2 wbg kwYi Rxe

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW KZK 2013 wkvel _K

mg kwYi cvVcyKi~c wbavwiZ

wevb
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RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW
69-70, gwZwSj evwYwRK GjvKv, XvKv-1000
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[ cKvkK KZK me^Z msiwZ ]

cwivg~jK msiY :

c_g gy`Y : m^i, 2012Bs

KwDUvi KvR
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cQ`
my`kb evQvi
myRvDj Ave`xb

Qwe Ab
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RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW

miKvi KZK webvg~j weZiYi Rb

gy`Y :
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cm-K_v (ivd)
RvZxq Dbqb wkvi f~wgKv AZxe iyZc~Y| Avi G Dbqb GKwU wbiewQb Pjgvb cwqv| ^vaxbZv Di
evsjv`ki Dbqbi AevnZ avivq RbMYi Avkv-AvKvOv, Av_-mvgvwRK I mvswZK Rxebcevn
cvVcyK cwZdwjZ nq, mB j MwVZ RvZxq wkvg I cvVcym~Px cYqb KwgwUi mycvwikg Avwki
`kKi cvi cewZZ nq wbg gvawgK I gvawgK ii wkv_x`i Rb bZzb cvVcyK I
mncvVcyK|

`xN mgq ai mncvVcyK cPwjZ wQj| wK Avgiv Rvwb RvZxq AMMwZi ^v_ wkv eevK
MwZkxj, RxebgyLx I hyMvchvMx Kivi Rb wkvg I cvVm~wPi avivevwnK msvi I bevqb cqvRb| G
cqvRbi K_v weePbvq iL l, mg I Ag kwYi evsjv mncvVcyK Avb`cvV bvg msvi I
bevqb Kiv nqQ| G bevqb cwqvq me`vB KvgjgwZ wkv_x`i fvjv jvMv, Avb`jvf I vbvRbK
iyZi m weePbv Kiv nqQ| ay ZvB bq Avgv`i mgvR-mswZ, BwZnvm I HwZni mI
bvbvm~ hb Zv`i cwiPq NU, m w`KwUI weePbv Kiv nqQ| Abw`K Ag kwYi wkv_x`i
DchvMx Ki wekmvwnZ _K AvUwU Kvwnbx msKwjZ nqQ| cwZwU Kvwnbx wbevPbi wPivqZ
Rxeb, mZ I m`h Zvrchc~Yfve cwZdwjZ nqQ wK bv m w`KwU iyZi mv_ weePbv Kiv nqQ|
cwZwU fvlvMZ mnR mvejxjZv I MwZkxjZv iv Kivi Pv Kiv nqQ| G M evsjv GKvWgxi
evbvbixwZ AbymiY Kiv nqQ|

wkgi AvjvK g~jvqbK Aviv djcm~ Kivi Rb `ki myaxRb I wkvwe`MYi civgki cwZ
miKvix wmv Abyhvqx cwZwU Aavqkl ewbevPwb I mRbkxj ck mshvRb Kiv nqQ| cZvkv Kiv
hvq, GZ wkv_xi gyLwbfiZv ejvsk nvm cve Ges wkv_x Zvi AwRZ vb I Abyaveb eve Rxeb
cqvM KiZ ev hKvbv welqK wePvi weklY A_ev g~jvqb KiZ cvie|

Avgiv Rvwb wkvg Dbqb GKwU avivevwnK cwqv Ges Gi wfwZ cvVcyK iwPZ nq| KvRB
cvVcyKi Aviv Dbqbi Rb hKvbv MVbg~jK I hywmsMZ civgk iyZi mv_ weewPZ ne|
2021 mvj ^vaxbZv myeY RqxZ cZvwkZ mg evsjv`k Mo Zvjvi wbii cPvi mx wnmve
wkv_x`i myz weKvk eZgvb msiY gywhyi cKZ BwZnvm I PZbv cwZvwcZ nqQ| AwZ A
mgqi ga cwigvwRZ cvVcyKjv cKvk KiZ wMq wKQy wU-wePzwZ _K hZ cvi| cieZx
msiY cvVcyKjv Aviv my`i, kvfb I ywUgy Kivi Pv AevnZ _vKe|

huviv GB cvVcyKwU iPbv, mcv`bv I hwK gjvqb, mRbkxj ck cYqb I cKvkbvi KvR
AvwiKfve gav I kg w`qQb, Zuv`i RvbvB abev`| hv`i Rb cvVcyKwU cYxZ njv, Avkv Kwi
Zviv DcKZ ne|

cdmi gvt gvdv KvgvjDwb

Pqvigvb
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyZK evW, XvKv
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m~wPc
Aavq Aavq wkivbvg cv msLv
c_g wbgkwYi Rxe 1-10
wZxq Dw` I cvYxi Kvlxq msMVb 11-22
ZZxq Dw`i evwnK ewk 23-31

PZz_ kmb 32-40

cg cwicvKZ Ges i msenbZ 41-53

l c`v_i cVb 54-65

mg kwi eenvi 66-79

Ag ki K_v 80-89

beg Zvc I Zvcgvv 93-98

`kg we`yr I Pz^Ki NUbv 99-109

GKv`k cvwicvwkK cwieZb I wewfb NUbv 110-120

v`k miRMr Avgv`i cw_ex 121-131

qv`k cvKwZK cwiek Ges `~lY 132-142

PZz`k Rjevqy cwieZb 143-159

 c_g Aavq
wbg kwYi Rxe
fvBivm, evKUwiqv, QvK, kevj, Avwgev BZvw`K wbgkwYi Rxe ejv nq| G`i ga fvBivm,
evKUwiqv I Avwgev AYyexY hi mvnvh Qvov `Lv hvq bv| Giv AYyRxei Afy| wKQy wKQy QvK I
kevj Lvwj PvL `Lv MjI AwaKvsk QvK I kevj `LZ AYyexY hi mvnvh jvM| Gme Avw`Rxe
gvbyl, MncvwjZ ccvwL I A_Kix Dw`i ivM mw Ki| Avevi cwiek G`i AbK DcKvix f~wgKvI
iqQ|

Aavqi cvV kl Avgiv

AYyRxei ewk evLv KiZ cvie|

AYyRxei kwYwebvm KiZ cvie|
fvBivm, evKUwiqv I Avwgevi ewk eYbv KiZ cvie|
gvbe`n ^vSzwK mwZ fvBivm, evKUwiqv I GUvwgevi f~wgKv evLv KiZ cvie|
fvBivm, evKUwiqv I GUvwgevi KviY m gvbe`n ^v SzwK cwZiva Ges cwZKvi
evLv KiZ cvie| cwZKvi wbR mPZb ne Ges Ab`iI mPZb Kiev|
kevj I QvKi ewk, DcKvwiZv I AcKvwiZv evLv KiZ cvie|
Kxfve QvK msgY cwZiva Kiv hvq evLv KiZ cvie|
QvKRwbZ ivM msgYi welq wbR mPZb nev I Ab`i mPZb Kiev|
2 wbg kwYi Rxe

cvV-1, 2 : AbyRxe RMr

Avgv`i Pvicvk evZvm KZ h AYyRxe Qwoq AvQ Zvi wK Kvb Lei Avgiv ivwL? PvL `Lv hvq Ggb
Rxei Pq PvL `Lv hvq bv Ggb Rxei msLv AbK ekx|
AYyRxe Lvwj PvL `Lv hvq bv| G`i `LZ ZvB cqvRb AYyexY hi| fvBivm RvZxq AYyRxe
mvaviY AvjvK AYyexY hI `Lv hvq bv| G`i `LZ nj PvB BjKUb AYyexY h| gviwjm I
BUKvi civR cvebvq AYyRxejvK gbiv, cvwUv I QvK ivR vcb KiQb| eZgvbKvj
AYyRxewe`MY AYyRxe RMrK wZbwU ivR fvM Kiv nq|

AYyRxe RMr

ivR- 1) GKvwiIUv ivR- 2) cvKvwiIUv ivR- 3) BDKvwiIUv

ivR-1 : GKvwiIUv ev AKvlxq : Gme AYyRxe GZB QvU h Zv mvaviY AvjvK AbyexY hi
wbPI `Lv hvq bv| G`i `LZ BjKUb AYyexY hi cqvRb nq, hgb- fvBivm|
ivR-2 : cvKvwiIUv ev Avw`Kvlx : h me AYyRxei Kvli Kw`Kv myMwVZ bq ZvivB G ivRi
m`m| myMwVZ Kw`Kv bv _vKvq G`i KvlK Avw`Kvl ejv nq, h_v- evKUwiqv|
ivR-3 : BDKvwiIUv ev cKZKvlx : hme AbyRxe Kvli Kw`Kv myMwVZ Zv`iB cKZ Kvl ej|
kevj, QvK, cvUvRvqv G aibi AYyRxe|
bZzb k : GKvwiIUv, cvKvwiIUv, BDKvwiIUv, AYyRxe, fvBivm|

cvV- 3, 4 : fvBivm I evKUwiqv

wbDwKK GwmW I cvwUb viv MwVZ AwZ z` ciRxex hv aygv RxweZ
KvlB Rxebi wKQy wKQy jY cKvk Ki ZvivB fvBivm| fvBivm A_
wel| BjKUvb AYyexY h Qvov G`i `Lv hvq bv| fvBivm `n Kvl
cvPxi, cvRgvjgv, msMwVZ wbDwKqvm, mvBUvcvRg BZvw` wKQyB bB|
ZvB fvBivm `nK AKvlxq ej| Giv aygv cvwUb AveiY I wbDwKK
GwmW (wWGbG ev AviGbG) wbq MwVZ| fvBivmi gv_v, jR I kKZy
_vK| fvBivm, wiKUm, QvK, evKUwiqv, kevj, cvUvRvqv BZvw`
wewfb aiYi AYyRxe Avgv`i cwiek Qwoq wQwUq AvQ| Giv
wP-3.1 : GKwU fvBivm KwYKv
AwaKvskB Avgv`i DcKvi Ki| Ze wKQy wKQy AYyRxe AvQ hviv Avgv`i
`n ivM mw Ki|Gevi Avgiv KqKwU AbyRxe mK Rvbe|
wevb 3

Giv mijZg Rxe| Gi `n cavbZ Avwgl I wbDwKK GwmW viv MwVZ| Avwgl AveiY _K wbDwKK
GwmW ei nq Mj Giv Rxei mKj jY nvwiq dj| Ze gRvi evcvi nj h, hB gv G`i GK
Kiv nj Agwb Giv Rxebi me jY wdi cve|
fvBivm : fvBivm cKZ ciRxex A_vr RxexZ Rxe`n Qvov G`i Kvb AwZ Kbv Kiv hvq bv| Rxe
`ni evBi Giv Rxebi Kvb jYB cKvk Ki bv|
KvR : GKwU fvBivm Gi wP cvvi KvMR GuK wewfb Ask wPwZ Ki `qvj Uvwbq `vI|

fvBivm MvjvKvi, `vKvi, evOvwPi bvq, cvDiywUi bvq nZ cvi| fvBivm gvbe `n em, nvg, mw`,
Bbdzqv BZvw` ivM mw Ki| avbi Uzsiv I ZvgvKi gvRvqK ivM fvBivmi KviY nq| em,
nvg, mw` BZvw` evqyevwnZ ivM|
evKUwiqv : evKUwiqvi wKQy K_v Avgiv c~ei kwYZ RbwQ| Gevi GKUz wevwiZ Rvbev|
evKUwiqv nj Avw` wbDwKqvmhy, AmeyR, GKKvlx AYyexwYK Rxe|
wevbx AvUwb dY wjDqb nK me c_g evKUwiqv
`LZ cvb| evKUwiqv Kvl MvjvKvi, `vKvi, Kgv
AvKvi, cuvPvbv BZvw` bvbv aiYi nZ cvi| `ni
AvKvi AvKwZi wfwZ GK wbgi~c kYxe Kiv nq :
K) Kvm : Kvb Kvb evKUwiqv Kvli AvKwZ
MvjvKvi| Giv Kvm evKUwiqv| Giv GKKfve A_ev
`jeua _vKZ cvi, hgb- wbDgvwbqv ivM mwKvix
wP4.1 : wewfb iKgi evKUwiqv
evKUwiqv|
L) evwmjvm : Giv j^v `i bvq `LZ| abysKvi,
ivgvkq BZvw` ivM Giv mw Ki|
M) Kgv : Giv euvKv `i bvq AvKwZi evKUwiqv| gvbyli Kjiv ivMi evKUwiqv G aiYi|
N) vBwijvg : G aiYi evKUvwiqvgi AvKwZ cuvPvbv|

evKUwiqvi DcKvwiZv :
gZ Rxe`n I AveRbv cPvZ mvnvh Ki|
GKgv evKUwiqvB cKwZ _K gvwUZ bvBUvRb msiY Ki|
cvU _K Avuk QvovZ GKgv evKUwiqv mvnvh Ki|
`B Zwi KiZ I evKUwiqvi mvnvh wbZ nq|
wewfb RxebivKvix GwUevqvwUK Zwi nq|
MelYvMvi wRb cKkj Gi iZ Acwimxg|
4 wbg kwYi Rxe

cvV-5-6 : kevj I QvK

kevj : mgv eMi cavbZ Kvivwdjhy I ^fvRx Dw`ivB kevj| Giv AvjvwKZ vb cQ` Ki|
Giv gvwU, cvwb I Ab MvQi Dci RbvZ cvi|
G`i `n GKKvlx ev eKvlx nZ cvi| G`i `n Kvb cwienb Kjv _vK bv| Gi meyR, jvj,
ev`vgx BZvw` bvbv iOi nZ cvi| mgy` ev cyKzi G`i cvUb wnme `Lv hvq|
G`i cwZwU Kvl _KB hbv mw nZ cvi| Giv Ahb I hb Dcvq esk ew Ki|
vBivMvBiv h Kvbv Rjvkq cvIqv hvq| elvKvj G`i AwaK msLvq `Lv hvq|
DcKvwiZv : mvgw`K kevj _K GvjwRb cZ Kiv nq hv AvBmwg ZwiZ eenvi Kiv nq|
AvqvwWb I cUvwkqvgi GKwU fvj Drm mvgw`K kevj| grm Pvl dvBUvcvUb wekl f~wgKv ivL|
Gi cavb AskB kevj|
AcKvwiZv : Giv KLbI gvbyl I Dw`i ivM mw Ki| PvcvZvi iW iv GKwU gvivZK ivM| cyKzi
kevj IqvUvieyg mw Ki| dj RjR cvYx I gvQi AwRbi Afve nq|
QvK : Avgiv RbwQ QvK AmeyR mgv`nx Dw`| `n Kvivwdj bB ZvB Giv mvjvKmsklYi
gvag Lv` Zwi KiZ cvi bv| GRb QvK cifvRx Dw`| A_vr Lv`i Rb Zv`i RxweZ A_ev
gZ Rxe`ni Dci wbfi KiZ nq|
gZRxex QvK Re c`v_ c~Y gvwU ev gZ Rxe`n Rb| evwm, cPv Lv``e, djg~j, kvK-mewR, fRv
iwU, fRv Pvgov, Mvei BZvw`Z Rbvq|
G`i `n GKKvlx A_ev eKvlx m~vKvi| GKKvlx QvK wfvRb, evwWs BZvw` cwqvq esk wevi
Ki|
QvKi A_bwZK iZ : QvK Avgv`i AcKvi I DcKvi `yUv KvRB Ki| cwbwmwjbmn e g~jevb
Jla QvK _K cvB| kweaK AviMU wgKPvi QvK _K cvIqv hvq| cvDiwU dvjvZ C bvgK
QvK eenvi Kiv nq| C wfUvwgb mg ej UvejU wnme eenvi Kiv nQ| GMvwiKvm eZgvb
mwLb Lv` ej weewPZ| eZgvb Avgv`i `kmn e `k Gi Pvl Kiv nq|
Lv``ei cPb I ivM mwZ QvK LyeB cUz| gvbyl, RxeRy I Dw`i e ivMi Rb `vqx GB
QvK| AveRbv cwPq gvwUZ gkvZI G`i f~wgKv iqQ|
QvK gvbyl, ccvLx I A_Kix dmji ivM mw Ki _vK| `v` I Qyjx (Qvjg) QvKi AvgY nq
_vK| gvbyli kvmbvjxi c`vn mw KiZ cvi| Dw`i ivM mwZ QvK LyeB `| hgb- Avjyi
wejw^Z amv ivM, cvUi Kvjcw ivM, AvLi jvj cPv ivM mw Ki| Giv mnRB KvV I eZ ev
euvki Avmevec cwPq dj Avgv`i wZ Ki|
QvK msgb cwZivaKiY : wewfb aibi QvK wewfb aibi ivM mw Ki| Gme ivM _K wbivc`
_vKZ hwU mePvBZ iZc~Y Zvnj wKfve ivMRxevYywU Qovq m mK fvj avibv ivLv| QvK RwbZ
ivM LyeB QuvqvP| A_vr Avv ewi msk Gj G ivM msvgY nZ cvi| GRb hv hv KiYxq Zv
wbg `qv njt
wevb 5

`v` ev Qyjx (Qvjg) Avv ewi eeZ KvcoPvco eenvi bv Kiv|

gv_vi LymwK GK aibi QvK RwbZ ivM| Gi _K euvPZ Abi wPibx ev Pzji evk, wKc,
BZvw` eenvi bv Kiv| GgbwK Abi Uzwc hv cvMoxI eenvi bv Kiv|
Gv_jUm& dzU ivM cyili cvqi Zjv wekl Ki Mvovwj dU hvq| G aiYi ivMx h
gSZ nuvU mLvb Lvwj cvq bv nuvUv|
Avv gvbyli mv_ gjvgkv Kg Kiv Ges gjvgkvi ciciB mvevb w`q nvZ gyL I cv
cwivi Kiv|
Dw` G QvKi AvgY nj Jla wQUvbv A_ev Dw`wUK Zzj cywoq djv|
kvmbvjxi msgb iva cwZiv kvevi c~e jeb cvwbZ Kzwj Kiv|
Avwgev : cvwUv ivRi m`m Avwgev GKKvlx cvYx| G`i `n z`vKvi| AYyexb h Qvov G`i
`Lv hvq bv| Giv mvivY `ni AvKvi cwieZb KiZ cvi| `n _K Avyji bvq wKQy AsM Zwi
nq| G`i Yc` ej| Gi mvnvh Avwgev Lv`MnY I PjvPj Ki| G`i `n cvwb Mni, Lv` Mni
I msKvPb Mni _vK| Gi mviv `n GKwU cvZjv I ^Q c`v viv Niv _vK| GK cvRgvjgv ejv nq|
Avwgev cvwbZ, muvZmuvZ gvwUZ, cyKzii Zjvi cPv Re AveRbvi ga Rb| cuPv cvwbhy Wbi
Kv`vi ga G`i cvIqv hvq| hgb Avwgev cvwUqvm (Amoeba proteus)| Gi KwZcq m`m ivM
mw Ki| hgb GUvwgev|
cRbb : Giv mvaviY Ahb Dcvq eskew Ki| Ahb cRbb cavbZ: `yB aibi h_v- Kvl wefvRb I
vi mw| Kvl wefvRb Avwgevi KvlwU `yBfvM wef nq Ges `yBwU Avwgev mw Ki| vi mwi
Kvli wbDwKqvm AbKjv fvM nq z` z` wbDwKqvm mw Ki| ci cwZwU wbDwKqvm wKQy
cwigvb mvBUvcvRg wbq wk Avwgev MVb Ki| G cwZZ GKwU Kvl _K e Avwgev Drcb nq|

cvV-7 : Avgvkq ivMi KviY

Avgvkq ivM mvaviYZ `yaiYi, h_v- GwgweK I evwmjvwi| evwmjvwi Avgvkqi KviY wnme GK
aiYi evwmjvm evwiqvK `vqx Kiv nq| GUvwgev bvgK GK aiYi GKKvlx cvYxi AvgY GwgweK
Avgvkq nq ZvK|

GUvwgev:
GUvwgev GK aibi GKKvlx Rxe| mviKvgvwMvdviv (sarcomastigophora) cei AMZ Lvwj
PvL G`i `Lv hvq bv| G`i `ni Kvb wbw` AvKwZ bvB KviY Giv Avwgevi bvq AvKvi I AvKwZ
me`vB cwieZb KiZ _vK| G`i `n ^Q Rjxi bvq | KLbI KLbI cwZKzj cwiek Giv MvjvKvi
k AveiY wbR`i `n XK ivL| G Aevq GK wm ej| KLbI jvwnZ KwYKv I evKUwiqv
Kvl Giv Lv` i~c MnY Ki|
6 wbg kwYi Rxe

wP-1.4 GUvwgevi efvRb cwqv

wP-1.3 : GUvwgev

Giv gvbyl, evbiRvZxq cvYx, weovj, KzKzi, Ki I B`yii en`v evm Ki| mvaviYfve Giv wZKi
bv njI Kvb GK ARvbv KviY gvS ga Avgvkq ivMi mw Ki|

KvR : GKwU Avwgevi viyjkb cwZ cvUvi KvMR AY Ki evW Uvwbq `vI|

GUvwgev Kvl wefvRb I AYyexR(vi) mwi gvag eskew Ki| viyjkb cwZZ GKwU Kvli
cvUvcvRg eL wef nq z` z` AYyexR ev vi MVb Ki| AbyK~j cwiek Giv cZK GKwU
b~Zb Avwgev wnmve eo nq|GwgweK Avgvkq cwZiva KiZ wbgi c`cjv wbZ ne :
K) gjZvMi ci Ges LvIqvi AvM mvevb ev QvB w`q fvjvfve nvZ ayZ ne|
L) nvZi bL wbqwgZ KU djZ ne|
M) we cvwb cvb KiZ ne Ab_vq cvwb dzwUq LZ ne| bjK~ci cvwbI wbivc` ZvB mivmwi cvb
Kiv, Mvmj I evmb avqvi KvR eenvi Kiv hvq|
N) ^vmZ cvqLvbv eenvi KiZ ne|

GwgweK Avgvkq m~Yfve wbivgq Kiv Lye KwVb| G ivM Avv ivMx AbK w`b ivM fvMi ci G
ivMi AwZi K_v cvq fyj hvq| ivM RxevYywU m enY Ki Kvb ivM jY QvovB| Dchy
wPwKrmKi civgk Qvov wbR wbR Jla LvIqv DwPr bq|

cvV -8, 9 : ^v SzwK mwZ AbyRxei f~wgKv

evKUvwiqv RxevYy `nvfi wewfb cwqvq cek KiZ cvi| Acwivi nvZ nZ cvi RxevYyi Rb
GKwU myweavRbK evnY| hvi gvag mnRB Giv gyLMni XzK hZ cvi| Avgiv h Rvgv Kvco eenvi
Kwi ZvZ jM evKUvwiqvi vi vbvwiZ nZ cvi|
evZvm h ayjvevwj Do eovq Zvi mv_ AwZ mnRB evKUvwiqv ev Zvi vi GK vb _K Ab
vb hZ cvi| Avgiv ciii mv_ `Lv nj mvjvg `B I nvZ wgjvB| nvZ gjvbvi gvagI
evKUvwiqv GKRb _K AbRb AwZ mnR vbvwiZ nZ cvi| cPv I evmx Lv`i gvag RxevYy
wevb 7

mnRB Qovq| cvwb evwnZ Gme ivM KLbI AZ gvivZK fve Qwoq hvq| c~e G aiYi RxevYyi
AvgY MvgK Mvg DRvo nq MQ| Kjiv I UvBdqe evKUwiqvRwbZ ivM| fvBivm, evKUvwiqv I
GUvwgevRwbZ ivM GK mgq LyeB fqvenfve Qwoq hZ| wbivc` cvwbi Afve Ggb nqwQj ej GLb
wbwZ fve ejv hvq| hZ gj g~ ZvMi KviYI Rb^v RwbZ mgmv mw nq| Gme gjg~ h
RxevYy _vK Zv fYKvix Ab Rxe GjvK Qwoq `q| GQvov ew ev Rvqvii cvwbZ Gjv `~i
`yiv Qwoq co| gjg~i bvq gyLi jvjvi gvagI Gme ivM QovZ cvi| GgbwK hZ _y_y ev
Kvwm djjI evKUwiqv Qwoq Rb ^vi Rb gwK nq DV| kPvMvi _K wdi mvevb ev QvB
w`q nvZ bv avIqvi KviY G RxevYywU nvZ _K gyL cek Ki Ges kl ch Lv`bvjxZ evmv evua|

KvR : Zvgviv Zvgv`i Mvg Nyi `L Kvb Kvb evwoZ ^vmZ cvqLvbv iqQ| Zvi GKwU
ZvwjKv Ki Ges hv`i ^mZ cvqLvbv bB Zv`iI Gevcvi mPZb Ki Ges Zvgvi KvRi eYbv
wjL `LvI|
Mvgj AbK vb ^vmZ cvqLvbv bB Ges Gme Aj gvbyl gvV ev KuvPv cvqLvbv eenvi Ki|
GUvwgevq Avv ewi gj gvVi gvwUZ wgk hvq| G gvwU nvZvj ev G gvwUZ h mewR Pvl Kiv nq
ZvZ Gme RxevYy jM _vK| mewRi wfZiI Giv cek Ki| ivbvi ciI `Lv hvq H RxevYy ZLbI
eP AvQ| G fve GUvwgev msvwgZ nq|
fvBivm viv Avv nj AbK mgq 2/4 w`b Ggwb Ggwb ivM mi hvq| Ze wKQy gvivZK ivM AvQ
hvi Rb `xNgqv`x wPwKrmvi cqvRb nq| nvuwP, Kvwki gvag mw` Kvwki fvBivm Qovq| msk viv
Dw`i gvRvqK ivM Qovq| Avevi GBW&m ivM GKevi nj Avi wbivgq nq bv| Am~ ivMxi i MnY,
gv`K MnY, GK m~uBq e jvKi BbRKkvb MnYI AmvgvwRK KgKv G ivM Qovq| gvgm&, nvg,
em BZvw` LyeB KKi ivM| fvBivmRwbZ G mKj ivM evZvmi gvag Qovq Ges Avgv`i
kvmbvjxZ cek Ki| Gfve bvbv gvag fvBivm m~ `n cek Ki|

cvV-10 : gvbe`n AYyRxe m ^vSuzwK cwZiva I cwZKvi

fvBivm, evKUwiqv, QvK I GUvwgev hme ivM mw Ki Zvi cwZiva I cwZKvi KiZ nj
mwwjZfve ^v ivi wbqgwj hZ mnKvi cvjb KiZ ne| gb ivLZ ne `yej ^v ivMvv
nIqvi SzwK ekx enY Ki| ZvB mKji DwPr mylg Lv` cqvRb gZ wbqwgZ MnY Kiv|
KvR : Zvgvi kwYi hv`i bL eo, hviv AvR `uvZ evk Kiwb Zv`i ZvwjKv evbvI Ges G evcvi
Zv`i mPZb Ki|
ay MvmZ Avi gvQ LjB Zv mylg Lv`i NvUwZ c~iY nq bv| GKBmv_ ZvRv kvKmewR Lj ZeB mylg
Lv`i NvUwZ c~iY nq| wfUvwgb I LwbR jeY my^v I ivM cwZivai Rb LyeB iyZc~Y| Gici Avm
^vmZ cvqLvbv eenvi, ^vwewa gb nvZ I gyL cwivi Kiv, wbqwgZ `uvZ evk Kiv, nvZi bL
KvUv I mvevb eenvi Ki Mvmj Kiv| ivv NvU hZ _y_y ev Kd bv djv| c_ PjZ wekl Ki
ayjvevjy DoQ Ggb vb PjvPji mgq AekB gv ev iygvj eenvi KiZ ne| nuvwP ev Kvwk `Iqvi
mgq AekB gyL I bvK iygvj Pvcv w`Z ne| iygvj mw` gyQj AekB evmvq wdi Zv ayq djZ
ne| Zvgiv me nj bvK Svovi Rb wUmy ccvi eenvi KiZ cvi| Avv ewi eenvh Kvb wKQy
eenvi ev k Gwoq Pjv DwPr| Lvevi cvwb wbivc` nIqv LyeB Riyix| Kjiv, UvBdqW BZvw`
8 wbg kwYi Rxe

evKUwiqv m ivM _K euvPZ AekB wbivc` cvwb eenvi KiZ ne| cvb Kiv, Mvmj I Kvco KvPv,
evmb avIqv BZvw`i Rb wbivc` cvwb eenvi Kiv DwPr| AvmwbKgy wUDeIqji cvwb wbivc`| cyKzi
I b`xi cwivi cvwbI eenvii c~e fvjv fve dywUq wbZ ne|
gvbyl I ccvwL Avv nj Zv`i wPwKrmv KivZ ne| Ze fvBivm, hgb evWmdz nj cvwL gi
gvwUZ cuyZ ivLZ nq| gvWKvD I Avb_v ivM Avv Miy-gwnlI gi djv DwPr KviY Gi wPwKrmv
PjvKvjxb mgq Abvb c Avv nZ cvi|
KvR : Zvgv`i Mvg Nyi `L Kvb Kvb evwoZ wbivc` cvwbi eev iqQ| bv _vKj cqvRbxq
KiYxq mK AvjvPbv Ki|

GjvKvi mevBK ^vmZ fve Rxeb hvcb DrmvwnZ KiZ ne| Kxfve Gme RxevYy gvbe`n XyK
co Ges wK Kij G`i cwZiva Kiv hve m mK wbR fvj fve RvbZ ne| we`vjq, gmwR`,
gw`i, Ljvi gvV, nvU, evRvi hLvb jvK mgvMg ekx mLvbB G welq AvjvPbv iy Kiv hvq| G
evcvi gvbylK mRvM KivUvB mek cwZiva ivMvv nj AekB ZvK GKRb fvj wPwKrmKi wbKU
wMq civgk wbZ ne| cqvRb Jla meb KiZ ne| nvZzo Wvvii wPwKrmvq ivM wbivgqi e`j
ivM RwUj i cuQ hvq| G evcvi Zvgv`i AbK `vwqZ iqQ|

G Aavq wK wkLjvg :
fvBivm, evKUwiqv,QvK,Avwgev BZvw` wbg kwYi Rxe|
fvBivm AKvlxq Rxe|
fvBivm,evKUwiqv,QvK,Avwgev BZvw` ivM mwKvix Rxe|
cvwb, evqy I AcwiQb nvZ ivM RxevYy Qovq|
^mZ fve Rxeb hvcb ivM cwZiva Ki|

Abykxjbx
bvb c~iY :

1. gvbyli UvBdvm ivMi KviY |

2. Avgvkq ivM mwKvix AYyRxei bvg .............. |
3. Rxe `ni evBi .............. Kvb Rxebi jY cKvk Ki bv|
4. .............. bvgK QvK cvDiwUi KviLvbvq envi Kiv nq|
5. `vKwZi evKUwiqvK .............. ej|
wevb 9

msw Di ck :
1. cKZ ciRxex K_vi A_ wK?
2. evKUwiqvRwbZ PviwU ivMi bvg wjL|
3. AYyRxe Kvnviv?
4. Kvb Kvb Dcv`vb wbq fvBivmi `n MwVZ?

ewbevPwb ck:
1. wbDgvwbqv ivM mw Ki Kvb evKUwiqv?

K. vBwijvg L. evwmjvm
M. Kvm N. Kgv
2. kevj eeZ nq-

i. AvBmwg cZKiY
ii. gvQ Pvli
iii. Jla Zwi KiZ
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
DxcKwU co 3 I 4 b^i cki Di `vI:
ZviK AvL Lvevi mgq j Kij AvLi Mvq jvj `vM coQ| Zvi evev ejjb GwU GK aibi ciRxex
Rxei KviY mw nq|
3. DxcKi ciRxex RxewU mw Ki-
i. iW iv
ii. UvwKqvi c`vn
iii. gv_vi LymwK
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
4. ZviKi j Kiv ivMwUi Rb KvbwU `vqx?
K. QvK L. kevj
M. evKUwiqv N. fvBivm
10 wbg kwYi Rxe

mRbkxj ck:
1.

A B
1.2 evKUwiqv
A B
K. kevj Kx?
L. QvKK gZRxex ejv nq Kb?
M. A viv m ivM cwZivai Dcvq evLv Ki|
N. B wZKviK Rxe njI cwieki Rb GwU iyZc~Y hywmn Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|
2. mvnj Bbdzqvq Avv nqQ| Zvi evev ZvK nuvwP I Kvuwk `Iqvi mgq iygvj eenvi KiZ
ejjb|
K. fvBivm Kx?
L. fvBivmK AKvlxq Rxe ejv nq Kb?
M. mvnjK iygvj eenvi KiZ ejvi KviY evLv Ki|
N. mvnj ivMwU _K iv cvIqvi Rb Ab`i Kxfve mPZb Kie?
wbRiv Ki:
1) GK L cvDiwU wfwRq AKvi Ni KqKw`b iL `vI| Gi ci iwUi Dci h mv`v ev Kvj
AviY `Lv hve mjv AYyexY hi wbP `L Ges hv `LQ Zvi Qwe AvuK| welqwU wbq
wkKi mv_ AvjvPbv Ki|
2) Xuok cvZv, cucu cvZvmn Abvb MvQi KzuPKvbv cvZv msMn Ki Ges welqwU wbq `ji ga
AvjvPbv Ki| cvZvi G iKg cwieZbi KviY evLv Ki| cqvRb wkKi mvnvh bvI|
wevb 11

wZxq Aavq
Dw` I cvYxi Kvlxq msMVb
cvKwZK cwiek z`vwZz` Rxe`n _K i Ki AwZ en`vKvi I DPgvbi Dw` I cvYx`ni
mvsMVwbK Ges KvhcYvjxZ cPzi wgj-Awgj iqQ| wKy GKwU wekl mKj Rxe`ni ga
mvaviY wgj ev mv`kwU njv h, Rxe`nB gvB Kvl viv MwVZ| weMZ KqKk eQi ai wevbxMY
wbijm cPvq Kvli MVb, AvKwZ, cKwZ I Abvb welq cPzi MelYvg~jK KvR KiQb| GKwU
Rxe`ni me Kvli MVb cKwZ GK iKg bq eis wfb| Avgiv G cwiQ` Kli MVb eYbv Kie wKy
wbg ewYZ mKj AvYy GK mv_ GK Kvl cvIqv hvq bv| ZvB gvUvgywU me aibi Kvl hme z`
AvYy cwijwZ nq mjvK eYbvi Rb GKwU Kvli AvIZvq Gb Dcvcb Kiv nqQ| c_g w`K
hwMK AYyexY hi mvnvh Rxewevbxiv Kvli h aviYv cqwQjb Zv BjKUb AYyexY h
Avwevii ci AviI my I wevwiZ nqQ| mB AvjvK Av`k Kvl AvjvPbv Kiv njv|

G Aavq cvV kl Avgiv-

Dw` Ges cvYx Kvli wPwZ wP AsKb KiZ cvie|
cvYx Ges Dw` Kvli Zzjbv KiZ cvie|
Kvli wewfb AvYyi MVb I KvR evLv KiZ cvie|
Dw` I cvYx wUmyi cv_K KiZ cvie|
12 Dw` I cvYxiwbg kwYi
Kvlxq Rxe
msMVb

cvV 1-2 : GKwU Dw` Kvli eYbv

cwZwU Rxe`n GK ev GKvwaK Kvl w`q MwVZ nq| GKwU Av`k Dw` Kvl cavbZ `ywU Ask wbq
MwVZ- KvlcvPxi Ges cvUvcvRg|
KvlcvPxi : Dw`Kvli Kvlc`vi evBi Ro c`v_ w`q Zwi GKwU cyi cvPxi _vK, GK Kvl
cvPxi ej| GwU mjyjvR viv MwVZ| cvwYKvl G aibi cvPxi _vK bv| cvwYKvli AveiYwU cvRgvc`v
viv MwVZ| Kvli mRxe AskK iv Kiv Ges Kvli mxgviLv wb`k Kiv KvlcvPxii cavb KvR|
cvUvcvRg : cvUvcvRg Kvli AaZij, Rwji gZv AvVvjv I `vbv`vi eYnxb mRxe Ask|
cvUvcvRgi bvbvwea wewqvi dj Rxebi ewkjv cwijwZ nq| GwU wewfb Re I ARe hM
mg^q MwVZ| cvUvcvRg cvwbi cwigvY mvaviYZ kZKiv 67 _K 90 fvM|
mvBUvcvRg : Kvli cvUvcvRgi wbDwKqvmwenxb Rwji gZv AskK mvBUvcvRg ej|
mvBUvcvRgi Afi AewZ Kvli wewfb RewbK wqvKjvci mv_ mswk mRxe emg~nK
GK mvBUvcvRgxq AvYy ejv nq| GKwU Av`k Kvl mvaviYZ wbgwjwLZ AvYyjv `Lv hvq-
1. cvwW, 2. gvBUvKwqv, 3. MjwM ewW, 4. GvcvRwgK RvwjKv, 5. ivBevRvg, 6. jvBmvRvg
I 7. mwUIj|

Kvli mRxe AvYy Ges wbRxe emg~n mvBUvcvRgi av _vK| Dw` Kvli wbRxe emg~ni ga
AvQ wewfb iKgi mwZ c`v_, eR c`v_ I wiZ c`v_| Kvli mvBUvcvRg Zij c`v_cY~ (Kvlim)
QvU eo Mni _vK Zv`i Kvl Mni ej| cvwYKvl mvaviYZ Kvl Mni _vK bv Ze Kvbv Kvbv
Kvl hw` _vK Zv AvKvi Lye QvU| Dw`Kvl Kvl Mni ewk _vK Ges AvKvi eo| bvbv cKvi Re
GwmW, jeY, kKiv, Avwgl BZvw` Kvl Mni `exfZ Aevq _K Kvlim cZ Ki|
KvR : wP `L `jMZfve cvYx I Dw` Kvli ga cv_Kjv cvvi KvMR wjL Dcvcb KiZ ne|
wevb 13

cvV 3 5
Kvl AvYyjvi cwiPq : mvBUvcvRg mywbw` AveiYxhy mRxe ejv Kvl AvYy| wbP Gjvi
msw AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
cvwW : mRxe D`Kvli mvBUvcvRg eYnxb A_ev eYhy MvjvKvi ev wW^vKvi AvYyK cvwW
ej| mvaviYZ cvwYKvl cvwW bB| G AvYywU Dw`Kvli GK Abb ewk| cvwW Dw`i Lv`
mskl, eY MVb Ges Lv` mq gyL fwgKv MnY Ki| iK c`v_i DcwwZ I AbycwwZi Ici
wbfi Ki cvwWK cavbZ `yB fvM fvM Kiv nqQ| vgvcvwW ev eYhy cvwW Ges
wjDKvcvwW ev eYnxb cvwW| vgvcvwW `yB iKg-Kvivcv I vgvcv| G`i ga wZbwU
Ask cwijwZ nq| h_v- AveiYx, vgv Ges MvbvcvwWi ga Kvivcv meyR Dw` _vK Ges meyR
eYi Kvivwdj bvgK iK c`v_ aviY Ki| mvjvKmsklY mnvqZv Kiv Gi cavb KvR|
Kvgvcv dzji cvcwo I dji Mvq wewfb eYewP mw Ki| meyR dj cvKvi mgq Kvivcv
vgvcv i~cvwiZ nq eYewP mw Ki| UgUvi h jvj UKUK is `L Zv G vgvcvi
jvBKvcb bvgK iK c`v_i Rb nq| vgvcv jvj, Kgjv I njy` eYi KvivwUbqW bvgK iK
c`v_ _vK|
Dw`i hme Ask Avjv cuQvq bv mme Aski Kvl wjDKvcvwW _vK| hgb g~ji Kvli
cvwW| m~hvjvKi cfve G cvwWjv i~cvwiZ nq Kvivcv cwiYZ nq| Zvgiv wbq j Ki
_vKe hw` meyR `yevNvm BU w`q wKQyw`b XvKv _vK Ze Nvmjv mv`v nq hvq KviY Kvivcvjv
wjDKvcv i~cvwiZ nq hvq| cieZxZ BU mwiq wbj m~hi Avjvq Nvmjv Avevi meyR eYi nq
hvq| GZ cgvwYZ nq h GK aibi cvwW i~cvwiZ nq Ab aibi cvwW cwiYZ nq|
gvBUvKwqv : mRxe Dw` I cvwYKvli
mvBUvcvRg wewfve Qwoq _vKv QvU QvU
`i AvKvii AvYyjvK gvBUvKwqv ej
(GK ePb) gvBUvKwqvg)| cwZwU
gvBUvKwqvg wi c`v viv AveZ _vK| Gi
ewntc`vwU gmY| wKy Atc`vwU AvOyji gZv
AbK fuvR mw Ki|
Rxei hveZxq wecvKxq KvRi kwi Drm nQ
gvBUvKwqv| G Rb gvBUvKwqvK Kvli
cvIqvi nvDm ej| RviY I weRviY cwqvq G
kw Drcb nq| meyR Dw` Kvl Gi msLv ewk Ze cvYxi hKZ Kvl Gi msLv mnmvwaK|
MjwM ewW : Gjv c`v Niv MvjvKvi ev m~vKvi AvYy hv wbDwKqvmi KvQ Aevb Ki| DrmPK,
nigvb BZvw` iY Kiv Gi KvR|
mwUIj : cvwYKvli wbDwKqvmi KvQ `ywU duvcv bjvKvi ev `vKvi AvYy `Lv hvq, Zv`i mwUIj
ej, mwUIj mvaviYZ GKwU ^Q `vbvwenxb mvBUvcvRg viv AveZ _vK| G GjvKvK mUvRvg
ej| Dw`Kvl mwUIj mvaviYZ _vK bv Ze wbg kwYi Dw`Kvl hgb- QvK _vK| cvwYKvl
wefvRbi mgq Avvi MVb Kiv mwUIji cavb KvR|
14 Dw` I cvYxiwbg kwYi
Kvlxq Rxe
msMVb

wbDwKqvm : Avgiv RbwQ Rxei Kvli cavb `ywU Ask h_v- mvBUvcvRg I wbDwKqvm| cvUvcvRg
c`v w`q ewZ mevcv Nb eK wbDKqvm ej|
cwZwU wbDwKqvm PviwU Aski mg^q MwVZ nq- i. wbDwKq
ev wbDwKqvi c`v ii. wbDwKIjvm iii. wKDwKI RvwjKv iv.
wbDwKIcvRg|
wbDwKqvm-Gi fZ MVb cixvi cKZ mgq Kvl wefvRb-
Gi c~e gyn~Z BUvidR `kvq| wbDwKqvmi PviwU Ask wbP
AvjvPbv Kiv nj|
i. wbDwKqvi c`v : mRxe I wiwewk c`v w`q cwZwU
wbDwKqvm AveZ _vK, ZvK wbDwKqvi c`v ej|
wbDwKqvi c`v AmsLv wQ`hy| Gme wQ`i bvg wbDwKqvi
i|
wbDwKqvi c`v mvBUvcvRg-Gi mv_ wbDwKqvmi wewfb ei hvMvhvM iv Ki Ges wbDwKqvmK
iYveY Ki|
ii. wbDwKIcvRg : wbDwKqvmi Afi wbDwKqvi ggeb w`q AveZ ^Q, `vbv`vi I Rwji gZv
AaZij c`v_wUi bvg wbDwKIcvRg ev KvwiIwjg&|
wbDwKIjvm I vgvRvgi gvZKv ev aviK wnme KvR Ki Ges wbDwKqvmi RewbK Kvhvewj
wbqY Ki|
iii. wbDwKIjvm : wbDwKqvmi Afi AewZ z`, MvjvKvi, DRj I AcvKZ Nb ewU
wbDwKIjvm bvg cwiwPZ| mvaviYZ: cwZ wbDwKqvm GKwU wbDwKIjvm _vK|
iv. wbDwKIRvwjKv ev vgvwUb Zy : wbDwKIcvRg fvmgvb Aevq cuvPvbv myZvi gZv MVbwU
wbDwKIRvwjKv ev vgvwUb RvwjKv bvg cwiwPZ| Kvl wefvRbi mgq Zygq MVbwU KZKjv
UzKivq c_K nq hvq| cwZwU UzKivK vgvRvg ejv nq|
KvR : GKUv Avjy KU mvgvb cvwbZ KPwjq m cvwbi `yB wZb duvUv AYyexY h `L Ges wPi
mv_ wgjvI| Gjv wK Kvli AvYy bv bvwK Ab e? Gjv Kvli Kx?

