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Success Maths SPM 2015 (Pocket F4)
Success Maths SPM 2015 (Pocket F4)
Success Maths SPM 2015 (Pocket F4)
Made Easy
4 Virtual Notes
F
O CHAPTER 1 Standard Form
R
M
4 Significant figures
Relevant digits in integers or decimal
numbers which are rounded off to a
value of a certain degree of accuracy.
integer.
Example
12 300 = 1.23 104
0.0000028 = 2.8 106
Operations
Addition Subtraction
a 10n + b 10n a 10n b 10n
= (a + b) 10n = (a b) 10n
Multiplication Division
(a 10m) (b 10n) (a 10m) (b 10n)
= (a b) 10m + n a
= 10m n
b
Expansion
Factorisation
Quadratic expression
ax 2 + bx + c, a 0
a, b, c are constants, x is an unknown
or
(mn)x 2 + (mq + np)x + pq
m 0, n 0
m, n, p and q are constants
ax 2 + bx, ax 2 + c, (dx)2 e 2
c=0 b=0
b
Solve : x = 0 or x =
a
Solutions
ax 2 c = 0
Quadratic equation
c
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 x2 =
a
a0
c
a, b, c are constants, Solve : x = Solutions
a
x is an unknown
or
(mn)x 2 + (mq + np)x + pq
m 0, n 0 (dx)2 e 2 = 0
m, n, p and q are constants Factorise
(dx e)(dx + e) = 0
e
Solve : x =
d
Solve or find roots
of the equation.
Solutions
p q
Solve : x = or x =
m n
Solutions
Set
a collection of well-defined objects
objects in a set are called elements / members
e.g. set P = {1, 2, 3}
1, 2, 3 are elements of set P.
Represented using
Venn diagram:
P
1
3
2
g
A B
A B C = {b}
A B = {b, c}
AB A C = {b, e}
B C = {b, f}
Union :
A B = {a, b, c, d, e, f}
n(A B) = 6
A B
AB
Sentence
Quantifiers
all: some:
every, any several, one of, part of
p ~p
Compound statement True False
False True
Negation changes the truth value
p and q p or q
p q p and q p q p or q
True True True True True
True False True False True
False True False False True
False False False False False
Implications
p if and only if q
x = 5 if and only if x 3 = 2
x=5x3=2
p:x=5
q:x3=2
If p, then q. If q, then p.
p : antecedent q : antecedent
q : consequent p : consequent
e.g. If x = 5, then x 3 = 2. e.g. If x 3 = 2, then x = 5.
x=5x3=2 x3=2x=5
Converse
Arguments
Premise 1 : If p, then q.
Premise 2 : p is true.
Conclusion : q is true.
Reasoning
= 4 cm2
2a 2b = 2a + b
Vertical distance
Gradient =
Horizontal distance
y y
b y-intercept
(x2, y2)
(x1, y1) x-intercept
x a x
O O
y2 y1 y-intercept
Gradient, m = Gradient, m =
x 2 x1 x-intercept
b
=
a
m>0 m<0
(acute) (obtuse)
x x
O O
Gradient = tan > 0 Gradient = tan < 0
m>0 m<0
Gradient y-intercept
Straight line parallel to the x-axis Straight line parallel to the y-axis
y y
y=a x=b
a
x
O b
x
O
Mode is the value of data which occurs Modal class is the class which has
most frequently in a set of data. the highest frequency. It is
represented by the highest bar of a
histogram.
Frequency
polygon
Values
O of data
Lower boundary Upper boundary
of the first class of the first class
Cumulative frequency
n
2
Values of data
O Median (upper boundary)
Interquartile range
= Third quartile First quartile
The tangent to a circle is a straight line which touches the circle at only one point.
x y
O O A
x y
Tangent
Q
S
x
y T
y x
P Q R
The angle formed by a tangent and the chord which
passes through the point where the tangent touches the
circle is equal to the angle in the alternate segment which
is subtended by the chord, i.e.
(a) RQT = QST = x
(b) PQS = QTS = y
Unit circle
y
1
2nd quadrant 1st quadrant
x
1 O 1
A unit circle is a circle, of radius 1 unit, with the origin (0, 0) as its centre.
1
y
x
O x
opposite y
sin = = = y
hypotenuse 1
adjacent x
cos = = = x
hypotenuse 1
opposite y
tan = =
adjacent x
y
y
+ + +
x x
O O
+
sin cos
x
O
+
tan
x x
O O
x
O
sin = sin
cos = + cos
tan = tan
y y
1 1
x x
0 90 180 270360 0 90 180 270360
1 1
y y
x x
0 90 180 270 360 0 90 180 270360
1
x
0 90 180 270360
1
The angle between a line and a plane is the angle between the line and its
orthogonal projection.
L V
S
Normal
Line LT
M
H T
P
Orthogonal
projection
The angle between the line LT and the plane PTMH is LTH, where
HT Orthogonal projection
The angle between two planes is the angle between two lines, one on each plane,
that are drawn from a common point on the line of intersection of the two planes, and
are perpendicular to the line of intersection.
D
C
P
R Q
A B
The angle between the plane PCB and the plane ABCD is PQR, where
PQC = 90 and BQR = 90.
Awaiting ISBN