1 Why are X-rays dangerous?
1 Aside form X-ray pictures
They are ionising
1 What is the range of human
hearing?
20 20 000 Hz
1 What are the advantages of
ultrasound over X-rays?
Non-ionising and can be
used to scan organs and
soft tissues
1 Aside from scanning how
can ultrasound be used
medically?
Ultrasound waves can be
used to break up a kidney
stone
1 What happens to the X-
how else are X-rays used
medically?
Used to destroy cancerous
tumours
1 What happens to the
ultrasound wave at the
boundary of each tissue
boundary?
It is partially reflected
1 How do you calculate the
distance travelled by an
ultrasound wave?
Distance = speed x time
1 Where does refraction
occur?
At the boundary of air and
a transparent substance
(glass or water)
rays when a picture of a
broken bone is taken?
Bones and teeth
absorb the X-rays
whilst soft tissue
allows it to pass
through
1 What is the name of
the device that produces
and receives the
ultrasound waves?
Transduccer
1 How do you calculate
the distance between the
transducer and the tissue
boundary?
Distance = x speed
x time
1 What is Snells law
sin i / sin r
1 What is the refractive index? 1 Speed away slow toward 1 When does total
what? internal reflection occur?
A measure of how much a
substance can refract a The normal When angle of
ligt ray. incidence of a
light ray in a
transparent
substance is
greater than the
critical angle.

1 How does an endoscope 1 What is the relationship

work? between the critical and gle 1 What is the critical
and the refractive index? angle?

Two bundles of optical Refractive index = Angle of incidence of a

fibres, one to carry the 1/critical angle light ray in a
light the other to carry transparent substance
light back to the that produces
camera/eye. Light is refraction along the
totally internally reflected. boundary.

1 Draw how light rays behave 1 Draw how light rays behave 1 What is the difference
when they strike a converging when they strike a diverging between a real image
lens lens and a virtual image?

Real images produced

Should draw all light rays Should draw all light rays where real light
converging on a point spreading out from a point rays meet
(focal point) (focal point)

1 How do you calculate the 1 What are the units for 1 What are the two ways
magnification? magnification? virtual images are
formed?
Image height / object There are none.
height Diverging lens or
object closer than
focal point of a
converging lens
1 Which three ways do we
describe an image?
Real/virtual, magnified/
diminished,
upright/inverted
1 Draw how a short sighted
eye sees
Light rays should cross
before the retina
1 If a lens has a power with a
positive value this means it is
which type of lens?
Converging
1 What kind of lens corrects
short sightedness?
Diverging lens
1 How is a camera lke the
eye?
Both converging lenses,
eye lens is variable,
camera fixed but
changes position,
image formed on
retina, camera uses
film, iris in eye and
aperture for control of
light
1 Draw how a long sighted
eye sees
Light rays should cross
behind the retina
1 If a lens has a power with a 1 What is the unit of
negative value this means it is
which type of lens?
Diverging
1 What kind of lens corrects
long sightedness?
Converging lens
1 Draw the eye and label
as many structures as
you can
Cornea, lens, pupil,
cliliary muscles,
retina, bnlind
spot, optic nerve,
eye muscles
1 How do you calculate
the power of a lens?
Power of a lens =
1/focal length in
metres
power of a lens?
Dioptre
1 What is the range of
human vision?
25cm (near point) and
infinity (far point)