Aavqi G cwiQ` h kjv Rvbjvg-

Kvl c`v, cvUvcvRg, mvBUvcvRg, cvwW, gvBUvKwqv, GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg, jvBmvRvg,
Dcvi, wbDwKKAvwmW I vgvRvg|

cvV 6-7 : Dw` wUmyi ewk I KvR

Rxe`n GKKvlx A_ev eKvlx nZ cvi| h me Rxei `n GKwU Kvl w`q MwVZ Zviv GK Kvlx|
GKwU gv Kvl w`q G`i cyw, iPb, kmb, Rbb BZvw` hveZxq RweK KvR mb nq| e Kvl
wbq MwVZ Rxe`nK eKvlx Rxe ej| eKvlx Rxe`n MVbKvix wUmyjvi ga GKw`K hgb
wevb 15

kwYwebvm NU Zgwb Aci w`K kg wefvRbI nq _vK| KviY hw` mKj Kvl GKB mv_ Ges GKB
iKg fve RweK Kvh mb KiZ Zvnj Rxe`ni MVb ewP Ges kvixiexq I RweK KvR wjZ
bvbv iKgi wekLjv `Lv w`Z| GZ my RweK aviv eRvq _vKZ bv| my RweK wqv Ges my Rxeb
aviv ivq wewfb cKvi Kvl mgeZ fve ev GK KvR Kivi Rb Rxe`n QvKvi _vK|
hLb Drcwi w`K _K GK nq KZKjv Kvl AvqZb I AvKwZZ Awfb ev wfb nIqv mI hw`
`jMZ fve Aevb Ki GKB aibi KvR Ki ZLb mB `je Kvl jvK wUmy ej|
Dw` wUmy :
Dw` I cvYx `n wewfb cKvi wUmy viv MwVZ Ges GKK aibi wUmy wbw` KvRmb Ki|
wefvRb gZv Abymvi wUmy cavbZ `yB iKg h_v K) fvRK wUmy I L) vqx wUmy| wUmyK wewfb
ewki wfwZ KqKwU DcfvM fvM Kiv nqQ|
fvRK wUmy : Dw`i `n h me wUmyi Kvli wefvRb gZv iqQ mjvK fvRK wUmy ej|
fvRK wUmy Dw`i eabkxj A Aevb Ki|
weklZ Kv I g~ji AMfvM Aevb Ki|

wbDwKqvm

mvBUvcvRg Kvl cvPxi

fvRK wUmy
KvR : 1. gvMZ wefvRbi dj fvRK wUmy bZzb bZzb Kvl I wUmy mw Ki|
2. GwU Dw`i `N I ci ew NUvq|
3. fvRK wUmy wUmyi Drcw NUvq|

vqx wUmy :
fvRK wUmy _K Drcb wefvRb gZvnxb wbw`
AvKwZhy cwiYZ wUmyK vqx wUmy ej| Dw`i
cvq me vqx wUmy `Lv hvq|

KvR : fvRK I vqx wUmyi wP `L G`i ewkjv Avjv`v Ki cvvi wjL `j Dcvcb KiZ ne|
16 Dw` I cvYxiwbg kwYimsMVb
Kvlxq Rxe

cvV 8-10 : cvYx wUmyi ewk I KvR

Avgiv Kxfve nuvUv-Pjv Kwi? Kxfve Lvevi LvB, Kxfve kvm-ckv m bB j Ki| G KvRjv hgb
Avjv`v Zgwb wfb cKwZi| Avgiv cv w`q nuvwU, nvZ w`q wjwL, gyL w`q Lvevi LvB, `uvZ w`q Lvevi
wPevB| G KvRjv Ki Avjv`v Avjv`v A| GB Ajvi Kvli MVb I KvR Avjv`v| Avgv`i `ni
nvo, gvsm, gw BZvw` AbK jv Kvl w`q Zwi hv`i MVb I KvR wfb cKwZi|
eKvlx cvYxZ Gfve AbKjv Kvl hLb Kvb wbw` KvR Kivi Rb GK wgwjZ nq ZLb H
KvljvK GK wUmy (Tissue) ev Kjv ejv nq| Gme Kvli Dk GK njI G`i AvKvi,
AvqZb I MVb wfb nZ cvi| GUv wbfi Ki wUmy I Kvli KvRi aibi Dci| cvwY`n wewfb cKvi
wUmy w`q MwVZ| wUmy mvaviYZ Pvi aibi nq| h_v-
K. AveiYx Kjv
L. cwk Kjv
M. hvRK Kjv
N. mvqy Kjv

K. AveiYx wUmy ev Gwcw_wjqvj wUmy :

h wUmy `ni Lvjv Ask XK ivL Ges `ni
fZii AveiY Zwi Ki ZvK AveiYx wUmy ej|
Avgv`i ZKi evBii AveiY gyLMnii fZii
AveiY BZvw` AveiYx wUmy w`q MwVZ| `ni wewfb
MwjvI AveiYx wUmy w`q Zwi|

AveiYx wUmyi ewk :

AveiYx wUmyjv GK ev GKvwaK i mvRvbv _vK|
Kvljv GKwU cvZjv wfw c`vi Dci mvRvbv _vK|
Gaibi wUmyZ Kvb AvtKvlxq av (matrix) _vK bv|
KvR : G wUmy `ni fZii I evBii AjvK AvNvZ _K iv Ki, cvKwj I Ai AveiYx
wUmy cvPK im iY Ki wRnvi AveiYx wUmy KvR Ki|

KvR : Zvgvi `ni evBii, gyLMnii fZi, bvKi fZi, Kvbi fZi Kx Kjv w`q MwVZ
cheY Ki| GB Kjvi KvR wjwce Ki|
wevb 17

L. cwk wUmy ev gvmKzjvi wUmy :

`ni Kvb Kvb cwk Avgiv BQvgZ Pvjbv KiZ cvwi| hgb- nvZ ev cvqi cwk| G cwkjv Avgiv
hfve PvjvZ PvB mfveB Pj| Avevi `ni Kvb Kvb cwk Avgiv BQvgZ Pvjbv KiZ cvwi bv|
Gaibi cwk Zv`i wbRi BQvgZ Pj| hgb- cvKwji cwk|
G AvjvPbv _K Rvbjvg cwk `yB cKvi| h_v-
1. HwQK cwk Ges
2. AbwQK cwk|
KvR : Zvgvi nvZi KbyB euvKvI I mvRv Ki| GZ Zvgvi nvZi cwki Kx cwieZb NUQ? Kb cwieZb
NUQ? Kxfve G cwieZb NUQ? j Ki|

1. HwQK cwk :
Avgiv hLb KbyB euvKv Kwi ZLb Ea evi mvgbi
w`Ki cwk msKzwPZ nq wb evK Ub euvKv Ki|
h cwk Avgiv BQvgZ msKzwPZ I cmvwiZ Ki `ni
wewfb A mvjb KiZ cvwi ZvK HwQK cwk ej|
gvbe `n HwQK cwki msLv ewk| G cwk nvoi
mv_ jM _K Avgv`i A bovPov KiZ mvnvh
Ki|

2. AbwQK cwk
Avgv`i Lv` bvjxZ Lv` cwienbi `vwqZ cvjb KiQ
Ai cwk| Gaibi cwki Dci Avgv`i Kvb wbqY
bB| A_vr hme cwk Avgv`i BQvgZ msKzwPZ nq bv
Zv`i AbwQK cwk ej| `cwk bvg AviK aibi
wekl AbwQK cwk AvQ| G cwk wbR Q` chvqg
msKzwPZ I ^vfvweK nq `ni i mvjb KiQ| ay
rwc G cwk viv MwVZ| (wP : AbwQK cwk
cwki KvR : `ni AvKwZ `vb Ki I Aw mvjb
mnvqZv Ki, bovPov I PjvPj mvnvh Ki, `ni
fZii AjvK iv Ki, `cwk `n i
mvjb mnvqZv Ki|

KvR : GKwU Uweji Dci Ggbfve em hvZ cv`yUv Szj _vK| nvUzi wbP _K GKwU cv mvRv Ki|
Avevi GKUz euvKvI| Kvb cwkjv GB bvovPvovq Ask wbQ? nvZ w`q ai evSvi Pv Ki|
18 Dw` I cvYxiwbg kwYi
Kvlxq Rxe
msMVb

cvV : 11
hvRK wUmy ev KvbK&wUf wUmy : hvRK wUmy cvwY`ni wewfb wUmy Ges Ai ga mshvM mvab Ki|
GB wUmy cavbZ KwVb, Zij I g`gq nq| hgb-i, nvo, ZiYvw, g`gq wUmy BZvw` hvRK wUmyi
D`vniY|

hvRK Kjvi KvR :

nvo `ni KvVvgv MVb Ki, `ni fvienb Ki I `pZv `vb Ki| nvoi MVbi GKwU cavb Dcv`vb
nj Kvjwmqvg, cwkebx ev Ub cwkK nvoi mv_ hy Ki, g` wUmy mn c`v_ mwZ ivL, Z
ygq hvRK wUmy dzmdzm I ibvjxi cvPxi msKvPb I cmviY mvnvh Ki| ZiYvw nvoi Pq big I
Abvb Kjvi Pq ewk Pvc I Uvb mn KiZ cvi| hgb- bvK I Kvbi ZiYvw| i wewfb `evw`
(AwRb, Lv`, iPb c`v_) `ni GK vb _K Ab vb cwienb Ki| GQvov i ivM RxevYyi
AvgY cwZiva Ki| i Zij hvRK Kjv|
mvqy Kjv ev bvf wUmy :
cvYx`ni h wUmy Dxcbvq mvov w`q Dchy cwZe`b mw
KiZ cvi ZvK mvqyKjv ev mvqy wUmy ej| mvqyKjvi GKK nQ
mvqyKvl ev wbDib| gw mvqyKvl ev wbDib w`q Zwi|
cwZwU wbDib wZbwU Ask wbq MwVZ| h_v-
(K) Kvl `n, (L) WbWb Ges (M) Avb|

mvqy Kjvi KvR :

1. `ni wewfb Bw`q I mse`b MnYKvix A _K MnxZ
Dxcbv `ni wewfb Ask ciY Ki|
2. `ni KvhKi Ask G Dxcbvq mvov `q| hgb- gkv
Kvgovj G Abyf~wZ gw cvVvq| gw nvZK G
K_v Rvbvq ZLb nvZ gkv gvivi Pv Ki|
wevb 19

3. Dxcbv ev NUbvK wZZ aviY Ki|

4. `ni wewfb kvixiexq KvRi ga mg^q mvab Ki|

KvR : Zzwg PvL e Ki| wKQy `LZ cvQ Kx? Kvb nvZ w`q e Ki| wKQy bZ cvQ Kx? Zzwg cov
gb ivL Kxfve? GB KvRjv KiZ Zvgvi `ni Kvb wUmy mvnvh Ki| Zvi GKwU Kvli wP
AsKb Ki I Gi wewfb Aski bvg jL|

G Aavq cvV kl Rvbjvg

- Rxe`ni MVbMZ I KvhMZ GKKi bvg Kvl|
- wevbx ievU K c_g Kvl Avwevi Kib|
- Kvl-ga m~Y mRxe AskK cvUvcvRg ej|
- mvBUvcvRgi ga AewZ mRxe AvYyjvi bvg h_vg wbDwKqvm, cvwW, gvBUvKwqv,
MjwMe, mwUIj BZvw`|
- cvwW wZb cKvi| h_v- KvivcvwW, vgvcvwW I wjDKvcvwW|
- gvBUvKwqvK kwi Ni ejv nq KviY kmb cwqvq Drcb kw gvBUvKwqvZ mwZ _vK|
- Drcwi w`K _K GK nq mg-AvKwZi A_ev wfb AvKwZi Kvlwj hw` `jMZfve GKB aibi
KvR Ki, ZLb mB `je KvlQK wUmy ej|
- wUmy cavbZt `yB cKvi- fvRK wUmy I vqx wUmy| fvRK wUmyi _K vqx wUmyi Drcw|
- h wUmyi Kvlwj gvMZ wefvwRZ nq bZzb Kvl mw Ki ZvK fvRK wUmy ej|
- fvRK wUmy _K Drcb wefvRb gZvnxb wbw` AvKwZhy cwiYZ wUmyK vqx wUmy ej|
- `cwk GK aibi wekl AbwQK cwk|
- g` wUmy mn c`v_ mwZ ivL|

Abykxjbx
k~bvb c~iY Ki
1. wUmy wefvRb Ag|
2. Dw` wUmy `yB aibi wUmy I wUmy|
3. `cwk GK aibi cwk|
4. gw AmsL viv MwVZ|
5. Kvli cvIqvi nvDm ej|
20 Dw` I cvYxiwbg
Kvlxq
kwYimsMVb
Rxe

msw Di ck :
1. cwki KvR eYbv Ki|
2. AveiYx wUmyi ewk wjL|
3. wbDwKqvmi MVb eYbv Ki|
4. cvwWi KvR DjL Ki|
5. gvBUvKwqvi MVb eYbv Ki|

ewbevPwb ck:
1. fvRK Kvl AbycwZ KvbwU?
K. Kvl cvPxi L. wbDwKqvm
M. Kvl Mni N. mjyjvR

2. Kvl Mni we`gvb _vK-

i. Re GwmW I jeY
ii. Avwgl I kKiv
iii. ARe GwmW I Re GwmW

wbPi KvbwU mwVK?

K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

DxcKwU j Ki Ges 3 I 4 b^i cki Di `vI:

wP : A wP : B
wevb 21

3. DxcKi A wPwZ AskwUi KvR nQ -

i. `pZv c`vb Kiv
ii. Pwe Rgv ivLv
iii. i KwYKv Zwi Kiv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

4. A I B Gi ewk njv-
i. Giv hvRK Kjv
ii. Giv AwRb cwienb Ki
iii. G`i cavb Dcv`vb Kvjwmqvg
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. iii
M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii

mRbkxj ck:
1.

wP P wP Q

K. i Kx?
L. AveiYx wUmy ejZ Kx eySvq?
M. P wP Awi iZ evLv Ki|
N. P I Q wP cwki wUmyi Zzjbvg~jK AvjvPbv Ki|
22 Dw` I cvYxiwbg
Kvlxq
kwYimsMVb
Rxe

2.

M N

K. Kvl cvPxi Kx?

L. gvBUvKwqvK kwNi ejv nq Kb?
M. wP N g~j nIqv ^I eYgq Kb? evLv Ki|
N. wP M Gi Dw`wUZ 8-10 w`b ci h cwieZb NUe Zv weklY Ki|

wbRiv Ki :
1| Zvgvi `ni wewfb wUmy DcwwZ cheY Ki, Gjv `ni Kvb Kvb RvqMvq Aevb Ki
G`i ewkjv wjwce Ki|
wevb 23

ZZxq Aavq

Dw`i evwnK ewk

KLbI Dw`i g~j, Kv I cvZv Ggb fve i~cvwiZ nq h Zv`i PbvB hvq bv| Kb Giv i~cvwiZ
nq Ges wK fveB ev Zv`i wbR i~c Pbv hve G Aavq Zv AvjvPbv Kiv ne|

G Aavq cvV kl Avgiv

i~cvwiZ g~ji MVb evLv KiZ cvie|
i~cvwiZ Kvi MVb evLv KiZ cvie|
i~cvwiZ ci MVb evLv KiZ cvie|
i~cvwiZ g~j, Kv I cvZvi iyZ evLv KiZ cvie|
Avgv`i Rxeb i~cvwiZg~j, Kv I cvZvi iyZ Dcjw KiZ cvie|
i~cvwiZ g~j, Kv I cvZvi wP AY KiZ cvie|
24 Dw`i wbg
evwnK ewk
kwYi Rxe

cvV- 1 : cavb g~ji i~cvi

g~j KLbI wekl KvR mv`bi Rb i~cvwiZ nZ cvi| Gevi Lv` mqi Rb cavb g~ji i~cvi
mK AvjvPbv Kie| g~jv, MvRi I kvjMg Avgiv mevB `LwQ Ges Lv` wnme MnY KiwQ| Gjv g~j bv
Kv? GKUz wnme wgwjq bvI| G`i Mvq wK Kvb wMU ev ce AvQ? cvZv AvQ? gyKzj AvQ? bv bB|
gvwUi Dci h cvZv `Lv hvq Zv g~ji Dci AewZ z` Kvi Mv _K ewiqQ| AvKwZMZ w`K _K
Giv Pvi cKvi h_v- 1| g~jvKwZ g~j, 2| MvRivKwZ g~j 3| kvjMgvKwZ g~j Ges 4| K`vKwZ g~j|

g~jvKwZ g~j: Giv Lv` mq Ki ZvB cavb g~j gvUv I imvj nq| GB g~ji gafvM gvUv wKy `yB cv
gk: miy| hgb - g~jv|

MvRivKwZ g~j: Giv Lv` mq Ki ZvB, cavb g~jwU gvUv I imvj nq| GB g~ji Dcii w`K gvUv Ges
wbPi w`K gk: miy nq hvq| hgb - MvRi|
kvjMgvKwZ g~j: GB cavb g~jwUi Dcii Ask Lv` mqi dj MvjvKvi Ges wbPi Ask nVvr
Ki miy nq hvq| hgb - kvjMg|
K`vKwZ g~j: Lv` mqi dj KLbI KLbI cavb g~jwU AwbqwgZ fve gvUv nq| G`i Kvbv wbw`
AvKvi ev AvKwZ bB| h_v- mvgvjwZ|

cvV-2-4 : i~cvwiZ AvwbK g~j

AvwbK g~j wekl wekl Kvh mvabi Rb cwiewZZ ev i~cvwiZ nq _vK| AvwbK g~j mvaviYZ
wZb aiYi KvR Kivi Rb i~cvwiZ nq _vK, h_v- Lv` mq, hvwK fvimvg iv I kvixiZxq
Kvh mv`b|
Lv` mqi Rb i~cvi : wewfb aiYi AvwbK g~j fwelZi Rb Lv` mq Ki xZ nq Ges
wewfb AvKvi avib Ki, hgb wgw Avjyi K`vj g~j, kZg~jx I Wvwjqvi wQZ K` g~j I Kijvi
gvjvKwZi g~j BZvw`| wgw Avjyi K`vj AvwbK g~j gvwUi KvQvKvwQ Kvi ce nZ ei nq Ges Lv`
mq Kivi dj AwbqwgZ fve xZ nq Awbw` AvKvi avib Ki| Lv` mq Kiv GB g~ji
cwiewZZ KvR|
wevb 25

K`vj g~j : AvwbK g~j KLbI AwbqwgZfve xZ nq, h_v- wgw Avjy|
wQZK`g~j: Bnv K`vj g~ji bvq Lv` mqi Rb AwbqwgZfve xZ nq| Ze xZ g~jjv
GKwU Q Aevb Ki KviY GK Q AvwbK g~ji mejvB
Lv` mqi Rb K`i bvq xZ nq _vK GB Rb GB g~jK
wQZ K`g~j ejv nq| Lv` mqB Gi cavb KvR| D`vniY-
kZg~jx, Wvwjqv|
bWyjyR g~j : hLb g~ji AMfvM Lv` mq Ki xZ nq,
hgb Avg Av`v|
gvjv AvKwZi g~j : hLb Kvb AvwbK g~j chvqg xZ I
msKzwPZ nq, h_v- Kijvi g~j|
hvwK fvimvg iv_ i~cvi :
G g~j Dw`K gvwUi Dci Lvov fve `uvwoq _vKZ, AvivnY
KiZ ev cvwbZ fvmZ mvnvh Ki| G Rb AvwbK g~ji
wewfb iKg i~cvi NU _vK, hgb- g~j, Vmg~j,
Avivnx g~j, fvmgvb g~j BZvw`|
g~j: GB aiYi AvwbK g~j Kv ev kvLv nZ Drcb
nq| Giv Lvov fve wbPi w`K bvgZ bvgZ gvwUi ga
cek Ki Ges gvUv nq i AvKvi avib Ki, hgb-
eU |
Vm g~j : Kvb Kvb Dw`i cavb Kv `yej nIqvi Rb
mvRv fve `vovZ cvi bv | ZvB Kvi Mvovi w`K _K
KZwj AvwbK g~j ei nq ZxhKfve gvwUZ cek Ki,
hgb - Kqvi Vk g~j|

Avivnx g~j : GB g~j `yej Kvhy& Dw`i ce nZ Drcb

nq Ab Kvb Dw` ev Aej^bK AuvKo ai Ges
Dw`wUK Dci DVZ mvnvh Ki, hgb- cvb|
26 Dw`i wbg kwYi
evwnK Rxe
ewk

kvixiewq Kvh mvabi Rb i~cvi

g~ji ^vfvweK kvixiexq KvR QvovI wekl wekl
kvixiexq KvR mgvav Kivi Rb AvwbK g~ji i~cvi NU
_vK|
civkqx evqexq g~j : GK cKvi g~j evZvm _K Rjxqev
MnY Ki| G`i evqexq g~j ej| h_v- ivmv|

ciRxex ev kvlK g~j : ciRxex Dw` Kvivwdj _vK bv ZvB

Lv`i Rb Avkq`vZv Dw`i `n wekl aiYi g~j cek
Kwiq _vK| G g~jjvK kvlK g~j ej, hgb- ^YjZv|

kvmg~j : mgy` DcK~j jeYv I K`gv gvwUZ Dw`i

cavb g~j nZ kvLv g~j gvwUi Dci Lvovfve DV Avm|
GB mKj g~j QvU QvU wQ` _vK| GB aibi i~cvwiZ
g~jK kvmg~j ev wbDgvUvdvi ej| hgb- my`ix, MivY
BZvw`|
Rbb g~j : Kvb Kvb Dw`i g~j cRbb Ask MnY Ki
_vK hgb- wgw Avjy|

cvV 5-7 : i~cvwiZ Kv

Zvgiv Rvb Kv mvavYiZ: gvwUi Dci Aevb Ki Ges cvZv, dzj I dj aviY Ki| wKy wekl
mvaviY KvR QvovI wewfb aiYi KvR mb Kivi Rb Kvi AvKwZMZ I AevMZ cwieZb NU| G
aiYi cwieZbK Kvi i~cvi ej| Aevb Abyhvqx i~cvwiZ Kv wZb cKvi, h_v- 1) f~- wbg
2) Aa evqexq I 3) evqexq|

f~-wbg i~cvwiZ Kv
cwZK~j cwiek wUK _vKv, Lv` mq Ges AR Dcvq eskwevi Kivi Rb wKQy wKQy Dw`i Kv
gvwUi wbP ew cvq| G aiYi KvK fy-wbg i~cvwiZ Kv ej| Giv Pvi cKvii, h_v- xZ
K`, gjKv ev ivBRvg, K` I woK`|
wevb 27

wUDevi ev xZ K` : Mvj Avjy xZK`i D`vniY| xZ K` ce,

cega, kc I KvwK gyKzj _vK| kci K MZi gZ AskK PvL
ej| AbyK~j FZzZ PvL nZ KvwK gyKyj ew cq b~Zb Dw`i mw
Ki| Lv` mqi Rb xZ nq Giv MvjvKvi i~c aviY Ki|

ivBRvg : Av`v, njy` cfwZ Dw`i Kv ivBRvg RvZxq| Giv

gvwUi wbP Lv` mq Ki mgvivj ev Lvov fve Aevb Ki|
G`i my ce I cega _vK| ce nZ kc I AvwbK g~j I
kci K KvwK gyKzj Drcb nq|

K` : wcuqvR, imyb BZvw` Dw`i Kv GB cKvii| G`i KvwU

(K`) LyeB z`, MvjvKvi I Dj| ce I ce gajv msKzwPZ| cyiy
I imvjv kcjv Ggb fve Aevb Ki h K`wUK `Lv hvq
bv| G Kvi wbPi w`K _K cPzi AvwbK Q g~j ei nq|

woK` : IjKPz woK`i D`vniY| G aibi Kv ek eo|

AvKwZZ cvq MvjvKvi| GZ my ce I cega _vK| kci
K Drcb cvk ev KvwK gyKzjwj eo nq Ges wk woK`i
mw Ki|

Aaevqexq i~cvwiZ Kv : big Kv hy (weiyr) Dw` GK aiYi wekl kvLv Drcb nq| G kvLvjv
AR cRbbi gvag b~Zb Dw`i mw Ki _vK| gvwUi Dci ev mvgvb bxP AewZ G aiYi
`~ej kvwqZ iycvwiZ KvK Aaevqexq Kv ej| Giv Pvi cKvii nZ cvi|
28 Dw`i wbg kwYi
evwnK Rxe
ewk

ivbvi ev aveK: _vbKzwb I `yevNvm I Avgiyjx BZvw` Dw`i Kvi wbPi cei
KvwK gyKzj _K h kvwqZ kvLv Rbvq ZvK aveK ej|

vjb ev e aveK : Giv GK wekl aiYi aveK| KPz Dw`i Mvov LK

j^v kvLv ei nq| G kvLvi aygv cewj AvwbK g~ji mvnvh gvwU ai ivL
evwK kvLvwU efve Aevb Ki| K m gyKzj _K ci b~Zb Dw` Rbvq|

AdmUt Uvcvcvbv, KPzwicvbv bvgK RjR Dw`i cegawj QvU I gvUv nIqvi
Rb KvK LevKwZ `Lvq| G`i AdmU ej|

mvKvi ev DaaveK t P` gwjKv, evuk cfwZ Dw`i kvwqZ KvwK gyKzj _K

Drcb nq kvLvwUi AMfvM gvwUi Dci Pj Avm Ges b~Zb Dw` Drcb
Ki|

evqexq i~cvwiZ Kv: G mKj Kv gvwUi Dci ^vfvweK Kvi gZ Aevb Ki wKy wekl aiYi
KvR hgb Lv` Zix, AR cRbb, AvZiv, AvivnY BZvw` KvRi Rb i~cvwiZ nq _vK| Giv
Pvi cKvii nZ cvi|
dvBjvKvW ev cY Kv : dwYgbmv RvZxq Dw`wUB G aiYi Kvi D`vniY| G aibi Kv cvZvi gZ
Pvv I meyR hvi dj Giv Lv` Zix KiZ cvi| cvZvjv KuvUvq cwiYZ nq Dw`i AvZivi KvR
Ki|
_b ev kvLv KUK : AbK mgq KvwK gyKzj kvLv gyKzj Zwi bv Ki k I muyPvj KuvUvq i~cvwiZ nq|
ej, gqbv KuvUv, gn`x BZvw` Dw` KuvUvi gZ kvLv KUK `Lv hvq|
wevb 29

g UjwWj ev kvLv AvKlx: SzgKvjZv, nvoRvov BZvw` `yej Avivnx Dw`i cK _K myZvi gZ
miy, j^v I cuvPvbv h Askwj ei nq ZvK kvLvAvKlx ej| AvKlxZ cvZv Drcb nq bv |
eyjwej: Kvb Kvb Avivnx D`i KvwKgyKzj kvLvq cwiYZ bv nq cPiz Lv` mq Ki MvjvKvi gvsm
wci AvKvi aviY Ki| GivB eyjwej|

cvV-8 : i~cvwiZ cvZv

wekl KvR mgvav Kivi Rb cvZvi i~c cwiewZZ nq| G aiYi i~cvwiZ cvZv mK Gevi Avgiv
Rvbe|
K) AvKlx : cvZvi kxlfvM A_ev cK AbK mgq cvPvbv wcs Gi bvq ic avib Ki| Gjv
AvKwl| Gi mvnvh MvQ Kvb wKQz AvKo aiZ cvi| Rsjx gUi MvQ G aibi AvKwl `Lv hvq|

L) Lv` mq : cuqvR, imyb ev NZKzgvix MvQi cvZv cyiy I imvjv nq| Gme cvZvq Lv` Rgv _vK|
M) cZ dvu` : Kjmx Dw` GK aiYi jZvbv MvQ I SuvwS bvgK RjR Dw`i cvZv i~cvwiZ nq
Kjwm ev _ji bvq i~c aviY Ki| Gi ga cvKvgvKo XyKj Kjwmi XvKbvwU e nq hvq ci MvQ
Zvi `n _K im l bq|
N) cRbb : Kvb Kvb Dw` cvZvi wKbviv _K Kuywo MRvq| axi axi Gme Kuywo _K wbPi w`K
Q g~j I MRvq| Kvb GK mgq Giv gy nq ^vaxb Dw`i Rb `q, hgb-cv_iKuywP|
O) KK c : cvZv KLbI KuvUvq i~cvwiZ nq, h_v- jey|
P) kc : KLbI f~-wbg Kvi cvZv cvZjv Avuk Gi bvq AvKvi aviY Ki| hgb- Avjy, Av`v, njy`
BZvw`| GivB kc| imvjv kc Lv` mq Ki Ges KvwK gyKzjK iv Ki|

cvV : 9 I 10
`jMZ KvR :
1| i~cvwiZ AvwbK g~ji iZ `j AvjvPbv I Dcvcb|
2| Avgv`i eenvwiK Rxeb i~cvwZK Kvi iZ cvvi ccvi Dcvcb|
3| cvZvi i~cvii cqvRbxqZv hywmnKvi Dcvcb|
30 Dw`i wbg kwYi
evwnK Rxe
ewk

G Aavq wK wkLjvg
Av`v I Avjy i~cvwiZ Kv|
Kv I cvZv KUK ev AvKlxZ i~cvwiZ nZ cvi|
g~j,Kv I cvZv Lv` mq, RewbK Kvh mb Kiv, cRbb BZvw` KviY i~cvwiZ nq|
i~cvwiZ g~j,Kv I cvZv gvbe Rxeb AbK iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki|

Abykxjbx
k~bvb c~iY Ki
1| wgw Avjy GKwU i~cvwiZ --------------|
2| KvuPv njy` GKwU i~cvwiZ--------------|
3| dwY gbmv GKwU i~cvwiZ -------------|
4| g~j _K cvZvq cvwb cQvbvi KvR Ki--------------------|
5| cvZvi cavb KvR ---------------Kiv|
msw Di ck
1| Mvj Avjy g~j bq Kb?
2| dwYgbmvi `nwU Kv bv c, evLv Ki|
3| cvZv wK wK KviY i~cvwiZ nq ?
4| Kvi wekl KvRwj DjL Ki|
5| g~j wK wK KviY i~cvwiZ nq?
ewbevPwb ck:
1. Kvb Dw`i gvjvKwZi g~j _vK?
K. Wvwjqv L. Avg Av`v M. wgw Avjy N. Kijv
2. ivBRvg Kvi ewk njv-
i. my ce I ce ga _vK ii. ce I ce gajv msKzwPZ iii. gvwUi wbP mgvivj fve _vK
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
DxcKwU j Ki Ges 3 I 4 b^i cki Di `vI:
3. M wPwZ AskwUi KvR nQ
i. Lv` Rgv ivLv ii. KvwK gyKzjK iv Kiv iii. cRbb mvnvh Ki
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
wevb 31

4. DxcKi Kvb Askjv _K bZzb Pviv mw nq?

K. M I N L. N I O M. O I P N. M I P

mRbkxj ck:
1.

K. eyjwej Kx?
L. cv_iKzuwP cvZvi gvag Kxfve cRbb NU?
M. wP X Gi eenvwiK w`K evLv Ki|
N. Y I Z Gi ewki Zzjbvg~jK AvjvPbv Ki|
2.

K. AdmU Kx?
L. Kjwm Dw`K cZ duv` ejv nq Kb? evLv Ki|
M. 1g wP M wPwZ Aski cqvRbxqZv evLv Ki|
N. 2q wP R I N wPwZ Dw` `yBwUi Zzjbvg~jK AvjvPbv Ki|
wbR Ki
1| gwiP MvQ, Nvm, GK L Av`v, GK L KuvPv njy`, Avgiyjx kvK, KPzi jwZ, dwYgbmv, I ejKuvUv
msMn Ki| G`i Kv Kvb cKwZi Zv LvZvq bvU Ki I Zvgvi K_vi ^c hyw `vI
32 wbg kwYi Rxe

PZz_ Aavq
kmb
cwZwU Dw` I cvYxi Rxeb AvQ| Rxe`n cwZwbqZ wewfb aibi RewbK cwqvi Rb kw cqvRb|
Rxe Kvli mvBUvcvRg mwZ vP, kKiv, cvwUb I dvUi AYyZ kw mwZ _vK| mKj
RxeKvli Re wqvi Rb AwRb Acwinvh| cKZc AwRb viv Lv` wZK kw hv
mvjvKmsklY cwqvi gvag mikw _K mwZ nq, ZvK MwZkw I Zvc kwZ i~cvwiZ KivB
kmbi gyL Dk| GB MwZkw I Zvckwi viv Rxe Lv` MnY,Pjb,iPb,ew,Rbb cfwZ kvixiexq
KvR mb Ki _vK| kmb GKcKvi `nb cwqv hvi viv Lv` AwRb viv RvwiZ nq kw wbMZ nq|

G Aavq kl Avgiv-
Rxei kw Drcv`b cwqv evLv KiZ cviev|
wPi mvnvh cvYxi kmbZi cavb Askmg~ni KvR
eYbv KiZ cviev|
kmbZi ivMi KviY I ivMi jY eYbv KiZ
cviev|
mvjvKmsklY Ges kmb cwqvi Zzjbv KiZ cviev|
cvYxi kmbZi cavb Ask mg~ni wP AsKb KiZ
cviev|

cvV-1 : kmb cwZ

Rxe`n wewfb kvixiexq KvR mb Kivi Rb cqvRbxq kw Drcb KivB kmbi GKgv Dk|
kmbi mgq Rxe`n AwRb eeZ nq KvlwZ Lv`K `nb Kivi Rb| Gi dj Drcb nq kw
Ges Kveb WvB-AvBW| myZivs kmb ejZ Avgiv eySe h Re ivmvqwbK cwqvq RxeKvl
Lv`e AwRbi DcwwZ ev AbycwZ RvwiZ nq Lv` wZK kw MwZkw I ZvckwZ icv
wiZ I gy nq Ges Kveb WvB-AvBW I cvwb Drcb nq ZvK kmb ej|

kmb GKwU wecvKxq wqv| G cwqv PjvKvj cwZwU Rxe cwiek _K AwK&Rb MnY Ki Ges Kveb
WvB-AvBW ZvM Ki| wbg kwYi wKQy Dw` I cvYx AwRb Qvov kmb wqv mb Ki| Ze mKj
Kveb WvB-AvBW Drcb nq| Dw` I cvYxi cwZwU mRxe Kvl w`b ivw me mgq kmb Kvh
NU|
wevb 33

cvV-2
RxeRMZ kmb : kmb GKwU A: Kvlxq wecvK cwqv Ges Dw` I cvYx `ni wewfb mRxe Kvl
kmb cwqvwU gyjZ GKB| wKy wewfb Rxei AwRb MnY I Kveb WvB-AvBW wbMgb cwZwU
wfbic| Dw` `n kmb Kvj AwRb I Kveb WvB-AvBWi wewbgq AcvKZ mij| Dw`i
Kvbv wbw` kmb A bvB| cvZvi ci, Kvi jwUmj Ges A:Kvl vbi gvag evqy `n
Afi cek Ki | cvwbZ wbgwZ Dw`jv mgM `nZji mvnvh AwRb kvlY Ki|
cvwY`nI kmb wewfb Ai gvag bvbvfve mb nq| wbg kwYi cvYxZ cavbZ ZK I UvwKqvi
gvag kmb nq| DbZ cvYx`i kmb Mvmxq wewbgqi Rb wekl aibi kmb A AvQ| hgb- gvQ
I evOvwP dzjKvi mvnvh Ges jR gi`xiv dzmdzmi mvnvh kmb mb Ki|

kmbKvj kw Drcbi cgvY :

kmb h kw (Zvc) Drcb nq Zv wbg ewYZ cixvi viv cgvY Kiv hvq|
DcKiY : `ywU _vgvdv, `ywU _vgwgUvi, AzwiZ Qvjv exR, cvwbZ wm Qvjv exR, wQ`hy ievi wQwc|
cixv : AywiZ Qvjv exRwjK GKwU _vgvdvi ga iL GKwU wQ`hy wQwc w`q gyLwU e KiZ
ne| Gici wQwci wQ`i ga w`q GKwU _vgvwgUvi Ggb fve cek KiZ ne hvZ _vgvwgUvii
cvi`cyY cvwU AywiZ Qvjv exRjvi ga cvw_Z _vK| Abyicfve Aci _vgvdvwUZ wm Qvjv
exRjv ivLZ ne Ges Aci _vgvwgUviwU vcb KiZ ne| cwZwU _vgvwgUvii cvi` iLvi Aevb
wPwZ Ki ivLZ ne|

cheY : wKQyY ci `Lv hve Rxe AywiZ Qvjv exRhy

_vgvdvi DZvi ew NUvq _vgvwgUvii cvi` iLvi cwieZb
NUQ| wm exR hy _vgvdvi DZvi ew nqwb A_vr
_vgvwgUvii cvi` iLv AcwiewZZ AvQ|
Rxe Qvjv exRhy _vgvdvi _vgvwgUvii cvi` iLvi Kb
cwieZb NUj?
GZ Kx cgvwYZ njv?

cvV-3 : cvYxi kmb

Avgiv bvK w`q kvm-ckvm MnY Kwi| kvm-ckvmi mgq Avgiv Kx Mvm MnY I ZvM Kwi? cvYx I Dw`
evqy _K AwRb MnY Ki Ges Kveb WvB-AvBW ZvM Ki| Zv`i G cwqv PjZ _vK mvivRxeb|
Ze cvYx I Dw`i ejvq Mvm MnY I eRb Kivi cwqv wfb cKwZi| Dw` AwRb MnY Ki, cvZvq
AewZ GK cKvi wQ`c_ hvi bvg njv vgUv| wb I DP kwYi cvYxi `n Mvmi Av`vb c`vb
34 wbg kwYi kRxe
mb

NU wewfb cKvi Ai gvag| hgb- dzjKv, dzmdzm| h mKj Ajv kmbKvh Pvjvbvi KvR Ask
bq Zv`i GK kmbZ ej| gvbe kmbZ wbwjwLZ Ajv wbq MwVZ|
1. bvmvi I bvmvc_ 2. bvmv Mjwej 3. ^ih
4. kvmbvjx ev UvwKqv 5. Kvg kvLv ev esKvm 6. AbyKvg kvLv ev ewIj
7. evqy_j ev AvjwfIjvm
1. bvmvi I bvmvc_: bvwmKv gyLMnii Dci AewZ GKwU wKvYvKvi Mni| GUv mvgb bvwmKv wQ`
nZ cvZ Mjwej ch weZZ| GKwU cvZjv c`v w`q GUv `yBfvM wef nqQ| Gi myLfvM jvg I
cvr w`K wSwj viv AveZ _vK| Avgiv bvK w`q h evqy MnY Kwi ZvK ckvm ej| ckvm evqyZ
aywjKYv, ivMRxevYy _vKj Zv GB jvg I wSwjZ AvUK hvq|
2. bvmv Mjwej : bvmv Mjwej njv bvmvc_i kl Ask hv
Mjweji mv_ wgkQ| Mjwej c_ kvmbvjxZ evZvm cek
Ki|
3. ^ih : Mjwej I kvmbvjxi mshvMj ^ih AewZ|
^ih ^i mwKvix ^iiy ev fvKvj KW _vK| ZvB GK
^ih ej| ^iwQ`i gyL GKUv XvKbv _vK| GwU Lv`
MnYi mgq ^ihK XK ivL hvZ GZ Lv` XyKZ bv
cvi| Avevi kvm MnYi mgq Lyj hvq|
4. kvmbvjx: Lv`bvjxi myL AewZ ^ih _K i nq
Kvg kvLv ch weZZ bvjxK kvmbvjx ej| kvmbvjxi
gvag evqy dzmdym cek Ki|
5. Kvg kvLv ev esKvm: kvmbvjx dzmdzmi KvQ Gm Wvb I evg `yBwU kvLvq wef nq h_vg Wvb I
evg dzmdzm cek Ki| G`iK Wvb I evg Kvg kvLv ev evB (GK ePb evm) ej| dzmdzm
cek Kivi ci GB kvLvq AmsL kvLv-ckvLvq wef nq|
G`iK eswKIj ej| evBqi MVb kvmbvjxi gZv|
6. dzmdzm : eMnii fZi `yBwU dzmdzm rwci `yB cvk
AewZ| GUv i gZv big I Kvgj| Wvb cvki
dzmdzmwU evg cvki dzmdzmi Pq mvgvb eo| dzmdzm `yB
fvR wewk cyiv bvgK GKwU wSwj ev c`v viv AveZ| `yB
fuvRi ga GK cKvi wcwQj c`v_ _vK| dj kvm-ckvm
KvR, dzmdzm I eMvi mv_ Kvb NlY jvM bv| evm
cwZcvk dzmdzm cek Ki AmsL kvLvq ckvLvq wef nq|
GB m~ eswKIjjv evqy_j ev evqyKvl cek Ki|
wevb 35

cZKwU evqy_j cvZjv Gvwc_wjqvj Kvl viv MwVZ| G Kvljv KwkK RvwjKv viv cwiewZ|
KvljvZ evqy cek Kij Gjv ejybi gZv dzj DV I ci Avcbv Avcwb KzwZ nq hvq| evqy_j
I KwkK RvwjKv Dfqi cvPxi GZ cvZjv h, mnRB Gjvi ga w`q evqy Av`vb-c`vb KiZ cvi|
7. gaQ`v : h gvsmcwk eMni I D`i MniK c_K Ki iLQ ZvK gaQ`v ej| GUv `LZ
AbKUv cmvwiZ QvZvi gZv| gaQ`v msKywPZ nj wbPi w`K bvg| ZLb eMnii AvqZb evo|
Avevi GUv hLb cmvwiZ nq ZLb Dcii w`K DV Ges eMni msKzwPZ nq| gaQ`v msKvPb I
cmviYi gvag ckvm I wbtkvm KvR wbqY Ki|
wbRiv Ki : PvU `L kmbZi wPwZ wP AsKb Ki Ges dzmdzmi KvR eYbv Ki|
bZzb k: kvmbvjx, evqy_wj, ^ih, eswKIj, esKvm, Kvg kvLv, AbyKvg kvLv|

cvV 4-6 : kmb cwZ

Avgiv bvK w`q evZvm bB Avevi Qo `B| GKB Avgiv mvaviYZ kmb ej _vwK| Avgv`i G aviYv
fyj| Avgv`i eyK nvcii gZv AweiZ msKzwPZ I cmvwiZ nq| GZ dzmdzmi AvqZb evo I Kg|
dzmdzm AweiZ msKzwPZ I cmvwiZ nq AwRb MnY I Kveb WvB-AvBW cwiZvM Ki| Gfve AweiZ
AwRb bIqv I Kveb WvB-AvBW cwiZvM KivB kvm wqv bvg cwiwPZ| GUv kmbi GKwU avc|
kmb cwqvK `yB fvM fvM Kiv nq| h_vt- 1. ewntkmb 2. Atkmb|
1. ewntkmb : h cwqvq dzmdzmi ga Mvmxq Av`vb-c`vb NU ZvK ewntkmb ej| G chvq dzmdzm
I i RvwjKv ev KwkK bvwji ga AwRb I Kveb WvB AvBWi wewbgq NU| ewntkmb `yB chvq
mb nq| h_v-
(i) ckvm ev kvm MnY : cwiek _K Avgiv h AwRb hy evqy MnY Kwi GK kvm MnY ev ckvm ej|
ckvmi mgq gaQ`v I ewcivwi gvSi cwki msKywPZ nq|
(ii) wbtkvm: ckvmi ci ciB wbtkvm chvq i nq| G chvq gaQ`v I wcivwi cwkjv kxw_j I
cmvwiZ nq| dj dzmdzm AvqZb QvU I msKzwPZ nq| dj evqy_ji fZii evqy, Kveb WvB-AvBW
Mvm dzmdzm _K evm, UvwKqvi gvag cwievwnZ nq bvmvi w`q evBi wbMZ nq|

wbRiv Ki :
Zzwg Zvgvi mncvVxi wbtkvm ZvM I ckvm bIqv j Ki| gaQ`v Pc iL G KvRwU Kivi Pv
Ki| Kx NU? Kb NU? Zv evLv Ki|
36 wbg kwYi kRxe
mb

2. Atkmb: dzmdzmi i h AwRb cek Ki Zv ii gvag `ni `~ieZx KwkK bvjxZ

cQj Atkmb i nq|
AwRb KwkK bvjxi Mv f` Ki Kvli duvK duvK h im (jwmKv) AvQ ZvZ cuQ hvq| AwRb
enbKvix G im Kvli Afi cek Kij AwRb Lv`i mv_ ivmvqwbK wewqv Ki I kw Drcb
Ki|
AwRb msenb: AwRb dzmdzmi evqy _j _K i RvwjKvq cek Ki| ii jvwnZ KwYKvq
wngvMvweb bvgK h iK c`v_ _vK, Gi m AwRb nvjKv fve Ave nq| Gfve wngvMvweb
iK AwRb cwienb Ask bq|
Kveb WvB-AvBW msenb: Kveb WvB-AvBW cavbZ ii iim ev cvRgvq `exf~Z Aevq Kvl
nZ dzmdzm hvq|
bZzb k: ewntkmb, Atkmb , ckvm, wbtkvm
kmbZi cevn wP wbg `Lvbv njv:

bvmvi bvmvc_ bvmv Mjwej UvwKqv esKvm eswKIj

AvjwfIwj ev evqy_wj

wbRiv Ki:
ek KqKevi DVvemv Ki A_ev `ovI| Zvici Nwo ai kvm-ckvm MYbv Ki| `Le wekvgiZ
Aevq kvm-ckvm hZ wQj cwikgi dj Zv ew cqQ| Zvgvi evwoi QvU fvB-evb`i cZKi
cwZ wgwbU wbtkvm-ckvmi nvi MYbv Ki|

cvV-7
kmYZi mvaviY ivM:
nvwKg mvne hvq fyMQb| cdzj eveyi GvRgv ev nuvcvwb| Qv wk weKvki wbDgvwbqv nqQ| G
ivMjvi KviY Kx? Kx mveavbZv MnY Kij Zv`i G ivMjv nZv bv| G ivMjvi cwZKvi Kx?
GK GK G ivMjvi KviY, jY, cwZKvi I cwZivai eev Rb wbj ivMi AvgY _K
AbKvsk cwivY cvIqv me|
wevb 37

hv: hv GKwU AwZ cwiwPZ msvgK ivM| G ivM mnR mswgZ nq| hviv AwaK cwikg Ki, `~ej,
A^vKi cwiek evm Ki Ges AcywZ fvM ev hv ivMxi mv_ evm Ki Zviv G ivMi wkKvi
nq _vK|
KviY: GK aibi evKwUwiqvi AvgY GB ivM nq|
jY:
- `ni IRb KgZ _vK I kixi `~ej nZ _vK|
- LymLym Kvwk nq, KLbI KLbI Kvwki mv_ i coZ cvi|
- weKvji w`K A Ri nq, iv kixi Nvg nq|
- eyK ev wcV e_v nq, gvS gvS cU AmyL `Lv `q|

cwZKvi:
- ivMxK cywKi Lvevi w`Z ne|
- Wvvii civgk Abyhvqx `Z wPwKrmvi eev KiZ ne| G wPwKrmv `xN gqv`x m~Y fvjv bv nIqv
ch wPwKrmv Pvwjq hZ ne| Wvvii civgk Qvov Kvbv AevZB wPwKrmv e Kiv hve bv|
cwZiva:
- hv cwZlaK wUKv njv we.wm.wR.| Rbi ci _K GK eQii ga wkK GB wUKv `Iqvi eev
KiZ ne| Rbi ciciB hZ`Z me wkK G wUKv `Iqvi eev Kiv DwPr|
- hv ivMxK c_K ivLZ ne| mePq fvjv eev njv nvmcvZvj cvVvbv| GZ my-wPwKrmv
wbwZ nq|
- ivMxi Kd-_y_y gvwUZ cyuZ djv `iKvi| KviY Gme AmsL RxevYy _vK|
- nuvwP-Kvwki mgq gyL igvj w`q XK wbZ ne|
- hv ivMxi KvQ wk`iK Kvbv gZ hZ `Iqv DwPr bq|
wbDgvwbqv
wbDgvwbqv GKwU dzmdzmi ivM| AZwaK Vvv jvMj wbDgvwbqv ivM nZ cvi| nvg, esKvBwUm
BZvw` ivMi ci Vvv jM wbDgvwbqv ivM nZ cvi| wk`i Rb GwU GKwU gvivZK ivM|
KviY : GK aibi evKwUwiqvi AvgY G ivM nq|
jY : Kvwk I kvm K nq| kvm bIqvi mgq bvKi wQ` eo nq| ewk Ri nq| Kvwki mgq ivMx eyK
e_v Abyfe Ki|
cwZKvi: AwZ`Z wPwKrmKi civgk bIqv DwPZ| wPwKrmKi civgk Abyhvqx ivMxi Jla I c_ LvIqv
`iKvi| ewk Ki cvwb I Zij c`v_ (myc, dji im) cvb KiZ ne| ivMxK cywKi Lvevi LvIqvZ|
cwZiva: wk`i nvg ev esKvBwUm nj AZ mveavbZv Aej^b KiZ ne|
38 wbg kwYi kRxe
mb

esKvBwUm:
kvmbvjxi msgYK esKvBwUm ej| A^vKi cwiek ayjvevwj wgwkZ AvenvIqv, Vvv jvMv Ges aygcvb
_K G ivM nZ cvi|
KviY : GK aibi fvBivm _K G ivM nq|
jY: Kvwk I kvm K nq| Kvwki mv_ Kd _vK| Ri nq, ivMx gv^q `~ej nZ _vK|
cwZKvi: aygcvb e Kiv| Wvvii civgk Abyhvqx wPwKrmvi eev KiZ ne|
nuvcvwb ev GvRgv: nuuvcvwb QuvqvP ev RxevYyevwnZ ivM bq|
KviY: wekl Kvb Lvevi, evZvm DcwZ ayjvevwj A_ev dzji iYy ckvmi mv_ dzmdzm cek Kij
nuvcvwb nZ cvi| wk`i mvaviY mw` _K nuvcvwb nZ cvi|
ewZg: eQii wekl FZzZ ev FZz cwieZbi mgq G ivM eo hvq|
jY: nVvr kvmK eo hvq| kvmK `g e nIqvi gZv nq| ivMx Rvi Rvi kvm bIqvi Pv
Ki| dzmdzmi evqy_wjZ wVKgZ AwRb mieivn nq bv ev euvavM nq| dj ivMxi K nq| kvm
bIqvi mgq ivMxi cuvRii gvSi Pvgov fZii w`K XyK hvq| Kvwki mv_ KLbv KLbv mv`v Kd
ei nq| Ri _vK bv| ivMx Kvb k Lvevi LZ cvi bv| KLbv KLbv ewg nq| ivMx `yej nq co|
cwZKvi: Avjv-evZvmc~Y Mn emevm Kiv| h mKj wRwbmi msk Avmj ev Lj nuvcvwb evo Zv
_K weiZ _vKv| hgb- ckwg Kvco| Wvvii civgk Abyhvqx Pjv| auvqv, ayjvevwj BZvw` _K `~i
_vKv| aygcvb cwinvi Kiv|
Jla meb kvmKi wKQyUv jvNe nq eU, wKy ivM cyivcywi fvj nq bv| ZvB kvmK jvNe Jla me
mgq mv_ ivLv AZ Riix|

cvV-8
Zvgiv l kwYZ mvjvK msklY mK RbQ| Zvgiv c~evb KvR jvwMq wbgi KvRwU
Ki|
KvR : `jMZ KvRi gvag mvjvK msklY I kmbi cv_K wjL GKwU cvvi KvMR Dcvcb Ki|
G Aavq _K Avgiv hv wkLjvg :
kwi Rb cwZwU Rxei kmb Acwinvh|
ci I ixKvl : cii ixKvljv ciK Lvjv ev e ivLZ mvnvh Ki| ixKvl
Kvivwdj _vK| ZvB w`bi ejvq ixKvl mvjvKmsklY NU Ges Gi djB ci Lyj hvq|
cwZwU Rxe kmb Acwinvh|
ewntkmb : dzmdzmi evqy_j _K AwRb KwkK bvjxi i cek Ki Ges Kveb WvBAvBW i
_K evqy_wjZ Avm| dzmdzmi GB Mvmxq Av`vb-c`vbK ewntkmb ej| ckvm I wbtkvm GB `yB
cwqv ewntkmbi AMZ|
wevb 39

Atkmb : Kvli gvBUvKwqvi fZi KZKjv GbRvBgi wbqYvaxb Lv`i mv_ AwRbi
wewqv NU| Gfve Atkmb wqv NU|
jwmKv : GK iKg ^Q, Clr g`y vixq c`v_| GUv GK aibi i~cvwiZ Kjvim|

Abykxjbx

k~bvb c~iY Ki:

1. Lv` Zwi nq wKy Lv` RvwiZ nq|
2. RxeKvli bvgK mvBUvcvRwgq AvbyK Kvli kwNi ej|
3. dzmdzm AmsL viv MwVZ|
4. GKwU QvqvP ivM|
5. kmb GKwU cwqv|

msw Di ck:
1. Atkmb KvK ej?
2. wbDgvwbqv ivMi KviY I jY Kx?
3. kmbi cqvRbxqZv DjL Ki|
4. evqy_wji KvR DjL Ki|
5. Dw` I cvwY`n kmb cwqv evLv Ki|
ewbevPwb ck:
1. KvbwU Dw`i ^mb Ai bq?
K. ZK L. jwmj
M. ixKvl N. ci

2. wbgkwYi cvYxiv kvmKvh Pvjvq-

i. dzjKv I ZKi mvnvh ii. ZK I UvwKqvi gvag iii. dzmdzm I dzjKvi mvnvh

wbPi KvbwU mwVK?

