Bi ging s 5: CC DNG TON V CN BC HAI

A. TM TT KIN THC
Trong qu trnh gii cc bi ton v cn thc bc hai ta cn ch cc iu sau y:

1. iu kin biu thc A c ngha l A 0.

A
2
2. Ta lun c A vi iu kin A 0 (nh ngha cn bc 2).

A khi A 0
A
2
3. Ta c hng ng thc A2 A . Do A2 A 0.
A khi A 0

4. Ta c AB A. B khi A 0, B 0.

A B khi A 0, B 0
Tuy nhin AB A B .

A B khi A 0, B 0

Tng t cho quy tc khai cn ca mt thng

A B
5. Ta c A2 B 2 .
A B

Do , A2 B2 A B ta cn phi c iu kin AB 0 (iu kin cng du ca hai

v).

A2 B 2
Tc l A B .
AB 0

A 0

Ch . C mt trng hp thng gp A B B 0 (iu kin cng du ca hai v).
A B2

Tuy nhin, t iu kin A B 2 ta suy ra A 0.

B 0
Do AB .
A B
2

B. CC V D MINH HA
Dng 1: Gii phng trnh cha cn
- t iu kin xc nh cho biu thc trong cn

Trung tm luyn thi EDUFLY-Hotline: 0987708400 Page 1

Bin son: Vit Tun-ng Thnh Trung
- Ph du cn bng cch vn dng hng ng thc A2 = A hoc bnh phng hai v ca ng
thc
- Sau khi tm c nghim, i chiu vi KX v rt ra kt lun
V d 1: gii phng trnh

a) x 1 2 b) x2 4 x 4 4
Gii
a) x 1 2 (K: x 1)

x 1 2 ( x 1)2 22 x 1 4 x 3
x 3 tha mn KX vy phng trnh c nghim x 3
b) x2 4 x 4 4

x 2
2
x2 4 x 4 4 4 x 2 4 (1)

+ Trng hp 1: x 2
(1) x 2 4 x 2 (tha mn K)
+ Trng hp 2: x 2
(1) x 2 4 x 6 (tha mn K)
KL: Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim x 6; x 2

V d 2: 2 x 2 2 2 x 3 2 x 13 8 2 x 3 5

Gii

(2 x 3) 2 2 x 3 1 (2 x 3) 2 2 x 3.4 16 5

2 2
2x 3 1 2x 3 4 5

2x 3 1 2 x 3 4 5;(*)

Cch 1:
Nhn xt: 2 x 3 1 0 vy ta ch xt du ca 2x 3 4

2 x 3 16
19
Nu 2x 3 4 0 3 x
x 2
2

Th 2x 3 1 2x 3 4 5 2 2x 3 8 2x 3 4
9
Gii ra x (Khng tha mn iu kin)
2

Trung tm luyn thi EDUFLY-Hotline: 0987708400 Page 2

Bin son: Vit Tun-ng Thnh Trung
 3 19
+ Nu 2 x 3 4 x
2 2
3 19
Th 2 x 3 1 2 x 3 4 5 0 x 0 v s nghim vi mi x tha mn x
2 2
3 19
Kt lun: x
2 2

Cch 2:
p dng BT A B A B . Du = xy ra khi v ch khi A.B 0)

Gii: (*)

2x 3 1 2x 3 4 5

2x 3 1 4 2x 3 5

Ta c 2x 3 1 4 2x 3 2x 3 1 4 2x 3 5

Vy 2 x 3 1 4 2 x 3 5 Khi
2x 3 1 4 2x 3 0
4 2 x 3 0

3
x
2
3 19
Kt lun: x
2 2
Dng 2: Cn bc ba
V d 3: Rt gn biu thc
a) 3 8 3 125 3 3. 3 9
b) 3 7 5 2 3 7 5 2
Li gii mu:
a) 3
8 3 125 3 3. 3 9 3 23 3 53 3 3. 3 32 2 5 3 0
b) 3
7 5 2 3 7 5 2
t x 3 7 5 2 3 7 5 2

3
x3 3
75 2 3 75 2

x3 7 5 2 7 5 2 3 3
7 5 2 .3 7 5 2 3
7 5 2 3 7 5 2
x3 14 3x
x3 3x 14 0 x 2

Trung tm luyn thi EDUFLY-Hotline: 0987708400 Page 3

Bin son: Vit Tun-ng Thnh Trung
Dng 3: Tm Max, Min
- nh gi biu thc trong cn
- S dng bt ng thc C si
+ a b 2 ab vi a, b l hai s khng m.
+ Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b
- Lm tri, nh gi qua biu thc trung gian
V d 4: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
x3
a) M x2 6 x 12 b) P
x 1
Gii

a) M x2 6 x 12

x 3
2
M x2 6 x 12 x2 6 x 9 3 3 3

Vy gi tr nh nht ca M l 3 t c khi x 3 0 x 3
x3
b) P ( x 1)
x 1
x 3 x 1 4 x 1 4 4
P x 1
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
4
p dng bt ng thc C si cho hai s dng x 1 v c
x 1
4 4
x 1 2 x 1. 2 4 2.2 4
x 1 x 1
4
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P l 4 t c khi x 1 x 1 4 x 5
x 1
Dng 4: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc, chng minh ng thc, chng minh biu thc khng ph
thuc vo bin
3
V d 5: Cho x .
4
1+ 2x 1- 2x
Tnh gi tr ca biu thc A = +
1+ 1+ 2x 1- 1- 2x
Gii

