slow convergence,
stability studies, the random nature of a load training failures due to local minima, pre-specified
composition makes its representation very difficult. architecture (parametric model).
Two approaches have been used for load In this paper, the performanceof a functional load
modeling. In the first one, based on the knowledge of model based on a polynomial ANN I81 is compared
the individual load components, the load model is with a linear model I21 and with the "ZIP" (constant
obtained through the aggregation of the individual impedance, current and power) model 111. The impact
load component models 111. The second approach of clustering different load compositions is also
does not require the knowledge of the load physical investigated.
characteristics. Based on measurements related to the
load responses to disturbances, the model is 2. LOAD MODELS
estimated using system identification methods 121.
The composition approach has the disadvantage of The main idea is to obtain a model that represents
requiring information that is not generally available. the variation of electrical system loads, taking into
56
The GMDH allows the construction of layers, one behavior, probably associated with the same load
at a time, beginning at the input layer. Two different composition, in order to decrease the extent of
data sets, totalizing N input/output patterns are used nonlinearity that should be provided by a single load
for training (N, samples) and testing (N - Nrsamples). model. An ART I1 01like neural network model is used
The GMDH algorithm is described below (a second for the clustering task. It has been employed because
order elementary polynomial is assumed): there is no need for pre-specifying the number of
groups. A model for each group is created after
Step I)Combine the m inputs (to the current layer), dividing the set of disturbances related to a bus of
two by two, in order to form the following linear interest in groups.
systems of equations: The voltage and/or frequency disturbances and
y1 = + CX,, + D
A + BJC,~ d + + FJC,~]
respective load variations can be represented by
y2 = A + B + + c + , + D ~ + E ~ + F ~ points in a multi-dimensionalspace. For instance:
(3) x = ( P ( k ) , P(k-1), P ( k - 2 ) , ... , f ( k ) ,
0
UN, = A + BxN,f + cxN,, + D%& + Ex& + FxN,flNl]
f ( t - l ) , f(k-2). ..., V(k), V(k-1), V(k-2), ... )
Step Ill Estimate the coefficients (weights)A, B, C,0, Procedures to find groups of similar points are
E, and, F solving the system equations above for the known as nonsupervised learning mechanisms. Such
training set (in the sense of least squares). Then, the procedures try to identify prototypes or exemplars
neuron output is represented by the following that may serve as the best representations for each
equation: group. A prototype can be one of the defined points
for the measured disturbancesor the geometric center
y = A + Bx, + CX,+ B x ~+ 4 + Fx,x~
(4) of the group.
Step 111) Evaluate each of the neurons created in Step The metric used in this work is the Euclidian
II using the test set. distance. The algorithm is described step by step
N-N,
below:
r',
c (nr -
yN,
ZIkP
; k = 1,2. ...,m(m-1)
I - At the beginning of the training process the units
=
-2 (5) in the output layer are not activated.
cA I-
a) choose a vigilance parameter p .
b) choose the first entering pattern as the first
where yfr and z, represent the desired output values
group prototype.
and the values obtained from each of the m(m-lM2
II - Perform iterations until none of the training
neurons, respectively.
examples cause any change in the set of
prototype vectors.
Step IV) Sort the 4
values. Compare the minimum a) choose a training sample xk in cyclic order.
value with the minimum 6 of the previous layer. If b) find the P, prototype closest (distanced) to the
the current error is greater than the previous error, training sample xk.
stop (end of the algorithm). Otherwise, save the c) test if P, is similar enough to sample xk.
more fittest neurons and go back to Step I. d) if d < then:
The advantages of the polynomial network trained - sample xk belongs to the group represented
with the Group Method of Data Handling are: by prototype PI.
- the ANN architecture and its inputs are - change PI to get closer to sample xk.
automatically defined by the training process; - go back to step II to choose a new sample.
- there is no learning parameter to be set; otherwise:
- no local minima problem; and, - x, does not belong to any existent group.
- fast convergence. Create a new group and set the group
prototype equal to xk.
3. LOAD CLUSTERING
4. TEST RESULTS
Electric loads have different compositions through
time. Therefore, in order to improve the performance Substations buses ( 138 kV) from the Brazilian
of the load model it is recommendable to estimate system feeding important industrial consumers (steel-
more than one model for each load bus. The idea is to making, mining, ferroalloy and chemical) have been
separate input/output signals showing similar modeled. The data acquisition sampling period is
57
10 ms. Some tests for a 138 kV bus are presented in The ANN training time for the first group of active
Figures 3 to 6. Twenty nine measured disturbances power is five minutes on a 486 DX2-66 MHz.
are used.
The disturbances are clustered as follows: a c l i v e power lMWl
79
- Active Power (2 groups)
1) 18 disturbances (1 5 for training, 3 for testing) ,--.-
,:-_---,
Lime Is/
-VOLTAGE - FREQUENCY
5. CONCLUSIONS
136 1
0 1 2 3 4
L 53.8
5 The main conclusions of this work are:
lime Is1 - The complex load composition makes its dynamic
-VOLTAGE - FREQUENCY
behavior difficult to the modeled.
- Clustering different load compositions improves the
Fig.3b: Test Disturbance from the 1" Group (V, f ) . models accuracy. The ANN performance is less
sensitive to the number of load groups.
The clustering procedure determines when the load - The ANN load model has shown the best
model is supposed to be accurate (based on the performance by a significant margin.
similarity between the test and training disturbances). - The linear load model has been superior to the ZIP
As the number of disturbances available for each bus model for all tests disturbances regarding active
is usually limited, cross-validation or bootstrapping power. However, in some tests, the ZIP model has
techniques should be applied to estimate the load been better than the linear model for reactive
model error rate. power. This is due to the quadratic voltage term of
Although sometimes the errors for the linear and the ZIP model.
ANN load models are similar, the selection of an - The ZIP model has not been capable of modeling
appropriate order for the linear system is not easy. the load dynamics appropriately.
58
- It has been noticed that the order of the elementary
polynomial affects the ANN performance. Future voltage (kV1 f r e q u e n c y IHzl
1381
0 1 2 3 4 5
lime 1st
-VOLTAGE - FREQUENCY
16
0 1 2 3 4 5
lime I s / Fig.6b: Test Disturbance from the 2& Group (V, f).
-MEASUREMENT --- Z I P LINEAR -NEURAL
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Mean Absolute Errors: 10.13% (ZIP), 8.79% (Linear),
6.53% (ANN) The authors would like to thank the Brazilian Agencies
Fig.5a: Test Disturbance from the la Group (0). FAPEMIG and CNPq for the financial support.
7. REFERENCES
f61 T.T. Nguyen and H.X. Buy: "Neural Network Dynamic Load
Model", @ ESAP, Melbourne, Jan. 1993, pp. 467-472.
59