K. i L. ii
M. i I ii N. i I iii
40 wbg kwYi kRxe
mb

DxcKwU j Ki Ges 3, 4 I 5 b^i cki Di `vI:

3. W wPwZ AskwUi bvg Kx?

K. AvjwfIjvm L. evm M. ewIj N. UvwKqv
4. DxcKi Kvb AskwUZ O2 I CO2 Gi wewbgq NU?
K. V L. W M. X N. Y

5. V Gi msvgY Kvb ivM nq?

K. GvRgv L. esKvBwUm M. wbDgvwbqv N. hv

mRbkxj ck:
1|
K. cyiv Kx?
L. wbDgvwbqv GKwU gvivZK ivM evLv Ki|
M. wP msNwUZ cwqvwU evLv Ki|
N. F Dcv`vbwU E Ask ceki dj m mgmv cwZivai Dcvqjv
weklY Ki|
2|
K. kmb Kx?
L. ci Kxfve kmb mvnvh Ki? evLv Ki|
M. Y I Z Gi ga KvbwU X Gi Dcv`vb mivmwi eenvi Ki evLv Ki|
N. Mvmxq wewbgqi Y I Z Kxfve GK Abi Dci wbfikxj
hywmn jL|

wbRiv Ki:
1. kmbZi wP GuK wPwZ Ki| kmb dzmdzmi iZ AvjvPbv Ki|
wevb 41

cg Aavq
cwicvKZ Ges i msenbZ
Avgiv h Lv` MnY Kwi Zv`i AwaKvskB RwUj Lv`| GB RwUj Lv``eK Avgv`i kixi kvlY Ki
mivmwi KvR jvMvZ cvi bv| kvixiexq cwqvq RwUj, A`eYxq Lv`e wbw` GbRvBgi mnvqZvq
`ni MnY DchvMx `eYxq mij I Zij Lv` Dcv`vb cwiYZ nq ZvK cwicvK ej| h Z cwicvK
Ask bq ZvK cwK Z ev cwicvK Z ej|
cvYx`ni hveZxq RewbK KvRi y`Zg GKK nj Kvl| euP _vKvi Rb cwZwU Kvli cqvRb
AwRb I Lv`| wecvKi dj wKQy AcqvRbxq I wZKi e Zwi nq hjv AcmviY AZ
cqvRbxq| myZivs `Lv hvQ `ni mKj A-cZ I Zi ga hvMvhvM _vKv cqvRb| i
msenbZ GB hvMvhvMi KvRwU Ki _vK|

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv

cevn wPi mvnvh cwicvK Zi cavb Aski KvR evLv KiZ cvie|
Lv` cwicvK GbRvBgi f~wgKv evLv KiZ cvie|
cwicvKZi KvR evLv KiZ cvie|
cwicvKZi ivMi KviY I ivMi jY eYbv KiZ cvie|
cwicvKZi ivMi cwZiva I cwZKvii Kkj evLv KiZ cvie|
cwicvKZi ivMi welq wbR mPZb ne Ges cwievii mKjK mPZb nZ Dz Kie|
42 wbg k
cwicvKZ Ges wYi Rxe
msenbZ

cwicvKZi cavb Aski wP AsKb KiZ cvie|

i I iKwYKvi Kvhg evLv KiZ cvie|
rwci KvR evLv KiZ cvie|
rwc my ivLvi Dcvq evLv KiZ cvie|

cvV : 1 Lv` cwicvK

euP _vKvi Rb Lv` cqvRb| Avgiv Kx Kx Lv` LvB? Lv` Kb LvB? wbi ckvii gvag Avgiv
Zv Rvbvi Pv Kwi|
K. Avgv`i `n Lv`i cqvRbxqZv Kx?
L. cavb wZb kwYi Lv`jv Kx Kx?
M. Kxfve wZb kwYi Lv` Avgv`i `ni Pvwn`v gUvq?
N. wfUvwgb I LwbR jeYi cqvRbxqZv Kx?
O. nRg nq bv Ggb Avukhy Lvevii cqvRbxqZv Kx? Kx aibi Lvevi GUv cvIqv hvq?
Zvgiv G ckjvi Di RbQ l kwYi wevb eBqi qv`k Aavq| G Aavq Avgiv `n Lv`i
Kx Aev NU Zv Rvbev| Avgiv gyL w`q Lvevi LvB| Lv` wMj djvi ci Avgiv Lv`K Avi `LZ cvB
bv| KqK Nvi ga GB Lv` cwicvK nq mij Dcv`vb cwiYZ nq| hv `n kvlY Ki bq| nRg bv
nIqv AcqvRbxq ejv `n _K gji~c ei Ki `q| `ni fZi Lv`i h cwieZb NUQ Zvi
Dci Avgv`i Kvb wbqY bB| my `n G KvRwU Avcbv-Avcwb NU| gyL w`q Lv` MnY Ges
Lv`i AcqvRbxq Ask DwQ wnme ei Ki `Iqv GUzKzB Avgiv `LwQ| GB `yBwU NUbvi gvSLvb
Lv`i Kx cwieZb NUQ?
h mKj A Lv`i GB cwieZb NUvZ Ask bq Zv`iK GK cwK Z ev cwicvK Z ejv
nq| Avgiv h Lvevi LvB Zvi cwicvK Avi nq gyLMni| gyLMnii fZi Lv`i Kx cwieZb NU Zv
Avgiv wbgi cixY viv wbRiv Ki `LZ cvwi|
KvR: cixYwU Kivi Rb `yRb Qv/Qvx `iKvi| Zv`i GKRbi gyL Uv wezU ev Kbv iwU
(m Avjy ev fvZ) wbq wPeyZ _vK| wPevbvi ci LveviUzKz mivmwi bv wMj wKQyY gyLi fZi iL
`e| Aci QvwU Zv cheY Kie| ci wZxq QvwUI wbR G KvRwU Kie| Gevi c_g QvwU
wZxq QvwU Kvhg cheY Kie| Gevi Zviv `yRb wgj wbPi ckjvi Di w`e|
K. Lvevi wPevbvi mgq gyLMnii Kvb Kvb Ask bowQj?
L. gyLi fZi Kbv iwUi UyKivi Kx Kvb cwieZb NUwQj?
M. wPevbvi ci Lv`wUi ^v`i Kvb cwieZb NUwQj Kx?
N. iwU ev wezU Kvb aibi Lv` Dcv`vb _vK?
O. Lv` wMjevi mgq Zvgvi `ni Kvb AskwU bowQj?
P. Lv` wMjevi ci Lv` Kv_vq hvq? Kxfve hvq, j Ki|

bZzb k: cwicvK, Lv` Dcv`vb

wevb 43

cvV-2 : jvjv I GbRvBg

Zzwg Lye wgw cQ` Ki| Zvgvi mvgb GK _vjv imMvjv ivLv nj| Zvgvi gyLi fZi Kvb cwieZb
j KiQ Kx? Zvgvi gyLi fZi Kvb cvwbi gZ Zij c`v_i DcwwZ Abyfe KiQ Kx? Zvgvi Wvb
nvZwU fvj Ki mvevb w`q ayq bvI| cwivi Avyj w`q wRnv _K wKQyUv Zij c`v_ bvI| Gi eY
Kgb?
Dcii cixv _K hv Rvbjvg Zv wbi eYbvi mv_ wgwjq bB| Avgiv gyL w`q Lvevi LvB| Lvevi
gyL wbq Avgiv Zv `uvZ w`q wPeyZ _vwK| wRnv LvevijvK boPo `q hb Gjv fvj Ki
wPeybv hvq| gyLi ga H Lvevijv jvjvi mv_ wgwkZ nq| jvjv GKcKvi eYnxb Zij c`v_| gyLi
cQb AewZ jvjvMw _K jvjv wbtmZ nq| Lv` cwicvK jvjvi wekl f~wgKv AvQ| jvjv
Lv`eK wcwQj Ki I wMjZ mvnvh Ki| jvjvq GK aibi AbyNUK ev GbRvBg _vK| Zvgiv
nqZv fveQv GbRvBg Kx? GbRvBg njv :
- Ggb GKwU e hv Lv`ei mv_ wgk ivmvqwbK wqvq mvnvh Ki, wKy wbR Ask bq bv I
AcwieZxZ _vK|
- wbw` Zvcgvv ch GbRvBg fvj KvR Ki|
- wbw` GbRvBg wbw` KvR Ki| hgb- wUcwmb GbRvBg aygv Avwgli Dci wqv Ki|
jvjvi GbRvBg kZmviK cwieZb Ki kKivq (gjUvR) cwiYZ Ki| GKviY kKiv RvZxq Lvevi
wPevbvi ci wKQyY gyL ivLj wgw jvM| wRnv Avgv`i Lv`e wMjZ mvnvh Ki| gyLi kl
cv _K `yBwU bj Avgv`i `ni fZii w`K bg MQ| GB bji gZ AskwU hvi fZi w`q
Lv`e cvKwjZ cQvq ZvK Abbvwj ej| GB bvwj w`q Lv` I cvbxq cvKwjZ cQvq|
Lv` Kxfve cvKwjZ cQvq|

wbRiv Ki :
GKwU gvej bvI| Lqvj ivLZ ne, bji cwiwai Pq gvejwU hb eo nq| gvejwUK bji
fZi cek KivI| Gevi gveji cQbw`K wUcZ _vK| IUv bji fZi w`q mvgbi w`K GZv
_vKe| Gfve Lv` Abbvwji fZi w`q mvgbi w`K AMmi nq| AbbvwjZ AvswUi gZ Mvj cwk
iqQ| GB cwkjv msKvPb I cmviY KiZ cvi| Lv`ei cQb Abbvwji cwk msKzwPZ nq
Ges mvgb Abbvwji cwk cmvwiZ nq| Abbvwji Gi~c msKvPb I cmviYK gmsKvPb ej| Gfve
msKvPb I cmviYi dj Lv`e axi axi cvKwjZ cuQ|
bZzb k: vgvmsKvPb, Abbvwj, GbRvBg
44 wbg k
cwicvKZ Ges wYi Rxe
msenbZ

cvV 3 - 5 : cwicvK Z
Avgiv AvMB RbwQ Rxeb aviYi Rb PvB Lv`| Avgiv RwUj Lv`
Lq _vwK| Avgiv GI RbwQ RwUj Lv` `nKvl mivmwi MnY Ki
cvi bv| mRb RwUj Lv`K ivmvqwbK cwqvZ mij I cvwbZ
`exf~Z Kiv cqvRb| G KvRK Lv`i nRgwqv ev cwicvK ej|
nRg KvR mb Kivi Rb wewfb A wbq MwVZ nq cwKbvwj ev
cwicvKbvwj Gi mv_ iqQ KZjv RviK im I mvnvhKvix GbRvBg
wbtmiYKvix Mw|
gyLwQ`, gLMni, Abbvwj, cvKwj, z`v Ges en` wbq
cwKbvwj MwVZ| GQvov cwKbvwji mv_ iqQ wewfb GbRvBg ev
RviK im wbtmiYKvix wZbwU Mw h_v: jvjvMw, AMvkq Ges hKZ|
GQvov cvKwj I z`vi cvPxiI AvQ AviI GbRvBg I RviK im
wbtmiYKvix z` z` Mw|
Avgv`i cwicvK bvwj ev cwKbvwj gyLMni _K i _K gjvi
ch weZZ| wb G Zi wewfb Ajvi eYbv `Iqv njv:
1. gyLwQ` : gyLwQ` _KB cwicvK bvwj i| gyLwQ`i Dci iqQ Dcii VuvU Ges wbP iqQ wbPi
VuvU| VuvUq Lvjv I e _K Lv` MnY wbqY Ki| G wQ` c_B Lv` cwicvKbvwjZ cek Ki|
2. gyLMni : gyLwQ`i ciB gyLMnii Aevb| mvgb `uvZmn `yBwU Pvqvj viv gyLMni ewZ| Gi
Dci iqQ Zvjy Ges wbPi w`K iqQ gvsmvjv wRnv| GQvov `yB cvk iqQ wZb Rvov jvjvMw|
`uvZ Lv`e KU QvU QvU Ki clY mvnvh Ki| Gmgq
wRnv Lv`ei ^v` MnY Ki Ges Lv`eK evi evi `uvZi
wbP cvwVq wPevZ mvnvh Ki| jvjvMw _K wbtmZ jvjv
Lv`K wcwQj Ki Ges Lv`eK wMjZ mvnvh Ki| jvjv
im GKaibi DrmPK ev GbRvBg AvQ| hv kZmviK
AvswkK f kKivq cwiYZ Ki| gvbyli vqx `uvZi msLv
32wU| cwZ Pvqvj 16wU Ki| Gme `uvZ Pvi cKvi| h_v-
KZb `uuvZ Lvevi QvU QvU Ki KvU|
Q`b `uvZ w`q gvsm I Abvb k wRwbm Qo I KvU|
AMclY `uvZ w`q Lv`e Peb I clY Kiv hvq|
clY `uvZ jv Lv`e wPevZ I wclZ mvnvh Ki|
GQvov Abvb `uvZi AbK ci MRvq Avj `uvZ|
wevb 45

3. Mjwej : gyLMnii ciB Gi Aevb|

Gi gvagB Lv`e gyLMni _K Abbvwj ev MvmbvwjZ hvq| Mjwej Kvb GbRvBg wbtmZ nq bv|
ZvB GLvb Kvb Lv`e cwicvK nq bv|
4. Abbvwj : Mjwej Ges cvKwji gvSvgvwS RvqMvq Gi Aevb| Lv`e Gi fZi w`q Mjwej _K
cvKwjZ hvq|
5. cvKwj : Abbvwj I z`vi gaeZx vb Gi Aevb| Mjwej I Abbvwji vgmsKvPbi dj
wcwQj Lv`e GLvb Gm Rgv nq| cvKwji AvKwZ _ji gZv| Gi cvPxi ek cyi I cwkej|
cvKwji c_g I kl Ask cwkejq iqQ| cvKwji cvPxi MvwKMw bvg cPzi Mw _vK|
GLvb Lv` mvgwqK Rgv _vK| MvwKMwi cvPKim cwicvK mvnvh Ki|
6. z`v : z`v njv cvKwji cieZx Ask GUv cwicvK bvwji mePq `xN Ask| z`v wZbwU fvM
wef| h_v - (K) wWIWbvg (L) RRybvg I (M) Bwjqvg|
(K) wWIWbvg : GUv z`vi c_g Ask| cvKwji cii Ask, `LZ U AvKwZi| wc_wj _K wcim
Ges AMvkq _K AMvkq im bvwj gvidZ GLvb Avm Lv`i mv_ wgk| G imjvI cwicvK Ask
bq| GLvb Avwgl, kKiv I n c`v_i cwicvK NU|
(L) RRybvg : GUv wWIWbvg Ges Bwjqvgi gvSi Ask|
(M) Bwjqvg : BUv z`vi kl Ask| Bwjqvgi fZii cvPxi kvlY h _vK| evcb cwZZ
kvlYKvh mgvavi Rb cvPxiMv Avyji gZ cwcZ Ask _vK| G`i wfjvB (wfjvm) ej| nRgi
ci Lv`i mvivsk wfjvmMv viv kvwlZ nq|
7. en` : z`vi ciB en`i i| GUv Bwjqvgi ci _K cvqyc_ ch weZZ| y`v I en`
mshvMj GKwU fvj&e ev KcvwUKv _vK| j^vq GUv z`v _K QvU| wKy fZii evm z`vi
fZii evm _K eo _vK| en` wZbwU Ask wef| h_v- (K) wmKvg (L) Kvjb Ges (M) gjvkq|
gjvkq en`i kl cv| `LZ KZKUv _ji gZv| Lv`i AcvP ev AnRgKZ Ask GLvb gji~c
Rgv nq|
8. gjvi : cvqy cwicvKbvwji kl cv| GB cv c_B cwicvKbvwj evBii mv_ Dy|
cwicvKMw I cwicvKMwi KvR : cwicvKbvwji evwni hme Mwi wbtmZ im Lv` cwicvK AskMnY
Ki Zv`i cwicvKMw ej| Zvgiv AvMB RbQv jvjvMw, hKZ Ges AMvkq cwicvK Mwi A
fy| jvjvMw _K jvjv iY nq| jvjvq GbRvBg I cvwb _vK| cvwb Lv`K big Ki| jvjvi
GbRvBg njv Uvqvwjb|
hKZ : `ni mePq eo Mw njv hKZ| hKZ _K wcim Zix nq| wcim wc _wjZ Rgv _vK|
nRgi mgq wcbvwj w`q wcim wWIWbvg bvg Gm Lv`i m wgk| wcim mn RvZxq Lv`
nRg mvnvh Ki|
AMvkq : cavbZ wZbwU GbRvBg AMvkq Zwi nq| h_v-AvgvBjR, wUcwmb, KvBgvwUcwmb Ges
jvBcR wWIWbvg Gm Lv`i m wgk| wUcwmb I KvBgvwUcwmb Avwgl Lv`, jvBcR mn Lv`
Ges AvgvBjR kKiv RvZxq Lv` nRg mvnvh Ki|
46 wbg k
cwicvKZ Ges wYi Rxe
msenbZ

MvwKMw: MvwKMw cvKwji fZii cvPxi _vK| GB Mw wbtmZ imi bvg MvwKim ev
cvPK im|
AvwKMw: z`vi cvPxi wfjvm cPzi AvwKMw _vK| GB Mw wbtmZ imi bvg AvwKim|
en` : en` Lv` nRg nq bv| GLvb Kvb RviK im ev GbRvBg Zwi nq bv| en` g~jZ Lv`i
Rjxq Ask _K cvwb kvlY Ki| G KvRwU AZ `iKvix| GZ kixi _K cvwb ewk cwigvY ei
nIqv iva Ki|
en`i mekl Ask A_vr gjvkq Lv`i AcvP Ask gj wnmve mwZ nq| cqvRbgZ ci cvqy w`q Zv
kixii evBi ewRZ nq|
bZzb k: cvKwj, AMvkq, hKZ, wUcwmb, AvgvBj, jvBcR

cvV-6 : mvaviY ivM I cwZKvi

1. MvvBwUm : mvaviYZ ewk gmjv I Zjhy Lvevi Lj| LvIqvq Awbqg Kij eyK Rvjv Avi A^j
nq| GZ cU evowZ GwmW Zwi nq Avi Zv _K cU ev eyKi gvSLvb GKUv A^w ev Rvjvi fve
nq| Mjv, cU Rvjv Ki I cU ev_vmn wewfb DcmM `Lv `q| mgqgZ G ivMi wPwKrmv Kiv bv nj
cvKwj I A Zi mw nq| ZLb GK MvwK Avjmvi ej| wbqwgZfve Kg gmjv I Zjhy
Lvevi LvIqv mgqgZ Lv` MnYi Afvm Kij G ivM cwZiva Kiv hvq|
2. Avgvkq : Avgvkq Avgv`i `k GKwU AwZ cwiwPZ ivM| `yB aibi Avgvkq `Lv hvq| h_v-
(K) AvwgweK Avgvkqt cavbZ GUvwgev bvg GK cKvi GKKvlx cvYx gvbyli A cek Kij G
aibi ivM `Lv `q| G ivMi DcmMjv njv- ZjcU ev_v, gji mv_ i ev klv ei nIqv|
wUDeIqj ev dzUvbv cvwb cvb, cvwb I kvKmewR hvZ `~wlZ bv nq mw`K Lqvj ivLv, gvwQ, Avikvjv
_K Lv`eK ivi gvag G ivM cwZiva Kiv me| Ze G ivM Avv ivMxi wPwKrmKi
civgk Ilya meb Kiv cqvRb|
(L) ewmjvwi Avgvkq : wmMjv bvgi GK aibi evKUwiqv AK AvgY Kij G aibi Avgvkq nq|
RxevYy en`i wSwjK AvgY Ki| dj evievi cvqLvbv nq Ges cvqLvbvi mv_ klv ei nq| AbK
mgq Gi mv_ iI hvq| GRb G ivMK i Avgvkq ej| G ivMK Aenjv Kiv wVK bq| Wvvii
civgk wPwKrmv Kiv cqvRb| mvaviY ^vwewa gb Pjj G ivM cwZiva Kiv me|
3. KvKvwVb : KvKvwVb cKZc Kvb ivM bq| wewfb KviY KvKvwVb nZ cvi| hgb-
cwKbvwji gaw`q Lv`ei Pjb axi nIqv, KvPv djg~j I kvKmewR bv LvIqv, cvqLvbvi eM cj
msM msM cvqLvbvq bv emv BZvw`| wbqwgZ gj ZvMi Afvm Mo Zvjv, wbqwgZ kvKmewR LvIqv,
djg~j I Auvkhy Lvevi Lj G Amyweav `~i Kiv hvq|

KvR: wkv_xiv LvZvq cwicvKZi wewfb ivMi bvg wjLe| `j wef nq wkv_x Kx KviY G
ivMjv nq Zv LvZvq wjwce Kie| cwZwU `ji GKRb Ki Zv kwYZ Dcvcb Kie| Abiv
welqjv wgwjq wbe|
wevb 47

cwicvK Zi hZ
1| `uvZ: cwZevi LvIqvi ci `uvZ evk Kiv I cwivi Kiv DwPZ| `uvZi duvK Lvevii KYv AvUK
_vKj Zv cP gyL `yM nq| `uvZi q nq| Lye ewk wgw LZ bB| wgw `uvZ qi Rb `vqx|
2| Lv`e: Lv`e cwivi I mywm nIqv DwPZ| evwk cPv Lvevi LvIqv DwPZ bq| Avyji bL
QvU ivLv I LvIqvi AvM _vjvevwU I nvZ AekB cwivi Ki wbZ ne|
3| LvIqv: wbqwgZ mgq LvIqv DwPZ| GKmv_ ewk Lvevi Lve bv| me mgq mylg Lvevi Lve| LvIqvi
wKQyY ci cPzi cvwb Lve| me mgq cvwb dzwUq Vvv Ki Lve| Lvevi axi axi fvj Ki wPweq
Lve| AwaK gmjv I Zjhy Lvevi LvIqv DwPZ bq|
bZzb k: KvKvwVb, evwmjvwi, AvwgweK Avgvkq

cvV 7-8 : i msenb Z

h cwqvq cvYx`ni i cwienbi KvR mb nq ZvK msenb cwqv ej| i, rwc, agbx, wkiv
Ges jwmKv I jwmKvevnx bvwji mg^q gvbe `ni msenbZ MwVZ| h Zi gvag `n i
mvwjZ nq ZvK i msenb Z ej| rwc, i I ievnx bvwji mg^q i msenbZ MwVZ|
i I ii Dcv`vb :
Zvgiv gyiwM, Mi A_ev QvMj RevB KiZ `L _vKe| RevB Kivi mgq Zvb _K wdb&wK w`q i
ei nq| GB ii iO Kgb? i Kx aibi c`v_? i Nb jvj iOi GKwU Zij c`v_| GUv GK
aibi Zij hvRK Kjv ev wUmy| ii ^v` viagx| ii Dcv`vb `yBwU, h_v-
1| iim
2| iKwYKv
1| iim: iim ii Zij Ask| mvaviYZ ii kZKiv 55
fvM iim| GZ Avwgl, jeY I A _K kvwlZ Lv` Dcv`vb
_vK| iim iKwYKv fvmgvb Aevq _vK| GZ
dvBwebvRb bvg GKwU Dcv`vb _vK hv i RgvU euvaZ mvnvh
Ki|

KvR :
1| iim `ni wewfb Ask AwRb, Lv`mvi, nigvb BZvw` enb Ki|
2| `ni wewfb Ask _K wZKi c`v_ hgb- (Kveb WvB-AvBW, BDwiqv, BDwiK GwmW BZvw`)
enb Ki wewfb iPb AsMi gvag `n _K ei Ki `q|
48 cwicvKZ Ges msenbZ
wbg kwYi Rxe

2| iKwYKv : i wZb aibi KwYKv iqQ| h_v-

K. jvwnZ iKwYKv
L. kZ iKwYKv
M. AbyPwKv
K. jvwnZ iKwYKv : jvwnZ i KwYKvi Rb ii iO jvj `Lvq| Gi ga wngvMvweb bvgK GKwU
iK c`v_ _vK| wngvMvwebi mv_ AwRb hy nq `nKvl cQvq| jvwnZ iKwYKv DfAeZj
(Dfq c Lv` AvQ)| PvKwZi gZv MvjvKvi Kvl| jvwnZ iKwYKvq wbDwKqvm _vK bv jvwnZ
iKwYKv hKZ I Awgvq Zwi nq|
L. kZ iKwYKv: kZ iKwYKv jvwnZ iKwYKvi Pq AvKvi wKQyUv eo I AwbqwgZ AvKvii nq|
G`i wbDwKqvm AvQ| cxnv I Awgvq G`i Rb| `n Kvb ivM-RxevYy cek Kij kZ
iKwYKv mjvK asm Ki| kZ iKwYKv `ni cnixi gZv KvR Ki| G`i mwbKi mv_
Zzjbv Kiv nq|
M. AbyPwKv : AbyPwKv `LZ MvjvKvi ev ei gZv| Giv jvwnZ iKwYKvi Pq AvKvi QvU nq I
wbDwKqvm _vK bv| Giv QvKvi _vK| G`i Drcw jvwnZ Awgvq| `ni Kvb Ask KU
icvZ NUj AbyPwKv i RgvU euvaZ mvnvh Ki| G`i cUjUI ej|
ii KvR : i Avgv`i `ni GKwU AwZ cqvRbxq Dcv`vb| i `n bvbv iKg KvR Ki| h_v-
1. Lv` cwienb : Avgiv h Lvevi LvB cwicvKi ci Gjv mij Dcv`vb cwiYZ nq Ges ii mv_
wgk hvq| i mB Lv`i mvivskK `ni me enb Ki wbq hvq| Gfve Rxe Kvljvi cyw
mvab nq|
2. AwRb cwienb : Avgv`i `n mKj KvRi Rb AwRb `iKvi | AwRb bv nj RxeKvl
euvPZ cvi bv| KvRB Lvevii mv_ mv_ G`i w`Z nq AwRb| ii jvwnZ iKwYKvq
AewZ wngvMvweb dzmdzm _K AwRb MnY Ki| AwwngvMvweb i~c cwZwU Kvl enb Ki|
3. Kveb WvBAvBW ZvM : `ni wewfb Ai KvljvZ Drcb Kveb WvB-AvBW iim enb Ki
dzmdzm wbq hvq|
4. eR c`v_ wbvkb : `n m bvBUvRb viv MwVZ `~wlZ c`v_ iim `n _K ei Ki `Iqvi
KvR mnvqZv Ki|
5. ivM cwZiva : `n Kvb ivM RxevYy cek Kij ii kZ iKwYKv mjvK gi dj ivM
cwZiva Ki|
6. nigvb cwienb : `ni bvwjnxb MwZ nigvb Drcb nq| ii gvag nigvb `ni wewfb
Ask cwievwnZ nq|
7. Zvcgvv wbqY : i `ni wewfb Aski Zvc cwienb Ki| GZ `ni me Zvcgv wVK _vK|
8. i RgvU evav : `ni Kvb Ask KU Mj icvZ nq| AbyPwKv i RgvU euvaZ mvnvh Ki|
dj icvZ e nq|
bZzb k : jvwnZ iKwYKv, kZ iKwYKv, AbyPwKv, iim, nigvb, bvwjnxb Mw|
wevb 49

cvV-9-10 : ibvwj
Zvgvi nvZi Dci w`K j Kij `LZ cvie bxj iOi GK aibi bvwj `Lv hvq| Gjv nj wkiv|
wkiv GK aibi ibvwj| ibvwj Kx? h bvwji ga w`q i cevwnZ nq ZvK ibvwj ej| Avgv`i
`n wZb aibi ibvwj AvQ| h_v-

1. agbx 2. wkiv I 3. KwkKbvwj|

1. agbx : h mKj ievnx bvwj rwc _K Drcb nq `ni wewfb A i enb Ki ZvK agbx
ej| Giv `ni fZi w`K AewZ| agbxi cvPxi cyi Mni QvU I Gi Mni KcvwUKv _vK bv| agbx
AwRb mg i cwienb Ki|

2. wkiv : h mKj ibvwj viv `ni wewfb Ask _K i rwc wdi Avm ZvK wkiv ej| wkiv
cvPxi AcKZ cvZjv| G`i MniwU eo I Mni cvPxi Mv KcvwUKv _vK| `ni KwkK RvwjKv
_K wkiv Drcw NU| wKQy ewZg Qvov wkiv mvaviYZ Kveb WvB-AvBW mg i enb Ki|

3. KwkKbvwj : agbx gv^q kvLv ckvLvq wef nq kl ch AwZm~ bvwj Zwi Ki| GB mKj
m~bvwjK KwkKbvwj ev KwkK RvwjKv ej| KwkKbvwj _K wkivi Drcw| GK iwewk cvZjv
Gwc_wjqvj Kvl w`q KwkKbvwj cvPxi MwVZ| KwkKbvwj `nKvli Pvicvk Aevb Ki|

wbRiv Ki : Zvgiv wbPi QKwU c~iY Ki agbx I wkivi cv_K wbYq Ki|
Drcw agbx wkiv
KcvwUKv
Mni
cvPxi
AwRbi cwigvY
Kveb WvBAvBWi cwigvY
50 wbg k
cwicvKZ Ges wYi Rxe
msenbZ

rwc :
rwc e Mnii evg w`K `yB dzmdzmi gvSLvb AewZ GKwU gvPvKwZi A| GUv cwiKvwWqvg
bvg `yB i wewk GKwU cvZjv c`v viv AveZ| rwc rcwk viv MwVZ| rcwk GK aibi ^vaxb
AbwQK cwk hv Kviv wbqY Qvov wbR wbRB msKvPb I cmviY mg| cwZ wgwbU Kgekx 72
evi rwc msKvwPZ I cmvwiZ nq| Zzwg Zvgvi eyKi gvSLvb nvZ ivL| GKUv ayKayKvwb ev Kvb
`b Ui cvQ Kx? Kb Ggb NU? rwci msKvPb I cmviYi dj GBi~c NU| GUv ``b|

wbRiv Ki : Zzwg Nwo `L Zvgvi ezi ``b MYbv Ki|

rwc wZb i MwVZ| h_v- K. evBii i ev cwiKvwWqvg L. gvSi i ev gvqvKvwWqvg Ges M.
fZii i ev GvKvwWqvg| G`i ga gvqvKvwWgB mePq cyi Ges Gi msKvPbi KviY rwc
cv Ki i mvjb Ki|
rwc GKwU Pvi cKv wewk duvcv A| rwci Dcii cKv `yBwUi bvg Wvb Awj` I evg Awj`
Ges wbPi cKv `yBwU h_vg Wvb I evg wbjq|
Awj` cvPxi cvZjv I wbjqi cvPxi cyi _vK|
Awj` I wbjq `yBwU Avjv`v cvPxi viv c_K _vK|
AvqZb Awj`jv wbjqi Pq AvKvi QvU nq|
Wvb Awj` I Wvb wbjqi gvS Wvb Awj`-wbjq wQ` _vK| H
wQ` c_ KcvwUKv _vK| i G KcvwUKvi gvag Awj` _K
wbjq cek KiZ cvi| Abyic~ fve evg Awj` I wbjqi
gvS KcvwUKv _vK| GI evg Awj` _K i Kej gv
wbjq cek KiZ cvi| GQvov gnvagbx I evg wbjqi
mshvMj I dzmdzmxq agbx Ges Wvb wbjqi mshvMj
AaP`vKwZi KcvwUKv iqQ| G KcvwUKvjv ii MwZc_
GKw`K wbqY Ki|

wbRiv Ki : GKw`b mvMii evev Amy nq cowQjb| mvMii eo fvB GKRb Wvvi| fvBqv evevi
nvZi KewRi Dci nvZ iL nvZ Nwo `LwQjb| mvMi welqwU j Kij| ivZ NygvZ hvIqvi AvM
fvBqvi KvQ RvbQ PvBj evevi KewRi Dci nvZ iL wZwb Kx cixv KiwQjb| nvZi Dcii w`K
h ibvwj wj `Lv hvq IjvK Kx ej? fvBqv Zvi cki Reve ejjb, wZwb evevi bvoxi `b
`LwQjb| bvox `b Kx? rwci msKvPb I cmviYi dj agbxi ga h `b mw nq ZvK
bvox `b ej| agbx _vK `ni fZi Avi wkiv _vK `ni Dcwifve|
Gevi Zzwg Zvgvi ezi bvox `b cixv Ki| Zvi nvZi wkivjv cheY Ki| Zvgvi ez Zvgvi
bvox `b cixv Kie| Gevi Zzwg zji gvV cuvP wgwbU `o Avm| Zzwg Zvgvi ezK Zvgvi
bvoxi `b cixv KiZ ej| Kvb cwieZb j KiQ Kx? cwikg rwci msKvPb-cmviY eo
hvq dj bvoxi `bI ew cvq|
wevb 51

rwci gvag i mvjb :

rwc `ckx bvgK GK wekl aibi AbwQK ckx viv MwVZ| hLb rwci msKvPb nq ZLb
rwc _K i agbx c_ wewfb Ask mvwjZ nq| Avevi rwc h_b cmviY NU ZLb `ni wewfb
A _K i wkiv c_ rwc wdi Avm| Gfve rwci msKvPb I cmviY viv i GKevi
rwc cek Ki Avevi rwc _K `ni wewfb A i mvwjZ nq|
bZzb k: KcvwUKv, agbx, wkiv, KwkKbvwj, Awj`, wbjq

cvV 11-12 : `ivM

Avgvb mvne GKRb evsK KgPvix| wZwb GKRb gvSvwi Mobi gvUvmvUv gvbyl| wZwb gvQ-gvsm I
Zjhy Lvevi LZ Lye cQ` Kib| wZwb GKRb aygcvqx| mKvj _K ivZ ch GKUvbv cwikg Kib|
cwikgi mv_ gvvwZwi aygcvb Kib| mvivw`b nuvUvPjv, evqvg nqbv ejjB Pj| nVvr GKw`b Awdm
_K wdi eyKi evw`K e_v Abyfe Kijb| wKQyYi gaB e_v Zxe nj| wZwb ek nq cojb|
Zvi x ZrYvr ZvK nvmcvZvj wbq Mjb| Wvvi ZvK cixv Ki ejjb h, Avgvb mvne
`ivM fyMQb| Gevi ejZv `ivMi KviYjv Kx Kx?
`ivMi KviY :
Dcii AbyQ` _K Avgiv rivMi GB KviYjv RvbZ cvijvg| Zv njv:
- AwaK Zj I Pwehy Lvevi|
- mylg Lv` MnY bv Kiv|
- aygcvb Kiv|
- AwZwi cwikg Kiv|
- Ljv, nuvUvPjv, evqvg ev Kvb iKg kvixwiK cwikg bv Kiv|
`ivMi AvgY _K iv cvIqvi Dcvq :
1| AwaK kKiv I Pwehy Lvevi bv LvIqv|
2| wbqwgZ kvixwiK cwikg Kiv| h_v- Ljvayjv, nuvUvPjv, evqvg Kivi Afvm Mo Zvjv|
3| wbqwgZ mylg Lv` MnY Kiv|
4| aygcvb ZvM Kiv| aygcvbi dj agbxMv k nq i cevni evNvZ NUvq|
5| AwZwi cwikg, AwZwi gvbwmK Pvc I `ywvgy _vKvi Pv Kiv|
6| ZvRv djg~j, kvKmweR LvIqvi Afvm Mo Zvjv|
7| `ni IRb evoZ bv `Iqv| `ni IRb eo Mj rwci Dci i mvjbi Pvc co| dj
rwc wZM nq|
wbRiv Ki : Zvgiv rwci wPwZ wP AsKb Ki| rwc ii MwZc_ wPwZ Ki| Kxfve
`ivM iva mPZbZv mw Kiv hvq Ggb GKwU PvU Zwi Ki|
52 cwicvKZ Ges msenbZ
wbg kwYi Rxe

G Aavq kl Avgiv hv Rvbjvg-

agbx : agbx rwc _K Drcb nq `ni mKj A mvaviYZ AwRb mg i cwienb Ki| wKy
dzmdzmxq agbx Gi ewZg| dzmdzmxq agbx Kveb WvB-AvBW mg i dzmdzm wbq hvq|
wkiv: wkiv `ni wewfb A _K Drcw nq mvaviYZ Kveb WvB-AvBW mg i rwci w`K
cwienb Ki| wKy dzmdzmxq wkiv Gi ewZg| dzmdymxq wkiv c_ AwRb mg i evg Awj` wbq
Avm|
jvwnZ KwYKv : jvwnKv KwYKvq wngvMvweb bvgK iK c`v_ _vK| wngvMvweb AwRbi mv_ hy
nq AwwngvMvweb Zwi Ki|
AbyPwKv : AbyPwKv i RgvU euvaZ mvnvh Ki|

Abykjbx
k~bvb cyiY Ki :
1. GbRvBg mvnvh Ki|
2. RvZxq Lv` cwicvK nq AvgvBbv GwmW cwiYZ nq|
3. jvwnZ KwYKvq bvgK GK cKvi c`v_ _vK|
4. i RgvU euvaZ mvnvh Ki|
5. KwYKv `n cnixi gZv KvR Ki|
msw Di ck :
1. cwicvK nIqv Lv` Kv_vq, Kxfve, kvwlZ nq?
2. `uvZ cwivi ivLvi cqvRbxqZv evLv Ki|
3. gyL w`q cvKwjZ Kxfve Lv` hvq eYbv Ki|
4. Zvgvi `n i KwYKvi cqvRbxqZv evLv Ki|
5. ibvwj Avgv`I `n Kx KvR Ki|
ewbevPwb ck:
1. `ni mePq eo Mw KvbwU?
K. AMvkq
L. AvwKMw
M. MvwKMw
N. hKZ
2. jvjvq _vK KvbwU?
K. Uvqvwjb I cvwb L. wUcwmb I cvwb
M. jvBcR I cvwb N. AvgvBjR I cvwb
wevb 53

DxcKwU j Ki Ges 3, 4 I 5 b^i cki Di `vI:

3. wbDwKqvm AbycwZ _vK-
i. M, N ii. N, O iii. O, M
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i I iii
4. P wPwZ AskwUi KvR nQ-

i. Lv`mvi enb Kiv ii. cnix wnme KvR Kiv iii. eR wbMgb mnvqZv Kiv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
5. KvbwU i RgvU euvaZ mvnvh Ki?
K. M L. N M. O N. P

mRbkxj ck:
1|
K. wfjvB Kx?
L. LvIqvi ci `uvZ evk Kiv DwPr Kb? evLv Ki|
M. Y wPwZ AskwUi KvhKvwiZv evLv Ki|
N. Z AskwU wZM nj gvbe`n Kx aibi mgmv `Lv w`e? evLv Ki|
2|

K. cwiKvwWqvg Kx?
L. jvBcR ejZ Kx eySvq? evLv Ki|
M. DxcK Zxi wPwZ c_ Kxfve i mvwjZ nq evLv Ki|
N. DxcKi AwU my ivLvi Rb Avgv`i Kb mZKZv Aej^b Kiv
DwPZ, Zv hywmn jL|
wbRiv Ki :
1. Zzwg Zvgvi ezi bvox `b Kxfve cixv Kie? evqvg Kivi ci Zvgvi ezi bvoxi `b
cixv Ki| Kvb cwieZb j KiQv Kx? cwieZbi KviY evLv Ki|
2. Zvgvi `jMZfve gvbe cwicvKZI GKwU PvU Zwi Ki Ges cwZwU AI cvk Gi KvR
wjwce Ki|
54 wbg kwYi Rxe

l Aavq
c`v_i MVb
Avgv`i cvZwnK Rxebi wewfb evZvm, cvwb, jvnv, Lv``e, eBcyK, PK BZvw` bvbv iKg
wRwbm ev c`v_ eenvi Kwi ev Zv`i msk Avwm| G`i ga KvbwU AvQ gwjK c`v_, KvbwU
hwMK Avevi KvbwU AvQ wewfb c`v_i wgkY| cwZwU c`v_ mwZKvi A_ wK w`q Zwi ev G`i MVb
Kgb I wKfve Zwi nq mwU wK Zvgiv Rvb?