Trung tm luyn thi EDUFLY-Hotline: 0987708400 Page 4

Bin son: Vit Tun-ng Thnh Trung
 3 3
1+ 2 1- 2
A= 4 + 4
3 3
1+ 1+ 2 1- 1- 2
4 4
3 3
1 1
2 2
3 3
1+ 1+ 1- 1-
2 2
2 3 2 3

2 42 3 2 42 3
2 3 2 3

2 3 1 2 3 1
2 3 2 3

3 3 3 3
6 2 3 3 3 3 6 2 3 3 3 3

6
6

6
1
V d 6: Cho xy + yz + zx = 1 v x + y + z = 2

Chng minh biu thc A =

1 x 1 y 1 z 1 y 1 x 1 z
2 2 2 2 2 2

khng ph
1 z2 1 x2 1 y2
thuc vo bin
Gii
Thay 1 = xy + yz + zx vo c

Trung tm luyn thi EDUFLY-Hotline: 0987708400 Page 5

Bin son: Vit Tun-ng Thnh Trung
A=
1 x 1 y 1 z 1 y 1 x 1 z
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 z2 1 x2 1 y2

xy yz zx x xy yz zx y xy yz zx z xy yz zx y
2 2 2 2

xy yz zx z 2 xy yz zx x 2

xy yz zx x xy yz zx z
2 2

xy yz zx y 2

x y x z y z x y x z y z x y y z x y x z x z y z
x z y z x z x y x y y z
x y y z x z
2 x y z 2.2 4

V d 7: Cho cc s dng a, b, c tha mn a b c ab bc bc . Chng minh a = b = c

Cch 1: Bin i tng ng
a b c ab bc ac
2a 2b 2c 2 ab 2 bc 2 ac
a 2 ab b b 2 bc c c 2 ca a 0

2 2 2
a b b c c a 0
a b 0

b c 0 abc

c a 0
C. BI TP P DNG
Bi 1: Tm x, tha mn
a) x 2 3
b) x2 6 x 9 2
c) x2 4 x 4 4 x2 4 x 1 2 x 1
d ) 3 x 16 x 25x 24
e) x 2 4 x 4 9 x 9 12
f ) 2 x 5 4 2 x 1 2 x 10 6 2 x 1 4
Bi 2: Tm gi tr ln nht ca cc biu thc sau
1 2 x 3 x
a) C = b) D = c)
x 1 x 1 x 2. x 2
Bi 3: Tm gi tr nh ca biu thc

Trung tm luyn thi EDUFLY-Hotline: 0987708400 Page 6

Bin son: Vit Tun-ng Thnh Trung
 x2 3
a) A = b)
x2 x 2x 3
2

Bi 4: Chng minh rng:

a2 x2 a2 x2 a4 a2
1. 1 vi x a
a2 x2 a2 x2 x4 x2

a2 a 2
2. 2, a
a2 a 1

3. 3 182 33125 3 182 33125 7

x x2 y x x2 y
4. x y
2 2

1
5. x 3 5 2 7 l nghim ca phng trnh x3 3x 14 0 .
3
5 2 7

2 3 6 8 16 2 3
6. P
2 3 4
v Q
6 3 2 1
:
2 1 l s v t

Bi 5: Tm GTNN ca cc BT sau
a) A x2 x 1 x2 x 1
3
b) B
2 x 2 2x 7
Bi 6: Tm gi tr ln nht (b nht) nu c ca:
1
D
4 - x2
E x - 2x - 2003 2004
Bi 7: Rt gn
a) 3 512 ; 3 729
3
135 3
b) 3
54. 3 4
5
c) 3
20 14 2 3 20 14 2
d) 3 5 2 + 7 + 3 -5 2 + 7
Bi 8: Chng minh biu thc sau khng ph thuc vo bin
a) x2 2 x 1 x vi x 1
b) x2 x 0,5 x2 4 x 4 vi x 2

Trung tm luyn thi EDUFLY-Hotline: 0987708400 Page 7

Bin son: Vit Tun-ng Thnh Trung
c) x4 2 x2 1 x x 1 x
Bi 9: Chng minh biu thc sau khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca bin
x y x y
a) A xy x xy y
2 2
2 x x 2 x x x x 1
b) B
x 2 x 1 x 1 .
x
Bi 10: Chng minh
a) 7 l s v t

b) S xo 2 2 3 6 3 2 3 l 1 nghim ca phng trnh x4 16 x2 32 0

Trung tm luyn thi EDUFLY-Hotline: 0987708400 Page 8

Bin son: Vit Tun-ng Thnh Trung