GB Aavq kl Avgiv
c`v_i MVb evLv KiZ cvie|
AYy I cigvYyi ga cv_K KiZ cvie|
gwjK, hwMK I wgk c`v_i ga cv_K KiZ cvie|
cZxK I msKZ eenvi Ki wbevwPZ gwjK I hwMK c`v_ wPwZ KiZ cvie|
chvq mviYxi c_wgK aviYv eYbv KiZ cvie|
mveRbxb `veK wnme cvwbi eenvi c`kb KiZ cvie|
cixvi mvnvh gwjK c`v_ nZ hwMK c`v_ cZ KiZ cvie|
wevb 55

cvV 1-2 : c`v_i MVb

Avgv`i Pvicvk memgqB Kvb bv Kvb c`v_ `LZ cvB hv Avgiv wewfb KvR eenvi Kwi| mKvj ejv
Nyg _K DVB Avgiv nvZgyL avqvi KvR cvwb eenvi Kwi| GB cvwb GKwU c`v_| GKB fve PK,
wPwb, jeY, jvnv, Zvgv BZvw` meB c`v_| Giv mevB c`v_ njI mevB wKy GKB Dcv`vb w`q MwVZ
bq|
c`v_i wfbZvi KviY wK?
c`v_i KviY njv G`i MVb| GK GKwU c`v_i MVb GKK iKg ejB Zviv `LZ wfb iKg nq Avi
wfbZvi Zv`i agI wfb iKg nq| m KviYB ag Abyhvqx Zviv wfb wfb KvR eeZ nq |
Gevi Avgv`i ej eeZ KqKwU c`v_i MVb `Lv hvK| c_g jvnv I Zvgvi K_vB awi| jvnvi MVb
wK nZ cvi? Avgiv h jvnv wewfb KvR eenvi Kwi Zv g~jZ QvU QvU jvnvi KYv w`q MwVZ|
GKBfve Zvgvi I ZvB| GwU QvU QvU Zvgvi KYv w`q MwVZ| jvnvK fvj ay jvnviB z`
z` KYv cvIqv hve A_vr jvnvZ GKwU gv Dcv`vb we`gvb| GKBfve ZvgvK fvj ay ZvgviB
z` z` KYv cvIqv hve Ges GZI GKwU gv Dcv`vb we`gvb|
jvnv I Zvgvi gZv h mKj c`v_ GKwU gv Dcv`vb w`q Zwi Zv`iK Avgiv ewj gwjK c`v_|

jvnv I Zvgvi gZv Avgv`i ej cwiwPZ nvBWvRb I AwRbI GKwU Ki Dcv`vb w`q Zwi Ges
GivI gwjK c`v_|
56 wbgc`v_
kwYi Rxeb
i MV

Abw`K Avgv`i `bw`b Rxebi `ywU AZvekKxq c`v_ njv jeY I wPwb| jeY njv mvwWqvg I
KvivBW bvgi `yB iKg Dcv`vb w`q Zwi GKwU c`v_ hvi ivmvqwbK bvg mvwWqvg KvivBW| Avi wPwb
njv Kveb, nvBWvRb I AwRb bvgi wZbwU wfb Dcv`vb w`q Zwi hvi ivmvqwbK bvg myvR|
jeY I wPwbi gZv h me c`v_ GKi AwaK wfbagx Dcv`vb w`q Zwi Zv`iK Avgiv ewj hwMK c`v_|
Avgiv hw` jeYK A_vr mvwWqvg KvivBWK fvZ _vwK Ze c_g jeYi eo `vbv _K QvU `vbv,
cv QvU `vbvwj _K Aviv QvU `vbv Ges GK chvq GKevi QvUZg `vbvq cwiYZ ne hLb GwUK
Lvwj PvL Avi `Lv hvebv| hw`I GwU jeYi GKwU AwZ z`Zg Aby hLvb GKwU gv mvwWqvg
KvivBW AvQ GB Aby f `yB fvM wef nq mvwWqvg I Kvwib nq hvq| A_vr `ywU wfb Dcv`vb
cvIqv hvq| Abfve Avgiv ejZ cvwi jeY `ywU wfb Dcv`vb Zwi ejB wKy Avgiv GK AmsLevi
fvj GK chvq H `ywU Dcv`vb cvIqv hvQ|

GKBfve hnZz wPwb Kveb, nvBWvRb I AwRb w`q Zwi, ZvB GK AmsL evi fvj kl ch
H wZbwU Dcv`vbB cvIqv hve|
Zvgiv Kqjv I PKi ga KvbwU gwjK I KvbwU hwMK Zv wK ejZ cvie?
Kqjv njv g~jZ Kveb w`q Zwi GKwU gwjK c`v_ Avi PK njv Kvjwmqvg, Kveb I AwRb GB
wZbwU Dcv`vb w`q Zwi Kvjwmqvg KvebU bvgi GKwU hwMK c`v_|
Gevi Zvgiv ej jeYi gZv PKK hw` Avgiv fvZ _vwK, Zvnj wK wK Dcv`vb cvIqv hve? hnZz
PK Kvjwmqvg, Kveb I AwRb bvgK wZbwU wfb wfb Dcv`vb ev gwjK c`v_ w`q Zwi, ZvB GK
gvMZ fvj GK chvq H wZbwU Dcv`vb ev gwjK c`v_B cvIqv hve|
jvnvq gwiPv aivi K_v Avgiv K bv Rvwb| a~mi KvjP ii jvnvi Zwi iW (hv GKwU gwjK c`v_)
wKQyw`b evBi iL w`j Gi Dci nvv nj` jvj ii GKwU Avib co hvi bvg gwiPv| GLvb
Avmj GKwU gwjK c`v_ (jvnv) Rjxq evi DcwwZZ Aci GKwU gwjK c`v_ AwRbi mv_
wewqvi gvag gwiPvi mw Ki hv Avqib AvBW bvgi GKwU hwMK c`v_| Zvnj GK_v wbtm`n
ejv hvq h, `yB ev ZZvwaK gwjK c`v_ wgj GKwU hwMK c`v_ Zwi nq|

wgk c`v_: GKwU Mvm cvwb wbq ZvZ mgvb GKUz jeY hvM Ki bvov `vI| jeY I cvwbi GB wgkY
hLvb GKi AwaK c`v_ we`gvb mwU njv wgk c`v_| GKBfve, evZvmI GK aibi wgk c`v_
wevb 57

hLvb bvBUvRb, AwRb, Rjxqevmn Abvb c`v_ _vK| GLvb jbxq h, evqy Ggb GKwU wgk
c`v_ hLvb gwjK I hwMK Dfq aibi c`v_ iqQ| cvi jeb cvwbi wgkb DcwZ jeY I
cvwb `ywUB hwMK c`v_|

cvV 3 - 6 : z`Zg KYvi gZev`

AvMi cvV Avgiv `LwQ gwjK, ev hwMK c`v_K gvMZ fvZ fvZ GK chvq GwU z`Zg
KYvq cwiYZ nq| GB z`Zg KYvi welq wewfb mgq wevbx I `vkwbKMY bvbv iKg gZev` e
KiQb| MxK `vkwbK WgwUvm (Democritus) wLc~e 400 A mec_g c`v_i z`Zg KYv wbq
gZev` cvlY Kib| Zvi gZ mKj c`v_B z` z` AwefvR (hv Avi fvv hvq bv) KYv w`q Zwi |
wZwb GB z`Zg KYvi bvg `b cigvYyy ev GUg| GUg K_vwU wZwb wbqwQjb MxK k GUgm (Atomos)
_K hvi A_ njv AwefvR (Indivisible) ev hv fvv hvq bv| Zvi mg mvgwqK mgqi Aviv `yRb
`vkwbK cUv (Plato) Ges AvwiUj (Aristotle) Zvi gZev`i mv_ wgZ cvlY Kib| AvwiUji
gZ c`v_mg~n AweQ` (Continuous) Ges fvbi Kvb mxgv bB A_vr hZB fvv nvK bv Kb
c`v_i KYvjv ` nZ z`Zi nZ _vKe|
1803 mvj Rb Wvb (John Dalton) bvgi BsiR wevbx cixvj Z_i Dci wfw Ki c`v_i
z`Zg KYv mK Zvi gZev` `b| Zvi GB gZev` Wvbi cigvYyyev` bvgB cwiwPZ| Avi GRb
ZvK AvaywbK cigvYyyev`i RbKI ejv nq| Wvbi gZ-
1| gwjK c`v_mg~n cigvYyy bvgK z` z` KYv w`q MwVZ|
2| GKwU gji ev gwjK c`v_i mKj cigvYyy GKB iKg| cigvYyymg~ni AvKvi, fi I ivmvqwbK ag
GKB iKg|
3| GKwU gji cigvYyymg~n Aci gji cigvYyymg~n nZ wfb iKg| A_vr wfb wfb gji cigvYyyi
AvKvi, fi I ag wfb wfb|
4| hwMK c`v_mg~n GKi AwaK gwjK c`v_ w`q MwVZ| wewfb gji cigvYyymg~n mij AYycvZ hy
nq hwMK c`v_ ev hM Zwi Ki|
5| GKwU ivmvqwbK wewqvq cigvYyymg~ni mw ev asm nq bv| ay mshyw cybwebvm ev Avjv`v nq|
myZivs Avgiv z`Zg KYv mwKZ wewfb gZev` _K Rvbjvg h, cigvYyy njv gwjK c`v_i z`Zg
KYv|
Zvgv`i gb wK G ck RvMQ h, hwMK c`v_i z`Z
g KYv wK nZ cvi bv? hw` nq Zv`iK wK eje?
Avgiv cvwbi K_v awi| GKwU cv wKQy cvwb wbq Avgiv hw` GK z` z` Ask fvM KiZ _vwK Ze
GK chvq Avgiv cvwbi eo dvUv Zvici QvU QvU dvUv cve| Gfve QvU QvU cvwbi dvUvK hw`
AmsL evi fvM Kwi Zvnj Ggb GKwU Aevq cuQve hLb cvwbi z`Zg KYv cve hvK Avi fvM Kij
cvwb Avi cvwb _vKe bv GwU f nvBWvRb I AwRb cwiYZ ne| cvwbi H z`Zg KYv hLvb
cvwbi mKj ewk eRvq _vK ZvKB cvwbi AYy ej|
58 wbgc`v_
kwYi Rxe
i MVb

Zvnj GK_v ejv hvq h, gwjK c`v_i z`Zg KYvK ejv nq cigvYyy Avi hwMK c`v_i z`Zg
KYvK ejv nq AYy|
Ze G K_vi A_ GB bq h, gwjK c`v_i AYy ej wKQy bB! AekB AvQ| welqwU cwivi
fve evSvi Rb Avgv`i AwZ cqvRbxq AwRb Mvmi K_v awi| Avgiv h AwRb Mvm eenvi Kwi
Zv `ywU AwRb cigvYyy w`q MwVZ| cvwbi gZ hw` AwRb MvmKI QvU QvU Ask fvM KiZ _vwK
Ze GK chvq Avgiv Ggb Aevq cQve hLb GKwU fvM GKwU AwRb Mvmi KYv _vK| GwUK
hw` Avevi fvM Kiv nq Ze AwRb Mvmi KYvwU f `ywU AwRb cigvYyy cvIqv hve| GB cigvYyy
cvIqvi AvMi AevwUB wK AwRbi AYy| hLvb `ywU AwRbi cigvYyy GK mv_ _vK|

Zvnj GK_v ejv hvq h, `yB ev ZZvwaK cigvYyy hy nq AYy Zwi Ki| gwjK c`v_i GKB
aibi cigvYyy hy nq AYy Zwi Ki Avi hwMK c`v_i wfb cigvYy hy nq AYy Zwi Ki|
hgb cvwb, PK, wPwb, jeY BZvw`|
cigvYyy I cZxK: AvMi cvV Zvgiv RbQ h, wfb wfb gji cigvYyy wfb wfb nq| GLb ck njv
megvU KZwj gj ev gwjK c`v_ AvQ A_ev KZ iKgi cigvYyy AvQ? G ch 118wU gwjK c`v_
AvweZ nqQ hvi ga 98wU cKwZZ cvIqv hvq Avi evKx 20wU Kwgfve Zwi gwjK c`v_|
Avgv`i hgb cZKi bvg AvQ, cwZwU gwjK c`v_iB GKwU bvg AvQ| Avi G`iK msw I
myweavRbKfve cKvki RbB Avgiv cwZwUi Rb Avjv`v cZxK eenvi Kwi| cZxK mvaviYZ gji
wevb 59

jvwUb ev BsiRx bvgi GKwU ev `ywU Av`i `viv cKvk Kiv nq| GKwU Ai w`q cKvwkZ cZxKi
me`vB eo nvZi Ai Avi `ywU Ai w`q cKvwkZ cZxKi c_gwU eo nvZi Ai Ges
ciiwU QvU nvZi Ai nq| wbP KqKwU cigvYyyi cZxK I jvwUb bvg `qv njv|
cigvYy cZxK jvwUb bvg
nvBWvRb H Hydrogenium
wnwjqvg He Helium
wjw_qvg Li Lithium
ewiwjqvg Be Beryllium
evib B Borum
Kveb C Carboneum
bvBUvRb N Nitrogenium
AwRb O Oxygenium
dvwib F Fluorum
jvnv Fe Ferrum

AYy I msKZ: GB Aavqi cvV-3 G Avgiv wkLwQ h, `yB ev ZZvwaK cigvYyy GK hy nq AYy Zwi
Ki| GKwU AYyZ wK wK cigvYyy AvQ Ges cigvYyymg~ni AvcwK AYycvZ KZ, mUv Rbv hvq msKZ _K|
hgb AvM Avgiv ejwQ h, `ywU nvBWvRb I GKwU AwRb wgj Zwi nq cvwbi AYy| Avgiv GI Rvwb h
nvBWvRb I AwRbi cZxK njv H I O | Zvnj `ywU nvBWvRb cigvYyy I GKwU AwRb w`q Zwi
cvwbi msKZ ne H2O| GKBfve `ywU nvBWvRb cigvYyy w`q Zwi AwRbi msKZ O2| Avgv`i
cvZvwnK Rxebi mv_ IZcvZfve RwoZ KqKwU ivmvqwbK c`v_i msKZ wbP `qv njv|
c`v_ msKZ c`v_ msKZ
LvIqvi jeY NaCl Pyb CaO
mvwWqvg KvivBW Kvjwmqvg AvBW
PK CaCO3 wg_b Mvm CH4
Kvjwmqvg KvebU
bvBUvRb N2 KvebWvBAvBW CO2

cigvYyi KYv: cigvYyy AvKvi LyeB QvU| GZB QvU h, Lvwj PvL G`i `Lv hvq bv| GgbwK mvaviY
gvBvmKvc hi mvnvhI bv| Ze BjKUb gvBvmKvci mvnvh cigvYyy `Lv hvq| GLvb
DjL h BjKUb gvBvmKvci gvag Kvb wRwbmK Zvi AvKvii Zzjbvq KqK wgwjqb Y eo
`Lv hvq|
GLb ck njv GZ QvU cigvYyyK f wK AviI z`Zi Kvb KYv cvIqv hvq?
Wvbi cigvYyyev` AYyhvqx, cigvYyy AwefvR A_vr GK Avi fvv hvq bv| Wvbi GB gZwU AbKw`b
ch mevB mg_b KijI GLb GwU cgvwbZ mZ h, cigvYyyK f AviI z` KYvq cwiYZ Kiv hvq|
cigvYy f h wZbwU KYv cvIqv hvq Zv njv BjKUb, cvUb I wbDUb| AvaywbK MelYvq GwU
cgvwYZ h, cigvYyyi K` _vK wbDUb I cvUb Avi K`i Pviw`K evKvi c_ BjKUb NyiZ
_vK| mvaviYZ GKB aiYi GKwU cigvYyyZ mgvb msLK BjKUb I cvUb _vK |
60 wbgc`v_
kwYii MVb
Rxe

GLvb DjL h GKgv nvBWvRb cigvYyyi K` Kvb wbDUb _vK bv A_vr nvBWvRb cigvYyy
fvj Gi K` GKwU cvUb I evBi GKwU BjKUb cvIqv hvq| Abw`K wnwjqvg cigvYyi K`
_vK 2wU cvUb I `ywU wbDUb Avi evBi _vK 2wU BjKUb| Avevi AwRb cigvYyi K` _vK 8wU
cvUb I 8wU wbDUb Avi evBi _vK 8wU BjKUb|

cvV 7-8 : chvq mviYx

Avgiv RbwQ h, G ch AvweZ gji msLv 118 wU| G`i cwZwUB AZ iZc~Y Ges Kvb bv
Kvb KvR eeZ nq| ZvB Zv`i ag ev ewk Rvbv AZ cqvRb| Avi GwUI wVK h, Avjv`vfve
cwZwU gji ag Rvbv I gb ivLv GKwU Kmva evcvi Ges AmeI eU| ZvB G`iK hw` wewfb
Mc fvM Kiv hvq Ges hw` GKB iKg ag c`kb Kiv gjmg~nK GK GK Mc iL GKwU Uwej evbvbv
nq, Zvnj wK Kvb myweav ne? AekB ne, KviY ZLb h Kvb Mci GKwU gji ag mK
RvbjB Avgiv H Mci Ab gjwj mKI aviYv KiZ cvie| chvq mviYx (Periodic table) njv
GiKgi GKwU mviYx ev Uwej hLvb gjmg~nK Zv`i ewk AYyhvqx mvRvbv nqQ|

1869 mvj ivwkqvb wevbx w`wgx gwjd (Dmitri Mendeleef) GB chvq mviYx ceZb Kib| chvq
mviYxZ 8wU Dj^ Kjvg Ges 7wU AYyf~wgK mvwi iqQ| Dj^ KjvgK Mc ej Avi AYyf~wgK mvwiK
wevb 61

chvq ej| GKwU Mci mKj gji ag GKB iKg| ZvB h Kvb GKwU gji ag Rvbj Ab`i ag
mK aviYv Kiv hvq| hgb- Mc-1 Gi K_vq aiv hvK| GB Mci 1wU gj wjw_qvg (Li), ZvB Avgiv
aviYv KiZ cvwi h, GB Mci Abvb gji agI wjw_qvgi gZB ne| Avevi Mc 18 Gi me gj GB
Mci c_g gj wnwjqvgi (He) gZv GKB iKg ag c`kb Ki|
AviKwU welq jbxq h, g~j chvq mviYxi bxP Avjv`v `ywU mvwi iqQ| G`i c_g mvwii iyZ
jvb&_vbvg (La) I kl wjDUwmqvg (Lu) AvQ Avi wZxq mvwii iyZ AvK&wUbvg (Ac) Avi kl
jibwmqvg (Lr) AvQ| Zvgv`i gb ck AvmZ cvi h, G`iK g~j chvq mviYxi evBi bqvi KviY
wK? KviYwU njv c_g mvwii meKwU gji ivmvqwbK ag cvqB GKB iKg| A_vr G`i GKB Myci
GKB &vb _vKvi K_v| wK evweKfve GwU me bq ejB G`iiK g~j chvq mviYxi evBi
GKwU mvwiZ ivLv nqQ| wZxq mvwii B evcviwU GKB|
mveRbxb `veK wnme cvwbi eenvi:
l kYxZ Zvgiv RbQ h, cvwb GKwU mveRbxb `veK| KviY, GwU Re I ARe AbK `eK `exfZ
Ki hv Ab `veKi c me bq| Gevi Zvnj `Lv hvK cvwb mwZKvi A_B mveRbxb `veK wK-bv|
KvR: mveRbxb `veK wnme cvwbi eenvi c`kb|
cqvRbxq DcKiY: cvwb, UwUDe, bvbv iKg c`v_ (hgb-LvIqvi jeY, LvIqvi mvWv, Uws m,
weU jeY, wdUKvwi, wPwb, wfbMvi, wwiU, wfUvwgb wm UvejU, MyKvR BZvw`)
cwZ: UwwUDe 5 wgwjwjUvii gZv cvwb bvI| wKQz LvIqvi jeY hvM Ki fvjvfve SvKvI| jeY wK
cvwbZ `exf~Z nq Mj? nv, wVK ZvB| GKBfve GK GK Dci DjwLZ cwZwU `e wbq `L Giv
cvwbZ `exfZ nq wKbv| cwZwU `e ev c`v_B cvwbZ `exf~Z nQ| DjwLZ c`v_i ga LvIqvi jeY,
LvIqvi mvWv, Uws m, weU jeY, wdUKvwi njv ARe c`v_ wKy wPwb, wfbMvi, wwiU, wfUvwgb wm
UvejU, MyKvR njv Re c`v_| Zvnj GwU cgvwYZ njv h, cvwb Re I ARe AbK c`v_K `exfZ
KiZ cvi A_vr cvwb GKwU meRbxb `veK|
Gevi Zvgiv cvwbi e`j Ab GKwU `veK hgb-wwiU wbq Dci DjwLZ cwZwU `e wbq `L Gjv
wwiU `exf~Z nq wKbv| mejv `e Kx wwiU `exfZ nQ? bv, nQ bv| cvwb Qvov ekxi fvM `veKB
wwiUi gZv Kg msLK `eK `exfZ Ki| ZvB mjv mveRbxb `veK bq|

cvV 9- 12 : gwjK c`v_ nZ hwMK c`v_ Zwii mnR cixv

KvR : `ywU gwjK c`v_ h_v mvjdvi (S) I AwRb (O2) nZ GKwU hwMK c`v_ mvjdvi WvBAvBW
Zwii cixY|
cqvRbxq DcKiY : GKwU j^v nvZjhy `nb PvgP, wKQy mvjdvi, wwiU jv ev evYvi|
cwZ : Zvgiv `nb PvgP wKQyUv mvjdvi bvI| wwiU jv ev evYvi w`q PvgPwUZ Zvc w`Z _vK|
j^v nvZjhy `nb PvgP bIqvi KviY Zvgiv eySZ cviQ Kx? PvgP Zvc w`Z _vKj GwU axi axi
Mig nZ _vKe Avi nvZj QvU nj Zvgv`i nvZ cyo hve| Zgiv Kx `LZ cvQ?
62 wbgc`v_
kwYii MVb
Rxe

c_g mvjdvi Mj Mj Zvici Zvgiv bxj Avbi wkLv `LZ cvQ| Zvgiv wK Kvb M cvQ? AvYi
wkLv hLb wbf Mj ZLb PvgP wK Avi Kvb mvjdvi Aewk AvQ? hLb Avbi bxj wkLv `Lv hvwQj,
ZLb GKwU SvSvjv M cqQ Zvgiv| KviY njv Zvc `Iqvi dj mvjdvi evZvmi AwRbi
mvnvh cyo mvjdviWvBAvBW (SO2) Mvm Zwi KiQ hvi Rb Zvgiv SvSvjv M cqQ| Avi
mvjdvi evZvm cvovi KviYB Zvgiv bxj wkLv `LQ, wVK hgbwU Avgiv `wL Pzjvq cvKwZK Mvm
cvovbvi mgq| hnZz mvjdvi AwRbi mv_ wgj m~Y bZzb c`v_ Zwi KiQ, ZvB Avbi wkLv
wbf hvIqvi ci PvgP Avi Kvb mvjdvi Aewk bvB| A_vr

Zvc
mvjdvi + AwRb mvjdviWvBAvBW
(gwjK c`v_) (gwjK c`v_) (hwMK c`v_)

KvR: `ywU gwjK c`v_ Avqib(Fe) I mvjdvi (S) nZ hwMK c`v_ Avqib mvjdvBW Zwi|
cqvRbxq DcKiY: UwUDe, gUvi U wUDe nvvi, wwiU jv ev evYvi, wbw, jvnvi Iov,
mvjdvi, wbw|
cwZ: UwUDewU fvj Ki ayq wKq bvI| 7 Mvg jvnvi ov I 4 Mvg mvjdvi (mgvbycvwZK nvi
wfb cwigvYI bqv hvq) wbw w`q gc gUvi bvI I Lye fvjfve wcl bvI I Zvici Kbv U
wUDe Xj bvI| Gevi wwiU jv ev evYvi w`q UwUDei Zjvq Zvc w`Z _vK| Zvc `qvi mgq
Lqvj ivL hb Avbi wkLv QvU nq| Zvc w`Z w`Z UwUDei wgkbwU hLb iwgvfvi gZ ne
ZLb Zvc `qv e Ki| UwUDewU gUvii Dci ai ivL hb GwU f MjI UwUDei
wfZii e b bv nq hvq| AZ:ci UwUDewU Vvv Kiv I f wfZii ewUK Avjv`v Ki|

U wUDe _K h ewU cj Zv `LZ Kgb? Mvp a~mi eYi GKwU c`v_| Zvgiv GZ wK nvjKv
njy` is Gi mvjdvi `LZ cvQ? bv `LZ cvQ bv, KviY UwUDe Zvc `qvi dj jvnvi ov I
mvjdvi wgj GKwU bZzb c`v_ Avqib mvjdvBW Zwi nqQ| ZvB ILvb Avi Kvb mvjdvi Aewk
bvB| GZ Kvb Avqib AvQ wKbv ZvI cixv Ki `LZ cvq| GKwU Pz^K wbq cv Kvjv ewUi
Dci aijB eySv hve Kvb Avqib Aewk AvQ wK bv? hw` _vK, Ze Zv Pz^Ki viv AvKwlZ ne|
Ze Ggb nZ cvi h, cwqvwU mwVKfve mb bv KiZ cvivq wKQy AcwiewZZ Avqib I mvjdvi iq
hZ cvi| A_vr
mvjdvi + Avqib AvqibmvjdvBW
(gwjK c`v_) (gwjK c`v_) (hwMK c`v_)
KvR: `ywU gwjK c`v_ gvMbwmhvg (Mg) I AwRb (O2) nZ GKwU hwMK c`v_ gvMbwmqvg
AvBW (MgO) Zwi|
cqvRbxq DcKiY: gvMbwmqvg wieb, wPgUv AvsUv, (jvBUvi) wwiU jv/ eybmb evbvi|
cwZ: gvMbwmqvg wiebi GKwU QvU UzKivi (8 mwUwgUvi) GKgv_v wPgUv w`q ai| PvL wbivcv
Pkgv co bvI| wiebi Ab gv_vwU eybmb evbvii wkLvi Dci ai| jvBUvi w`qI GwU Kiv hvq| Lye
wevb 63

fvjfve j Ki wK NUQ? gvMbwmqvg wieYwU Avbi wkLvi Dci aivq wK `Lj? wieb Avb ai
Mj Ges Lye AZ cwjZ wkLvmn RjZ jvMj| Gi KviY njv gvMbwmqvg evZvmi AwRb cyoZ
_vK Avi Avgiv cwjZ wkLv `LZ cvB| Gfve hLb mg gvMbwmqvg cyo kl nq hvq, ZLb
Avcbv Avcwb wkLv wbf hvq| kl Zvgiv QvB Gi gZv wKQy `LZ cvQ wK? GwU Avmj gvMbwmqvg I
AwRb cyo Zwi nIqv gvMbwmqvg AvBW|
gvMbwmqvg + AwRb gvMbwmqvg AvBW
(gwjK c`v_) (gwjK c`v_) (hwMK c`v_)

GB Aavq Avgiv hv hv wkLjvg

wfb wfb c`v_i MVb wfb wfb nq Avi ZvB G`i ag I wfb wfb nq|
gwjK c`v_mg~n GKB aibi Dcv`vb w`q Zwi nq|
hwMK c`v_mg~n GKi AwaK gwjK c`v_ w`q Zwi nq|
gwjK c`v_mg~n cigvYyy bvgK z` z` KYv w`q MwVZ|
wfb wfb gji cigvYyyi AvKvi, fi I ag wfb wfb|
wewfb gji cigvYyymg~n mij AYycvZ hy nq hwMK c`v_ ev hM Zwi Ki|
hwMK c`v_i z`Zg KYvK AYy ejv nq |
cigvYy fvj BjKUb, cvUb I wbDUb cvIqv hvq|
chvq mvibxZ 8wU Dj^ Kjvg Ges 7wU AYyf~wgK mvwi iqQ| GKwU Mci mKj gji ag
GKB iKg|
Zvc w`q I Zwor weklYi mvnvh hwMK c`v_ _K gwjK c`v_ Zwi Kiv hvq|

Abykxjbx
k~bvb c~iY Ki :
1. gwjK c`v_ Dcv`vb w`q Zwi|
2. jeY I wPwb c`v_|
3. gwjK c`v_I z`Zg KYvi bvg |
4. njv hwMK c`v_I z`Zg KYv|
5. cigvYyi K` _vK|
msw ck :
1. gwjK I hwMK c`v_ ejZ Kx ej?
2. AYy I cigvYyi ga cv_K D`vniYmn evLv Ki|
3. Wvbi cigvYyev`I g~j ee wK wK?
4. cigvYy f wK wK KYv cvIqv hvq? Giv cigvYyi Kv_vq Aevb Ki?
64 wbgc`v_
kwYi Rxe
i MVb

ewbevPwb ck :

1. KvbwU gwjK AYy?

K. Na L. Ne M. N2 N. NO
2. wnwjqvg, wbqb I AvMb GKB M ci Afz Abw`K Kvjwmqvg I gvMbwmqvg Ab GKwU Mci
Afz GB gj wji chvR K_vwU nQ|
i. wbqb wbwq nj AvMbI wbwq
ii. Kvjwmqvg I wnwjqvgi ag m~Y wfb
iii. Kvjwmqvg I gvMbwmqvgi cvUb msLv mgvb
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
L. iii
M. i I ii
N. i, ii I iii
wbPi DxcKi AvjvK 3 I 4 b^i cki Di `vI:
c`v_ cZxK msKZ
1 Cl2
2 Al
3 O3
4 F
5 NH3
6 Na OH
7 Cu
3. Dcii QK cZxK I msKZi gvag cKvwkZ GKB agi gj Kvb jv?
K. 2, 4
L. 1, 3
M. 1, 4
N. 2, 6
4. Kvb c`v_jvi cigvYyi msLv mgvb?
K. 2, 3
L. 3, 4
M. 4, 5
N. 3, 6
wevb 65

mRbkxj ck:
1. wbPi QK wZbwU c`v_ Ges Zv`i MVbKvix cigvYy msLv DjL Kiv njv|
c`v_ cigvYyi msLv
1 Na - 2wU
C - 1wU
O - 3wU
2 F - 2wU
3 C - 1wU
Cl - 4wU

K. wnwjqvgi cZxK Kx?

L. Kqjv Kb gwjK c`v_? eYbv Ki|
M. 1 b^i c`v_wUi msKZmn ivmvqwbK bvg jL Ges MVb cwqv evLv Ki|
N. QKi GKwU hMi msKZ wg_bi msKZi Abyi~c Z_vwc hM `ywU wfb-hywmn weklY Ki|

2. A (gj), B (hM), C (avZz), D (hM) PviwU c`v_| A I B K Zvcgvvq cvwbZ `exf~Z nq| C
A`eYxq wKy evZvm `nbi ci D cvwbZ `exf~Z nq| D cvwbZ `eYxq bq wKy Zj `eYxq| A
Gi `eY _K A K mnR c_K Kiv hvq wKy B Gi `eY _K B K mnR c_K Kiv hvq bv|

K. Kvb gji cvUb msLv 8|

L. NH3 Kb hwMK c`v_? evLv Ki|
M. A I B Gi `eYi ga KvbwU hM Avi KvbwU wgkY evLv Ki|
N. cvwb GKwU mveRbxb `veK- Dcii `kKi AvjvK weklY Ki|
66 wbg kwYi Rxe

mg Aavq
kwi eenvi
`bw`b Rxeb Avgiv wewfb KvRi m_ RwoZ| KvRi mv_ mK iqQ kw I gZvi| GQvov
iqQ kwi wewfb i~c Ges G`i GK i~c _K Abi~c i~cvi cwqv| cvkvcvwk iqQ bevqbhvM I
AbevqbhvM kwi evcvi| Zgwbfve kwi msKU wbimb Avgv`i kwi msiYi cvkvcvwk weK
kwi mvb KiZ nQ| eZgvb Aavq kl Avgiv :
kw I KvR evLv KiZ cvie|
kwi wewfb i~c evLv KiZ cvie|
kwi i~cvii cviwiK mK weklY KiZ cvie|
bevqbhvM kwi myweav I mxgveZv evLv KiZ cvie|
AbevqbhvM kwi mxgveZv evLv KiZ cvie|
bevqbhvM kwi Drm evLv KiZ cvie|
kwi msiYkxjZv evLv KiZ cvie|
kw msKU wbimbi Dcvq evLv KiZ cvie|
Avgv`i Rxeb kwi cqvRbxqZv eYbv KiZ cvie|
kw eenvi wbR mPZb ne-Ges Ab`i mPZb Kiev|
wevb 67

cvV-1 : KvR, gZv I kw

Avgiv c_g wbPi wPjvi w`K bRi `B|

Dcii wPjv `L Kx gb nQ? c_g QweZ h wkv_x coQ, Avmj m wK Kvb KvR KiQ? wZxq
QweZ h dzUej LjQ, m wK Kvb KvR KiQ? Avi ZZxq QweZ h gv_vq evSv wbq `uvwoq m wK
Kvb KvR KiQ? Zv`i ga K ewk ev K Avmj Kg KvR KiQ| KvRi Avmj gvb Kx? mvaviY
A_ Avgv`i KvQ Dcii cZKwU D`vniYKB KvR Kiv gb nQ| wK wevbi fvlvq KvRi
GKwU mywbw` gvb AvQ| mnR K_vq KvR ZLbB ne hLb Kvb ei Dci ej cqvM Zvi Aevbi
cwieZb ne| Zvnj Dcii D`vniY _K `Lv hvq, h wkv_x coQ Zvi Kvb Aevb cwieZb nQ
bv ev h gv_vq evSv wbq `uvwoq AvQ ZviI Kvb Aevbi cwieZb nQ bv| dj wevbi fvlvq GB
`yB Kvb KvR msNwUZ nQ bv| GLvb h dyUej LjQ Zvi Aevb cwieZb n&Q dj m KvR
KiQ| myZivs wevbi fvlvq Avgiv ejZ cvwi Kvb ei Dci ej cqvM Ki ewUK eji w`K
GK vb _K Ab vb mivbvi gvag KvR mb nq| KvRi mv_ `ywU welq mcKhy, GKwU nj
ej Ges AciwU nj Aevbi cwieZb| mvaviYfve KvR nj ej I emy KZK AwZv `~iZi Ydj|

Avgiv D`vniY wnmve AviI `LZ cvwi h, GKRb wivPvjKK wiv Pvwjq GKvb _K Abvb
hZ KvR KiZ nq| Avevi GI `Lv hvq h, GKB `~iZ hZ GKRbi 10 wgwbU jMQ, Avevi
AbRbi jMQ 15 wgwbU | GLvb `yB Rbi ga KvR Kivi nvi ewk Kvi? ZvovZvwo KvR Kivi
mv_ gZv evcviwU RwoZ| Kvb KvR K KZ ZvovZvwo KiZ cvi Zv nj Zvi gZv| h
wivPvjKKi gZv ewk m Kg mgq Kvb KvR KiZ cvie| A_vr Avgiv gZv cvB gvU KvRK
gvU mgq w`q fvM Ki|

KvRi mv_ mswk AviKwU evcviK D`vniY wnme wbq Avmv hvq| `yB Rb wkv_x wmv wbj h
Zviv zji Ljvi gvVwUK gvU 5 evi c`wY Kie| i Kivi wKQY ci `Lv Mj GKRb `yevi
c`wY Ki em coj, AviKRb 5 eviB c`wY Kij| GLvb Avgiv KvR Kivi mvg_K weePbv
68 wbg kwYi
kwi Rxe
eenvi

Kie| G`i ga h `yevi c`wY Kivi ci em coj m KvR Kivi mvg_ nvwiq djj| Avi h 5
eviB c`wY Kij Zvi KvR Kivi mvg_ ewk| wevbi fvlvq KvR Kivi GB mvg_B nj kw| GLvb
`Lv hvQ h KvRi mv_ kw mivmwi mKhy| kw I KvR g~jZ wfb wKQz bq| KvR Kivi RbB
cqvRb nq kwi| hvi hZ ewk kw m ZZ ewk KvR KiZ cvi| GB KvR w`qB kwK cwigvc Kiv
nq| KvRi GKKB nj kwi GKK| kwi GKK nj Ryj|

cvV-2 I 3 : kwi Drm

Avgv`i KvR Kvivi mvg_i Rb h kwi cqvRb nq Zv Avgiv Kv_v _K cvB| GUv Avgiv mKjB
nqZv Rvwb h cw_exZ mKj kwi DrmB nj m~h| ZvQvov Avgv`i Pvicvk iqQ kwi wewfb Drm|
hgb Zvgiv wbq Mvm w`q ivbv KiZ `LQ| Avevi `LQ wKfve ZjK Rvjvwb wnme eenvi
KiQ| g~jZ Dfq B Avgiv Mvm ev ZjK Rvjvwb wnme eenvi Ki kwi RvMvb w`qwQ| GLb
Avgiv wewfb cKvi kwi Drm wbq K_v eje|
hvwK kw
gb Ki Zzwg `ovQ ev GKwU Mvwo PjQ| GB `yB MwZ AvbZ KvR KiZ nQ| Avevi Zzwg GKwU
BU wbP _K Dci DwVq Qo w`j A_ev jwZ w`q GKwU Avg cvivi Pv KiQ| GLvb Zzwg BUwUK
Dci DVvbvi ci GZ h kw mwZ nqQ Zvi viv BUwU Avcbv Avcwb wbP co Mj| Avevi jwZK
c_g wcQb Uvbvi ci h kw mwZ nqQ Zv w`qB jwZi cv_iwU `~Z wMq AvgwUK AvNvZ Ki| GB
h `ovbv, Mvwo Pjv, BU DVvbv ev jwZ w`q Avg cviv Gi cZKwUi mv_B GK aibi kwi mK
iqQ| GB wekl aibi kwB nj hvwK kw| hw`I GZ wwZ kw I MwZ kw evcviwU
Avjv`vfve RwoZ | GLvb hgb MwZi Rb KvR Kivi mvg_ nj MwZ kw| hgb `ovbv ev Mvwo
Pvjvbv| Avevi Kvb ei wekl Aevi cwieZbi Rb mwZ kw nj wwZ kw| hgb BU Dci
DVvbv ev jwZ w`q Avg cvov|
ivmvqwbK kw
Lv` ev RvjvwbZ h kw Rgv _vK ZvK ivmvqwbK kw ej| Avgv`i `n Lv` _KB GB kw cvq|
cUvj, Mvm, KvV, Kqjv mewKQizB iqQ ivmvqwbK kw| Avgiv h UP evwZ ev iwWIZ evUvwi eenvi
Kwi Zvi gaI iqQ ivmvqwbK kw|

Zvc kw
ivbv KiZ, gvUi Mvwo ev ijMvwoi Bwb PvjvZ h kw eenvi Kiv nq ZvK ej Zvc kw| Kqjv,
Mvm, KvV, cUvj ev wWRj cywoq GB kw cvIqv hvq| Avevi m~h _KI mivmwi Zvc Avm| GB Zvc
kw cw_exK D ivL| Zvc kw Qvov Kvb cvYx ev Dw` euP _vKZ cviZv bv|

Pz^K kw
kw AviK i~c nQ Pz^K kw| GB kw w`qB Kvb Pz^K `~i _K GKwU jvnvi eK AvKlY
Ki|
wevb 69

AvjvK kw
Zvc kwi mv_ m~h _K mivmwi Avi h kwwU Avm Zv nQ AvjvK kw| AvjvK kw Qvov Avgiv
wKQzB `LZ cviZvg bv|
k kw
Avgiv hLb K_v ewj, Mvb Kwi ev euvwk evRvq ZLb GK aibi kw Drcb Kwi | Gi bvg k kw| k
kw mvnvhB Avgiv GK Acii K_v bZ cvB| Uwjdvb, iwWI, Uwjwfkb k kw eenvi Kiv
nq| c`v_i Kb _KI ki Drcw nq|
we`yr kw
kwi GKwU AwZ cwiwPZ Ges cqvRbxq i~c nQ we`yr kw| we`yr kw w`q Avgiv evwZ RvjvB, cvLv
PvjvB, Kj-KviLvbv we`yr kw w`q Pj| AbK `k ijMvwoI we`yr w`q Pvjvb nq| we`yr kw GK
RvqMv _K AviK RvqMvq Zvii mvnvh wbq hvIqv hvq|
mikw
m~h _K Zvc ev AvjvK i~c h kw cvIqv hvq ZvKB mikw ej| cKZc, m~h Avgv`i kwi
GKwU cavb Drm| Kvco Kvbv, avbcvU Kvbvi KvR Avgiv cwZw`bB mikw eenvi KiwQ|
evqy kw
evqy cevni dj h kw Drcb nq ZvK evqy kw ej| cvjZvjv bKv evqy kw w`q Pj| evqy kwi
eenvi Ki evqyKj evbvbv hvq hv w`q we`yr Drcb Kiv hvq|
cvigvYweK kw
Avgiv Rvwb h, c`v_ cigvYy w`q MwVZ| cigvYyi K` KwYKvmg~n AZ kwkvjx ej viv GK Aevb
Ki| kw cqvM KwYKvmg~nK wewQb Ki cvIqv hvq cvigvbweK kw| GB cigvYyi Afi AZ
kwkvjx ej w`q GK euvav iqQ| GB kwK we`yr kwZ i~cvwiZ Ki Avgv`i KvR jvMvbv hvq|

cvV-4 I 5 : kwi i~cvi

Avgiv AvMB RbwQ gnvwek kw wewfb i~c weivR Ki Ges GB wewfb i~c cii mKhy| Avgiv
wbPi wPwU Lqvj Kwi|
70 wbg kwYi
kwi Rxe
eenvi

Dcii wPvbymvi GKRb fvi DvjK wewfb Lvevi MnYi dj Zvi Lvevijv c_g ivmvqwbK kwZ
cwiYZ nq| cieZxZ wZwb hLb fviwUK DVvZ Pv KiQb ZLb mwZ ivmvqwbK kw MwZ kwZ
cwiewZZ nZ _vK | Gici wZwb hLb gk fviwUK gv_vq ZyjQb Zvi MwZkw gk: wwZ kwZ
cwiYZ nZ _vK| Avevi hLb wZwb fviwUK wbP di w`Qb ZLb wwZ kw MwZ, k I Zvc kwZ
i~cvwiZ nqQ| KviY fvi gvwUZ covi mv_ k Drcb nq Ges fviwUZ nvZ w`q k Kij `Lv
hve mwU Mig jvMQ| A_vr Avgv`i kixiexq Kvhg bvbvwea kwi i~cvi NUQ|
GfveB kwi wewfb i~c cii mKhy _vK| Avmj cKwZi mKj NUbvK kwi i~cvi wnmve aiv
hZ cvi| wbg kwi i~cvii KqKwU D`vniY `Iqv nj:

hvwK kwi i~cvi

nvZ w`q kixii Ab Kvb Ask Nlj Mig Abyf~Z nq| GZ hvwK
kw Zvc kwZ i~cvwiZ nq| euvwk evRvj hvwK kw k kwZ
i~cvZwiZ nq| GK L cv_ii Dci GKwU avZe ` viv Rvi
AvNvZ Kij AwM zwj ei nZ `Lv hvq Ges GK aibi kiI
mw nq| avZe ` I cv_i LwU LvwbKUv D nq| G hvwK
kw Zvc k I AvjvK kwZ i~cvwiZ nq| GKwU XuwK w`q avb
fvbvi mgq GZ hvwK kw k I Zvc kwZ i~cvwiZ nq|
Zvc kwi i~cvi
Mig Bw w`q Rvgv Kvco Bw Kiv hvq| G Zvc kw hvwK kwZ i~cvwiZ nq| evxq
Bwb Zvci mvnvh Drcb kw eenvi Ki ijMvwo BZvw` Pvjvbv nq| GLvbI Zvc kw hvwK
kwZ i~cvwiZ nq|

AvjvK kwi i~cvi

nvwiKbi wPgwbZ nvZ w`j Mig Abyf~Z nq| Avmj AvjvK kw Zvc kwZ i~cvwiZ nq|
dUvMvwdK KvMRi Dci Avjvi wqvi dj AvjvKkw ivmvqwbK kwZ i~cvwiZ nq|
wevb 71

k kwi i~cvi
Jlai KviLvbvq kvi Zii mvnvh RxevYy asm Kiv nq|
GQvov kvi Zi viv Rvgv Kvcoi gqjvI cwivi Kiv
nq| Gme k kw hvwK kwZ i~cvwiZ nq| Abybv`i
mgq k kw hvwK kwZ i~cvwiZ nq| Avevi Uwjdvb
iwWIi ciK h k kwK we`yr kwZ cwiYZ Ki|
P^K kwi i~cvi
jvnvK `yZ I evievi Pz^K Ges wePz^KYKvj Zvc Drcb nq| GZ P^K kw Zvc kwZ i~cvwiZ
nq| ZvQvov Zwor Pz^Ki mvnvh fvix wRwbmc DVvbv hvq| GZ P^K kw hvwK kwZ i~cvwiZ
nq|

we`yr kwi i~cvi

e`ywZK BwZ we`yr Pvjbv Kij Zvc Drcb nq| G we`yr kw Zvc kwZ i~cvwiZ nq|
e`ywZK cvLvi gaw`q we`yr cevwnZ Kij cvLv NyiZ _vK| G we`yr kw hvwK kwZ i~cv
wiZ nq|

ivmvqwbK kwi i~cvi

Kqjv cvovj Zvc Drcb nq| ivmvqwbK wewqvi djI Zv
NU| G ivmvqwbK kw Zvc kwZ i~cvwiZ nq| mvaviYZ
we`yr Kvl ivmvqwbK `ei wewqvi dj we`yr Drcb nq|
G ivmvqwbK kw we`yr kwZ i~cvwiZ nq| GQvov Kqjv,
cUvj, Kivwmb, Mvm cywoq ivmvqwbK kwK AvjvK kwZ
i~cvwiZ Kiv nq|
cvigvYweK kwi i~cvi
cvigvYweK we`yr K` cvigvYweK kwK we`yr kwZ i~cvwiZ Kiv nq|
72 wbg kwYi
kwi Rxe
eenvi

mi kwi i~cvi
mi Pzwji gvag mikwK Zvc kwZ i~cvwiZ Ki ivbv Kiv hvq| GQvov wewfb BjKUwbK
hcvwZ hgb cKU KvjKzjUi, iwWI BjKUwbK NwoZ mi kwK Zwor kwZ i~cvwiZ Ki
eenvi Kiv nq|

cvV-6 : kwi msiYkxjZv

gb Ki Zzwg zji gvV `uvwoq GKwU Uwbm ejK Dcii w`K Qzo gvij| wK `LQ Uwbm ejwU
GKwU wbw` DPZvq DVvi ci GwU Avevi wbP bvgZ _vK| GLvb Uwbm ejwU Dci DVZ _vKvi mgq
Gi MwZ kw KgZ _vK Ges wwZ kw evoZ _vK| hLb Gi MwZkw k~b nq hvq ZLb GwU cybivq
Gi ga wwZkwi KviY wbP bvgZ _vK| `Lv hve, e hZB wbPi w`K bvgZ _vK ZZB Gi
wwZ kw Kg MwZ kw evoZ _vK Ges wwZkw MwZkwZ cwiYZ nq| Uwbm ejwU hLb gvwU k
Ki Ges wi nq ZLb Zvi mg MwZkw I wwZkw k, Zvc, AvjvK BZvw` kwZ cwiYZ nq|
Avgiv Zvc ev AvjvKi Zgb cgvY eySZ bv cvijI ejwU gvwUZ k Kivi h k Drcb nq Zv bZ
cvB| Ze Kvb Kvb Uwbm eji cwieZ GKwU cv_i Dci Qzo gvij GwU hw` Kvb gvV co
Ze Kvb bv Kvb cv_iwU Mig Abyf~Z nZ cvi|
GZY Zvgiv RbQ h kw wKfve GK i~c _K Ab i~c cwiewZZ nq| Zvgv`i gb GKUv ck
RvMZB cvi h, kwi GB i~cvii mgq wK Kvb kwi AcPq nq bv? weqKi njI GUv mZ h
kwi i~cvii c~e ev ci gvU kwi cwigvY mgvb _vK| cKZc Avgiv Kvb bZzb kw mw
KiZ cvwibv, GgbwK kw asm KiZI cvwibv| A_vr weki mvgwMK kwi Kvb ZviZg NU bv| GB
wek mwi c_g gn~Z h cwigvY kw wQj AvRI mB cwigvY kw eZgvb| GUvB njv kwi wbZZv ev
msiYkxjZv|
wevb 73

cvV-7, 8 I 9 : bevqbhvM kw
bevqbhvM bvg _K Zvgiv mnRB eySZ cvie Gi A_ wK eySvq| hv wKQz bevqb Kiv hvq| G
Kvb wRwbm eenvi Ki kw Drcv`b Ki cybivq H wRwbmwU viv Avevi kw Drcv`b Kiv hvq| A_vr h
kwi DrmK evievi eenvi Kiv hvq ZvB nj bevqbhvM kw| Gjvi ga AbZg nj m~hiwk,
evqvMvm, cvwb, evZvm, cvwbi Rvqvi fvUv, f~-Pvc BZvw`|
wbg Avgiv evqvMvm, mi kw, cvwbi Rvqvi-fvUv Ges evqy nZ bevqbhvM kwi Dcv`vbjv eYbv
Kiev|

evqvMvm (DwR I cvYxR)

Mi, QvMj, Nvov I gwnli wev Rvjvwb wnmve e cvPxbKvj _KB eeZ nq AvmQ| cvYxi Gme
wev kwi GK cKvi Drm| cw_exi wewfb `k Kbv Mvei kywKq cywoq Zvckw Drcb Kiv nq|
evqvMvm h mKj Dcv`vb ev eR c`v_ eenvi Kiv nq Zvi ga AbZg nj Mi, Ki Ges gyiMx nZ
cvYxR mvi, km I cwiZ Dw` BZvw`| G Kejgv cvYxR mvi ev Kejgv Dw`R DcKiY
A_ev Dfq cKvii wgkYI eenvi KiZ cvi| Ki ev gyiMx ivLvi RvqMv _K gj wgwkZ h KuvPv Lo
cvIqv hvq mjv eqvMvm Zwii Dchy cvYxR mvi I Dw`R DcKiYi fvj wgkY| Ze Gjv
eenvii mgq QvU QvU UzKiv wbZ ne| G gb ivLZ ne c_g Avi Kivi mgq eenvii
AvM Kbv DwR DcKiYjv Lye QvU QvU Ki KU A_ev (wcm Lvmv evi Ki) wbZ nq| Avi UvUKv
DwRjv AZ: `kw`b evBi cPZ w`Z ne|
evqy
Avw`g gvbyl fq cZ evqyK| mfZvi weKvk I wevbi g weKvki dj GB evqyK gvbyl Zvi wewfb
KvR eenvi KiQ| Avw`g gvbyl Pvi-cuvPUv cvLvi mvnvh P evwbq evZvmi mvnvh P NyivZ| Pi
NlY KvR jvwMq gvbyl Kzqv _K cvwb Zvjv, KwlmP, he A_ev Mg fvvbv, AvL gvovB, avbKvUv, Lo
KvUv BZvw` KvR KiZ| ci gvbyl evZvmK KvR jvwMq KvV PivBqi gZ KwVb KvRI mb KiQ|
cw_exi e Aji AvM gvbyl G aibi KvR eo eo PvKvi GK aibi h eenvi KiZ| hv
eZgvb nvIqv ev evqyKj ev DBwgj bvg cwiwPZ| wKy eZgvb Gi eenvi Kg MQ| wKy Avevi Gi
eenvi gvbyli wPvq Gm coQ| cwiek `~lY I cvKwZK kwi AcvZvi K_v wPv Ki gvbyl AveviI
GB DB wgji cqvRbi K_v fveQ|
cvwbi Rvqvi fvUv
b`x ev mgy`i cvwbi Rvqvi-fvUvi kwK KvR jvwMq wewfb h Pvjbvi evcviwU AbK w`b AvMB
DvweZ nqQ| wKy Rvqvi-fvUvi kwK Zwor kwZ i~cvii evcviwU Lye ewk w`bi bq| eZgvb
cw_exi wewfb `k Rvqvi-fvUvi kwK KvR jvwMq Zwor Drcv`bi Pv PjQ|
74 wbg kwYi
kwi Rxe
eenvi

mikw
m~h _K h kw cvIqv hvq ZvK ejv nq mikw| Avgiv Rvwb m~h mKj kwi Drm| cw_exZ hZkw
AvQ Zvi meB Kvb bv Kvbfve m~h _K Avmv ev m~h wKiY eeZ nqB Zwi nqQ| hgb AvaywbK
mfZvi aviK Rxevk Rvjvwb Avmj ew`bi mwZ mikw|
KvR: mikw Drcb Kiv
cqvRbxq DcKiY: AvZkx KuvP/avZe PvKwZ
cwZ: c_g GKwU AvZkx KuvP bvI| AvZkx KuvPi mvaviYZ
GKwU Dj j _vK | ji mvnvh m~hiwkK dvKvm Ki|
`Le h_vh_ dvKvm Kij AvY Rj DVe| Abyicfve,
GKwU avZe PKPK PvKwZ w`q m~h wKiYK cwZdwjZ Ki|
Gi dj mi Pzjv Zwi nq (wP ---)| GB mi Pzjxi mvnvh Avgiv mnRB ivbv KiZ cvwi|
GQvov mi kwK kxZi `k Nievwo Mig ivLvi KvR eenvi Kiv nq| km, gvQ, mewR, Kvbvi
KvR mikw eeZ nq| gvQ wKq UwK Zwi Ki Zv ew`b msiY Kiv hvq| mi kw viv
eqjvi ev Zwi KiI Zvi viv Zwor Drcv`bi Rb UvevBb Nyivbv nq| AvaywbK Kkj eenvi Ki
Zwi nqQ miKvl| miKvli ewk nj Gi Dci m~hi Avjv coj Zv _K mivmwi Zwor cvIqv
hvq| GQvov miKvli iqQ bvbv iKgi eenvi|

bevqbhvM kwi myweav evsjv`k cvcU

bevqbhvM kwi AbK iKg myweav cvIqv hvq| weki RbmsLv ewi mv_ mv_ kwi Pvwn`v eo
hvIqvq GB kw GLb Acwinvh nq coQ| Gi ga evqvMvm cwiQb Rvjvwb wnmve eeZ nq| GwU
DbZgvbi Re mvi cZ mvnvh Ki| `~lYgy cwieki mnvqK nq| ^vKi I cwiQb cwiek
eRvq ivLZ mvnvh Ki| Kwg DcMn Zworkw mieivni Rb miKvl eeZ nq|wewfb
BjKUwb hcvwZ hgb: cKU KvjKzjUi, cKU iwWI, BjKwUwbK Nwo mikwi mvnvh Pvjvbv
hvq| g~jZ: bevqbhvM kwi cavb myweav nj GwU bevqbhvM, GwU KLbv kl nq hve bv| wbP Gi
myweavmg~n DjL Kiv nj|
evqy I mikw GKwU Adzi kwi Drm| KviY evqy I m~h me`vB we`gvb|
cvwbi vZK eenvi Ki ewk cwigvY kwi Drcv`b Kiv me| G mvZK evav w`evi
Rb Zwi weR ev eviR moK hvMvhvMK DbZ Ki|
Puv` hnZz cvwbi Rvqvi-fvUvK cfvweZ Ki Ges GwU me`vB we`gvb ZvB cvwbi Rvqvi-
fvUvK _K cv kw me`vB eenvi me|
bevqbhvM kw mvaviYZ cwiek eve, KviY Giv g~jZ evZvm Kveb-WvB-AvBW Qovq bv|
bevqbhvM kwi cqvRbxqZv hgb Avgv`i `k Ab^xKvh Zgwb Gi cvZv AbKUv mnR| ejv hvq
bevqbhvM kwi weKvk Avgv`i `k GKwU gvBjdjK nZ cvi| Gi Rb cqvRbxq D`vM Avgv`i
wevb 75

GLbB wbZne| AbK Aj AvQ hLvb GLbI we`yr cuQwb| mLvb Avgiv mnRB mikwi
mvnvh we`yr cZ cvwi| ZvQvov evqvMvm Drcv`b iqQ Avgv`i wecyj mvebv| hw`I Avgv`i `k
gvUvgywU cvKwZK Mvm mg Z_vwc Avgv`i GB weK kwi mvb AekB KiZ ne| cvKwZK MvmK
Avgv`i GK vb _K Abvb mieivn KivZ cPzi LiP nq| m Avgiv hw` evqvMvm cvU
Mo ZzjZ cvwi m Avgiv Z myweav cve| cqvRbxq kwi Pvwn`v gUvbvi cvkvcvwk Avgiv Rwgi
Pvli Rb cqvRbxq mvii Pvwn`vI gUvZ mg ne| GQvov Kwlwbfi GB `k wb:m`n evqvMvmi
Dcv`vb LyeB mnRjf| myZivs Avgv`iK fwelr wPZvq GLbB GB kwi h_vh_ eevcbvi D`vM
MnY KiZ ne| Avi GLbB ne h_vcvhy mgq|

bevqbhvM kw : mxgveZv
eZgvb bevqbhvM kwi evcK Pvwn`v I AvMn AvQ| Ze wKQz bevqbhvM kwi eenvi
Amyweav `Lv hvq| wbP Zv AvjvPbv Kiv nj|
evqvMvm _K h we`yr cvIqv hvq Zvi cwigvY Kg Ges mxwgZ|
evqy I mvZ _K h bevqbhvM kw cvIqv hvq Zvi Drm mxwgZ| KviY Gi Rb h cvU Zwi
KiZ nq Zvi Rb myweavRbK RvqMv jvM|
mikw wbfi bevqbhvM kw cvIqv hvq m~hi Avjv _vKvi Ici, hvi Drcv`b ewi Rb
evNvZ NU|
AbK mgq cvwbi Rvqvi-fvUvK bevqbhvM kwi Drm wnmve eenvii dj b`xi MwZc_
cwieZb nq hvq| GQvov b`xi Dci exR ev eviR wbgvY RvnvR PjvPjI evavM nh|
mi, evqy I cvwbi vZ _K DrcbKZ bevqbhvM kw mvaviYZ eqej|
evqyi gvag Drcv`bi AbZg mgmv nj me`vB evqy cevn _vK bv|

cvV-10 : AbevqbhvM kw
AbevqbhvM gvbB nj kw GKevi eenvi Kiv nq Zv _K cybivq kw Drcb Kiv hvq bv| GwU nj
g~jZ cvKwZK m` hv cybivq Drcb Kiv hvq bv| cKwZZ G`i Zwi KiZ hZ mgq jvM Zvi Pq
Kg mgq ewqZ nq| AbevqbhvM kwi ga AbZg nj Kqjv, Zj, cvKwZK Mvm, wbDwKq kw
(hgb BDiwbqvg), ebR Kvh|

AbevqbhvM kwi myweav

AbevqbhvM kw myweav g~jZ `ywU w`K _K weePbv Kiv nq| `vg I cvPzhZv| ewki fvM hcvwZ ev
hvbevnb hjv AbevqbhvM kwi mvnvh Pj| G`i bevqbhvM kwi mvnvh PvjvZ AbK ewk
LiP jvM| hgb: mvaviY Mvm ev Zj Kg LiP Gme hvbevnb ev hcvwZ Pj| Acic bevqbhvM
kw Drm hgb wiPvR evUvwi, mikw viv Kvb hvbevnb Pvjvbv Kmva I eqej| eZgvb
Avgv`i `k wiPvR Kiv hvq Ggb evUvwii mvnvh wewfb hvbevnb PjQ hv ek eqej I kwi msKU
Zwi KiQ| AbevqbhvM Rvjvwb mv, G`i A cwigvY _K ewk kw cvIqv hvq, hgb A
BDiwbqvg _K AbK we`y kw cvIqv hvq|
76 wbg kwYi
kwi Rxe
eenvi

AbevqbhvM kwi mxgveZv

AbevqbhvM Rvjvwbi Amyweav nj
GwU AbevqbhvM I `Z dzwiq hvq; Giv g~jZ wb:^ nq hvq|
cwiekK ek DPgvvq `~wlZ Ki|
G`i `nb Kveb WvB AvBW evZvm Qovq dj Mvevj Iqviwgs Zwi Ki|

cvV-11 : kwi msKU

gvbyl Rxeb aviY I Dbqbg~jK KgKvi Rb hv wKQz Ki ZvZB kwi cqvRb nq| w`b w`b eoB
PjQ kwi eenvi, dj Zwi nQ kwi msKUi| wbgv KviYjvi Rb kwi msKU AbZg `vqx|
geagvb RbmsLvi Pvwn`v gUvbvi Rb AwaK nvi kwi cqvRb nQ|
h RvwZ hZ ewk DbZ m RvwZi gv_vwcQz kw eq ZZ ewk| G aviYv _K cwZwU `k KLbI
KLbI ewaZ nvi kw eq nQ |
DbqbKvgx `kmg~n evcK nvi `vjvb-KvVv, ivv-NvU, Kj-KviLvbv BZvw` wbgvY KiQ Ges
hvbevnb eenvi Ki| G mKj wbgvY KvR I hvbevnb iYveY AwaK kw eq KiQ|
gvbyl DbZ Rxebhvcbi Rb wejvmej evwoNi wbgvY Ki| iwWI, wUwf, wfwmAvi, KwDUvi,
kxZZvc wbqwZ hcvwZ AwaKnvi eenvi Kivi dj kwi msKU evoQ|
gvbyli eemv-evwYR, KvRKg I hvMvhvM w`b w`b ew cvQ| GZ AwaK kwi eq nQ|
Dciv KviYmg~ni wcQb cqvRbxq kwi hvMvb w`Z e_ nj Zwi nq kwi msKU| ZvB
Avgv`iK weK kwi mvb KiZ nQ |
cvV-12 : kwi weK Drmi mvb
G hveZ cv cvKwZK kwi ga Zj, Mvm, Kqjv we`yr cfwZ AweiZ eenvii dj wb:kl nq
hvQ| cvigvYweK kw mvebvgq Drm wnme AvwefyZ njI Gi cviwK LiP ewk kw mieivn
iqQ AwbqZv I wec`i SuywK|
Avgv`i cvKwZK Mvm Ag~j m`| wKy GUv bevqbhvM bq| bevqbhvM bq Ggb Kvb kwi Drmi
Dci Avi wbfi Kiv hvq bv| Avgv`i `ki cvq 15 KvwU jvKi Lv` cZi Rb ivbv-evbvi KvR
eQi cPzi cPwjZ Rvjvwb eeZ nQ| G me Rvjvwbi ga iqQ KvV, LoKzUv, Mvei cfwZ cPbkxj
c`v_| Gjv gvwUi DeiZv ewi mnvqK| wKy ivbvi KvR eq nq hvIqvq Re mvi wnme eenvi
mxwgZ nQ| dj gvwUi DeiZv nvm cvQ| ivbvi KvR cPwjZ Rvjvwb wnme KvVi eenvi mevwaK|
dj `ki ay ebR m`B asm nQ bv, Avgv`i cwiekI bg AvmQ eo aibi wechq|
G mKj welq weePbv Ki Rvjvwbi G weivU LvZ weK Drmi mvb Kiv nQ AweiZ| BZvga
wevbxiv evqvMvm chyw Dveb KiQb| mikwK AvswkKfve njI KvR jvMvZ mg_ nqQb|
mikw mgy`mvZ I evqykwI GK GKUv Drm wnme AvwefyZ nqQ|
wevb 77

Re Mvm Drcv`bi eev KiZ cvij my`~i cjxMuvq Rvjvwb, Ni AvjvwKZ Kivi Avjv, wUwf
Pvjvbvi gZ we`yr cvIqv hvq| G chyw MnY Kij cvKwZK ebR m`i Dci Pvc Kge| cwieki
fvimvg eRvq ivLv me ne| Rwgi DeiZv msiY Ki AwaK dmj djvb hve| mevcwi Avgv`i
cieZx cRbi Rb Avgiv GKUv my`i I cwiQb cwiek iL hZ cvie| myZivs evqvMvm chyw
Aej^b, mcmviY I msiYi cqvRbxqZv Acwimxg|

cvV 13 : Avgv`i Rxeb kwi cfve I Gi mvkqx eenvi

cvq cbi KvwU RbmsLv AaywlZ Avgv`i evsjv`k| cwZ eQi ivbv-evbvi KvR cPzi Rvjvwb eeZ
nQ| Gi cvq meUvB KvV, LoKzUv, bvov, Kbv Mvei BZvw`| cPwjZ Rvjvwb wnme Gjv eenvii
dj `ki ebR m` KgQ, gvwU DeiZv nvivQ Ges cwiek wecb nQ| Avgv`i RbmsLv ewi nvi
ewk| dj AvMvgx w`b ewaZ RbmsLvi Rvjvwb Pvwn`v c~iY Avgv`iK wngwkg LZ ne| Rvjvwb
msKU gvKvwejvi welq Avgv`iK AekB fveZ ne| Rxebi cwZwU B Avgiv kwi eenvi
KiwQ| Avgv`i euvPvi Rb hgb kwi cqvRb, Zgwb Rxebgvb Dbqbi RbI kwi cqvRb| kw bv
nj Avgv`i Rxeb Pj bv| ZvB kw Avgv`i AwZZi m m| Avgiv `LwQ h, Rxevk Rvjvwb
Avgv`i kwi GK weivU Drm| wKy G kw mxwgZ Ges GK mgq wb:kl nq hve| ZvB gvbyl kwi
weK Drmi mvb mP| bevqbhvM kwi Drm wKQzUv mvebvgq ej gb nQ| hZY Avgiv
Adzi kwi Kvb Drm nvZi KvQ bv cvwQ ZZY cv kw eenvi Avgv`i AekB mPZb I
wgZeqx nZ ne| `bw`b Rxeb kwi Aceenvi ev AcPq iva Kiv Avgv`i bwZK `vwqZ| G Rb
wbgwjwLZ c`c bIqv cqvRb:
kwK ewMZ m` bv fe mgwMZ m` weePbv Kivi gvbwmKZv mw
iwWI, wUwf, evwZ, Gqvi Kwkb cfwZ e`ywZK hcvwZ I mivg cqvRb eenvi Ki Ab
mgq e ivLv|
wUc~Y hvbevnb ev hcvwZ ewk kw eq Ki| G Rb G mKj mivgvw`i mwVK msiY
Acwinvh|
webv KviY/AcqvRb hvbevnbi Bwb Pvjy bv ivLv| GZ kwi AcPq nq|
kwi msiY Avgv`i ewMZ LiP Kgvq|
GB Aavq bZzb k
KvR, gZv I kw, mikw, evqy kw, kwi i~cvi, bevqbhvM kw, AbevqbhvM kw, evqvMvm,
kwi msKU, weK kwi Drm|
GB Aavq hv wkLjvg
KvR Kivi mvg_B nj kw|
Avgv`i Pvicvk iqQ kwi wewfb Drm|
kwi mw ev webvk bB, kw Kej GKi~c _K Aci GK ev GKvwaK i~c cwiewZZ nZ cvi|
bevqbhvM kwi cqvRbwqZv hgb Avgv`i `k Ab^xKvh Zgwb Gi cvZv AbKUv mnR|
w`b w`b eoB PjQ kwi eenvi, dj Zwi nQ kwi msKUi|
`bw`b Rxeb kwi Aceenvi ev AcPq iva Kiv Avgv`i bwZK `vwqZ|
78 wbg kwYi
kwi Rxe
eenvi

Abykxjbx
k~bvb c~iY Ki :
1. KvR Kivi nj kw|
2. RbviUi g~jZ kwK we`yr kwZ i~cvwiZ Ki|
3. evqvMvm Drcb Kiv hvq I Dcv`vb _K|

msw Di ck :
1. gZv I kwi ga cv_K Kx?
2. kwi wbZZv evLv Ki|
3. kwi msKU mwi KviYjv DjL Ki|
4. AbevqbhvM kwi myweav Kxfve cvIqv hvq?

ewbevPwb ck:
1. KvbwU kwi AbevqbhvM Drm?
K. evqy L. cvwbi mvZ M. mi N. Kqjv

2. AZxk KLbI KLbI ivZ jvBUhy PvRvi dvbi mvnvh covjLv Ki| G m eenvi Ki-
i. AvjvK kw
ii. we`yr kw
iii. ivmvqwbK kw

wbPi KvbwU mwVK?

K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

wbPi DxcKi AvjvK 3 I 4 b^i cki Di `vI:
GKRb evqvgwe` 200 KwRi fvi Dvjb Kib Ges fviwU wbP bvgvb| Gici wKQzY wekvg wbq
Lvevi LZ LZ Mvb bZ jvMjb|
3. fvi Dvjb _K fvi wbP bvgvbv ch kwi i~cvii mwVK g KvbwU?
K. ivmvqwbK kw hvwK kw wwZ kw hvwK kw
L. hvwK kw wwZ kw hvwK kw k kw
M. wwZ kw hvwK kw k kw Zvc kw
N. hvwK kw wwZ kw hvwK kw wwZ kw
wevb 79

4. fvi DvjKi Lv` MnY I Mvb kvbvi mv_ Kvb kw `yBwUi mK iqQ|
K. Zvc I k L. Zvc I we`yr M. ivmvqwbK I k N. wwZ I Zvc

mRbkxj ck:
1. Av`xei Mvgi evwo bevgcyi GLb ch we`yr cuQvqwb| ZvB Mvgevwmi AbKB mi we`yr
eenvi Kib| Avevi MZ C`i QzwUZ gvgvi mv_ m KvvB eovZ wMq `L cvwb _KI we`yr
Drcv`b Kiv nQ|
K. kwi cavb Drm Kx?
L. cvKwZK Mvm Abvevqb kw Kb? evLv Ki|
M. Av`xei `Lv KvvBqi cvwb we`yr Drcv`bi Kkj evLv Ki|
N. Av`xei Mvgevmxi mikw eenvii myweav I Amyweav evLv Ki|
2. ivk` mvne B`vwbs Zuvi nuvmgyiMx I Mii Lvgvii wev AveRbv _K wekl cwqvq GK aibi
Mvm Drcb KiQb| GZ Lvgvii wewfb KvR kw I Mvmi Pvwn`v wgwUq AwZwi Mvm wew KiZ
cviQb|
K. gZv Kx?
L. kw i~cvii cqvRbxqZv eYbv Ki|
M. DxcK Drcb Mvm Kvb aibi kwi Drm evLv Ki|
N. kw msiY ivk` mvnei Kvhgi iZ weklY Ki|
80 wbg kwYi Rxe

Ag Aavq
ki K_v
Zvgvi Nii `iRvq VK&VK& k nj Zzwg eySZ cviv Zvgvi `iRvq KD Acv KiQ| `iRvi Kwjsej
evRjI Avgiv eySZ cvwi KD GmQ| Kviv cvqi k b Zzwg eySZ cviv h, KD AvmQ| Avgiv hv
wKQz wb ZvB njv k| k Avgv`i Rxeb LyeB iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki| GUv Abi mv_ hvMvhvM
mnvqZv Ki| Avgiv Avgv`i Pvicvk bvbvb iKg k bZ cvB| euvwki myi, Mvwoi nY, KzKzii
NDND, QvMji ev ev, gyiwMi KzKziKz, cvwLi KjZvb BZvw`| k GK cKvi kw hv Avgv`i bZ
mnvqZv Ki| k Kxfve Drcb nq? Kxfve mvwjZ nq? Kxfve Avgiv wewfb iKg k wPbZ cvwi
BZvw` wbq GB Aavq AvjvPbv Kiev|

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv

ki ewk eYbv KiZ cvie|
k mvjb evLv KiZ cvie|
KwVb, Zij I evqexq gvag ki eMi Zzjbv KiZ cvie|
cvwY Kxfve k bZ cvq evLv KiZ cvie|
kveZvi mxgv I bqR evLv KiZ cvie|
k Drcv`bKvwi h k mwi KviY evLv KiZ cvie|
`bw`b Rxeb (bqR I `~lY) ki eenvii wZKi w`K mK wbR mPZb nev Ges
Ab`I mPZb Kie|
`jMZ KvR mncvwV`i ee bev, mwq Ask MnY Kiev Ges wmv MnY mnhvwMZv Kie|
wevb 81

cvV-1: k I Gi ewk
Avgiv hv wKQz wb ZvB njv k| GKwU wji evwUK gSZ djv, k bZ cve| Zzwg hLb K_v
ejv ZLb gyL _K k bZ cvI| Avwiqvb Zvi Nwoi Gjvgi k Nyg _K DV| m Zvi zj hvevi
c_ bvbvb iKg k bZ cvq| cvwLi KvKwj, ivvq wivi eji UzsUvs k, Mvwoi nb, gvbyli nP
BZvw` bvbvb iKg k| eziv hLb K_v ej ZLb Mjvi ^i _K me iKg kB Zzwg wPbZ cviv Ges
ejZ cviv K GB k Drcv`b KiQ| Avgiv hZ iKg k bZ cvB Zvi wKQz kwZ gayi | G`i ga
myi AvQ Ges bZ fvj jvM| GiKg k njv euvwki myi I nvigwbqvgi k| wKQz Mvjgj, myinxb I
weiwKi| GiKg k njv Mvwoi nbi k, jvnv KvUvi k I KzKzii NDND|

KvR : myihy I myinxb k kbv Kiv

cwZ: 5/6 Rb Ki KhKwU `j fvM nq hvI| Zvgiv h bvbvb iKg k KZ cvI Zv`i ga
Kvbjv myihy I Kvbjv myinxb Zv wbR`i ga AvjvPbv Ki wVK Kiv | AvjvPbv _K
cvIqv myihy I myinxb ki GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Kiv| `ji GKRb kwYZ Dcvcb Kiv|

k myihy ev myinxb hvB nvKbv Kb mKj kiB GKwU Drm AvQ| k Kvb bv Kvb Drm Drcb
nq| ki ewk _K Avgiv eySZ cvwi ki Drm Kx? hgb NDND k bj bv `LB Avgiv
eySZ cvwi KzKzi WvKQ, Uwjdvb DVvjB Avgiv K^i b eySZ cvwi Aci cv K K_v ejQ?

cvV-2 I 3 : ki Drcw
k GK cKvi kw hvi KviY Avgiv bZ cvB| GLvb Avgiv wKQz KvR Kiev hv _K evSv hve k
Kxfve Drcb nq? Zvgv`i zji NUv hLb evRvbv nq ZLb Zv k Ki `Lv | NUvwU h Kuvc Zv
wK Abyfe KiZ cviv?

KvR : ki Drcwi KviY Rvbv

cqvRbxq DcKiY : GKwU avZe cv, wKQz `wo I GKwU jvwV
cwZ : avZe cvwU (wj ev Avjywgwbqvgi Kvb cv nZ cvi) `woi
mvnvh myweavRbK vb Szwjq `vI| Lqvj ivLZ ne GUv hb Kvb
wKQzK k bv Ki| Gevi jvwV w`q cvwUK AvNvZ Kiv| Zvgvi nvZi
AvOzj w`q cvwU AvjZvfve k Kiv| Zzwg wK cvi Kb Ui cvQ?
jvwV w`q cvwUK Avevi AvNvZ Kiv Ges mv_ mv_ Zvgvi nvZ w`q
cvwU k Ki ai ivLv GLbv wK k bZ cvQ? bv k kvbv hvqbv|
cvwUK Avevi AvNvZ Kiv, k k~bZ cve| k e nq Mj cvwU
k Kiv| GLbv wK cvwU KuvcQ? bv, KuvcQ bv|
wP-ki Drcw
82 wbg k
kwi
Yi Rxe
K_v

KvR: ki Drcwi KviY Rvbv

cqvRbxq DcKiY: GKwU avZe ev cvwKi ijvi,
GKwU eB I GKwU Uwej
cwZ: ijviwU Ggbfve Uweji Dci ivLv hb
Pvi fvMi wZb fvM Uweji evBi _vK| ijvii h
cv Uweji Dci AvQ m cv GKwU BU ev fvix
eB w`q Pvcv `vI| ijvii h cv Uweji evBi
AvQ m cv wbPi w`K Ub bvwgq nVvr Ki
Qo `vI| Zzwg Kx `LZ cvQ? Zzwg `LZ cve
h, ijviwU Zvi c~ei RvqMvq wdi hvQ Ges KuvcQ| wP : ki Drcw
mv_ mv_ GUv kI Zwi KiQ| h gyn~Z Kb e nQ m gyn~ZB k e nq hvQ|

KvR : ki Drcwi KviY Rvbv

cqvRbxq DcKiY : GKwU avZe (wji
_vjv), GKwU PvgP I wKQz cwigvY cvwb|
cwZ : _vjvq cvwb Xvjv| PvgP w`q _vjvi GK
cv AvNvZ Kiv|
Zzwg wK k bZ cvQv? _vjvwUK Avevi
AvNvZ Kiv Ges mv_ mv_Zvgvi nvZ w`q
_vjvwU k Kiv|_vjvwU h KuvcQ Zv wK Zzwg
Ui cvQv? wP : ki Drcw
GLbv wK k bZ cvQ? bv k kvbv hvqbv| _vjvwUK Avevi AvNvZ Kiv Ges cvwbi w`K ZvKvI|
cvwbZ wK Kvb XD `LQv? _vjv Kuvcvi dj cvwb KuvcQ Ges cvwbZ XDqi mw nqQ|

Dcii KvRjv _K Avgiv RvbZ cvijvg h, Kvb eyi Kbi dj k mw nq| Kbkxj h
e k mw Ki ZvB njv ki Drm|

cvV- 4: ki mvjb
Avgiv Rvwb Kbkxj e k mw Ki| kvZvi wbKU G k Kx Ki cuQvq? GKwU D`vniY weePbv
Kiv hvK| Kvb ev`hi Kbkxj Zvi ev Kvb myikjvKvi Kbkxj ev G`i Pvicvki evqyi
AYyjvK KwZ Ki| evqyi GB KwZ AYyjv G`i KbK cvkewZ evqyi AYyjvZ vbvi
Ki ev cvm Ki `q| chvqg GfveB k XDqi gZv Drm _K kvZvi wbKU cuQvq| Kvb
gvagi KYvjvi Kbi dj m h Av`vjb gvagi ga w`q Pj ev mvwj_ nq ZvK XD ej|
GKwU j^v ws wbq Gi GK cv AvNvZ Kij `Le wswUi msKvPb I cmviYi dj kw mvwjZ
nQ| ki XD wVK GfveB mvwjZ nq| ki GK vb _K Abvb hvZvqvZK k mvjb
ej|
wevb 83

k mvjbi Rb gvag cqvRb| GB gvag nZ cvi KwVb, Zij I evqexq| k mePq `Z Pj

KwVb gvag, Zvici Zij gvag, Gici evqy gvag|ciewZZ KvRi gvag Agiv Zv cgvY Kie|
k wK gvag Qvov PjZ cvi? G cki Revei Rb Avgiv GKwU KvR Kie|

KvR : gvag Qvov k mvwjZ nq bv Zv Rvbv

cqvRbxq DcKiY : GKwU avZe SzbSzwb, GKwU
mi KvwV. GKUz eo gyLIqvjv evZj I GKwU KK
cwZ : KvwVi GK gv_vq SzbSzwbwUK myZv w`q
euav| KvwVi Aci gv_vwU KKi wfZii gyL XzKvI|
Gevi cyiv eevwUK evZji wfZi Ggbfve
XzKvI KKwU hb wQwci KvR Ki| fvj Ki wQwcwU
e Kiv Ges evZjwU SuvKvI| Lqvj ivLe SzbSzwb
hb evZji `qvj k bv Ki| wP : gvag Qvov k mvwjZ nq bv Zv Rvbv
evBi _K SzbSzwbi g kybZ cve| Gevi KKwU Lyj GKUz DuPz Ki iL evZji wbP GKwU Rj
gvgevwZ w`q Zvc `vI| Mig evZji me evZvm ewiq hve| evZji wQwcwU e Kiv|
evZjwU Vvv nIqvi ci Avevi SuvKvI| Kvb k bZ cvQ wK?
bv, Kvb k kvbv hvPvQ bv ev Lye xY k kvbv hvQ| Gi A_ Kx? Gi A_ k gvag Qvov mvwjZ
nq bv|

cvV- 5 : Zij c`v_ ki mvjb I ki eM

Avgiv AvMB ejwQ h, k mvjbi Rb gvag `iKvi| gvag Qvov k mvwjZ nq bv| k mePq
`Z Pj KwVb gvag, Zvici Zij gvag, Gici evqexq gvag| ciewZZ KvRi gvag Agiv Zv
cgvY Kie|
KvR: Zij c`v_ ki mvjb
84 wbg kwYi Rxe
ki K_v

cqvRbxq DcKiY: GKwU ejyb I wKQz cwigvY cvwb

cwZ: ejybwUZ cvwb fwZ Kiv| ejybi GKw`K Zvgvi
Kvbi mv_ aiv Ges Aci w`K Av Ki ejyb AuvPo KvUv|
Zzwg wK AuvPoi k bZ cvQv?
Zzwg AuvPoi k Rvi I bZ cve|
wP : Zij c`v_ ki mvjb

KvR: Zij c`v_ ki mvjb

cqvRbxq DcKiY: GKwU avZe NUv I GK evjwZ
cvwb
cwZ: NUvwU evRvI Ges k kvb| Gevi NUvwU
cvwbZ Wzweq evRvI Ges cvwbi Dci Kvb ivLv|
Zzwg wK AvMi Pqewk Rvi Ges k kvbZ
cvQv? cvwbZ k ewk Rvi Ges k kvbv wP : Zij c`v_ ki mvjb
hve|
Zij c`v_ evqyi Pq fvjvfve k kvbv hvq| KviY, cvwbZ ki eM evqyi Pq ewk| evqyZ
ki eM 330 wgUvi/mK, cwivi cvwbZ 1440 wgUvi/mK| mgy`i cvwbZ ki eM 1500
wgUvi/mK|

cvV- 6 : KwVb c`v_ ki mvjb I ki eM

KwVb gvag k evqy I Zij gvagi Pq `Z I fvjfve mvwjZ nq|
KvR: KwVb c`v_ ki mvjb
cqvRbxq DcKiY: GKwU avZe j ev j^v avZe `
cwZ: j ev `i GK cv Zvgvi Kvbi mv_
aiv Ges Ab cv Zvgvi Kvb ezK Av Av
AuvPo KvUZ ejv| Zzwg wK AuvPoi k bZ cvQv?
Zvgvi Avkcvk `uvwoq _vKv ez`i wRvmv Kiv
Zviv Kvb k bZ cvQ wK bv? wP : KwVb c`v_ ki mvjb

GiKg GKwU cwiv Zvgiv GKwU KvVi ev avZe Uwej wbq KiZ cviv| KvRwU Ki `L Ges KvRwU
_K Kx cj Zv Zvgv`i LvZvq wjL| KvRwU _K RvbZ cvie h, k Kvb avZz ev KvV w`qI
PjvPj Ki ev mvwjZ nq| wewfb KwVb c`v_ ki eM wewfb iKg|
wevb 85

KvP ki eM 5000 _K 6000 wgUvi/mK

wj ki eM 5000 wgUvi/mK
BU ki eM 5000 wgUvi/mK
Gjywgwbqvg ki eM 6420 wgUvi/mK
MvbvBU ki eM 6000 wgUvi/mK

myZivs wewfb gvag k wewfb eM mvwjZ nq| KwVb gvag k evqy I Zij gvagi Pq `Z I
fvjfve mvwjZ nq| Avevi k evqy gvagi Pq `Z I fvjfve Zij gvag mvwjZ nq|

cvV- 7 : cvwYiv Kxfve k kbZ cvq

Avgiv Rvwb Kbkxj e k Drcb Ki Ges m k gvag w`q mKj w`K mvwjZ nq| GLb ck
njv Avgiv Kx Ki k gybZ cvB?
Avgv`i Kvbi evBii Aski AvKwZ `LZ AbKUv dvbji gZv| k hLb Gi wfZi cek Ki
ZLb &k GKwU wQ` c_ hvq hvi kl cv GKwU UvbUvb cvZjv c`v _vK| GK ejv nq Kvbi c`v|
GB c`v GKwU iZc~Y KvR Ki| KvRwU njv ki Kb Kvbi c`vK Kuvcvq|
c`v GB KbK Kvbi wfZii Ask cQ `q| mLvb _K k gw cuQvq| GfveB Avgiv
k bZ cvB| Kvbi c`v h iZc~Y KvR Ki Zv Rvbvi Rb Avgiv GKwU cwiv Kiev|

KvR: ki Kb Kxfve Kvbi c`vq Kb mw Ki

cqvRbxq DcKiY: wUbi GKwU cv ( md&U wWi Kvb
wbZ cviv) I GKwU ievii ejyb
cwZ: Kvbi `yB gv_v KU bvI| ejybwU UvbUvb Ki
jvwMq ievi ev ev myZv w`q eua Kvbi GK gv_v e
Ki `vI| UvbUvb Kiv ejybi Dci 4/5 Uv Mgi `vbv ev
PvDj ivLv| Zvgvi Kvb ezK Kvbi Lvjv gyLi mvgb wP : ki Kb Kvbi c`vq
ii nyii k KiZ ejv| Lqvj Ki `Lv Mg ev Pvj Kb mw Ki
Gi Kx NUQ? Mg ev Pvj Dci wbP jvdvQ Kb?
Zvgvi ezi m ki Kb ejyb Kb mw KiQ, ZvB Mg ev Pvj jvdvQ|

cvV 8-9 : kveZvimxgv I bqR

Avgiv Rvwb h, Kvb ei Kbi dj ki Drcw nq| mKj Kbkxj ei k wK Avgiv bZ
cvB? bv, mKj Kbkxj ei k Avgiv bZ cvB bv| h k cwZ mK 20 wUi Kg Kb w`q
mw nq Zv Avgiv gvbyliv bZ cvB bv| GiKg k Akve|GiKg kK kwZc~e k ejv nq| Avevi
86 wbg kwYi Rxe
ki K_v

AbK ewk Kbi dj m kKI Avgiv bZ cvBbv| cwZ mK 20,000 wUi ewk Kg
Kbi dj m kK bZ cvq bv| GiKg kI Akve| GK kwZ-Di k ejv nq| myZivs
gvbyli Rb kveZvi mxgv njv 20 ZK 20,000 Kb w`q m k| cwZ mK Kvb e hZUv
Kb `q ZvK ejv nq H ei Kv| GB Kv cKvki GKK njv nvR| Kvb e mK
20 evi Kuvcj Zvi Kv 20 nvR, 20,000 evi Kuvcj 20,000 nvR| myZivs gvbyli Kvbi kve
Kvi mxgv 20 _K 20,000 nvR| GB Kvi kK kve k ej|
Kvbv Kvbv cvwY 20,000 nvR Kvi Pq ewk Kvi k bZ cvq| KzKzii GB gZv
AvQ| cywjk AwZ DP Kvi Bmj eenvi Ki hv KzKzi bZ cvq wKy gvbyl bZ cvq bv|
wPwKrmvwevbi AbK AwZk ( kwZ-Di k eenviKvwi) hi mv_ Avgiv cwiwPZ| GiKg hi
GKwU njv AvjUvmbvMvg| G h 20,000 nvRi Pq ewk Kv KvR Ki|
mykve k I bqR: Avgv`i Pvicvk Avgiv bvbvb iKg k bZ cvB| G`i ga AbK k bZ
fvj jvM, myLKi I Avb``vqK| GiKg k njv Mvbi myi, euvwki myi, nvigwbqvgi k, mZvii
evRbv BZvw`|GiKg k mykve ev myijv| AbK k bZ K jvM, hbv`vqK I weiwKi|
GiKg k njv ciK VvKvi k, wbgvYKvRi k, evW jLvi mgq PKi wKP&wKP& k| h k
bZ fvj jvM, myLKi, gayi I Avb``vqK Zv`i mykve ev myijv k ej| ei wbqwgZ ev mylg
Kbi dj mykve k Drcb nq| h k bZ K jvM , hbv`vqK I weiwKi Zv`i bqR ev
Mvjgvj ej| ei AwbqwgZ ev Amg Kbi dj bqR Drcb nq|
k `~lY: Avgiv mevB cvwb `~lY I evqy `~lYi mv_ cwiwPZ| cvwbZ hv hv _vKv DwPZ Zv bv _K hw`
Ab wKQz _vK Zv nj ZvK Avgiv cvwb `~lY ewj| evqyZ hv hv _vKv DwPZ Zv bv _K hw` Ab wKQz
_vK Zv nj ZvK Avgiv evqy `~lY ewj| GiKg Avgv`i cwiek hw` AwZwi ev AevwZ k _vK ZLb
ZvK ewj k `~lY| k `~lYi KqKwU Drmi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Kiv| k `~lYi cavb cavb KviY
njv, Mvwoi k, Kvb weviYi k (cUKv ev evgv dvUvi k), Kvb hi k, gvBKi k,
wbgvYKvRi k| GQvov Uwjwfkb I iwWI Rvi evRvbvi k, ivb&Nii wRwbmci k,
GqviKzjvii k BZvw` k `~lYi KviY|

Zvgvi GjvKvq k `~lYi KviYjv wPwZ Kiv Ges wbR`i ga AvjvPbv Ki KviYjv LvZvq
wjL| 5/6 Rbi `j Ki G KvRwU KiZ cviv|
k `~lYi KviY Kx wZ nq?
Zvgiv wK Rvbv, Pvicvki AwZwi k bvbvb iKg ^vmgmv mw Ki| Gme mgmv njv, Awb`v,
gv_v e_v, DP iPvc, weiw, `yfvebv I Aviv AbK iKg mgmv| Kvb gvbyl AbK w`b AwZwi
Rvivjv k kvbj KvbKvjv nq hZ cvi A_vr Kvb Kg bZ cvi ev bvI bZ cvi|
k `~lY Kxfve iva Kiv hvq?
k `~lY wbqY KiZ nj ki DrmK wbqY KiZ ne| GUv Kxfve Kiv hvq? Kvb AvevwmK
GjvKvq k `~lY wbqY KiZ nj-
wevb 87

bqR mwKvwi me wKQzK GjvKvi evBi ivLZ ne|

bqR mwlUKvwi Kvb KjKviLvbv AvevwmK GjvKvq vcb Kiv hve bv|
hvbevnbi nb hZUv me Kg evRvZ ne|
iwWI, Uwjwfkb I Abvb ev`h DP k evRvbv hve bv|
ivvi cvk, Nievwoi Pvi w`K MvQcvjv jvMvZ ne hvZ NievwoZ k Kg cuQvq|
GQvov k`~lY iva KiZ wegvbi Bwb, hvbevnbi Bwb I KjKviLvbvi gwkb mvBjbmvi jvMvZ
ne| mvBjbmvi njv Ggb GKwU eev hv Drcb kK evBi hZ `qbv|

cvV- 10 I 11: k mwKvwi h

k mwKvwi h `yiKgi-myijv h I emyiv h| myijv h njv, euvwk, nvigwbqvg, GKZviv,
`vZviv, mZvi BZvw`| emyiv h AbK Ze Avgv`i AwZ cwiwPZ `ywU njv, Mvwoi nb I mvBKj ev
wivi ej|
euvwk : euvwki wfZiKvi evZvmi Kbi dj myi mw nq| duy w`q euvwki bj evZvm XzKvbv nq|
euvwki `N I wQ` msLvi Dci ki ZxZv wbfi Ki|
KvR : bji `Ni mv_ ki ZxZvi cwieZb `Lv
cqvRbxq DcKiY : GKwU cvb Kivi bj I GKwU
KuvwP
cwZ : bjwUi GK cv Pv Ki bvI| GLb Pv
cvwUwPi gZv mi Ki KvUv| KvUv cvwU gyL
wbq duy `vI|
Kx iKg k nq j Kiv| Gevi bji Aci gv_vwU KU wP : bji `Ni mv_ ki
LvUv Kiv| Drcb ki ZxZvi Kvb cv_K bZ cvQ wK? ZxZvi cwieZb `Lv
LvUv bj ki ZxZv ewk|
GKZviv I `vZviv : Giv Zvi wewk ev`h| Gme h Zvii Kbi dj mykve ev myijv k
mw nq| Gme ev`hi ZviK Ub Qo w`j ev Kvb wKQz w`q bvovPvov Kij Zv Kuvc Ges myjv
k Drcb Ki| Zvii `N I cyiZ evwoq ev Kwgq Ges ewk k Ki UvbUvb Ki ki ZxZv
cwieZb Kiv hvq|
88 wbg kwYi Rxe
ki K_v

mvBKj ev wivi ej : Avgiv mvBKj ev wivi eji UzsUvs ki mv_

cwiwPZ| wKy GB ej Kx Ki k Drcb Ki Zv Zvgiv Rvb wK? GB
ej MvjvKvi GKKwU avZe evwU Dcyi Ki ivLv nq| evwUi wbP GKwU
avZe nvZzwo jvMvbv nq| GKwU nvZji mvnvh nvZzwo bvovPvov Kij
Zv evwUZ AvNvZ Ki| evwUi Kbi dj UzsUvs NUv evR|
GB Aavq kLv bZzb k
kve, Akve, Kvbi c`v, kwZ-c~e k, kwZ-Di k,mykve k, bqR, k `~lY
GB Aavq hv wkLjvg
ei Kbi dj k Drcb nq|
k mvjbi Rb gvag cqvRb| fvKzqvg ev k~b gvag k PjZ cvi bv|
gvbyli Kvbi kveZvi mxgv 20-20,000 nvR|
KzKzi 20,000 nvRi Pq ewk Kvi k bZ cvq|
20 nvR Kvi wbPi kK kwZ-c~e k ej|
20,000 nvR ewk Kvi kK kwZ-Di k ej|
ki eM KwVb c`v_ mePq ewk Ges evqexq c`v_ mePq Kg|
weiwKi k njv bqR|
cwiekAwZwi ev AevwZ ki DcwwZ njv k `~lY|k `~lY ^vi Rb wZKi| k
`~lY _K Awb`v,gv_ve_v, DPiPvc, Kvb Kg kvbv, weiw BZvw` ivM nZ cvi|
ivv ev evwoi Avkcvk MvQ jvwMq k `~lY Kgvbv hvq|

Abykxjbx-8
k~bvb c~iY Ki :
1. k Kvb Qvov mvwjZ nq bv|
2. gvbyli Kvbi kveZvi mxgv nvR _K 20,000 nvR|
3. AevwZ I weiwKi k njv |
4. ki eM evqexq c`v_ mePq |
5. 20,000 nvRi ewk Kvi kK k ej|
msw ck :
1. kve I Akve ki ga cv_K Kx?
2. kwZ-c~e I kwZ-Di k KvK ej?
3. bqR I mykve ki cv_K Kx?
5. mKj KvI k wK Avgiv bZ cvB? Avgv`i kveZvi mxgv KZ?
ewbevPwb ck:
1. Kvb gvag ki eM mePq ewk?
K. k~b gvag L. KwVb gvag M. evqexq gvag N. Zij gvag
wevb 89

wbPi AbyQ`wU fvjvfve co 2 I 3 b^i cki Di `vI:

P` c cP weviY Ges cw_exc eo gvVi `~icv e`yKi bj _K wj ei njv| Dfq
m Avjvi SjKvwb `Lv Mj|

2. wevibi k bZ nj cw_ex _K-

i. P`i `~iZ Kg nZ ne ii. cw_ex I P`i gvS gvag _vKZ ne
iii. kveZvi mxgv 20 _K 20000 nvR nZ ne
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. ii M. iii N. ii I iii
3. Dfq NUbv GKBmv_ msNwUZ nq _vKj KvbwU mekl chY Kiv njv?

K. e`yKi wji k L. e`yK m Avjv M. weviYi k N. weviYi Avjv

4. wfZii evZvm Kbi dj myi mw nq Kvb ev`h?

K. mZvi L. GKZviv M. wMUvi N. euvwk

mRbkxj ck:

1. ki eM 330 wg/m (evqyZ)

evgv dvUvi 6 m. ci k bZ cvq|

K. k KvK ej?
L. ij cvZ Kvb ivLj `~i _K ijMvwo Pjvi k bv hvq Kb?
M. evgv dvUvi vb _K Zxi AewZ jvKwUi `~iZ wbYq Ki|
N. Wzeyix I jvKwU GKB mgq evgv dvUvi k bZ nj WzeyixK KZv `~iZ Kvbw`K miZ ne|
MvwYwZK evLv Ki|
2. GZw`b hver Zcbi evmv _K zji Nv awbi k kvbv hZ bv| mwZ NvwUi IRb wVK iL
MVb wKQz cwieZb Kiv nqQ| dj GLb m evmv _KB Nv awbi k bZ cvi|
K. mykve k Kx?
L. euvki euvwki bji `N Kg nj ki ZxZvi Kxi~c cwieZb Avme?
M. zji Nv awb Zcbi Kvb cuQvi Kkj eYbv Ki|
N. Nvq Kvb aibi cwieZbi KviY Zcb evmv _KB GLb Nvi k bZ cvq| Dchy KviYmn
weklY Ki|
90 wbg kwYi Rxe

beg Aavq
Zvc I Zvcgvv
Zvc gvbyli Rb Acwinvh GKwU kw| Zvc Avgv`i Migi Abyf~wZ Rbvq| Avi KZUzKz Mig Abyfe
KiwQ Zv cKvk Kiv nq Zvcgvv w`q| ewk Zvcgvvi vb _K Kg Zvcgvvi vb Zvc wZbwU cwqvq
mvwjZ nq| Zvc w`j ev mwiq wbj A_vr Zvcgvv cwieZbi dj evqyi Pvc I Av`Zvi cwieZb nq,
wewfb c`v_ mmvwiZ nq| Zvci Ggb cfve Avgv`iK bvbv fve cfvweZ Ki|

G Aavq kl Avgiv

Zvc I Zvcgvvi ga cv_K KiZ cvie|

dvibnvBU I mjwmqvm ji ga mK vcb KiZ cvie|
_vgvwgUvi eenvi Ki myfve Zvcgvv cwigvc KiZ cvie|
evqyi Pvc I Av`Zv evLv KiZ cvie|
evqyi Pvc I Av`Zvi Dci Zvcgvv cwieZbi cfve weklY KiZ cvie|
c`v_i Zvcxq mmviY evLv KiZ cvie|
Pvicvk msNwUZ wewfb NUbvi Zvc mvjb evLv KiZ cvie|
wewKiK I kvlKi ga cv_K KiZ cvie|
wevb 91

cvV 1 : Zvc Kx ?
Zvgiv Rvb G gnvwek hv wKQz AvQ ZvK `yfvM fvM Kiv hvq| GKwU fvM AvQ c`v_ hv`i IRb ev fi
AvQ, RvqMv `Lj Ki Ges ejcqvM evuav `q| AbfvM AvQ kw| G`i Kvb IRb bB, RvqMv `Lj
Ki bv ev ej cqvM Kvb evuav `q bv| G`iK Avgiv Bw`q viv Abyfe KiZ cvwi| Zvc Ggb GK
aiYi kw| c Bw`qi ga ZvcK Kej ZK viv Abyfe Kiv hvq|

KvR : c_g `ywU Mvm bvI| Mvm `ywUK ai `L Kgb Vvv ev Mig| Gevi GKwU Mvm Mig cvwb I
AbwUZ eidi UzKiv bvI| `yB wgwbU Acv Kiv| Mvm `ywU _K cvwb I eid dj `vI| Gevi cvjv
Ki `ywU Mvm aiv| Kvb MvmwU Kgb Abyfe Kij? GKwU Mvm Mig AbwU Vvv| Gevi Zvgiv
AvjvPbv Ki, Mig MvmwUZ Kx Ggb AvQ hvi KviY Mig jvMjv? Ab MvmwU Kb Vvv jvMjv? GUvZ
Kx AvQ ev bB?
mveavbZv: Mig cvwb Ggbfve Xvje hvZ Mvq bv co| Mig cvwbi cv ev Mvm Lvwj nvZ w`q
bvovPvov Kie bv|
Avgiv ejZ cvwi, Kvb wKQz Vvv bv Mig Zvi cQb iqQ Zvc| Zvci KviY Kvb wKQzK Avgv`i
Vvv ev Mig jvM| e hLb Zvc MnY Ki ZLb Zv Mig nq| Avevi ey hLb Zvc eRb Ki ZLb mwU
Vvv nq| Mig MvmwU Mig cvwb _K Zvc Mnb KiQ| ZvB GUvK Mig jvMQ| Avevi Ab MvmwU
eidK wKQz Zvc w`q w`qQ| ZvB GUvK Vvv gb nqQ|

cvV 2 : Zvcgvv Kx?

Zvgiv Rvbj Zvc njv GKaiYi kw hvi KviY Kvb eK Mig ev Vvv jvM| Gevi AviKwU KvR
Kiv hvK
KvR : GKwU wji Mvm nvZ w`q ai `L| GUv wK Vvv bv Mig? KZUv Mig Zv gb ivL| Gevi
MvmwUZ Mig cvwb Xj c~Y Kiv| Gevi GK wgwbU ci ci MvmwU ai| MvmwU Av Av Mig nq hvQ|
Gevi cvwb dj w`q GK wgwbU ci ci MvmwU ai MvmwU Vvv nQ|
mveavbZv: Mig cvwb Ggbfve Xvje hvZ Mvq bv co| Mig cvwbi cv ev Mvm Lvwj nvZ w`q bvovPvov
Kie bv| nvZ w`q Mig cvwbc~Y Mvm ewkY ai ivLe bv|

Zvgiv `Lj Mig cvwb fwZ MvmwU axi axi ewk Mig nqQ| Avevi Mig cvwb dj `Iqvi ci axi
axi Vvv nqQ| KZUzKz Mig ev Vvv Zv evSvZ Zvcgvv ev DZv eenvi Kiv nq| ekx Mig nj
Zvcgvv ewk, Kg Mig nj Zvcgvv Kg| Gfve Zvcgvv Kvb wKQzi Zvcxq AevK cKvk Ki|
Zvnj Zvc I Zvcgvvi cv_K Kx eySj?
Zvc njv GKaiYi kw hvi KviY Kvb wKQzK Vvv ev Mig jvM| Abw`K KZUzKz Vvv ev Mig
jvMQ Zv cKvk Kivi hK Zvcgvv ej|
92 wbg
ZvckIwYi Rxe
Zvcgv

cvV 3- 5 : Zvcgvvi cwigvc

Zvgiv AvMi KvRwUZ `LQ Mig cvwbc~Y MvmwU GK wgwbU cici nvZ w`q aij Mig evoZ _vK|
Kvbw`b mKvj Kg Mig _vK wKy `ycyi Mig ewk _vK| Avgiv Kvb wKQz aij ev Avgv`i ZKi
k wKQzUv eySZ cvwi Mig eoQ bv KgQ| wKQzUv eySZ cvwi KZUv Mig eoQ| wKy GKevi
mwVKfve ejv hvq bv KZUv Mig eoQ| mwVKfve ejvi Rb Avgiv hi mvnvh Zvcgvv gc
_vwK| Zvcgvv cwigvci hi bvg njv _vgvwgUvi| _vgvwgUvi eenvi Ki gvbyli kixii Zvcgvv
gvcv nq| AvenvIqvwe`MY evqyi Zvcgvv gvcvi Rb _vgvwgUvi eenvi Kib| wkKviLvbvq wbw`
Zvcgvv eRvq ivLZ nq| mRb KjKviLvbvqI _vgvwgUvi eenvi Ki Zvcgvv gvcv nq|
Zvgiv cii cvVjvZ fvjvfve Rvbe h, Zvcgvvi cwieZb nj Zij c`v_i AvqZb evo ev
Kg| Zij c`v_i AvqZb KZUzKz evovjv ev Kgjv Zv gc Zvcgvv KZUzKz evojv ev Kgjv Zv ei
Kiv nq| _vgvwgUvi cvi`, GjKvnj BZvw` Zij eenvi Ki Zvcgvv gvcv nq| wbP GKwU cvi`
_vgvwgUvii eYbv `qv njv|
cvi` _vgvwgUvi h _vgvwgUvi cvi` eenvi Ki Zvcgvv gvcv nq ZvB cvi` _vgvwgUvi| Zvgiv
wbqB Ri gvcvi _vgvwgUvi `LQ? GwU GKwU cvi` _vgvwgUvi| wbPi wPi gZv G _vgvwgUvi mi
I mylg wQ`hy GKwU cyi KvuPbj _vK| bjwUi GKcv cvZjv `qvjmn GKwU evj _vK| evjwU c~Y Ki
dvucv bjwUi wKQz Ask cvi` fiv nq| bji evwK Ask ay Lye mvgvb cwigvb cvi` ev _vK| bjwUi
Mvq Zvcgvv cwigvci wbw` j Abyhvqx `vM KvUv nq| _vgvwgUvii bj wQ`wU Lye mi| ZvB evji
Zvcgvv GKUz evojB mi wQ` w`q cvi` AbKLvwb Dci DV hvq| cvi` bji Kvb `vM ch DVjv
Zv `L evSv hvq Zvcgvv KZUzKz eoQ|
wbRiv Ki : _vgvwgUvii mvnvh Ri wbYq
gvbyli kixii ^vfvweK Zvcgvv 98.4 wWMx dvibnvBU | Gi Pq Zvcgvv ewk nj Ri nqQ
ej aiv nq| Mvqi Zvcgvv 101 wWMx dvibnvBU Gi Kg nj Wvvii kiYvcb nIqvi cqvRb
bB| GKwU Wvvix _vgvwgUvi eenvi Ki Zvgvi kwYi cvPRb wkv_xi kixii Zvcgvv gc LvZvq
wjL| G _K wmv bvI Kviv Ri nqQ wK bv?

Zvcgvv cwigvci j
Kvb wKQz cwigvci Rb GKwU wbw` Av`kgvb wVK Ki bIqv nq| Zvici mB Av`k gvbi mv_
Zzjbv Ki bZzb Kvb wKQzi cwigvc ei Kiv nq| Zvcgvv cwigvci GiKg Av`kgvb AvQ| G `ywU
wbw` Zvcgvv eeavbi GKwU AskK Av`kgvb ai bIqv nq| GB `ywU wbw` ZvcgvvK wiv
ej| GKwUK wbg wiv I AbwUK Da wiv ej|
wbg wiv: ^vfvweK Pvc h Zvcgvvq we eid Mj cvwbZ cwiYZ nq, mB ZvcgvvK wbg
wiv ej|
Da wiv: ^vfvweK Pvc h Zvcgvvq we cvwb dzU ev cwiYZ nq, mB ZvcgvvK Da
wiv ej|
wevb 93

Da I wbg wivi gaeZx eeavbK wewfb msLK mgvb Ask fvM Kiv hvq| G eeavbK KqwU
mgvb Ask fvM Kiv nj Zvi wfwZ wewfb j cvIqv hvq| Zvcgvv cwigvci `yBwU j cPwjZ|
wbP G `ywU j evLv Kiv njv|
mjwmqvm j: G j wbg wivK 0 wWMx (00) Ges Da wivK
100 wWMx (1000) aiv nq| gaeZx eeavbK mgvb GKkZ fvM fvM Kiv
nq| cZK fvMK GK wWMx mjwmqvm (10 m.) ejv nq|
wevbx mjwmqvm G j Dveb Kib ej Zvi bvg Abymvi G jK
mjwmqvm j ejv nq| evwbK KvR G j eenvi Kiv nq| GQvov
Abvb KvRI evsjv`kmn cw_exi wewfb `k G j eenvi Kiv nq|
hgb Zvgiv AvenvIqvi Lei kvb h, w`bi mevP Zvcgvv wQj 32 wWMx
mjwmqvm| gaeZx `~iZK 100 fvM fvM Kiv nq ej GK mwUMW
(Centi A_ GKkZ Ges grade A_ fvM) jI ejv nq|

dvibnvBU j : G j wb wivK 32 wWMx (320) Ges Da wP: mjwmqvm I

wivK 212 wWMx (2120) aiv nq| gaeZx eeavbK mgvb 180 fvM dvibnvBU j
fvM Kiv nq| cZK fvMK GK wWMx dvibnvBU (10 dv.) ejv nq|
wevbx dvibnvBU G j Dveb Kib ej Zvi bvg Abymvi G jK dvibnvBU j ejv nq|
hgb Zvgvi Ri nj KD nqZv ej _vKb h, Ri 101 wWMx| Avmj Zvgvi Mvqi Zvcgvv wQj 101
wWMx dvibnvBU|
mjwmqvm I dvibnvBU ji mK
mjwmqvm j Zvcgvv Rvbv _vKj Zvgiv ZvK dvibnvBU j i~cvi KiZ cviv| Avevi
DvUvI Kiv hvq| Gi Rb Zvgv`i GKwU mgxKiY RvbZ ne| mgxKiYwU njv hLvb C njv
mjwmqvm j Zvcgvv Ges F njv dvibnvBU j Zvcgvv|
Gevi GKwU D`vniY `Lv hvK|
KvR : GKwU mjwmqvm j I mvaviY Ri gvcvi GKwU dvib nvBU j bvI| Kvmi 5Rb ezi
Mvqi Zvcgvv dvibnvBU j eenvi Ki cwigvc Ki| cwigvcKZ Zvcgvv m~ eenvi Ki
mjwmqvm j i~cvi Ki wbPi QK (wbRi LvZvq QKwU Ki wbZ ne) c~iY Ki
wkv_xi bvg dvibnvBU j Zvcgvv mjwmqvm j Zvcgvv ge
1|
2|
94 wbg
ZvckIwYi Rxe
Zvcgv

cvV 6, 7 : Zvci cfve c`v_i cmviY

Zvc cqvM Kij AwaKvsk c`v_i AvqZb evo| KwVb c`v_ Lye A cwigvY evo | ewkifvM Zij
c`v_K Zvc w`j Zv Lye ewk cmvwiZ nq bv| Ze evqexq c`v_K Zvc w`j Zv AbKUv cmvwiZ nq|
KwVb c`v_i cmviY:
KvR : KwVb c`v_i cmviYi cgvY
cqvRbxq DcKiY : wcZji Zwi ej I wis, Avb, v|
wcZji GKwU ej I wis Ggbfve Zwi Kiv nq hvZ ejwU KvbiKg
wis Gi fZi w`q Pj hvq| wPi gZv Ki v wis I ej hy
Kiv| Gevi ejwU ^vfvweK Aevq wis Gi fZi w`q wbq hZ Pv
Kiv| `Le ejwU wis Gi fZi w`q Pj MQ| Gevi ejwU ei Ki
Mig Kiv| mveavb wis Gi fZi bqvi Pv Ki| ejwU wK wis Gi
fZi w`q Pj hvQ? hvQ bv, AvUK MQ|

Mig Kivi dj wcZji ejwU Kb wis Gi fZi pyKQ bv? Gi KviY ejwU wKQzUv eo nqQ| Zvc
cvIqvi dj ejwU wKQzUv eo nq MQ| G _K cgvwYZ njv h, h Zvc cqvM KwVb c`v_ cmvwiZ
nq| wK G cmviY Lye ewk bq ej Avgiv mnR eySZ cvwi bv| KwVb c`v_i ga Zvc cqvM
mvaviYZt avZe c`v_ ewk cwigvY cmvwiZ nq|
`bw`b Rxeb KwVb c`v_i cmviYi cfve
wbPi D`vniYjv _K evSv hve Avgiv `bw`b Rxeb KwVb c`v_i cmviYK Kxfve KvR jvMvB|
(1) KLbI wK `LQ Rvgi, mmi ev Ab Kvb wKQzi KvuPi evZji ev wkwki avZe gyLwU Lvjv hvQ
bv? GiKg Aevq mvaviYZ evZji avZe gyLwU Mig Kiv nq| Zvici Zv gvPo w`j mnRB Lyj
Avm| Kb mnR gyLwU Lyj Avm? KviY avZe gyLwU Zvc cq cmvwiZ nq evZj _K wKQzUv AvjMv
nq hvq| ZvB GwU mnR Lyj Avm|
(2) Zvgiv Kx ij jvBb `LQ? `ywU mgvivj jvnvi cvZi Dci w`q ij Pj| Lqvj Kie `ywU
jvnvi cvZB wKQz `~i cici KvUv| Avmj BQ KiB jvnvi cvZi Aski ga wKQzUv dvuK ivLv nqQ|
ijMvwo Pjvi mgq iji jvnvi PvKvi mv_ jvnvi cvZi NlY jvnvi cvZ Mig nq hvq| GZ jvnvi
cvZ wKQzUv eo hvq| jvni cvZi mshvMvb dvuK bv _vKj Zv euK hZ| dvuK _vKvq jvnvi cvZ
eo dvuKUzKy c~iY Ki| GZ jvnvi cvZ euK hvq bv|
Zij c`v_i cmviY : KwVb c`v_i Zzjbvq Zij AvqZb ewk evo| Zij avZz cvi`i cmviYK KvR
jvwMq _vgvwgUvi Zwi Kiv nq| Zvgiv G mK BwZgaB RbQv| Zvgiv Rjevqy cwieZb Aavq
Rvbe h, cw_exi Zvcgvv eo hvQ| dj mgy`i cvwbi AvqZb eo mgy` ci DPZv eo hvQ|
wevb 95

evqexq c`v_i cmviY :

DcKib : GKwU KvuPi evZj, `ywU cvwbi cv, Mig I Vvv cvwb, ejyb, myZv
KvR : GKwU k I Lvwj KvuPi evZj bvI| ejybwU bv dzwjq evZji gyL jvwMq w`q myZv w`q
eua `vI| GKwU cv dzU Mig cvwb Ges AciwUZ Vvv cvwb bvI| Gevi evZjwU mveavb Mig
cvwbZ WzevI| Kx `LQv? ejybwU wKQzUv dzj DVQ? Gevi evZjwU ai Vvv cvwbZ WzevI| ejybwU
wK Pzcm MQ? Kb Ggb nQ?

evqexq c`v_ Zvc cj mePq ewk evo| evZjwU Mig cvwbZ Wzevj evZji fZii evqy Zvc cq
cmvwiZ nQ| dj evZji evqy ejyb cek Ki wKQzUv dzj DVQ| Avevi hLb evZjwU Vvv cvwbZ
Wzevbv nj evZji fZii evqy msKzwPZ nQ| dj ejybi evqy evZji fZi wdi AvmQ| ZvB
ejybwU Pzcm hvQ| G _K cgvwYZ nq h, Zvc cj evqexq c`v_ cmvwiZ nq|
evqexq c`v_i cmviYi cfve: evqexq c`v_i cmviYi cfve cKwZZ Ges Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb
ek `LZ cvIqv hvq| Zvgiv wK iwU muKZ `LQv? GKchvq iwU ek dzj IV| iwUwU GKUz wQ`
Ki w`j k Ki wKQz ewiq Avm| Kb GiKg nq? Zvgiv Rvbv AvUvi mv_ cvwb wgwkq iwU Zwi
Kiv nq| iwUi fZii cvwb Mig nq Rjxq ev cwiYZ nq| Rjxq ev AviI Zvc cq cmvwiZ nq|
dj iwUwU dzj DV|
Zvci dj Mvmi cmviYK KvR jvwMq Bwb Pvjvbv nq| Zvgiv eo nq Aviv fvjvfve eySe|
Bwb Pvjvbvi Rb Rvjvbx cywoq Zvc w`q evqyK cmvwiZ Kiv nq| cmvwiZ evqy h avv `q ZvK
eenvi Ki Bwb Pvjvbv nq|
Zvci dj evqy cmvwiZ nIqvi dj evqygj AbK cwieZb nq| wbP G mK Avgiv Rvbev|

cvV 8 : Av`Zv I evqyPvci Dci Zvcgvvi cfve

evqyZ evqyKYvjv QzUvQzwU KiZ _vK| ZvB Zviv Kvb wKQzZ evav cj ZvZ avv `q ev ej cqvM
Ki| dj evqyi Pvc iqQ| GKK dji Dci evqy h ej cqvM Ki ZvB evqyPvc| evqy mew`K Pvc
`q| Kvb vbi evqyPvc wbfi Ki mLvbKvi Zvcgvvi Dci| Zvcgvv evoj Kvb ecv evqexq
c`v_i Pvc eo hvq| wKy evqygj Zvcgvv evoj evqyPvc Kg hvq| Gi KviY evqygj e cv bq;
GwU Lvjv| Zvc cj evqy nvjKv nq Dci DV hvq| dj evqyi NbZ Kg hvq I evqyPvc Kg hvq| ZvB
Kvb vb Zvcgvv eo Mj evqyPvc Kg hvq A_vr wbgPvci mw nq| Avi hLvb Zvcgvv Kg
mLvb DPPvci mw nq| Zvgiv Rjevqy cwieZb Aavq `Le Kxfve wbPvc I DPPvci dj
evqycevni mw nq|
Rjxq ev, evqyi Av`Zv I Zvcgvv : Zvgiv Rvb h, f~-ci cvwb ev nq evqyZ wgk| evqyZ
memgqB Gfve wKQz cwigvY Rjxq ev _vK| evqyZ Rjxq evi cwigvYK evqyi Av`Zv w`q cKvk
Kiv nq| evqyZ Rjxq ev ewk _vKj evqyi Av`Zv ewk nq| Rjxq ev Kg _vKj evqyi Av`Zv Kg|
Zvcgvv evoj cvwb ewk Ki ev cwiYZ nq| Avevi Zvcgvv evoj evqyI ewk Ki Rjxq ev aviY
KiZ cvi| Avgv`i `k kveY I fv` gvm fvcmv Mig co| KviY ZLb gmygx evqy evcmvMi
96 wbg
ZvckIwYi Rxe
Zvcgv

_K cPzi Rjxq ev Dwoq wbq Avm| Rjxq ev ev Av`Zv ewk _vKj Avgv`i Mvq Nvg nq| Rjxq
ev evqyZ eo Mj GKchvq Zv Nbxf~Z nq gN Ges kl ew nq|

cvV 9-10 : Zvc mvjb

Zvgiv Kx KLbI Lqvj KiQ, Mig ZiKvwii evwUZ xji PvgP ivLv _vKj Zv Mig nq hvq? ZiKvwi
_K Zvc Kxfve Zvgvi nvZ ch Gjv? Zvc ewk Zvcgvvi vb _K Kg Zvcgvvi vb hZ
cvi| Zvci GB vb cwieZbK Zvc mvjb ej| Zvc mvjb wZbfve nq-cwienb, cwiPjb I
wewKiY|
Zvc cwienb : Mig ZiKvwii evwU _K PvgPi gvag Zvc cwienb cwZZ mvwjZ nq| G cwZZ
KwVb c`v_ Zvc mvwjZ nq| Zvgiv Rvb, KwVb c`v_i KYvjv wbRiv vb cwieZb KiZ cvi bv|
Zviv Kej wbR`i vb _K `vj LZ cvi| KwVb c`v_ Mig KYvjv `vj Lq cvki Vvv
KYvK Zvc w`q `q| cvki Vvv KYvwU Mig nq Zvi cvki Vvv KYvK Zvc `q| Gfve KYvjv
wbRiv vb cwieZb bv Ki ZvcK Mig cv _K Vvv cv wbq hvq|
KwVb c`v_i ga avZe c`v_jv hgb, jvnv, Zvgv, wcZj, Avjywgwbqvg, `v Gjv `Z Zvc
cwienb Ki| GRb ivbvi Rb avZzi Zwi nvwo eenvi Kiv nq| AavZz hgb KvV, mywZ Kvco, gvwU
Gme Zvc cwienb Ki LyeB Kg| ZvB Mig nvwo aivi Rb Avgiv Kvcoi UzKiv eenvi Kwi| GKB
KviY ivbvi Rb KvVi bvovwb eenvi myweavRbK|
cwiPjb : Zij I evqexq c`v_ G cwqvq Zvc mvwjZ nq| GKwU cv cvwb wbq Pzjvi Dci ewmq
Zvc w`j cyiv cvi cvwbB Mig nZ _vK| G cvwbi KYvjv Zvc MnY Ki kw ARb Ki|
kw ARb Ki Mig cvwbKYv nvjKv nq Dci DV hvq| Dcii Vvv cvwb KYvjv wbP bg Gm Zvc
MnY Ki| Gfve chvqg mKj KYv Zvc MnY Ki D nq Zvc GKvb _K Abvb mvwjZ
nq| Gfve KYv`i vb cwieZbi gvag Zvc mvjbi cwqvi bvg cwiPjb| Zij c`v_i KYvi
gZv evqexq c`v_i KYvivI D nq mnRB vb cwieZbi gvag Zvc mvjb Ki| Zvgiv wK
KLbI kxZ Avbi cvk `uvwoqQ? kxZi mgq Mvg gvbyliv KvV ev Wvjcvjv Rj Avb cvnvq|
AvMybi cvk `uvovj Avgv`i wKQzUv Mig jvM| wKy Zzwg hw` Zvgvi nvZUv mveavb Avbi wVK Dci
bvI Zvnj `Le ewk Zvc jvMQ| KviY cwiPjb cwZZ evqyi KYv D nq Dcii w`K IV, cvk
Avm bv| ZvB Avbi cvki _K Dci Zvc ewk Abyf~Z nq|
Zvc wewKiY : m~h Zvci g~j Drm| m~h Avi cw_exi gvSLvb cvq meUzKzB dvuKv| Kvb evqexq c`v_I
bB| Zvnj m~h _K Zvc Kxfve Avgv`i KvQ Gm cQ? m~h _K Zvc Avm wewKiYi gvag|
hLvb Kvb Ro gvag bB mLvb Zvc wewKiYi gvag mvwjZ nq| Zvgiv Dcii kwYZ Rvbe h
Zvc GKiKgi Zi hv Kvb gvag QvovB D vb _K kxZj vb hZ cvi| wewKiYi mgq
Zvc ZivKvi mvwjZ nq| Avmj gvag _vKzK ev bv _vKzK, D e wewKiY cwZZ Zvc wbMZ
Ki|
wKQz c`v_ mnR Zvc wewKiY Ki, G`iK ej wewKiK| wewKiK c`v_ Zvc wewKiY Ki Vvv nq
hZ Pvq| wewKiK c`v_ Zvc kvlYI Ki| Avevi wKQz c`v_ Zvc kvlY Ki bq, Zv`iK ej
kvlK| kvlK Zvc kvlY Ki D nq| Zij cvwb, Rjxq ev, Kveb WvBAvBW, wg_b, KvuP, cvwK
Gme c`v_ Zvc kvlY Ki bq|
wevb 97

m~h Zvc wewKiY Ki, ZvB GK Avgiv wewKiK ejZ cvwi| cw_ex m~hi Zvc kvlY Ki D nq|
cw_exK kvlK ejZ cvwi| wKy cw_ex GKBmv_ wewKiK| ivZi ejvq D cw_ex Zvc wewKiY Ki
kxZj nq| Zvgiv Rjevqy cwieZb Aavq Rvbe evqygji Kveb WvBAvBW, Rjxq ev, wg_b Gme
Mvm wewKixZ Zvci kvlK wnme KvR Ki Avgv`i RxebK cfvweZ KiQ|

G Aavq Avgiv hv wkLjvg

Zvc njv GKaiYi kw hvi KviY Kvb wKQzK Vvv ev Mig jvM| Abw`K KZUzKz Vvv ev Mig
jvMQ Zvcgvv Zv cKvk Ki|
mvaviY KvR Zvcgvv cwigvci Rb cvi` _vgvwgUvi eenvi Kiv nq| Zvcgvvi `ywU j ewk
cPwjZ - mjwmqvm j I dvibnvBU j|
Zvc cqvM c`v_ mvaviYZt cmvwiZ nq| KwVb I Zij Kg cwigvb cmvwiZ nq, wKy evqexq
c`v_ Zvc ek cmvwiZ nq|
Zvcgvvi cwieZb evqyi Pvc I Av`Zvi cwieZb nq hv AvenvIqvi cwieZb f~wgKv ivL|
Zvc wZb cwqvq mvwjZ nq- cwienb, cwiPjb I wewKiYi gvag|

Abykxjbx
k~bvb c~iY Ki :
1. Zij I evqexq gvag Zvc cwqvq mvwjZ nq|
2. ^vfvweK Pvc h Zvcgvvq we cvwb dzU ev cwiYZ nq, mB ZvcgvvK
wiv ej|
3. mjwmqvg ji wbg wiv wWwM mjwmqvg|
4. dibnvBU j wbg wiv wWwM dvibnvBU|
5. Rjxq evi cwigvY Kg _vKj evqyi Kg _vK|

msw Di ck :
1. Zvc I Zvcgvvi ga cv_K Kx?
2. ij jvBbi cvZi mshvMj wKQzUv duvKv ivLv nq Kb?
3. Avbi cvk `uvovj hZUv Mig jvM, Avbi wVK Dci MvZ ivLj Zvi Pq AbK ewk Mig jvM|
G iKg nq Kb?
4. ivbv Kivi Mig nvwo Lvwj nvZ bv ai Kvcoi UzKiv w`q aiv nq Kb?
5. Zvcgvv evoj evqygji Pvc Kg hvq Kb?
98 ZvckIwYi
wbg Zvcgv
Rxe

1. KvbwU evqygj fvjv kvlK wnme KvR Ki?

K. bvBUvRb L. Rjxq ev M. AwRb N. a~wjKYv
2. Zvcgvvi ewk njv, GwU-
K. Abyfe Kiv hvq L. cwigvc hvM M. GKaibi kw N. ej cqvM euvav `q

wbPi QwewU fvjvfve j Ki Ges 3 I 4 b^i cki Di `vI:

3. 2 b^i wPi _vgvwgUvii-
i. wbgiv 32F ii. gwjK fvM 200F
iii. Da wiv 232F
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii
4. wP-1 I wP-2 Gi ZijK Zvcxq msk ivLj Kx NUe?
K. Zvci cevn wP 1 _K 2 Gi w`K ne L. Zvci cevn wP 2 _K 1 Gi w`K ne
M. Zvci cevn PjZB _vKe N. Dfqi Zvcgvv K Zvcgvvq cuQe
mRbkxj ck:
1. kviwgb 7g kwYZ co| GKw`b mvq m Ri Ri eva Kij| AZci Zvi evmvq iwZ mjwmqvm
_vgvwgUvi w`q Mvqi Zvcgvv gc `Lj 37 mjwmqvm| kviwgb dvibnvBU j Rii Zvcgvv
eySZ cvijI mUMW j G Zvcgvv eySZ cvij bv| ZvB wPwZ nq Wvvii KvQ Mj|
Wvvi dvibnvBU _vgvwgUvi w`q Zvcgvv gc ejj h Zvi Ri bB|
K. Zvcgvv Kx?
L. cvi` _vgvwgUvi cvi` eenvii myweav evLv Ki|
M. kviwgbi Mvqi Zvcgvv dvibnvBU j KZv wQj?
N. Wvvi Kb ejjb kviwgbi Ri bB Ges dvibnvBU I mwUMW ji mK Rvbv _vKj
kviwgbi Kx myweav nZv weklY Ki|
2. KvRj Aeqmi njI `bw`b Rxeb NU hvIqv bvbv NUbv m gbvhvM mnKvi cheY Ki|
GKw`b m fvZ ivbvi mgq cvwZji ey`ey`i avvq WvKbvwU co hZ `Ljv| Abw`K Zv`i
KvVi `iRvq MxKvj Kvbv duvKv bv _vKjI kxZKvj wKQz duvKv j Kij| DjwLZ `yUv NUbvB
ZvK fvweq Zzjj|
K. Kvb c`v_ Zvc mePq ewk cmvwiZ nq?
L. ijjvBbi mshvM j duvK ivLv nq Kb?
M. fvZ ivbvi mgq KvRji cheYKZ NUbvwUi KviY evLv Ki|
N. KvRji cheYKZ KvVi `iRvi kxZ I Mx Z AvPiYi KviY weklY Ki|
wevb 99

`kg Aavq
we`yr I Pz^ Ki NUbv
we`yr Avgv`i evwo, zj ev AwdmK AvjvwKZ KiQ| PvjvQ dvb, iwWI-Uwjwfkb, Bw, wnUvi,
gvUi, KwDUvi I Aviv AbK wKQz| we`yr Gi cvkvcvwk Pz^Ki eenviI Avgv`i `bw`b RxebK
mg KiQ| eZgvb Aavq Avgiv we`yr I Pz^K mwKZ wewfb welq wbq AvjvKcvZ Kie|
GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv-

PvRi ag evLv KiZ cvie|

cwievnx, Acwievnx I Aacwievnx evLv KiZ cvie|
wi we`yr mwi gvag PvRi ag c`kb KiZ cvie|
GKwU mij eZbx Zwi KiZ cvie|
wbZ eenvh hcvwZZ we`yrZi eenvi evLv KiZ cvie|
Pz^Ki ag c`kbi gag P^K I AP^K c`v_i ga cv_K KiZ cvie|
AP^K c`v_K P^K cwiYZ Kivi cwqv c`kb KiZ cvie|
e`ywZK P^K evLv KiZ cvie|
cw_exi P^K evLv KiZ cvie|
100 we`yr Iwbg
PzkwYi NUbv
^Ki Rxe

cvV - 1 I 2
Avavb ev PvRi Drcw
Avgiv Rvwb c`v_ KZjv z` z` KYvi mg^q MwVZ| hvi bvg cigvYy|
BjKUb, cvUb I wbDUbi mg^q cigvYy MwVZ| cigvYyi K` _vK
wbDwKqvm| hv cvUb I wbDUbi mg^q MwVZ| BjKUb GB wbDwKqvmi
Pvicvk c`wY Ki| cvUb abvZK (+) Avavbhy, BjKUb FYvZK (-)
Avavbhy Ges wbDUb nj wbic KYv|
wKy gRvi evcvi nj cigvYy wbR wKy wbic AvPiY Ki| cigvYy abvZK ev FYvZK KvbUvB bq|
cigvYyZ Kvb PvR _vK bv| Gi KviY Kx? KviY njv GKwU cigvYyZ h KqwU cvUb _vK mB KqwUB
BjKUb _vK| hvi dj cigvYy PvR ev Avavb wbic nq| wKy hLbB `yUv c`v_K NlY Kiv nq ZLb
GKwU c`v_i BjKUb Ab GKwU c`v_ Pj hZ cvi| dj GKwU c`v_ BjKUbi AvwaK `Lv
w`Z cvi| Gevi GKwU D`vniY `qv hvK| GKwU KvPi evZjK GKUzKiv wmi Kvco viv NlY Kiv
nj| GZ `Lv hve wmi Kvco KvP _K BjKUbK AvKlY Ki Zvi w`K wbq MQ| GZ evZjwU
abvZK Avavb hy Ges wmi KvcowU FYvZK Avavbhy nqQ| Zvnj GKUv ecvi GLvb h
NlYi dj bZzb Kvb Avavbi mw nq bv eis c`v_i ga we`gvb Avavb GK c`v_ _K Ab c`v_
Pj hvq|

Avavb ev PvRi ag
Avgiv GLb wbq eySZ cviwQ, Kxfve Avavbi Drcw nq| Gevi Avgiv `Lev GB Avavbjv (abvZK
I FYvZK) wKi~c ag c`kb Ki| Gi Rb Avgiv wbPi KvRjv Kiev|

KvR: PvRi ag Rvbv

cqvRbxq DcKiY: `ywU wPiwb, ckgx Kvco
cwZ: GKwU QvU cvwKi wPiwbK m~Zv w`q ea
GKwU Kbv
KvwVi gv_vq Szwjq `vI| GwU Ggbfve SzjZ ne hvZ
Avkcvk Kvb wKQz k bv Ki| Gevi AviKwU Kbv
KvwVi gv_vq Ab GKwU cvwKi wPiwb SzjvI hvZ GUv
gyfve SzjZ _vK| Gevi Dfq wPiywbK wKQzY ckgx
Kvco w`q Nl| GLb wPiwb `ywUK KvQvKvwQ Avb| wK j
KiQ? wPiwb `ywU ciiK weKlY KiQ| Gevi ckgx
KvcowU wPiywbi KvQ Gb `L GwU wPiywbi KvQ Pj Avme| wP : PvRi ag Rvbv
wevb 101

KvR: PvRi agi c`kb

cqvRbxq DcKiY: `ywU ejyb, myZv, Dji Kvco A_ev Mvqi mvqUvi, KvMRi UzKiv

wP : PvRi agi c`kb

cwZ: `ywU ejybK dzwjq myZv w`q fvjfve ea bvI| Gevi GKwU ejybK Dji Kvco ev Mvqi
mvqUvi w`q Nl KvMRi UzKivi KvQ aij `Lv hve ejyb KvMRi UzKivjv KvQ Ub wbQ|
cybivq wZxq ejybwUK Dji Kvco ev Mvqi mvqUvii mv_ Pc aij `Lv hve ejybwU Kvcoi
Mvq jM AvQ| Gi KviY Kx? KviY NlYi dj Dji Kvco I ejyb wecixZ agx Avavbi mw
nqQ| Gevi hLb wZxq ejybK c_g ejybi KvQ bIqv ne ZLb wK `Le? `Le h wPi bvq
`ywU ejyb cii _K `~i mi hvQ| KviY NlYi dj `ywU ejybB GKB aiYi Avavbi mw
nqQ|
Dciv KvRjv _K Zzwg wK Kvbv wmv wbZ cviv? nuv Gi _K `ywU wmv bIqv hvq;
K) mgagx Avavb ciiK weKlY Ki (`ywU ejyb A_ev `ywU wPiywbi )|
L) wecixZ Avavb ciiK AvKlY Ki (Dji Kvco I ejyb)

cvV - 3
PvRi AwZ
Gevi Avgiv GKwU mnR KvRi gvag PvRi AwZi cgvY Kiev|
KvR: PvRi AwZi cgvY
cqvRbxq DcKiY: GKwU cvwKi wPiywb, Leii KvMRi
UzKiv|
cwZ: GKwU Leii KvMRi wKQy Ask KU QvU QvU
UzKiv Ki| Gevi KvMRi UzKivjvK Uweji Dci
Qwoq `vI| Gevi ejZ cvie GKwU cvwKi wPiywbK
Leii KvMRi UzKivjvi KvQ Avbj wK NUe? Gevi
wPiywbK ckg ev Dji Kvco (GgbwK Zvgvi Kbv PzjI
Nl `LZ cvi) w`q Nl Avevi KvMRi UzKivi mvgb awi| ejZ cvie wK NUe Ges
Kb? `Le KvMRi UzKivjv jvwdq wPiywbi KvQ Pj Avme| GLvb cvwKi wPi~wb NlYi dj
ckg ev Dji Kvcoi cigvYy _K BjKUb MnY Ki wbR abvZK PvwRZ nqQ hvi dj mnRB
KvMRi UzKivjvK AvKlY KiZ cviQ| KviY FYvZK PvR PvwRZ wPiwbwU KvMRi UzKivi KvQ
Avmvi dj GwU KvMRi UzKivi Dcii cv _K BjKUbjvK Dcii w`K AvKlb KiQ| wPiwb
G KvMRi FYvZK cvK AvKlY KiQ hvi dj KvMRi UzKivjv Dci DV wPiwbi KvQ
AvmQ|GwU nj wi we`yr|
102 we`yr Iwbg
PzkwYi NUbv
^Ki Rxe

cvV 4 : cwievnx, Acwievnx I Aa-cwievnx

Avgiv cwievnx I Acwievnx k `ywUi mv_ cwiwPZ| cwievnx c`v_i BjKUbmg~n GK cigvYy _K Ab
cigvYyZ mnRB PjvPj KiZ cvi| hgb avZz, wekl Ki, wmjfvi, Kcvi, Avjywgwbqvg Kveb AavZz
njI Gi GKwU i~c MvdvBU we`yr mycwievnx|
Acwievnx c`v_i Gi cigvYyi BjKUb mnR PjvPj KiZ cvi bv| Ze Acwievwn c`v_K Nl
AvwnZ Kiv hvq| GQvov hw` BjKUb MwnZ ev ewRZ nq ZvnjI Acwievnx c`v_ Avavbhy nq| hgb:
cvwK, Mvm I ivevi|
wbg Zvcgvvq Aacwievnx c`v_ Acwievnxi gZ AvPiY Ki| Zvcgvv evovj GwU cwievnxi gZ AvPiY
Ki| mvaviYZ Aacwievnx c`v_ nj KwVb Ze wKQz Zij c`v_I iqQ hviv Aacwievwn| wmwjKb,
Rvgwbqvg, Mvwjqvg BZvw` Aacwievnx c`v_i D`vniY|

KvR: cwievwn I Acwievwn e kbvKiY

cqvRbxq DcKiY: cvwKi wPiywb, jvnv, mvbv-i~cvi Zwi
e, KuvP, KvV, cvwK, QvU KvMRi UzKiv
cwZ: c_g GKwU Dji Kvcoviv wPiywbwUK NlY Kwi| `Lv
hve wPiywbwU QvU KvMRi UzKivK AvKlY KiQ| Gevi wPiywbwU
jvnvi mv_ NlY KivI Ges cybivq KvMRi KvQ Avbj `Lv
hve wPiywbwU Avi KvMRi UzKivK AvKlY KiQ bv| KviY jvnv
we`yr cwievnx ej wPiwb _K BjKUb jvnvZ vbvwiZ nqQ| Avevi, cybivq Dji Kvco w`q
NlY Kij `Le GwU cybivq KvMiR UzKivK AvKlY KiQ| Gevi G Aevq GwUK GKwU KuvPi
mv_ k Kwiq cybivq KvMRi UzKivi KvQ Avbj `Lv hve GwU KvMRi UzKivK AvKlY KiQ|
KviY KuvP we`yr Acwievnx nIqvq wPiwbi BjKUb mg~n vbvwiZ nZ cvi bvB| Gfve Ni AewZ
wewfb eK k Kwiq eySv hve KvbwU we`yr cwievwn Ges KvbwU Acwievwn|

cvV 5 : wi we`yr nZ Pj we`yr mw

c~ei cixvi mvnvh Avgiv `LwQ, cvwKi wPiywbK Dji Kvco w`q Nl Ki QvU KvMRi UzKivi
mvgb aij GwU KvMRi UzKivK AvKlY Ki| Gici nvZ w`q wPiwbwU k Kij `Lv hve wPiywbwU
Avi QvU KvMRi UzKivK AvKlY KiQ bv| Gi _K wK evSv hvq? evSv hvq h, wPiywbZ Drcb wi
we`yr bB| GB wi we`yr Kv_vq Mj? nvZi ga w`q cevwnZ nq IB we`yr wPiywb _K gvwUZ Pj
MQ| Gfve h we`yr Kvb c`v_i ga w`q cevwnZ nq GK vb _K Ab vb ev GK e _K
Ab eZ Pj hvq Zv nj Pj we`yr|
GLvb gb ivLv cqvRb h, NlYi dj Kvb eZ GKwU wbw` I mvgvb cwigvY we`yr ev Avavb
Drcb nq| nvZ ev avZe c`v_ w`q k Kij GB Avavb mv_ mv_ gvwUZ Pj hvq| Avavb dzwiq
hvevi dj we`yr cevn e nq hvq| myZivs Gfve ay wKQzYi Rb we`yr cevn mw nq| we`yr cevn
eRvq ivLvi Rb Kvb Drm _K Aweivg we`yr mieivn _vKZ nq| G welq Avgiv cieZxZ AviI
AwaK aviYv cve|
wevb 103

cvV 6 : mij eZbx I Gi eenvi

gvbyli Pjvi Rb hgb c_i cqvRb, we`yr cevni RbI cqvRb wbw` c_| we`yr cevn Pjvi GB
wbw` c_K eZbx ej| mvaviYZ we`yr Drmi abvZK cv _K FYvZK cv we`yr cevni Rb
m~Y c_K we`yr eZbx ej| mvaviYZ GB eZbxZ evj, evUvwi, Zvii mvnvh mshy _vK| Gjv
hLb hy nq eZbx Zwi nq| wbPi wP GKwU mij eZbx `Lvbv njv|

cvV - 7 I 8
wi I Pj we`yrZi eenvi
we`yr cevn viv Avjv I Zvc Drcv`b Kiv hvq| GgbwK Gi viv hvwK KvR Ki wewfb KvR mb Kiv
hvq| Gevi Avgiv D`vniY wnmve e`ywZK evj, UP jvBU, Bw, wnUvi, e`ywZK cvLv I dUvKwc
gwkb wKfve we`yr eenvi nq Zvi mv_ cwiwPZ nev|
e`ywZK evj
Avgiv mevB GB evji mv_ cwiwPZ| `yBwU gvUv Zvi GKwU evqy k~b ev wbwq
Mvm c~Y evji evqy wbi gyLi ga w`q wfZi cek Kivbv _vK| evji wfZi
Zvii `yB cvi mv_ mi Uvsbi Zvii Kzjx mshy _vK| GwUK wdjvgU
ej| GB evjK we`yr Drmi mv_ mshvM Kij wdjvgU cPzi Zvc Drcv`b Ki
Ges evji GB wdjvgU cwjZ nq Avjv wewKiY KiZ _vK|
UP jvBU
Avgiv mevB UP jvBUi mv_ cwiwPZ| UP jvBU g~jZ evUvwii mv_ QvU
GKwU evj _vK| myBP wUcj evj Rj| GB evj&ei AvjvK Qwoq `evi
Rb mvgb GKwU KuvP eenvi Kiv nq| G UPi evUvwiZ wi
we`yr _vK| myBP `Iqvi ci Zv Pj we`yZ i~cvwiZ nq|

e`ywZK cvLv
e`ywZK cvLvZ we`yr cevnK eenvi Kiv g~jZ hvwK KvR Kivi Rb|
GZ g~jZ we`yr kwK hvwK kwZ i~cvi Ki cvLvK Nyivbv nq|
GZ cvLvi MwZK wbqY Kivi Rb GKwU ijUi eenvi Kiv nq|
104 we`yr Iwbg
PzkwYi NUbv
^Ki Rxe

e`ywZK wnUvi
Avgiv AbKB e`ywZK wnUvii mv_ cwiwPZ| wnUvii ga Acwievnx c`v_i GKwU Mvj PvKwZ
_vK| PvKwZZ bvBvg Zvii Kzjx mvwRq ivLv nq| we`yr cevn Pvjbv Kij ZviwU Mig nq Ges
D nq Zvc wewKiY Ki| Avgv`i evmv evwoZ e`ywZK wnUvi Pvwjq ivbv Kiv nq|

e`ywZK Bw
e`ywZK wnUvii gZB Bwi MVb cYvjx GKB| G bvBvg ZviwU
Bwi wbPi gmb jn wbwgZ ZjwUK D Ki| G Zvc Drcv`b we`yr
cevni Ici wbfikxj | cevn ewk nj Bw ewk D nq|

dUvKwc gwkb
Zvgiv BZvga ejybK mvqUvi w`q Avavbhy Kiv `LQv| dUvKwc
gwkbI wKy cvq GKB aibi NUbv NU _vK| Gi wfZi g~jZ _vK
GKwU Wvg Ges GKwU Uvbvi| c_g WvgwUK AvwnZ ev PvwRZ Kiv nq|
PvwRZ nIqvi ci GwU GK aiYi AvKlbi gvag Uvbvii KYvK
AvKlY Ki| dj dUvKwc gwkb Kvb Kvjv jLvi KvMRK AweKj
Ki Kwc Ki djZ cvi|

cvV - 9 I 10 : Pz^K Kx?

Gwkqv gvBbi gvMbwkqv bvgK c`k gvMbvm bvg ivLvj evjK evm KiZ| m mviv w`b gvV gvV gl
PovZ I mvejv evwo wdiZ| GKw`b evwo divi mgq gvMbvm Zvi jvwVwU gvwU _K ZzjZ wMq `Lj
jvwVwU DVvbv hvQ bv& jvwVi gv_v GKwU cv_ii mv_ AvUK AvQ| m j Ki `Ljv jvwVi gv_vq
jvnvwUK cv_iwU Ub ai AvQ| A_vr gvMbvm `Lj jvnv GB APbv cv_iwUK AvKlY KiQ|
gvMbvmi bvgvbymvi GB cv_ii bvg Kiv nj gvMbU| gvMbUi evsjv cwZk nj Pz^K| Avgiv GI
`LZ cjvg Pz^Ki jvnvK AvKlY Kivi gZv AvQ| AvKlY GK cKvi ej| ej w`q KvR Kiv hvq|
AZGe, Pz^Ki KvR Kivi mvg_ AvQ| myZivs Pz^K GK cKvi kw|

Pz^Ki ag
KvR: Pz^Ki ag
cqvRbxq DcKiY: mv`v KvMR, jvnvi ov, Avjwcb, GKwU `
Pz^K|
cwZ: Uweji Ici GKwU mv`v KvMR wKQz jvnvi uov Nb
Ki wQwUq `vI| jvnvi uov ev Avjwcbi Dci Gevi `
Pz^KwUK KqKevi bvovPvov Ki DwVq dj| Kx `LZ
cvQ| `Lv hvQ, jvnvi uov ev wcb, Pz^Ki Mvq jM AvQ|
wevb 105

fvjfve j Kij `LZ cve jvnvi uov ev wcb ewki fvMB Pz^KwUi Kejgv `yB cv AvUK
AvQ| cv _K hZB gvSi w`K hvIqv hve ZZB jvnvi uov ev wcbi cwigvY KgZ _vK| nqZv
gvSLvb Kvb wcb ev jvnvi uovK `LQv bv| Gi _K eySv hvq Pz^Ki AvKlY gZv `yB cv
mePq ewk| g~jZ: GB `ywUB we`yB nj Pz^Ki wfb `ywU gi|
Gevi `ywU GKB RvZxq ` Pz^KK
ciii KvQvKvwQ Avb| Zzwg Rvb bv KvbUv
Kvb gi| Zv`iK c_g GKwU m~Zv w`q
gvSLvb ea gyfve Szwjq `vI| wK
`LQ? Pz^KwU gyfve Szj Aevq
Di-`wY w`K Ki wi nq AvQ|
Pz^KwUK GKBfve Szwjq `vI| `Le
GKBfve &Pz^KwUI gyfve Di-`wY
w`K Ki wi nq Avme| Gi _K Avgiv
wmv wbZ cvwi h, gyfve Szj Pz^K me`v Di-`wY gyLx nq wi _vK|
Gevi Avgiv ` Pz^K `ywUK N ev S viv gi wPwZ Kwi| Gevi c_g Pz^KwUi Di giK wZxq
Pz^Ki Di gii KvQ Avbv| Kx `LQ? weKlY KiQ| GKBfve c_g Pz^KwU `wY gi wZxq
Pz^Ki `wY gii KvQvKvwQ Avbv| GKB NUbv NUQ? nuv weKlY KiQ| Gi _K Avgiv wmv wbZ
cvwi h, `ywU mggi ciiK weKlY Ki|
Gevi c_g Pz^Ki Di giK wZxq Pz^Ki `wY gii KvQ Avb| Kx `LQ? GKBfve wZxq
Pz^Ki Di giK c_g Pz^Ki `wY gii KvQ Avb| Giv ciiK Lye mnRB KvQ Ub
wbqQ? GUv _K Avgiv wmv wbZ cvi h, Pz^Ki wecixZ gi ciiK AvKlY Ki| myZivs
Pz^Ki mggi ciiK weKlY Ki Pz^Ki wecixZ gi ciiK AvKlY Ki|

cvV - 11 :
P^K I AP^K c`v_
Pz^K Kx mKj c`v_KB AvKlY Kie? bv, Pz^K mKj c`v_K AvKlY Ki bv| Pz^K cavbZ jvnv,
wbKj, Kvev Ges AwaKvsk xjK AvKlY Ki| GB c`v_jvK P^K c`v_ ej| Avevi AbK
c`v_K Pz^K AvKlY Ki bv hgb: Kcvi, Avjywgwbqvg, wcZj, ^Y, wmjfvi, cvi` BZvw`| Giv njv
AP^K c`v_|
106 we`yr Iwbg kwYiNUbv
Pz^Ki Rxe

KvR: P^K I AP^K c`v_ wPwZKiY

cqvRbxq DcKiY: GKwU Pz^K I wbRMni wewfb e
cwZ: Pz^KwU Avjv`v Avjv`vfve cZKwU ei mvgb ai| `L KvbwUK Pz^K AvKlY Ki
KvbwUK Ki bv| Gevi wbPi QKwU c~iY Ki|
Mni wewfb ei bvg Pz^K AvKlY Ki Kxbv Kvb aibi c`v_?

cvV - 12 I 13
P^K c`v_K Py^K i~cvi
Kwg Dcvq wewfbfve Pz^K cZ Kiv hvq| wbg NlY cwZ I e`ywZK cwZ AvjvPbv Kiv njv|

NlY cwZ
GB cixvwUi Rb `iKvi GKwU ` Pz^K I GKwU jvnvi
`| ` Pz^KwU h Kvb GKwU gi viv jvnvi `i GK
cv _K Ab cv ch Nl bvI| Gfve evi evi
KiZ _vKzb| GKwU wcbK jvnvi `i KvQ k Kij
GUv Kx wcbK AvKlY KiQ? GfveB NlY cwqvq jvnvi
` Pz^K cwiYZ Kiv nq| hw` Pz^KwUi Di gi viv
NlY Kiv nq Ze `Lv hve, c_g h cv _K NlY i
ne `i mLvb Di gi Ges kl cv `wY gii
mw nqQ|

e`ywZK cwZ
GKwU jvnvi ciK bvI| Gevi evRvi wKbZ cvIqv hvq Ggb
mvaviY e`ywZK Zvi w`q jvnvi ciK cuwPq Kzjx Zwi
Kiv| Gevi Zvi `yB cvK GKwU evUvwii `yB cv hy Kib|
Gevi GKwU Avjwcb ciKi h Kvb cv Avbj `Lv hve
ciKwU AvjwcbK AvKlY KiQ| Zwor cevn e Kij ciKwU
AvjwcbK AvKlY Ki bv| GUv _K wmv bIqv hvq, ciKwU
Avqx Pz^K cwiYZ nqQ| Gi gvv wbfi Kie cevwnZ evUvii we`yr cevni Dci|
wevb 107

cw_exi P^K
GKwU ` Pz^KK myZvi mvnvh Szwjq w`j wi Aevq Zv me mgqB Di `wY gyL Ki _vK|
cw_exi Pz^KZi RbB G iKg nq| GKwU MvjKi ga GKwU ` Pz^K ivLj hgb AvPiY `Lv hvq
cw_exi P^K AvPiYI m iKg| cw_exi me RvqMvZB f~-Pz^Ki cfve eZgvb| Szj Aevq `
Pz^Ki `yB gi cw_exi `yB P^K giK wb`k Ki| GLvb ` Pz^Ki Di gi Di w`KK
wb`k Ki| wKy GKwU Di gi me`v `wY giK AvKlY Ki| dj f~-Pz^Ki `wY gi Avmj
Di gi wnmve KvR Ki|

GB Aavq kLv bZzb k

PvR, wi we`yr I Pj we`yr, cwievnx, Acwievnx I Aacwievnx, mij eZbx, P^K c`v_, AP^K
c`v_ I f~-Pz^K
GB Aavq hv wkLjvg
NlYi dj bZzb Kvb Avavbi mw nq bv eis c`v_i ga we`gvb Avavb GK e _K
Ab eZ vbvwiZ nq|
mgagx Avavb ciiK weKlY Ki I wecixZagx Avavb ciiK AvKlYKi |
we`yr cevn eRvq ivLvi Rb Kvb Drm _K Aweivg we`yr mieivn _vKZ nq|
GKwU mij eZbxZ we`yr mKj Ask mgfve cevwnZ nq |
Pz^Ki `yB gii AvKlY gZv ewk |
Pz^Ki mggi ciiK weKlY Ki Ges Pz^Ki wecixZ gi ciiK AvKlY Ki|
GKwU ` Pz^KK myZvi mvnvh Szwjq w`j wi Aevq Zv me mgqB Di `wY gyLx nq
_vK| cw_exi Pz^KZi RbB G iKg nq

Abykxjbx

k~bvb c~iY Ki :
1. wbDwKqvmi Pvicvk c`wY Ki|

2. Aacwievnx c`v_ wbg Zvcgvvq mvaviYZ gZ AvPiY Ki|

3. GKwU MvjKi ga GKwU ivLj hgb AvPiY `Lv hvq cw_exi AvPiY
I m iKg|
108 we`yr Iwbg
PzkwYi NUbv
^Ki Rxe

msw Di ck :
1. Avavbi Drcw nq Kxfve?
2. e`ywZK evj Kxfve Avjv Qovq?
3. P^K c`v_K Kxfve Pz^K i~cvi Kiv hvq?
ewbevPwb ck:
1. e`ywZK cvLvq ijUi eenvii Dk njv-
K. cvLvi Avqyvj ew L. k Kgvbv
M. MwZ wbqY N. we`yr LiP Kgvbv
2. P^K agi Dci wfw Ki wbPi Kvb gjmg~n GKB `jfz?
K. wbKj, wmjfvi, Kcvi L. ^Y, Kvev, wmjfvi
M. Kvev, jvnv, wbKj N. jvnv, cvi`, Avjywgwbqvg
wbPi wP `yUv fvjvfve j Ki Ges 3 I 4 b^i cki Reve `vI|

n wbDUb

p cvUb

BjKUb

wP- A wP- B

3. A wPi ewk njv- GwU

i. PvR wbic ii. abvZK PvRhy iii. PvRi fvimvgnxb
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. ii M. iii N. ii I iii

4. A I B wPi -
K. A FbvZK PvRhy L. B abvZK PvRhy
M. A I B Gi ga AvKlY nq N. A I B Gi ga weKlY nq
wevb 109

mRbkxj ck:
1. mvwgnvi wbKU GKwU `Pz^K AvQ| m NlY cwqvq GKwU Pz^K I e`ywZK cwZZ AviKwU
Pz^K Zwi Kij|
K. P^K c`v_ KvK ej?
L. cw_ex GKwU weivU Pz^K evLv Ki|
M. 1g Pz^K Zwii Kkj eYbv Ki|
N. 2q cKvii Pz^KwU kwkvjx njI Yvqx- DwwU weklY Ki|

2.

(1) (2)
K. wi Zwor KvK ej?
L. avZz we`yr cwievnx nq Kb? evLv Ki|
M. 1 b^i wPi hi Kvhvewj eYbv Ki|
N. 2 b^i wP `yB aibi we`yZi DcwwZ jbxq| DjLc~eK weklY Ki|
110 wbg kwYi Rxe

GKv`k Aavq

cvwicvwkK cwieZb I wewfb NUbv

Avgv`i Pvicvk cwZ gyZ bvbv iKg cwieZb NU hvQ| G`i Kvb KvbwU Avgv`i Rxeb aviYi
Rb AZvekKxq Avevi Kvb KvbwU nqZ bvbvwea wZi KviYI nZ cvi| cKwZZ NUv G mKj bvbvb
NUbvi gvag wewfb c`v_i fZ I ivmvqwbK cwieZb mvwaZ nq|

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv

cKwZZ msMwVZ wewfb NUbvi fZ I ivmvqwbK cwieZb evLv KiZ cvie|
avZz msiYi cqvRbxqZv Dcjw Kie|
ivmvqwbK wqv Ges cwieZbi wKQy eenvwiK cqvM `LvZ cvie|
`jMZ KvR mncvwV`i ee bev, mwq Ask MnY Kiev Ges wmv MnY mnhvwMZv
Kie|
cixY Kvhg cqvRbxq wbivcvg~jK eev MnY mPZb _vKev Ges Ab`i mPZb Kie|
cixY Kvhg eeZ hcvwZ mwVK eenvi mg ne|
wevb 111

cvV 1: Mjb I zUb

KvR: GKwU QvU cv wKQy eidi UzKiv iL wKQyY Acv
Ki| wK NUQ? eid axi axi Mj cvwbZ cwiYZ nQ| AvQv
ejZ cvwb I eid wK GKB c`v_ bv wfb wfb c`v_? cvwb I eid
GKB c`v_, Giv wfb wfb c`v_ bq| G`i Aev ay wfb|
hLb cvwbi AvKvi AvQ, GwU Zij Aev Avi hLb eid AvKvi
AvQ, GwU njv KwVb Aev| wP : eidmn Mvm

c`v_K KwVb _K Zij Ges Zij _K Mvmxq Aevq cwiYZ Kivi mgq Zvci kvlY nq, Avevi
Mvmxq _K Zij I Zij _K KwVb i~cvii mgq Zvci wbMgb NU|
eid Mj cvwb nIqvi GB cwieZb hLvb ay Aevi cwieZb nqQ, ZvK fZ cwieZb ejv nq|
cvwbZ Zvc w`j wK nq? cvwbi Zvcgvv evoZ _vK Ges GK chvq cvwb dzUZ _vK| Zvnj cvwbi
zUb wK fZ cwieZb? nv, AekB GwU GKwU fZ cwieZb, KviY Gi dj cvwb Kejgv Zij
Aev _K ev ev Mvmxq Aevq cwiYZ nQ, GwU bZzb Kvb c`v_ cwiYZ nQ bv Ges Gi agi
Kvb cwieZb NUQ bv|
Avevi GKwU eo KvMR KU hw` Avgiv KqKwU QvU QvU
UzKivq cwiYZ Kwi, Zvnj GB cwieZb wK fZ cwieZb
eje? nv, GwUKI fZ cwieZb eje, KviY Gi dj KvMRi
AvKvi ay QvU nqQ wKy GwU GKB c`v_B iq MQ Ges Gi
agi KvbB cwieZb nqwb|
wP : eo KvMR I KvMRi UzKiv
Zvnj h mKj cwieZbi dj mswk c`v_i Aevi
ev AvKvi AvKwZi cwieZb NU wKy bZzb c`v_i mw nqbv I
c`v_i agi Kvb cwieZb nqbv, Zv`iK fZ cwieZb ejv nq|

cvV 2: avZzi q
jvnvi Zwi iW Zvgiv mevB Pb| jvnvi iW, wKQyw`b evBi dj ivLj Gi Dci gwiPv co I iW
Av Av q nq hvq| Zvgiv wK Rvb gwiPv Avmj wK Ges wKfve GwU Zwi nq?
KvR : GKwU cvi AaK cwigvY cvwb bvI| ciKwU mveavb Av Ki cvi cvwbZ WyevI|
cvwU `y-wZb w`bi Rb iL `vI| ciKwUZ Kvb cwieZb `LZ cvQ? nv, ciKi DcwifvM
gwiPv coQ|
jvnvi GB h, cwieZb njv A_vr gwiPv coj GwU wK aibi cwieZb? GwU wK fZ cwieZb? GLvb
jvnv evZvmi AwRb I cvwbi mv_ wewqv Ki cvwbhy dwiK AvBW ( Fe2 O3 .3H 2 0 ) Zwi Ki|
GB cvwbhy dwiK AvBWB njv gwiPv| Zvnj `Lv hvQ jvnv cwiewZZ nq wfb c`v_ dwiK
AvBW cwiYZ nqQ hvi ag jvnvi _K m~Y wfb|
112 cwieZbwbg
cvwicvwkK kwYi NUbv
I wewfb Rxe

GB mKj cwieZb hLvb GK GKvwaK c`v_ cwiewZZ nq wfb agx bZzb c`v_ cwiYZ nq Zv`iK
ivmvqwbK cwieZb ej|
gwiPvZ GKUz Nlv jvMjB GwU Lm co hvq| A_vr gwiPv covi dj jvnvi q nq|
jvnvi gZv Abvb avZe c`v_I (hgb Gjywgwbqvg I Zvgv) evZvm iL w`j q nZ cvi| Ze wKQy
wKQy avZe c`v_ hgb- mvbv, cvwUbvg Gjv Lvjv evZvm ivLjI q nq bv| m KviY Giv Mnbv ev
KLb KLbI gy`v ZwiZ eeZ nq|

cvV 3 : Bbjm xj
AvQv Zvgiv wK Rvb Bbjm xj wK Ges GZ gwiPv co wKbv?
jvnvi mv_ Kveb, wbKj I vwgqvg wgkvj Bbjm xj Zwi nq| GwU g~jZt GK aibi wgkY|
Bbjm xj jvnvi Pq AbK b gReyZ I k nq| Avi gRvi evcvi njv GZ jvnvi gZv
gwiPvI cobv| Gevi cixv Ki Zv `Lv hvK|

KvR: GKwU cvi `yB-ZZxqvsk cvwb wbq ZvZ Bbjm

xji GKwU PvgP weKvii cvwbZ WyevI I KqKw`b iL
`vI| PvgP wK gwiPv coQ? bv, cowb, KviY Bbjm
xj jvnv _vKjI Gi ag we jvnv _K Avjv`v ej GwU
AwRb I cvwbi mv_ wewqv Ki gwiPv Zwi KiZ cvi bv| wP : PvgP I cvwbi cv

Zvgiv evmv evwoZ avZe c`v_ w`q Zwi bvbv iKg wRwbmci ZvwjKv evbvI I `L G`i ga
Kvbjv axi axi q nq hvQ Avi Kvbjv q nq hvQ bv| Kb GgbwU nQ ZvI wPv Ki|
avZe c`v_mg~n gvMZ q nZ _vKj GK chvq Zv eenvii AbychvMx nq coe| wKy hw` Avgiv G
mKj avZe c`v_ eenvi mP nB Ges G`iK hbZb fve eenvi bv Ki h_vcvhvfve eenvi
Kwi Zvnj wKy GB q iva Kiv hZ cvi| hgb ai jvnvi Zwi wRwbmc h_v- nvZzwo, ciK,
BZvw` cvwb _K `~i ev h_v me Kbv RvqMvq ivLZ cvwi| Avevi AbK mgq G`iK Zj ev MxR
wfwRq ivLjI gwiPv cov ev q nIqv _K iv Kiv hvq|
GLb ck nZ cvi h mKj avZe c`v_ q nq Zv`i q wKfve iva Kiv hvq?
avZzi qiva Kivi KqKwU Dcvq njv MvjfvbvBwRs, cBwUs I BjKUvcwUs| GLb Avgiv G`i
mK Rb bB|
MvjfvbvBwRs : Avgv`i `bw`b Rxebi wewfb KvR Avgiv wRsK ev `v eenvi Ki _vwK| Gi ga
AbZg njv MvjfvbvBwRs| jvnvi Zwi `emvgMxi Dci `vi cvZjv Avib `qvK MvjfvbvBRkb
ej| MvjfvbvBwRs Gi dj wRsK evZvmi AwRbi mv_ wewqv Ki wRsK AvBWi Aveib Zwi
Ki hv jvnvK evZvmi AwRb I cvwb _K iv Ki| dj gwiPv coZ cvi bv| jvnvi qI nq
bv| `vi e`j wUb w`qI AbK mgq AveiY w`q avZe c`v_K q nZ iv Kiv hvq|
wevb 113

cBwUs : cBwUs ev is KiI avZe c`v_mg~ni q iva Kiv hvq| evmvi iwdRviUi, Avjgvwi, Mvwo,
xji Avmevec GmeB is Kiv nq cBU w`q G`i qiva Kiv Rb| GB cBU mgqi mv_ mv_
b nq hZ cvi| m hZ `yZ me Avevi c~bivq cBwUs Ki bqv fvj|
BjKUvcwUs: BjKUvcwUs njv Zwor weklYi mvnvh GKwU avZzi Dci AviKwU avZzi cvZjv
AveiY Zwii cwqv| GB cwqvq mvavibZ wbKj, vwgqvg, wUb, wmjfvi I mvbv w`q Aveib Zwi
Kiv nq| GZ GKw`K hgb avZzi q iva Kiv hvq Abw`K Zgwb AvKlYxq I PKPK nq| Lvevii
KUv, mvBKj Gjvi jvnv ev wji Dci wUbi BjKUvcwUs Kiv nq|

cvV 4: `nb
KvR : 1wU w`qvkjvB KvwV w`q gvgevwZ RvjvI| fvjfve j Ki
wK NUQ? gvgevwZi GKUz Ask Avb cyo hvQ Ges Aci AskwU
Mj gvgevwZi Mv eq bxPi w`K bvgQ Ges Rg hvQ| h Ask
cyo hvQ GwU wK aibi cwieZb? Avevi h Ask Mj bxPi w`K
co Rg hvQ mUvB ev wK aibi cwieZb?
wP : gvgevwZi `nb
gvgi GKwU Ask Mj mjZi gaw`q wMq Avb cyo hvQ| mLvb gvgevwZ evZvmi AwRbi
mv_ wewqv Ki KvebWvBAvBW I cvwbZ cwiYZ nQ Ges mv_ mv_ Avjv I Zvc kw Drcb KiQ|
Drcb KvebWvBAvBW eYnxb ej Ges cvwb eYnxb I evxf~Z nq hvq ej Avgiv G`iK `LZ cvB
bv| Zvnj gvgevwZi GB cwieZb AekB ivmvqwbK cwieZb| KviY Gi dj gvgevwZi gvg m~Y wfb
agx bZzb c`v_ KvebWvBAvBW I cvwbZ cwiYZ nQ| Abw`K h AskwU Mj bxP co Rg hvQ
mwU wK ivmvqwbK cwieZb bq, fZ cwieZb, KviY GLvb Zvc gvg Mj Avevi AvMi AevqB
wdi GmQ Ges GZ Gi agi KvbB cwieZb nqwb|
gvgi GB ivmvqwbK cwieZb hLvb GwU evZvmi AwRbi mv_ wewqv Ki Zvc kw Drcb KiQ
GwUK ejv nq `nb|
Avgiv evmv evwoZ Pzjvq cvKwZK Mvm cywoq ev Lwo w`q h ivbv Kwi mwUI wKy GK aibi `nb
cwqv| GLvb Mvm ev Lwo evZvmi AwRbi mv_ wewqv Ki cPzi Zvc kw Drcb Ki hv w`q
Avgiv Lvevi ivbv Kwi| GKBfve Kqjv ev KvV cvovbvI `nb Qvov wKQyB bq|
Zvgiv wK Rvb Avgv`i Lvevi wKfve nRg nq ev Avgiv h bvbv iKg KvR Kwi Zvi Rb GZ kw Kv_v
_K Ges wKfve cvB?
Avgiv h bvbv iKg Lv` LvB Zv cvKjxZ wMq Rgv nq| mLvb GwU wb:kvmi mv_ MnY Kiv
AwRbi mv_ bvbv iKg GbRvBgi DcwwZZ wewqv Ki cPzi Zvc kw Drcb Ki| GB
ZvckwK KvR jvwMqB Avgiv bvbv iKg KvR Kwi| hw` Zvckw Drcb bv nZv, Zvnj Avgiv kwI
cZvg bv, Kvb KvRI KiZ cviZvg bv| Zvnj h, h cwqvq Avgiv Lvevi _K kw cvB, mwU
GK aibi `nb cwqv|
114 cwieZbwbg
cvwicvwkK kwYi NUbv
I wewfb Rxe

Avgiv hw` `xN mgq Lvevi bv LvB Zvnj wK NU? Avgiv kwI cvB bv| KvRI KiZ cvwi bv| KviY Lvevi bv
Lj cvKjxZ `nb e nq hvq| dj Zvckw Drcv`bI _g hvq Avi AvgivI Kvb kw cvB bv|
mKj `nb cwqvB ivmvqwbK cwieZb|

cvV 5-6 : mvjvKmsklY, cvwb P, Kveb P I AwvRb P

mvjvKmsklY : Zvgiv Rvb h, mvjvKmsklYi gvag MvQcvjv m~hi Avjvi mvnvh wbR`i Lvevi
Zwi Ki| wKfve GwU NU Zv wK Zvgiv Rvb? GwU fZ bv ivmvqwbK cwieZb? mvjvKmsklY MvQcvjv
Avjvi mvnvh evZvm _vKv KvebWvBAvBW I cvwbi (Rjxq ev) ga wewqv NwUq MyKvR I AwRb
Zwi Ki| Drcb MyKvR MvQcvjvi eo DVvi KvR jvM Avi AwRb Avgv`i wbtkvmi KvR jvM|

Avjv
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Kvivwdj
Kveb WvB AmvBW + cvwb MyKvR + AwRb
Zvnj `Lv hvQ h, mvjvKmsklb Drcb c`v_ A_vr MyKvR I AwRb, wewqK c`v_ KvebWvBAvBW
I cvwb _K m~Y Avjv`v I wfbagx| m KviY GwU GKwU ivmvqwbK cwieZb, fZ cwieZb bq| hw`
mvjvKmsklY bv NUZv Zvnj wK nZv? Avgiv wbtkvmi Rb chv AwRb cZvg bv| Zvnj Avgiv
ejZ cvwi mvjvKmsklY Ggb GKwU ivmvqwbK cwieZb hv Avgv`i eP _vKvi Rb Acwinvh|
cvwb P : Zvgiv wK Rvb cvwb P wK? cvwb P njv Ggb GKwU P hLvb Avgiv RvbZ cvwi cvwb
wKfve Ges wK wK cwqvq GK vb _K Abvb,ev GK Aev _K Ab Aevq PvKvi PjvPj
Ki| wbgi wP -G cvwb P `Lvbv njv :

cvwbP RwoZ AwZ iZc~Y KqKwU cwieZb nQ evxfeb, Nbxfeb, ew, c^`b, iY| G`i
KvbwU wK aibi cwieZb `Lv hvK|
evx feb : G cwqvq b`-b`x, Lvj-wej I mgy`c _K m~hi Zvc cvwb evxf~Z nq Rjxq ev
cwiYZ nq evqygj cek Ki| Zvgiv ejZ evxfeb wK fZ bv ivmvqwbK cwieZb? GwU AekB
GKwU fZ cwieZb KviY GZ cvwb ay Zij Aev _K ev cwiYZ nqQ, wfb agx Kvb bZyb
c`v_ Zwi nqwb |
wevb 115

Nbxfeb: evxfebi dj m Rjxq ev gvMZ Dci DVZ _vK hLvb Zvcgvv Zzjbvg~jKfve
Kg| dj GK chvq Rjxq ev Nbxf~Z nq cvwbi QvU QvU KYv ev gN cwiYZ nq| Rjxq ev _K
gN Zwii cwqvwUB njv Nbxfeb| GwUI GKwU fZ cwieZb Ges g~jZ evxfebi wecixZ| GB
cwqvq cvwb Kej gv ev _K Zij cwiYZ nQ, Gi agi Kvb cwieZb nQ bv|
c^`b : GB cwqvq MvQcvjv cvwb Qo `q| GwUI GKwU fZ
cwieZb | KviY GZ cvwb MvQ _K evvKvi evqygj cek
KiQ, bZzb Kvb c`v_ mw nQ bv|
cwmwcUkvb ev ewcvZ: GB cwqvq gN _K ew nq| GwUI
GKwU fZ cwieZb| KviY GZI Kvb bZzb c`v_ mw nQ bv |
BbwdjUkvb/iY: ew nj Gi GKwU Ask gvwUi ga w`q axi
axi bg gvwUi wbPi cvwbi i Rgv nq Ges GwUK iY ev
BbwdjUjkb ejv nq| Aci Ask cevwnZ nq b`-b`x ,Lvj wej ev
mgy` wMq co| GQvovI ewcvZi GKwU Ask wkKii gvag
MvQ Pj hvq|
Kveb P : Kveb Pi gvag Avgiv g~jZ `LZ cvB wKfve KvebWvBAvBW cKwZZ GK gvag ev
Aev _K Ab gvag ev Aevq PvKvi NyiZ _vK | wbgi wP Kveb P `Lvbv njv:
Zvgiv wK eySZ cviQ GLvb wK aibi cwqv ev cwieZb RwoZ? GLvb RwoZ cwieZbmg~ni ga
GKwU njv mvjvKmsjlY| Zvgiv AvMB RbQ h, GB cwqvq MvQcvjv evZvmi KvebWvBAvBW I
cvwb _K m~hi Avjvi mvnvh Zv`i Lvevi A_vr MyKvR Zwi Ki Ges Avgv`i Rb AwvRb Zwi
Ki| Zvgv`i wK gb AvQ GwU wK aibi cwieZb? GB cwqvi gag KvebWvBAvBW evqygj
_K Dw`ii kixi cek Ki| Kveb Pi GKwU iZc~Y avc njv MvQcvjv _K Rxevk RvjvwbZ
i~cvi| Dw` ev MvQcvjv gi Mj G`i `nevkl evKUwiqvi mvnvh f hvq Ges GK chvh
Rxevk Rvjvwb wnme f~Mf Rgv nq| Avgv`i AwZ eeZ cvKwZK Mvm, Kqjv Kivwmb ev cUvj
GmeB GB cwqvq Zwi nq| Ze gZ MvQcvjv evKUwiqv w`q hLb fv ZLb Gi GKwU Ask mivmwi
KvebWvBAvBW cwiYZ nq evq~gj cek Ki| Rxevk Rvjvwb Zwi nIqvi nIqvi mgq wK aibi
i~cvi NU? Rxevk Rvjvwb Avgiv ivbv _K kyi Ki MvwoZ, wkKviLvbvq `nb Ki wfb wfb KvR
eenvi KiwQ| GB aibi cwieZbi dj Rxevk Rvjvwb Avevi KvebWvBAvBW I cvwbZ cwiYZ nq
evqygj cek KiQ| evqygj _K Kveb WvBAvBW Avevi mvjvKmsklbi gvavg MvQcvjv viv
kvwlZ nQ|
`nb Qvov Avi Kvbv Dcvq KvebWvBAvBW evqygj cek KiQ wK?
nv, gvbyli gZv Abvb cvYxivI wbtkvmi mgq KvebWvBAvBW Mvm Qo w`Q Ges Zv evqy gj
cek KiQ| Avevi Ab w`K MvQcvjvi gZv cvYx`n _KI wKy Rxevk Rvjvbx Zwi nQ| MvQcvjv
Qvov Avi Kvb Dcvq wK KvebWvBAvBW evqygj _K kvwlZ nQ?
nuv, evqygji KvebWvBAvBW Gi GKwU Ask b`-b`x, Lvj wej I mgy`i cvwbZ `exf~Z nQ
cvKwZKfve| Ze GB cwqvi KvebWvBAvBW cvwbi mv_ wewqv Ki KvevwbK GwmW Zwi Ki hv
116 cwieZbwbg
cvwicvwkK kwYi NUbv
I wewfb Rxe

Lye GKUv vqx hM bq| cvwbi Zvcgvv eo Mj GwU f Avevi KvebWvBAvBW cwiYZ nq I
evqygj cek Ki|
evqygj _K KvebWvBAvBW cvKwZK fve cvwbZ `exf~Z nq KvevwbK GwmW cwieZb nIqv I
fO hvIqv wK ivmvqwbK cwieZb bv fZ cwieZb? wbtm`n ivmvqwbK cwieZb KviY Drcvw`Z
KvevwbK GwmW I evqygji KvebWvBAvBW m~Y wfb agx c`v_|
AvQv MvQcvjv wK KvebWvBAvBW kvlY Ki ayB Lvevi Zwi Ki? Giv wK KvebWvBAvBW Qo
`qbv? nv, gvbyl ev Ab cvYxi gZv MvQcvjvI G`i wbtkvmi mgq KvebWvBAvBW Qo `q|
GLb Zvgiv ejZv MvQcvjv ev cvbx`n _K h Rxevk Rvjvwb Zwi nq mwU wK aibi cwieZb?
GwU AekB ivmvqwbK cwieZb, KviY GB cwieZbi dj Drcb c`v_ A_vr Rxevk Rvjvbx MvQcvjvq _vKv
vP, cvwUb BZvw` _K m~Y wfb agx|
AwvRb P : wbgi wP-G AwRb P `Lvbv njv| GB P
wK wK cwqv RwoZ? fvjfve Lqvj Ki| MvQcvjv mvjvKmsklYi
gvag AwRb Qo `q I wbR`i Rb Lvevi (hgb MyKvR ev
vP) mq Ki ivL| Avevi Ab w`K gvbylmn Ab cvYxiv MvQi
Qo `qv AwRb MnY Ki Ges MvQcvjv ev Ab Drm _K MnxZ
Lv` H AwRbi mvnvh nRg Ki kw Drcb Ki I
KvebWvBAvBW Qo `q hv Avevi MvQcvjv eenvi Ki wbR`i
Lv` Zwii KvR|
Zvnj `Lv hvQ h, mvjvKmsklY, Kveb P, cvwb P I AwRb P cZ I civfve Avgv`i
Rxebi mv_ AvAwfve RwoZ|
cvV 7, 8:
KvR : gvMbwmqvg I evqyi `nb cheY
cqvRbxq DcKiY : gvMbwmqvg wieb, wPgUv AvsUv, (jvBUvi)
wwiU jv/ eybmb evbvi|
cwZ: gvMbwmqvg wiebi GKwU QvU UzKivi (8mwUwgUvi)
GKgv_v wPgUv w`q ai| PvL wbivcv Pkgv bo bvI| wiebi
Ab gv_vwU eybmb evbvii wkLvi Dci ai| jvBUvi w`qI GwU
Kiv hvq| Lye fvjfve j Ki wK NUQ? gvMbwmqvg wieYwU
Avbi wkLvi Dci aivq wK `Lj? wieb Avb ai Mj Ges
AZ cwjZ wkLvmn RjZ jvMj| Gi KviY njv
gvMbwmqvg evZvmi AwRb
wevb 117

cyoZ _vK Avi Avgiv cwjZ wkLv `LZ cvB| Gfve hLb mg gvMbwmqvg cyo kl nq hvq,
ZLb Avcbv Avcwb wkLv wbf hvq| kl Zvgiv QvB Gi gZv wKQy `LZ cvQ wK? GwU Avmj
gvMbwmqvg I AwRb cyo Zwi nIqv gvMbwmqvg AvBW|

KvR : KvevbU hM I GwmWi wewqv cheY|

cqvRbxq DcKiY: PK, 1wU PvgP, cvZjv nvBWvKvwiK GwmW, KuvPi Wcvi |
cwZ : PKwUK ov Ki bvI| PKi ov PvgP bvI| Gevi
KvuPi Wcvi w`q cvZjv nvBWvKwiK GwmW PvgP hvM
KiZ _vK| Kvb cwieZb `LZ cvQ ? Mvmi ey`ey` DVQ?
nuv, Mvmi ey`ey` DVQ Ges AbKUv dbvi gZv gb nQ |
Gi KviY wK? KviY njv PK nQ g~jZ Kvjwmqvg KvevbU
(CaCO3)| cvZjv nvBWvKvwiK GwmW hvM KivZ
Kvjwmqvg KvevbU I nvBWvKvwiK GwmWi ga wewqv
NU Ges Kvjwmqvg KvivBW I KvebWvBAvBW Drcb nq|
GB KvebWvBAvBW Mvmi KviYB Avgiv ey`ey` `wL I
dbvi gZv `Lvq| Drcb& KvebWvBAvBW Pj Mj Avgiv Kvjwmqvg KvivBWi I cvwbi cwivi
`eY `LZ cvB |
GwU wK aibi cwieZb? fZ bv ivmvqwbK? GwU ivmvqwbK cwieZb, KviY Drcb c`v_ (Kvjwmqvg
KvivBW, Kveb WvBAvBW I cvwb) Kvjwmqvg KvevbU I nvBWvKvwiK GwmW _K myY Avjv`v
Ges G`i agI cyivcywi wfb&| PKi e`j Zvgiv wWgi LvmvI eenvi KiZ cvi KviY GZi cPzi
Kvjwmqvg KvevbU _vK |
Gi KviY wK? KviY njv PK nQ g~jZ Kvjwmqvg KvevbU (CaCO3)| cvZjv nvBWvKvwiK GwmW hvM
KivZ Kvjwmqvg KvevbU I nvBWvKvwiK GwmWi ga wewqv NU Ges Kvjwmqvg KvivBW I
KvebWvBAvBW Drcb nq| GB KvebWvBAvBW Mvmi KviYB Avgiv ey`ey` `wL I dbvi gZv `Lvq|
Drcb& KvebWvBAvBW Pj Mj Avgiv Kvjwmqvg KvivBWi I cvwbi cwivi `eY `LZ cvB |

GwU wK aibi cwieZb? fZ bv ivmvqwbK? GwU ivmvqwbK cwieZb, KviY Drcb c`v_ (Kvjwmqvg
KvivBW, Kveb WvBAvBW I cvwb) Kvjwmqvg KvevbU I nvBWvKvwiK GwmW _K myY Avjv`v Ges
G`i agI cyivcywi wfb&| PKi e`j Zvgiv wWgi LvmvI eenvi KiZ cvi KviY GZi cPzi
Kvjwmqvg KvevbU _vK |
118 cwieZbwbg
cvwicvwkK kwYi NUbv
I wewfb Rxe

cvV 9, 10 :
KvR : avZz I GwmWi wewqv cheY|
cqvRbxq DcKiY : gvMbwmqvg wieb, cvZjv nvBWvKvwiK GwmW, wwiU jv, U wUDe
cwZ: UwUDei AaK cwigvY fi cvZjv nvBWvKvwiK GwmW bvI| gvMbwmqvg weebi
KqKwU QvU QvU UzKiv GwmW Qo `vI| Kvb Mvmi ey`ey` DVQ wK? bv DVj wwiU jv
Rvwjq U wUDei Zjvq nvjKv Zvc `vI| Mvmi ey`ey` DVQ wK? GwU gvMbwmqvg I
nvBWvKvwiK GwmWi wewqvq Drcb nvBWvRb Mvmi ey`ey`| GwU nvBWvRb Mvm wKbv Zv cixv
Ki `LZ cvi| U wUDei gyL GKwU Rj w`qvkjvB ai `L wK NU? cc cc k Ki RjQ?
nuv wVK ZvB| GwU nvBWvRb Qvov Ab Mvm nj Ggb k nZv bv| avZzi mv_ cvZjv
nvBWvKvwiK GwmWi wewqv wK aibi cwieZb ? AekB ivmvqwbK cwieZb| KviY GZ m~Y wfb
agx bZzb c`v_i mw nqQ|
gvMwmqvg wieb QvovI Zvgiv wRsK, Gjywgwbqvg, Kcvi ev Ab avZz w`qI G cixv KiZ cvi |

wkjv MVb cwqv

Gi AvM Zvgiv RbQ h wkjv wZb aibi nq, h_v AvMq wkjv, cvjwjK wkjv I i~cvwiZ wkjv| wkjvi
MVb cwqv wbfi Ki GwU wK aibi wkjv Zvi Dci| c_g AvMq wkjvi K_vB aiv hvK| Zvgiv wK Rvb
AvMq wkjv wKfve MwVZ nqQ? nvRvi nvRvi eQi AvM cw_exi Zvcgvv AbK ewk wQj Ges axi axi
Vvv nq AvRKi evmhvM cw_ex nqQ| cw_ex Vvv nIqvi mgq f~-Mfi Afi D I MwjZ wkjv
(hv gvMgv bvg cwiwPZ) AvUK co| GB gvMgv ci Vvv nq KwVb wkjvq cwiYZ nq hvK AvMq wkjv
ej| Zvnj `Lv hvQ h AvMq wkjv g~jZ D wgkY
Vvv nIqvi dj Zwi nqQ, bZzb c`v_ mwi gvavg
bq| Zvnj AvMq wkjvq MVb cwqv AekB GKwU fZ
cwieZb, wVK hgbwU NU Rjxq ev _K Nbxfebi
gvag cvwb ev gN Zwii mgq|
Gevi `Lv hvK cvjwjK wkjv wKfve MwVZ nq? RjevqyRwbZ
cwieZbi dj evZvm,cvwb,Zzlvi, I wngevn mg~`mvZ, So,
RjvQvm BZvw`i cfve AvMq wkjv q cv nq| dj PzY
weP~b nq QvU QvU KYvq cwiYZ nq| GB QvU QvU KYvjv
cvwb ev evqy viv cevwnZ nq b`-b`xi gvag mgy` ev mvMi
wMq co Ges Zj`k Av Av cwji~c Rgv nq| GB mgq Gi mv_ RxeRy ev MvQcvjvi `nveklI
cwj ii gvS AvUKv co| cvwbi Pvc I Zvc bvbviKg ivmvqwbK wewqvi dj RgvKZ cwj axi axi
KwVb wkjvq cwiYZ nq hvK cvjwjK wkjv ej| hnZz cvjwjK wkjvi MVb bvbvwea ivmvqwbK wewqv RwoZ
_vK, ZvB G`i MVb cwqvq ivmvqwbK cwieZb NU|
Gevi i~cvwiZ wkjvi MVb cwqv `Lv bqv hvK| i~cvwiZ wkjv Zwi nq AvMq ev cvjwjK wkjv _K|
Zvc, Pvc I ivmvqwbK wewqvi cfve AvMq ev cvjwjK wkjv cwiewZZ nq bZzb aibi h wkjv Zwi
Ki ZvKB i~cvwiZ wkjv ej| hgb ej cv_i (sandstone) GKwU cvjwjK wkjv Ges GwU i~cvwiZ
wevb 119

nq KvqvUR (quartz) cwiYZ nq ej KvqvUR GKwU i~cvwiZ wkjv| GKBfve Pzbvcv_i _K gvej
Ges Kqjv _K MvdvBU Zwi nq ej gvej I MvdvBUI i~cvwiZ wkjv| i~cvwiZ wkjvi ag g~j wkjv
_K Avjv`v nIqvq Ges i~cvii mgq ivmvqwbK wewqv RwoZ ej i~cvwiZ wkjvi MVb GK aibi
ivmvqwbK cwieZb wnme aiv hvq|

GB Aavq Avgiv hv hv wkLjvg

fZ cwieZbi dj mswk c`v_i Aevi ev AvKvi AvKwZi cwieZb NU wKy bZzb c`v_i mw
nqbv I c`v_i agi Kvb cwieZb nqbv|
ivmvqwbK cwieZb GK GKvwaK c`v_ cwiewZZ nq wfb agx bZzb c`v_ cwiYZ nq|
jvnvi Zwi `emvgMxi Dci `vi cvZjv Avib `qvK MvjfvbvBRkb ej|
BjKUvcwUs njv Zwor weklbi mvnvh GKwU avZzi Dci AviKwU avZzi cvZjv Aveib
Zwii cwqv|
`nb Kvb c`v_ evZvmi AwRbi mv_ wewqv Ki Zvc kw Drcb Ki|
cvwbP RwoZ AwZ iZc~b KqKwU cwieZb nQ evxfeb, Nbxfeb, ew,
c^`b,iY|
wkjv wZb aibi nq, h_v AvMq wkjv, cvjwjK wkjv I i~cvwiZ wkjv|
AvMq wkjvi MVb cwqvq fZ cwieZb Ges cvjwjK wkjv I i~cvwiZ wkjvi MVb
ivmvqwbK cwieZb RwoZ|
Abykxjbx

k~bvb c~iY Ki :
1. zUb GKwU cwieZb|
2. Pvq wPwb wgkvbv GKwU cwieZb|
3. KvMR cyovbv GKwU cwieZb|
4. iY cwqv Pi mv_ RwoZ|
5. Pzbvcv_i GKwU wkjv|

msw ck :
1. fZ I ivmvqwbK cwieZb KvK ej? D`vniY `vI|
2. `nb wK? D`vnibmn evLv Ki|
3. Pzjvq Lwo ev Mvmcyovj Kvb aibi cwieZb nq, fZ bv ivmvqwbK? Zvgvi Dii c hyw `vI|
4. cvwb Pi iZ AvjvPbv Ki|
5. AvMq wkjv, cvjwjK wkjv I icvwiZ wkjvi ewk Kx Kx?
120 cwieZbwbg
cvwicvwkK kwYi NUbv
I wewfb Rxe

ewbevPwb ck:
1. wbPi KvbwU ivmvqwbK cwieZb?
K. Mjb L. evxfeb
M. mvjvKmsklY N. c^`b
2. P I Q Gi chvR njv-
i. cvYx kmbi mgq P ZvM Ki
ii. Dw` I cvYxi kmbi cavb Dcv`vb Q
iii. mvjvK msklbi cavb Dcv`vb P
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. ii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wbPi DxcKi AvjvK 3 I 4 b^i cki Di `vI:
Avwbm mvne GKRb wbgvY wVKv`vi| wZwb wewsqi m`h evovZ mvaviYZ Pybvcv_ii icvwiZ
wkjv eenvi Kib| Ze KLbI KLbI MvbvBU cv_iI eenvi Kib hv gvMgv _K Drcb|
3. DxcK DjwLZ i~cvwiZ wkjvwUZ GwmW cqvM Kij Kvb MvmwU Drcb ne?
K. O2 L. CO2 M. N2 N. H2
4. DxcK DjwLZ MvYvBU Kvb aibi wkjv?
K. AvMq L. cvjwjK M. i~cvwiZ N. Rxevk

mRbkxj ck:
1.
K. gwiPvi msKZ Kx?
L. Bbjm wji Zwi wRwbm gwiPv co bv Kb? evLv Ki|
M. wP msNwUZ ivmvqwbK cwieZbi mv_ kwI Drcb nq- kvwK mgxKiYmn eYbv Ki|
N. fZ cwieZb Zvci kvlY I wbMgb `yUvB NU- DwcKi AvjvK weklY Ki|

2.

K. MvjfvbvBRkb Kx?
L. mvbv `xNw`b PKPK _vK wK Zvgv PKPK _vK bv KviY evLv Ki|
M. B MvmwUi Drcv`b Kkj eYbv Ki|
N. Kveb I AwRb P B Mvmi AbycwwZ RxeRMZi Rb KjvYKi- hywmn weklY Ki|
wevb 121

v`k Aavq

miRMZ I Avgv`i cw_ex

Avgv`i evmf~wg cw_ex, Ab mvZwU Mn Ges AviI wKQz RvwZ m~hK K` Ki memgq NyiQ| m~h
Ges GK K` Ki N~Yvqgvb mKj RvwZ I dvuKv RvqMv wbq Avgv`i miRMZ MwVZ| miRMZi
ewki fvM RvqMvqB dvuKv| Avgv`i GB cw_ex `yfve NyiQ| cw_ex Zvi wbR Ai Dci cvK LvQ
Avevi m~hK K` Ki GKeQi GKevi Nyi AvmQ| cw_exi G Nvivi djB w`b-ivZ nq, FZz
cwiewZZ nq|

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv

mi RMZi MVb evLv KiZ cvie|
mi RMZi m`m`i fZ ewk Zzjbv KiZ cvie|
mi RMZi MVb KvVvgvi wP Ab KiZ cvie|
cw_ex N~Ybi cfve Ges Gi dj m djvdj evLv KiZ cvie|
RxeRMZ cw_exi N~Ybi cfve Dcjw Kie|
122 miRMZ Iwbg kwYicRxe
Avgv`i w_ex

cvV 1: m~h bq cw_ex Nvi

l kwYZ Zvgiv cw_ex, m~h I P`i wKQzUv cwiPq cqQ| fviejvq m~hK c~e w`M DVZ `Lv
hvq| axi axi GwU Avgv`i gv_vi Dcii w`K DV Avm| mvq `L m~h cwg w`M Wze hvq| ivZ
kl ciw`b fvi m~hK Avevi c~e w`M DVZ `L| cw_ex _K gb nq m~h c~e _K cwg cw_exi
Pvicvk NyiQ| AvMi w`bi gvbyl mUvB gb KiZb| Ze wevbxiv GLb cgvY KiZ ciQb h
Avmj m~h cw_exK K` Ki Nvi bv| eis cw_exB m~hK K` Ki Nvi|
m~hB cw_exi Pviw`K NyiQ GUv Kb Avgv`i gb nq? Zvgiv wbqB evm, j ev ijMvoxZ Ki `~i
eovZ wMqQ? Zvgiv wK GKUv welq Lqvj KiQ? Gjv hLb Lye `Z hvq ZLb cvki MvQcvjv jv
cQbi w`K QzUQ ej gb nq| Avmj ijMvox, j ev evm mvgbi w`K PjQ wKy gb nq GwU `uvwoq
AvQ| Avi cvki MvQcvjv Avmj wi wKy gb nq Gjv cQbi w`K QzUQ| cw_ex Avi m~hi evcviwU
Zgwb| cw_ex m~hK K` Ki NyiQ wKy cw_ex _K Avgv`i gb nq m~h cw_exi Pvicvk NyiQ|
gvbyl cvPxb Kvj _KB m~h, P` I Zvuiv wbq AvMnx wQj| Ze m mgq gnvKvki Gme RvwZ
cheYi hcvwZ wQj bv| ZvB Lvwj PvL hgbwU evSv hZ ZgbUvB Zviv wekvm KiZb| Zvgiv
nqZv RbQv h, AvwiUj `yB nvRvi eQiiI ewk mgq AvM eo wevbx I `vkwbK wQjb| wZwbI
gb KiZb cw_exi Pvicvk m~h Nvi| GLb _K cvq `yB nvRvi eQi c~e weLvZ MwYZwe` I
RvwZwevbx Ujgx Rvivjvfve ejb h, cw_exK K` KiB mewKQz NyiQ| Zvi GB gZev` `xNw`b
gvbyl wekvm KiQ| wKQz wKQz RvwZwe` Ujgxi gZev` wekvm KiZb bv| wKy Zvi GB gZev`K KD
fzj cgvwYZ KiZ cvibwb|
Gici KvcviwbKvm (1473-1543) bvg GKRb RvwZwe` cheYi gvag m~Y bZzb gZev` wbq
Avmb| wZwb cw_exKw`K gWji e`j m~hKw`K gWji cve Kib| Zvi gWji g~j K_v njv
cw_ex m~hK K` Ki Nvi| wZwb AviI GKwU K_v bZzb K_v ejb| mwU njv cw_ex Zvi wbRi
Ai Ici AveZb KiQ| cieZxZ wevbx MvwjwjI I Kcjvi KvcviwbKvmi GB gZev`i c
cgvb nvwRi Kib| eZgvb m~hKw`K GB gWj cgvwbZ Ges wevbx I mvaviY gvbyl Zv Mnb KiQ|

cvV 2-4 : miRMZi MVb I cwiPq

Zvgiv RbQ m~h GKwU b| m~hK K` Ki cw_ex AviI mvZwU Mn I Abvb RvwZ NyiQ| m~h
Ges GK K` Ki N~Yvqgvb mKj RvwZ I dvuKv RvqMv wbq Avgv`i miRMZ MwVZ| miRMZi
ewki fvM RvqMvqB dvuKv|
m~hK K` Ki AvUwU Mn wewfb `~iZ _K N~iQ| wbP N~Yvqgvb Mnjvi Kc_ `Lvbv nj Ges
miRMZi m`m`i cwiPq `Iqv njv|
m~h: Avgv`i miRMZi K` iqQ m~h| m~h Abvb bi gZv Rj GKwU Mvmwc| GB Rj
Mvmwc iqQ g~jZt nvBWvRb I wnwjqvg Mvm| nvBWvRb Mvmi cigvYy ciii mv_ mshy nq
wnwjqvg cigvYyZ cwiYZ nq| G cwqvq cPzi kw Drcb nq| G kw Zvc I AvjvKkw wnme
miRMZ Qwoq co| GfveB m~hi KvQ _K Avgiv Zvc I Avjv cq _vwK|
wevb 123

wP : miRMr
m~h gvSvwi AvKvii GKwU b| ZviciI GwU cw_exi Zzjbvq j j Y eo| m~h cw_ex _K cvq 15
KvwU wKjvwgUvi `~i AewZ| ZvB cw_ex _K Avgiv m~hK GZ QvU `wL|
Mnjvi cwiPq: m~hK K` Ki NyiQ AvUwU Mn| cw_ex Ggb GKwU Mn| Mnmgyn mvaviYZt
MvjvKvKwZi| MnjvZ wewfb Mvmxq c`v_ iqQ| wKy Mnjv wbRiv kw Drcv`b Ki bv| ZvB
Kvb Mn wbR Avjv ev Zvc wbtmiY Ki bv| cw_ex _K m~hi Abvb MnK Dj `LvjI Gjv
Avmj m~hi AvjvZ AvjvwKZ| Mnjvi msw cwiPq njv
eya: eya m~hi mePq KvQi Mn| GZ Kvb evqygj bB| GwU 88 w`b m~hK GKevi c`wY Ki Avm|
: cw_ex _K mvq cwg AvKvk mvZviv Ges fviejvq KZviv ic h ZvivwU `Lv hvq mwU
Kvb b bq| GwU Avmj m~hi GKwU Mn hvi bvg | m~hi Avjv G Mni Dci co| ZvB Avgiv
GK AvjvwKZ `wL| GwU 59 w`b GKevi m~hK c`wY Ki|
cw_ex: Zvgiv nqZv Rvb h, Kej cw_exZB Rxebi Rb DchvMx DcKiY I cwiek iqQ| cw_ex
m~h _K `~iZi w`K w`q ZZxq Mn|
gj: gjK KLbI KLbI jvj Mn ejv nq KviY Gi c jvj iOi| Gi c aywjgq Ges Gi LyeB
cvZjv evqygj iqQ| gji gvwUi wbP cvwb _vKvi mvebv AvQ ej wevbxiv GLb gb Kib|
enwZ : enwZ m~hi mePq eo Mn| GwUZ ay MvmB iqQ, Kvb KwVb c bB|
kwb: kwb MnwUI Kej Mvm w`q Zwi| GwUK wNi KZjv wis ev AvsUv iqQ|
BDibvm: BDibvm Mvm I eid w`q MwVZ|
bcPzb : bcPzbI AbKUv BDibvmi gZv GKwU Mn|
AvM cyUv bvgK GKwU RvwZK Mn ejv nZv| wKy 2009 mvj wevbxiv wmv bb h, GwU GKwU
z` Am~Y Mn|
DcMn:
Zvgiv RbQ miRMZi Mnjv m~hK K` Ki Nvi| Zgwb MnjvK K` Ki NyiQ QvU QvU
DcMn| cw_exi GKgv cvKwZK DcMn Pvu`| GwU cw_exK K` Ki NyiQ| DcMnjv AvKvi Mni
124 miRMZ I wbg kwYicwRxe
Avgv`i _ex

Pq AbK QvU nq| GivI wbRiv Zvc ev Avjv Drcb KiZ cvi bv| Giv ZvB m~hi Avjv viv
AvjvwKZ nq| m~hi Avjv Pvu`i c co cwZdwjZ nq ej Avgiv Pvu`K AvjvwKZ `wL|
Pvu` 27 w`b 8 NUvq GKevi cw_exK c`wY Ki| Pvu` cvPxbKvj _KB gvbyli AvMni e| Zvgiv
`L h Pvu` GKivZ nqZv GKeviB `Lv hvq bv| hvK Avgiv Agvemv ewj| Zvi cii ivZ miy GK
dvwj Pvu` cwgv AvKvk A mgqi Rb `Lv hvq| GB miy GK dvwj Pvu` cwZ ivZ eo nZ _vK| `yB
mvn ci Pvu`K GKwU _vjvi gZv `Lv hvq| GK Avgiv c~wYgv ewj| c~wYgvi cii ivZ _K Pvu`wU
Avevi ev QvU nZ _vK| Gfve QvU nZ nZ Avevi `yB mvn ci Pvu`K Kvb GK ivZ GK evii
RbI `Lv hvqbv| Gfve 29 ev 30 w`b ci ci Avgiv Agvemv I c~wYgv nZ `wL| Kb GiKg nq? G
cki Di Zvgiv Dcii kwYZ Rvbe|

wP: bZzb Pvu` I c~wYgvi Pvu`

Pvu` cw_exi GKgv cvKwZK DcMn njI cw_exi Pvicvk NyiQ 2500 Gi ewk gvbyl cwiZ DcMn|
G`iK Kwg DcMn ejv nq| G Kwg DcMnjv eZvi I UwjhvMvhvM, AvenvIqv Ges Abvb Z_
msMni Rb ciY Kiv nq| cw_exi gZv Abvb MniI cvKwZK DcMn iqQ|

miRMZ Abvb RvwZ

Avgv`i miRMZ m~h, Mn I DcMn QvovI iqQ Abvb RvwZ| Giv njv, aygKZz, Dv I MnvYy|
m~h K K` Ki Giv NyiQ| Mni Pq AvKvi ek QvU KwVb wkjvgq ev avZe e - hv`i bvg MnvYy|
Giv z` Mni gZv| aygKZz mgynI Avgv`i miRMZi Ask| Giv KwVb (Mvm, eid I aywjKYv) c`v_
w`q Zwi| Ze Zv Zvc cj wKQz Ask mnRB Mvm cwiYZ nZ cvi| hLb aygKZzmgyn m~hi KvQvKvwQ
hvq ZLb m~hi Zvc Mvmxq I KwVb c`v_ wbMZ nq AvKvk Qwoq hvq| ZLb GwU SvUvi gZ `kbxq jR
cwiYZ nq| cw_ex _K G`iK KLbI KLbI `Lv hvq| Kvb Kvb aygKZz AbK eQi ci ci cw_exi
AvKvk `Lv hvq| hgb, nvwji aygKZy Mo 75 eQi cici cw_ex _K `Lv hvq| GwUK 1911 mvj
Ges 1986 mvj `Lv MQ| GK Avevi 2062 mvj `Lv hvIqvi K_v|
wevb 125

wP : aygKZzi Qwe|

Zvgiv wK KLbI ivZi ejvq nVvr AvKvk AvMybi MvjK QzU hZ `LQ? Giv Dvwc| m~hi
Pvicvk N~Yvqgvb RvwZ mgyni ga mePq QvU njv Dvwc| GB z` KwVb wc cw_exi
evqygj cQvj evqyi msk Gm cyo hvq| G Rb G`iK AwM MvjKi gZv QzU ev co hZ
`Lv hvq| KLbI KLbI eo Dv wc Avacvov Aevq cw_ex c co eo MZi mw Ki|

cvV 5: Avgv`i evmf~wg cw_ex

Avgiv cw_exZ evm Kwi| Avgv`i GB cw_exi AvKvi Kgb? Avgiv Pviw`K ZvKvj wK Gi AvKvi eySZ
cvwi? GK wK MvjvKvi PvKwZ ev _vjvi gZv gb nq? AvcvZ `wZ cw_exK GKwU _vjvi gZv gb
nq| gb nq Avgiv Avgv`i Nievwo H _vjv ev PvKwZi Dci AvwQ| Avi AvKvk GB _vjvK XK AvQ|
wKy cw_ex _vjv ev PvKwZi gZv bq| GwU MvjvKvi Ze cyivcywi MvjvKvi bq| cw_ex Kgjvjeyi gZv
Di `wY w`K wKQzUv Pvcv|
MvjKvKvi cw_ex ci Pvi fvMi wZb fvM cvwb Avi GKfvM gvwU w`q AveZ| Avi GB MvjKvKvi
cw_exK wNi iqQ Mvmxq evqygj| Zvgiv wbqB f~-MvjK ev Mve `LQv? GwU `Lj cw_ex h
MvjKi gZv Zv evSv hvq| Avgiv f~-MvjKi gZv GKwU MvjKi c Aevb KiwQ| ck njv
Avgiv Zvnj cw_ex _K `yi wQUK ev co hvB bv Kb ?

wP : cw_ex ci wewfb Ask gvbyli Aevb

126 miRMZ Iwbg kwYicRxe
Avgv`i w_ex

Gi KviY AwfKl ej| cw_ex Zvi ci me wKQzK cw_exi K`i w`K Ub ai GB eji mvnvh|
Gi dj cw_ex c AevbKvix Kvb wKQzB c _K wQUK co bv|

cvV 6, 7 : cw_exi wbR A AveZb Ges m~hK K` Ki NyYb

Zvgiv `L mKvj m~h c~e w`K DV| m ejvq cwg
w`M Wye hvq| ciw`b mKvj Zvgiv `L h m~h Avevi
c~ew`K _K DVQ| G _K gb nq cw_exK K` Ki
c~e _K cwg w`K NyiQ| AvMi w`b gvbyliv ZvB
aviYv KiZv h cw_ex wi Ges m~h cw_exiK K` Ki
Nvi| cKZc, cw_exB m~hi Pviw`K Nvi Ges
cw_exi wbR Ai DciI AveZb Ki ev cvK Lvq|
Zvgiv wbqB jvwUg wbq LjQv? jvwUg Kxfve
Nvi? jvwUg Zvi miy Avj-Gi Dci `vwoq wbR wbR
cvK Lvq ev AveZb Ki| GKB mv_ gvwUi Dci evKvi
ev DcevKvi c_ GK vb _K Ab vb nq Nyi
Avm|
Gfve jvwUgwUi `yaibi MwZ iqQ| GKwU njv wbR Ai Dci AveZb| AviKwU njv gvwUi Dci
w`q Nyi Avmv| jvwUgi gZv cw_exiI `yaibi N~Yb iqQ| GKwU njv cw_exi wbR Ai Dci K`
Ki 24 NUvq GKevi cwg _K c~e AveZb Ki| GwUK ejv nq cw_exi AvwK MwZ| wZxqwU njv
cw_ex cvq 365 w`b 6 NUv mgq GKevi m~hi Pvicvk Nyi Avm| GK cw_exi evwlK MwZ ejv nq|
cw_exi AvwK MwZi A_vr wbR A AveZbi KviY w`b ivZ nq| w`b ivZ Kxfve nq Zv wbPi
cixvwUi gvag fvjfve evSv hvq|

cixY : cw_exi AvwK MwZi cixv - w`bivZ Kxfve nq?

DcKiY : GKwU fy-MvjK, GKwU gvgevwZ A_ev KzwcevwZ
A_ev PvR jvBU|
cixY cYvjx: c_g f~MvjKwU fvjfve j Ki| Gi gvS
eivei GKwU kjvKv GK cv _K Ab cv Pj MQ|
GwUK cw_exi AiLv wnme Kbv Ki hvK K` Ki
cw_ex AveZb Ki |
GKwU Uwej ev mgZj gSi Dci evwZwU Rvwjq ivL| Gevi GKUz `~i f~-MvjKwUK ivL| KwUi
Avjv wbwfq ev `iRv Rvbvjv e Ki NiwU AKvi Ki| evwZwUK m~h Ges f~-MvjKwUK cw_ex
wnme weePbv Ki| Gevi f~-MvjKwUi w`K ZvKvI| f~-MvjKwUi mew`K wK mgvb AvjvwKZ? bv
Kvb w`K AvjvwKZ Avi Zvi Dv w`K AKvivQb? `LZ cvQv wbqB h f~-MvjKwUi AaK Ask
AvjvwKZ Avi Ab AaK AKvivQb | Kvb AaK AvjvwKZ? h AaK evwZwUi w`K AvQ | Avgiv
AvjvwKZ AskK w`b Avi AKvivQb AskwUK ivZ gb KiZ cvwi| Gevi f~-MvjKwU Av Av
wevb 127

NvivI Ges j Ki `L Kx nQ| `Lv hvQ AKvi Ask Av Av AvjvwKZ n&Q Ges
AvjvwKZ Ask axi axi AKvi nQ | wKy memgqB f~-MvjKwUi AaK Ask Avjv cvQ Ges evwK
AaK Ask Avjv cvQ bv | Gfve cw_exi Ges AaKvsk w`b Ges evKx AaK ivZ PjZ _vK | f~-
MvjKwUi GKwU wbw` vb evwZwUi mvgb iL axi axi GKw`K NvivZ _vKj H AvjvwKZ Ask
(w`b) axi axi AKvi nZ nZ GKmgq cyivcywi AKvi (ivZ) nq hve| GKB w`K AviI
NvivZ _vKj Avevi H wbw` vbwU AvjvwKZ nZ iy Ki Ges GKmgq cyivcywi AvjvwKZ nq
hvq | A_vr H vb Avevi w`b wdi Avm|

GB cixvwUi gZv cw_ex Zvi wbR A AveZb Ki, dj Avgiv w`b, Zvici ivZ, Avevi w`b, Avevi
ivZ, Avevi w`b GB iKg cwieZb nZ `wL | AbK_vq, w`b-ivZ-w`b-ivZ-w`b GB cwieZb Avgiv
`wL KviY cw_ex Zvi wbR A AveZb Ki ej|

cvV 8, 9 : m~hi Pvwiw`K cw_exi NyYb- cw_exi evwlK MwZ

BZvga Zvgiv cw_exi AvwK MwZ ev wbR Ai Dci AveZb mK RbQv| cw_exi Ab MwZwU nQ
evwlK MwZ| cw_ex m~hK K` Ki cvq 365 w`b 6 Nv mgq GKevi Nyi Avm | GB mgqK GK mi
eQi ev GK eQi ejv nq | cw_exi evwlK MwZi dj w`b ivZ QvU ev eo nq Ges FZzi cwieZb nq|
Zvgiv Kx eQii memgq GKB iKgi AvenvIqv `LZ cvI? Rvbyqvix gvm ev cl-gvN gvm kxZ bv
Mig _vK? Avlvp ev fv` gvm AvenvIqv wK cl gvmi gZvB bv wfb? Avgiv `wL evsjv`k eQii
wewfb mgq wewfb iKg AvenvIqv _vK | cl ev gvN gvm ek kxZ co Avevi ekvL ev R gvm ek
Mig co| Kb, Zv fvev Zv? GBme cki Di Rvbv hve cw_ex m~hi Pvicvk Kxfve Nvi Zv Rvbj|
cw_ex m~hi Pvicvk wKQzUv nj m~hK c`wY Ki| Ze cw_ex eQii wewfb mgq Zvi njvbv Aevb
cwieZb Ki| ZvB cw_exi GKUv wbw` Ask GKwU wbw` mgq m~hi w`K gyL Ki _vK | cw_exi GKwU
wbw` Ask hLb m~hi w`K gyL Ki _vK ZLb mB AskwU ewkY ai Ges Lvovfve m~hi Zvc cvq|
cw_exi mB Ask ZLb MxKvj| Zvgiv nqZv Rvb h, cw_exi welye iLvi `yB cvkK `ywU Mvjva fvM Kiv
nq| Di AskK Di Mvjva Ges `wY AskK `wY Mvjva aiv nq | Avgiv Di Mvjva evm Kwi| 21
Ryb ZvwiL evsjv`k m~hi wKQyUv KvQ Pj Avm| ZvB Gmgq Avgiv myh K Avgv`i gv_vi Dci `LZ
cvB| GB mgq Avgiv mePq j^v w`b I QvU ivZ `LZ cvB| Lvovfve Ges j^v mgq m~hi Zvc cvIqvi
KviY GB mgqwUZ Ges Gi KvQvKvwQ mgq evsjv`k ek Mig co| Ze gmygx evqyi cfve GB mgq
evsjv`k Avlvp-kveY gvm cPzi ewcvZ nq ej Avgiv GB mgqwUK elvKvj ej _vwK |
21 Ryb cw_exi `wY Mvjva m~h _K `~i Aevb Ki| ZvB `wY Mvjva ZLb ivZ eo nq, w`b QvU
nq Ges ILvb m~hi Zvc wZhK ev njvbv fve co| dj `wY Mvjva G mgq m~hi Zvc Kg cvq|
ILvb ZLb kxZKvj| hgb Awjqvq Ryb, RyjvB I AvM GB wZb gvm kxZKvj|
cw_ex 21 Rybi ci Zvi njvbv Aevb cwieZb KiZ _vK| evsjv`kmn Di Mvjva wKQzUv `~i mi
hZ _vK, GKB mv_ `wY Mvjva wKQzUv m~hi w`K GMvZ _vK| GBfve m^ii 23 ZvwiL
cw_exi welye Aj myhi w`K gyL Ki _vK Ges Di I `wY giy H mgq myh _K mgvb `~iZ _vK
| m^i 23 ZvwiL ZvB cw_exi Dfq Mvjva w`b ivZ mgvb nq| welyexq Aj ZLb m~h gv_vi
128 miRMZ Iwbg kwYicRxe
Avgv`i w_ex

Dci Aevb Ki Lvovfve wKiY `q, ZLb welyexq Aj ek Mig co| evsjv`k ZLb w`b-ivZ
mgvb ej ZLb kxZI bq Avevi Lye MigI bq| `wY MvjvaI ZLb kxZ Pj wMq MxKvj AvmZ _vK
A_vr mLvb ZLb em|
wP hgb `LZ cvQ, 21 wWm^i `wY Mvjvai GKwU Ask m~hi w`K gyL Ki _vK| Avi ZLb
evsjv`k m~h _K `~i Aevb Ki| ZvB ZLb evsjv`k w`b QvU nq Ges ivZ eo nq| m~hK `L
`wY w`K nj wKiY w`Z| Kg mgq Ges wZhKfve wKiY cvq ej evsjv`k ZLb kxZ co| cv
i, `wY Mvjvai Awjqvq ZLb w`b eo Ges ivZ QvU nq| m~h ZLb `wY Mvjva Lvov fve wKiY
`q| ZvB `wY Mvjva ZLb MxKvj|
Avevi cw_ex 21 gvP m~hi w`K gyL Ki nj _vK| ZLb Avevi cw_exi mKj vb w`bivZ mgvb nq|
GRb GB mgq Avgv`i `kI w`bivZ mgvb nq| GB mgq kxZI ewk _vK bv Avevi MigI ewk
co bv| GB mgq Avgv`i `k em Kvj| 21 gvPi ci cw_ex Avevi NyiZ NyiZ 21 Ryb ZvwiL
AvMi eQii Aevb wdi Avm| Gfve m~hi w`K cw_exi Aevbi ZviZgi KviY w`b ivZ QvU
ev eo nq| Ges Gi dj^ic FZy cwiewZZ nq|
cw_ex hw` m~hi Pviw`K bv NyiZv Zvnj Kx nZv fvev Zv? cw_ex m~hi Pviw`K bv Nyij cw_exi
Kvb GKwU RvqMvq memgq GKwU FZzB _vKZv| m evsjv`k mviv eQi nqZv Mig _vKZv|
Kvb kxZ AvmZv bv| DvUvI nZ cviZv| A_vr memgq kxZ _vKZv| evsjv`k wewfb FZz AvQ
ej wewfb dmj dj| GKwU FZz _vKj GKiKg dmjB nZv| Avgv`i Rxeb aviY KKi nq hZ|
ivwkqv ev Abvb kxZcavb `k FZz cwieZb bv nj gvbyl evuPZB cviZv bv| mLvb eQii ewki fvM
mgq eid XvKv _vK| mmgq dmj dj bv| A mgq MxKvj Gj eid Mj hvq| gvbyl ZLb dmj
djvq| MxKvj bv Gj gvbyl dmj djvZ cviZv bv|
G Aavq Avgiv hv wkLjvg
cw_ex m~hK K` Ki Nvi|
m~h Ges GK K` Ki N~Yvqgvb mKj RvwZ I dvuKv RvqMv wbq Avgv`i miRMZ MwVZ|
miRMZi ewki fvM RvqMvqB dvuKv|
m~h Abvb bi gZv RjGKwU Mvmwc| GB Rj Mvmwc iqQ g~jZt nvBWvRb I
wnwjqvg Mvm| nvBWvRb Mvmi cigvYy ciii mv_ mshy nq wnwjqvg cigvYyZ cwiYZ
nq| G cwqvq cPzi Zvc I AvjvKkw Drcb nq miRMZ Qwoq co| GfveB m~hi KvQ
_K Avgiv Zvc I Avjv cq _vwK|
MnjvK K` Ki NyiQ QvU QvU DcMn| cw_exi GKgv cvKwZK DcMn Pvu`| DcMnjv AvKvi
Mni Pq AbK QvU nq| GivI wbRiv Zvc ev Avjv Drcb KiZ cvi bv| Giv ZvB m~hi Avjv
viv AvjvwKZ nq| m~hi Avjv Pvu`i c co cwZdwjZ nq ej Avgiv Pvu`K AvjvwKZ `wL|
Avgv`i miRMZ m~h, Mn I DcMn QvovI iqQ Abvb RvwZ| Giv njv, aygKZz, Dv
I MnvYy| m~hK K` Ki Giv NyiQ|
wevb 129

cw_ex _vjv ev PvKwZi gZv bq| GwU MvjKvKvi Ze cyivcywi MvjKvKvi bq| cw_ex Kgjvjeyi
gZv Di `wY w`K wKQzUv Pvcv| Avgiv cw_exi c Aevb KiwQ|
cw_exi `yaibi N~Yb iqQ| GKwU njv cw_exi wbR Ai Dci K` Ki 24 NUvq GKevi
cwg _K c~e AveZb Ki| GwUK ejv nq cw_exi AvwK MwZ| wZxqwU njv cw_ex cvq 365
w`b 6 NUv mgq GKevi m~hi Pvicvk Nyi Avm| GK cw_exi evwlK MwZ ejv nq|
cw_exi AvwK MwZi Rb w`b ivw nq| cw_exi evwlK MwZi dj w`b ivZ QvU ev eo nq Ges
FZzi cwieZb nq|

Abykxjbx
k~bvb c~iY Ki
1. m~h gvSvwi AvKvii GKwU |
2. m~hK K` Ki Mn NyiQ|
3. Pvu` cw_exi GKgv DcMn|
4. Avgiv cw_exi Aevb Kwi|
5. --------eji cfve Avgiv cw_ex _K wQUK co hvB bv|
msc Di `vI :
1. Kb AvM gvbyl gb KiZv h, m~h cw_exK K` Ki Nvi?
2. Kvb Kvb wevbx cw_exKw`K gWji K_v ejQb?
3. m~hmn Abvb biv Kxfve Zvc I Avjv Drcb Ki PjQ Zv evLv Ki|
4. aygKZz Kx? G`i jR Kxfve mw nq? GKwU cwiwPZ aygKZzi D`vniY `vI|
5. GKwU Dcgv eenvi Ki cw_exi `yaiYi MwZ evLv Ki|
6. w`b ivZ Kxfve nq Zv GKwU cixvi gvag `LvI|
7. gvbyli Rxeb FZz cwieZbi cfve AvjvPbv Ki|

ewbevPwb ck:
1. Kvb MnwU eid I Mvm viv MwVZ?
K. enwZ L. gj
M. kwb N. BDibvm
2. m~hi h K_vwU chvR Zv njv, GwU-
i. GKwU b
ii. GKwU Rj Mvm wc
iii. mKj Mn I bK Avjv `q
130 miRMZ Iwbg kwYicRxe
Avgv`i w_ex

wbPi KvbwU mwVK?

K. i L. ii
M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii
wbPi mviYx _K 3 I 4 b^i cki Di `vI:
Mn m~h _K `~iZ (wK. wg.) m~hK GKevi c`wYi mgq
10.80 225 w`b
cw_ex 14.96 365 w`b
enwZ 77.85 cvq 12 eQi
kwb 142.70 1
29 2 eQi
BDibvm 187.1 -
bcPzb 449.8 165 eQi
3. mviYxZ DjL Kiv nqwb wKy m~h _K cvq 22.8 KvwU wK.wg `~i AewZ MnwUi Aevb Kv_vq?
K. cw_ex Ges i gaLvb L. enwZ Ges kwbi gaLvb
M. kwb Ges bcPzbi gaLvb N. cw_ex I enwZi gaLvb
4. BDibvm m~hK GKevi c`wY KiZ cvq KZv eQi mgq jvMe-
K. 10 eQi L. 29 eQi
M. 80 eQi N. 170 w`b
mRbkxj ck:
1.
wevb 131

K. AvwK MwZ Kx?

L. Rybi gvSvgvwS _K RyjvBqi gvSvgvwS ch evsjv`k cPzi ewcvZ nq Kb?
M. `wY Mvjva mePq QvU ivZ I mePq eo w`b KLb nq wP _K evLv Ki|
N. Di Mvjva 30 k wWm^i w`b I ivZi `N Kgb ne- hywmn Dcvcb Ki|2.

K. Mn KZv w`b m~hK GKevi c`wY Ki?

L. cyUvK GLb Avi mi RMZi m`m aiv nq bv Kb?
M. ivZi ejvq 3 Ges 4 b^i Mni ga KvbwU AKviQb _vK evLv Ki|
N. 3 b^i Mni mv_ AbK wgj _vKv ^I 4 b^i MnwU Rxe RMZi emevmi DchvMx bq- hyw mn
evLv Ki|
132 wbg kwYi Rxe

qv`k Aavq

cvKwZK cwiek Ges `~lY

Avgv`i Pvicvki me Ro I RxeK wbq Mo DVQ cvKwZK cwiek| Zvgiv Rvb wewfb Ro I Rxei
ga iqQ mK| Avevi Rxe I cwieki gaI iqQ wbweo mK| hvi dj Avgv`i Pvicvk
cwZwbqZ NU PjQ wewP me KgKv| cw_exZ wUK _vKvi Rb gvbyl Zvi wbRi cqvRb cwieki
wewfb Dcv`vb eenvi Ki| hvi Rb cwiek m wewfb KgKv Pvjvq| h Kvb GKwU cwiek gvbyl
hLb G aibi KgKv Pvjvq ZLb mLvbKvi Dcv`vbmg~ni Dci wewfb cfve co|

G Aavq cvV kl Avgiv -

cwiek `~lY evLv KiZ cvie|
cwieki Dcv`vbmg~ni `~lYi KviY evLv KiZ cvie|
cwieki Dcv`vbi Dci `~lYi cfve evLv KiZ cvie|
cwiek `~lY cwZivai Dcvq evLv KiZ cvie|
cwiek msiY mgvR mPZbZv mwZ D`vMx ne|
cwiek `~lY Ges Gi cfve cvvi Dcvcb Ki cKvk KiZ cvie|
wevb 133

cvV - 1: cwiek `~lY

mfZvi AMMwZi mv_ mv_ Avgv`i Pvicvki cwiek cwiewZZ nQ| gvbyl Zvi cqvRb gUvbvi Rb
cvKwZK cwiekK wewfbfve eenvi KiQ| cvKwZK A_ev gvbyli wewfb KgKv GB Dfq KviYB
cwieki wewfb Dcv`vbi cwieZb NUZ cvi| hvi KviY A^vfvweK Aevi mw nq Ges cwieki
fvimvg b nq| dj gvbyl I Dw`mn Abvb cvYxi Rxeb gwKi myLxb nq| Rxei Rb cwiek
GK A^wKi Aevi mw nq| GK Avgiv ewj cwiek `~lY|

wP : `~wlZ cwiek wP ne
KvR: cwiek `~lY mK Rvbv|
cqvRbxq DcKiY: bvU LvZv, Kjg|
cwZ: Zvgvi GjvKv I zji cwiek cheY Ki| cwiek Kvbv cKvi `~lY NUQ wKbv Zv j
Ki Ges mbv Ki| h mKj `~lY Zzwg mbv KiQ m mK kYxZ AvjvPbv Ki|

z`vwZz` Rxe _K i Ki mKj cKvi Rxe I gvbyli wePiY cw_exi GB cwiek| cwieki Kvb
AskB AvR `~lYgy bq| gvbyl ay Zvi wbRi cwiekKB `~wlZ KiQ bv| mKj Rxe I Zvi cwiekI
GB `~lYi dj wZM nQ| cwiek `~lYi dj gvbylmn mKj Dw` I cvYxi Rxeb aviY weN
NUQ| `~lY Kb NUQ? wKQz wZKviK Dcv`vb cZ ev civfve eenvii dj Avgv`i cwiek
`~wlZ nQ| hvK Avgiv `~lK (Pollutant) ewj| wewfb KviLvbv, Zvc we`yrK`i wPgwb Ges hvbevnb
_K wbMZ auvqv, RwgZ eeZ KxUbvkK, ivmvqwbK mvi, wewfb AveRbv, cwjw_b, cvwK BZvw` njv
`~lKi D`vniY| G mKj `~lK wfb wfb fve cwieki wewfb Dcv`vbK `~wlZ KiQ|
134 wbgekkGes
cvKwZK cwi wYi Rxe
`~lY

cvV - 2 : cwieki Dcv`vbmg~ni `~lYi KviY

cwiek cavYZ `yUv Dcv`vb wbq MwVZ| Gjv nj cw_exi mKj Rxe Ges mKj Ro Dcv`vb| Zvgiv Rvb
mKj Dw` I cvYx wbq cwieki Rxe Dcv`vb MwVZ Avevi Ro Dcv`vbi ga iqQ gvwU, cvwb, evqymn
cw_exi Abvb mKj Roe| `~lYi dj cwieki mKj Rxe Dcv`vb Ges Ro Dcv`vb wZM nq| hvi
dj gvbylmn mKj Rxe cwiek gwKi myLxb nq| GLb ck njv cwiek `~wlZ nIqvi KviY Kx?
KvR: cwieki Dcv`vbmg~ni `~lY mK Rvbv
cqvRbxq DcKiY: bvU LvZv, cvvi KvMR, gvKvi|
cwZ: wkKi mnvqZvq `j MVb Ki| c~eeZx cvV Zvgiv h mKj `~lY mbv KiQ mjvi KviY
Kx Zv `j cheY Ki| cwieki G mKj Dcv`vb `~wlZ nIqvi Drmmg~n LuyR ei Ki| `~lYi
KviY Ges Drmmg~n cvvi KvMR wjL kYxZ c`kb Ki| cZK `ji KvR Nyi Nyi `L Ges
kYx AvjvPbvq AskMnY Ki|

cw_exZ hLb wewfb Rxei msLv `Z eo hvq ZLb Rxeb aviYi Rb wewfb Pvwn`vI eo hvq| ZLb
cwiek Zv`i AwZ wUK ivLvi Rb Zviv Ggbme KvRKg Ki hv cwieki ^vfvweK wbqgK
evavM Ki| eZgvb cw_exZ RbmsLv gk ew cvQ| hvi dj evowZ gvbyli Rb cqvRb nQ
AwZwi Lv`, evmvb, hvbevnb BZvw`| Pvli Rwg evovZ I evmvb Zwi KiZ gvbyl ebRj
KU djQ| dj evqygj eo hvQ welv me Mvmi cwigvb| Gme Mvmi ga iqQ Kveb WvB
AvBW, Kveb gbvvBW BZvw`| dj cw_exi Zvcgvv eo hvQ| ZvQvov Givmvj I iwdRviUi
_K wbMZ CFC (KvivdvivKveb) IRvb iK wZM KiQ| evowZ gvbyli Rb Lv` I
evmvb QvovI cqvRb bvbvb cYmgvMx| dj Zviv Mo ZzjQ wewfb wk KviLvbv| Gme wkKviLvbvi
ivmvqwbK eR `~wlZ KiQ cwiek| GfveB cw_exi cwiek `~wlZ nQ| cieZx cvVjvZ Zvgiv
cwieki cavb wZbwU Dcv`vb gvwU, cvwb I evqy `~lY mK Rvbe|

wP : wewfbfve cwiek `~lY

wevb 135

cvV-3, 4 : gvwU `~lY

Avgv`i Rxeb aviYi Rb gvwU AZvekK| gvwUZ wewfb dmj dj hv Avgiv Lv` wnme MnY Kwi|
ay Lv`B bq RxebaviYi mewKQzB Avgiv hgb- evmvb, e, Jlya BZvw`i Rb Avgiv h Dw`i
Ici wbfikxj ZvI gvwU _K cvB| Dw` I Abvb cvYxi Rxeb aviYi RbI gvwU Acwinvh| eZgvb
gvwUK Avgiv wewfbfve `~wlZ KiwQ| hvi dj gvwUi DeiZv b nQ|

KvR : gvwU `~lY I gvwU `~lYi Drm mK Rvbv

cqvRbxq DcKiY : bvU LvZv, cvvi KvMR, gvKvi|
cwZ: Zvgvi GjvKvi wewfb vb cwi`kb Ki| Gme vb Kxfve gvwU `~wlZ nQ Zv cheY Ki|
j Ki gvwU `~lYi Drmjv Kx Kx Ges LvZvq wjL ivL| Zvgvi GjvKvi gvwU `~lY iva mevBK
mPZb KiZ nj Kx Kx Kie Zv cvvi KvMR wjL| kwYZ c`kb Ki Ges AvjvPbvq Ask bvI|

gvwUZ Avgiv h mKj AveRbv I eR c`v_ dwj GjvK evKUwiqv cuPZ mvnvh Ki| hvi dj
Gjv gvwUi m mnR wgk hvq| GQvovI AvRKvj Avgiv Ggb me `evw` eenvi KiwQ hjv gvwUZ
cuP bv| hgb KuvP, cwjw_b, cvwK BZvw`| hv Dw`i ^vfvweK ewZ cwZeKZv mw Ki|

gvwU `~lYi Drm

cvwK, cwjw_b `e QvovI gvwUK Avgiv wewfbfve `~wlZ KiwQ| Gmei ga iqQ wewfb AveRbvmn
KwlKvR eeZ ivmvqwbK mvi, KxUbvkKi eenvi Ges wkKviLvbvi eR BZvw`|

gvwU `~lYiva KiYxq

gvwU `~lY iva cvwK, cwjw_b BZvw` hjv cuPbkxj bq mjvi eenvi e KiZ ne| RwgZ
KxUbvkK, ivmvqwbK mvi eenvi eRb KiZ ne| GQvovI hLvb mLvb gqjv AveRbv wbc Kiv
Pje bv|

wP : gvwU `~lb
136 wbg kGes
cvKwZK cwiek wYi `~Rxe
lY

cvV - 5, 6 : cvwb `~lY

eZgvb cw_exZ mycq cvwbi Afve `Lv w`qQ| cvwb Qvov Rxeb Pj bv| cvwb `~lY Avgv`i Rb
GKwU eo wPvi welq| eZgvb cvwb bvbvfve `~wlZ nQ| gvbylB cvwb `~lYi Rb `vqx| G mgmv ay
Avgv`i `k bq| mviv wekB GUv GLb AZ cKU|
KvR : cvwb `~lY Ges cvwb `~lYi KviY Ges Drm mK Rvbv
cwZ : Zvgvi GjvKvq ev GjvKvi wbKU ev Mvgi evwoZ hw` Kvb Rjvkq, cyKzi ev b`x _vK Zv
cwi`kb Ki| j Ki `L GLvbKvi cvwb Kxfve `~wlZ nQ| hw` Zvgvi GjvKv ev Mvgi evwoZ G
aibi Rjvkq ev cyKzi A_ev b`x wKQzB bv _vK Ze mncvwV`i mv_ AvjvPbv Ki Rb bvI Kxfve
Zv`i GjvKvi cvwb `~wlZ nq| bvU LvZvq wjL ivL| cvwb `~lYi Drm I KviY Rb kYxZ
AvjvPbvq Ask bvI|
Zvgiv Rvb cvwb Avgiv wewfbfve eenvi Kwi| Avgiv cvwb cvb Kwi, Lv` Zwi Kwi, cvwb w`q Mvmj
Kwi, avqv gvQvi KvR Kwi| Gme QvovI Abvb h Kvb KvR hgb- wk KviLvbvqI cvwb Qvov Kvb
`eB Zwi Kiv hvq bv| Zvgiv Kx Rvb Gme cvwb Avgiv Kv_v _K cvB? ew, b`x, SiYv, Lvj-wej,
Wvev-cyKzi BZvw` Drm _K Avgiv cvwb cvB| hviv Mvg evm Ki Zviv mvaviYZ Gme Drm _K cvwb
msMn Ki| GQvovI Lvevi cvwbi Rb Kc, bjKc BZvw` eenvi Ki| Zvgiv Rvb kni evmvevwoZ eo
eo cvBci gvag cvwb mieivn Kiv nq| hv Avgiv Uvc ev Kji gvag cvB| Gme cvwb b`x ev f~Mf
_K msMn Kiv nq|

cvwb `~lYi KviY Ges Drm

wewfbfve cvwb `~wlZ nZ cvi| G KviYwji ga gvbyli KgKvB cvwb `~lYi AbZg KviY|
GQvovI wewfb cvKwZK KviYI cvwb `~wlZ nq _vK| hgb- Zvgiv ebvi K_v bQv| ebvi dj
gvbyl I MncvwjZ c cvwLi cvwbZ wgk Ges cvwb `~wlZ nq| bMivqb I wkvqbi dj cq:wbvkb I
wk eR AbK eo wMqQ| Gme eR wewfb Rjvkq coQ| wewfb eR Gme Rjvkq _K b`xZ
Ges b`x _K mvMi coQ| dj cvwb `~wlZ nQ| GQvovI Kwl Drcv`b evovbvi Rb RwgZ wewfb
KxUbvkK I ivmvqwbK mvi eenvi Kiv nQ| GjvI wewfb Rjvkq _K b`x Ges b`x _K mvMi
coQ| Gjv gvwUi wbPi cvwbi mI wgk cvwbK `~wlZ KiQ| GQvovI Zvgiv j Ki _vKe
AbK cyKzii cvwbZ euvk, eZ, cvU BZvw` wfwRq ivL| Mi, gwnl, QvMj Mvmj Kivq| AbK
wewfb Rjvkqi Dci KuvPv cvqLvbv Zwi Ki hv cvwbK `~wlZ Ki|
wevb 137

wP : cvwb `~lb
cvV -7, 8 : evqy `~lY
Avgv`i cw_exi Pvicvk iqQ evqygj| GB evqyi gaB gvbylmn Abvb cvYx I Dw` euP AvQ|
gvbyli m wewfb KviY evqyi Kvbv Kvbv Dcv`vbi cwigvb eo ev Kg hvQ| hv cwiek I
Avgv`i Rb wZKi| evqyi G aibi cwieZb evqy `ylY bvg cwiwPZ| AvR cw_exi Pvicvki evqygj
wewfbfve `~wlZ nQ|
KvR: evqy `~lY Ges Gi Drm mK Rvbv|
cwZ: Zvgvi GjvKvi evqy `~lYi Drmjv cheY Ki| j Ki `L gvbyl Kxfve evqy `~wlZ
KiQ| evqy `~lYi KviY Ges Drmjv mbv Ki cvvi KvMR wjL| kYxZ c`kb Ki
Ges AvjvPbvq AskMnY Ki|

evqy `~lYi KviY Ges Drm

gvbyli viv Ges cvKwZKfve evqy `~wlZ nZ cvi| cwiek wevbxiv evqy `~lYi Rb KZKMyjv KviY
DjL KiQb| Gjvi ga iqQ hvbevenb, wkKviLvbv _K wbMZ Kvjv auvqv| hvi ga iqQ
Kveb WvB AvBW Ges Kveb gbvAvBW Mvm| GQvovI Avgv`i `k BUi fvUvq hLb BU Zwi Kiv
nq ZLb mLvb _K Kvjv auvqvi mw nq| mLvbKvi mB Kvjv auvqvI evqy `~lY NUvq| dj evqy
gj `Lv `q A^vfvweK cwieZb| evqy `~lYi Aviv KviYi ga iqQ wUc~Y gvUi Mvox, ijMvox,
evm, Uv BZvw`i Bwb _K ewiq Avmv auvqv| GmKj auvqvi mv_ wbMZ nq Kveb gbvvBW,
Kveb KYv Ges Kveb WvB AvBW| hjv cwieki Rb AZ wZKi| evqy `~lYi Rb ay h
hvbevnb I wkKviLvbvB `vqx Zv wK bq| wmMviUi auvqv, Gmem, wewfb aibi AveRbvmn ivbvi
Mvm BZvw`I evqy `~lY NUvq| evqy `~lYi AviI GKwU AbZg KviY njv wbwePvi ebRj KU djv|
138 wbgekkGes
cvKwZK cwi wYi `~Rxe
lY

wP : evqy `~lb
cvV - 9 : `~lYi cfve
Zvgiv gvwU, cvwb I evqy `~lY Kxfve NU Zv RbQ| Zvgiv Kx Rvb Gme `~lYi dj cwieki Dci
Kvb aibi cfve co?
KvR : wewfb `~lYi cfve mK Rvbv|
cwZ : wkKi mnvqZvq `j MVb Ki| `j Zvgv`i we`vjq Ges GjvKvi Avkcvki cwiek
cwi`kb Ki| `L GjvKvi cwiek Kvb Kvb aibi `~lY NUQ? Gme `~lYi dj gvbylmn Abvb
Rxei Dci Kvb aibi cfve coQ Zv `j AvjvPbv Ki bvU LvZvq wjL| kYxZ `j _K
Dcvcb Ki Ges kYx AvjvPbvq AskMnY Ki|

gvwU `~lYi cfve

Zvgiv RbQ gvwU `~lYi AbZg KviY nQ gvwUZ eRi cwigvY eo hvIqv| gvwU `~lYi Rb `vqx
wewfb KwVb I ivmvqwbK eR| Gme eR hLvb mLvb djvi KviY cwiek bvbvfve wZM nq|
gvwUZ dj `Iqv KuvP, Gjywgwbqvg, cwjw_b BZvw` gvwUZ mnR wgk bv| dj gvwU Zvi DeiZv
nvivq| Zvgiv Rb AevK ne Gjywgwbqvgi gvwUi mv_ wgkZ jvM GKk eQi| KuvPi jvM `yk eQi
Ges cwjw_bi jvM cvq mvo Pvik eQi| KvRB eySZ cviQv Kx fqven Aev| GQvovI Gjv
Avgv`i b`gv, RjvkqK fivU Ki Ges RjveZvi mw Ki| cieZxZ Gjv cyKzi, b`x, mvMi Gme
vbI vbvwiZ nq| hvi dj mKj Rxei euP _vKvi Rb Gjv gKxi KviY nq| KwlRwgZ h
KxUbvkK I ivmvqwbK mvi eenvi Kiv nq Zv mKj Rxei Rb wZKi| Gme ivmvqwbK `e Lv`i
mv_ wgk Kvvii gZv fqven ivMi mw nZ cvi|
cvwb `~lYi cfve
Avgiv wewfbfve cvwb `~wlZ KiwQ Zv Zvgiv RbQv| Lv`i DwQ gqjv AveRbv, RxeRyi gZ`n,
Mnvjxi eenvh bvbv aibi cPbkxj e hLvb mLvb djv nq| Gjv cuP wewfb RxevYyi mw
nq| ewi cvwbi mv_ Gjv wgk cyKzi, b`x I Rjvkqi cvwbZ wgk| dj cvwb `~wlZ nq| G `~wlZ
cvwb cvb Kij Avgvkq, Wvqwiqv, Kjiv, Rwm, UvBdqW BZvw` ivM nq| cvwb `~wlZ nj m cvwbZ
gvQ I Abvb RjR cvYxI euvPZ cvi bv| dj cvwbi cwieki fvimvg b nq|
wevb 139

evqy `~lYi cfve

Zvgiv RbQv wewfbfve evqy `~wlZ nq| evqy `~wlZ nj m evqyZ wewfb Mvmi cwigvY ew cvq| hv
gvbyli Rb wZKi| Gme wZKi Mvmi ga Kveb WvB AvBW, Kveb gbvAvBW, mvjdvi WvB
AvBW BZvw`i bvg DjLhvM| evqyZ Kveb gbvvBWi cwigvY eo Mj gvbyli kvmKRwbZ
ivM _K i Ki Kvvi Gi gZv gvivZK ivM nZ cvi| GQvovI wkKviLvbv _K wbMZ auvqv
evqyZ wgk wMq GwmW ewi mw nZ cvi| GB GwmW ew ay gvbyli wZB Ki bv, RjR cvYxivI
wZM nq| Gi dj ebf~wgI asm nq|
Gme QvovI evqy`~lYi dj cw_exi Zvcgvv AvMi _K AbK ew cqQ| wevbxiv ejQb Gfve
Zvcgvv ew hw` AevnZ _vK Ze mgy`ci Mo DPZv ew cve| dj cw_exi mgy` DcKjeZx bxPz
jf~wg cvwbZ Wye hve| Avevi Kvbv Kvbv Aj ivi Kej coe| dj vbxq Rjevqyi cwieZb
NUe| GZ ay gvbyl wZM ne bv, AmsL Dw` I cvYx cw_ex _K jy nq hve|

cvV - 10 : `~lY cwZiva I cwiek msiY

Zvgiv RbQv wewfbfve cwieki gvwU, cvwb I evqy `~lY NUQ| gvwU, cvwb I evqy Avgv`i euP
_vKvi Rb Acwinvh| wKy gvbyli KviYB eZgvb G cwiek axi axi evmi AhvM nq coQ|
cwiekK my I ^vfvweK bv ivLZ cvij cw_exi mKj Rxei AwZB gKxi myLxb ne| cwiek
`~lYgy ivLvi GKgv Dcvq njv `~lY cwZiva I cwiek mK mKji ga mPZbZv mw|

KvR : `~lY cwZiva I cwiek msiY mPZbZv mwi Dcvq mK Rvbv|

cwZ : wkKi mnvqZvq `j MVb Ki| cwiek `~lY _K wbR I mKjK weiZ ivLZ Kx Kx Kiv
hvq Zv `j AvjvPbv Ki bvU LvZvq wjL| cwek `~lY iva mPZbZv mwi j kvMvb Zwi Ki|
zj c`kbi eev Ki|

gvwU, cvwb, evqy Qvov cwiek Rxei AwZi K_v fvevB hvq bv| Avgv`i mKji DwPZ cwieki G
Dcv`vbjvK `~lYgy I h_vh_fve msiY Kiv| eZgvb RbmsLv eo hvIqvi KviY cwieki G
mKj Dcv`vbi eenvi AbK ewk nQ| dj cwZwbqZ wewfbfve cwieki `~lY NUQ| cwiekK
`~lYgy ivLZ I msiY KiZ nj Avgv`i mevBK wbPi welqjvi cwZ Lqvj ivLZ ne|
my cwieki Rb gvwU, cvwb I evqy `~lY hvZ bv NU mw`K j ivLZ ne|
evwoNi, zj, ivvi cvk MvQcvjv jvMvZ ne|
Lvjv RvqMvq hLvb mLvb gjg~ ZvM Kiv e KiZ ne|
wkKviLvbv _K auvqv ei nq hb `~lY bv NU, mRb auvqv evqyZ Qovevi AvMB AvaywbK
chywi mvnvh GK `~lYgy KiZ ne|
cvwK, cwjw_b BZvw`i eenvi e KiZ ne| Gmei cwieZ cvURvZ `ei eenvi Kiv
hZ cvi|
KxUbvkK, ivmvqwbK mvii eenvi e KiZ ne| Gjvi cwieZ Re mvi eenvi KiZ
ne I cvKwZK Dcvq cvKv gvKo `gb KiZ ne|
140 wbg kGes
cvKwZK cwiek wYi `~Rxe
lY

Ni-evwoi gqjv AveRbv I Lv``ei DwQ hLvb mLvb bv dj Kvbv wbw` vb gvwUi
MZ dj gvwU Pvcv w`Z ne|
mKj RbMYK `~lYi wZKviK w`K Ges cwiek msiYi Dcvq mK mPZb KiZ ne|
eb msiY KiZ ne| gb ivLZ ne Gjv wewfb Rxei Avevmj| GQvov MvQcvjv
Avgv`i cwiekK `~lYgy ivLZ mvnvh Ki|
G Aavq hv wkLjvg
cwieki wewfb Dcv`vbi ga hLb Kvbv cwieZb NU ZLb cwieki fvimvg b nq|
dj gvbylmn Abvb Rxei Rb cwZK~j cwiek mw nq| hvK Avgiv ewj cwiek `~lY|
cvKwZK Ges gvbyli wewfb KgKv Dfq KviYB cwiek `~lY NU| Ze wewfb `~lYi Rb
gvbylB cavbZ `vqx|
cwieki gvwU, cvwb I evqy `~lYi dj ay gvbylB wecb ne bv, AmsL Dw` I cvYxi AwZ
wecb ne|
`~lY iva Ges cwiek msiYi Dcvq mK mPZbZv mw njv cwieki fvimvg ivi
AbZg Dcvq|
Abykxjbx
k~bvb c~iY Ki :
1. Pvli Rwg evovZ I evmvb Zwi KiZ gvbyl KU djQ|
2. wkKviLvbvi cvwb `~lYi Rb `vqx|
3. wewfb AveRbvK cuPZ mvnvh Ki|

msw ck :
1. `~lY Kxfve NU Zvi GKwU D`vniY `vI|
2. `~lY iva mK Zvgvi GjvKvi mevBK mPZb KiZ nj Zzwg Kx Kx KiZ cvi?
3. Zvgvi evwoi cwiek msiY Zvgvi KiYxq Kx?
4. Zvgvi weavjq cwieg msiY Zzwg Kxfve f~wgKv ivLZ cvi?
5. cvwb `ylYi `yUv cfve DjL Ki|
6. evly `~lY Kb gvbyli Rb wZKi?
ewbevPwb ck:
1. KvbwU _K knii evmvevwoZ cvwb mieivn Kiv nq?
K. bjK~c L. cyKzi
M. f~Mf N. K~c
wevb 141

2. gvwU `~lYi KviY njv-

i. cwjw_b I KxUbvkK
ii. AveRbv I gZRxe`n
iii. ivmvqwbK mvi I KuvP
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

`kwU j Ki Ges 3 I 4 b^i cki Di `vI:

wP : KviLvbvi auvqv I e wbabi

3. `kKi w wPwZ Ask AbycwZ KvbwU?

K. Kveb WvBAvBW L. mvjdvi WvBAvBW

M. Kvivdviv Kveb N. Kveb gbvAvBW
4. wP c`wkZ NUbvwU cw_exZ msNwUZ nj-
i. IRbi i b ne
ii. Aewi mvebv evoe
iii. wMbnvDR cwZwqvi mw ne
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
142 wbgekkGes
cvKwZK cwi wYi `~Rxe
lY

mRbkxj ck:
1.

wP- b`x

K. GwmW ew Kx?
L. cvwK gvwUi Rb wZKi Kb? evLv Ki|
M. DxcKi cvwYjv Kx aibi mgmvi myLxb nqQ KviYmn evL Ki|
N.Kx c`c MnY Kij DxcKi cwieki fvimvg iv cve?
2.

wP

K. `~lY Kx?
L. cvwb `~lY Kb wZKi?
M. cwieki Dci P Kx aibi mgmv mw Kie evLv Ki|
N. DxcKi m mgmv mgvavb Avgiv mevB Kx aibi Ae`vb ivLZ cvwi Zv hywmn weklY Ki|
wevb 143

PZz`k Aavq

Rjevqy cwieZb
cw_exK wNi iqQ evqygj| Kvb vbi evqygji ^mgqi Zvcgvv, Pvc, evqycevn, Av`Zv G
Aevjv njv AvenvIqv| Avi Kvb vbi AbK eQii mvgwMK AvenvIqv njv Rjevqy| AvenvIqv I
Rjevqy Avgv`i RxebK bvbvfve cfvweZ Ki| ^vfvweK AvenvIqv I RjevqyZ Avgiv ^vfvweK Rxeb
hvcb Kwi| wKy evqygji Zvcgvv ewi KviY weki Rjevqy cwiewZZ nq hvQ| Rjevqy cwieZbi
dj evsjv`k wZM nQ|
G Aavq cvV kl Avgiv-
evqygji wewfb i eYbv KiZ cvie
cwiek cvwbP, AwRb P I Kveb Pi iZ evLv KiZ cvie
AvenvIqv I Rjevqy evLv KiZ cvie
DZv ew I Rjevqy cwieZbi KviY evLv KiZ cvie
144 wbg kwcwieZ
Rjevqy Yi Rxeb

cvV 1 I 2 : cw_exi evqygj

Zvgiv l kwYZ RbQ mwi c_gw`K cw_ex Lye Mig wQj| Zvici axi axi Vvv nqQ| G mgq
nvjKv c`v_ A_vr evqexq c`v_ mePq evBii w`Ki Ask Zix Ki|
h evqexq AskwU cw_exi cK wNi iLQ mwUB evqygj| Zvgiv Rvb h, evqygj g~jZt bvBUvRb
I AwRb w`q Zwi| GQvovI Rjxq ev, aywjKYv, AvMb, Kveb WvB-AvBW Ges AviI wKQz Mvm
evqygj iqQ| cw_ex mKj wKQzK Zvi wbRi w`K Uvb| mB Uvbi dj evqygji Mvmjv
cw_exi ci KvQvKvwQ _vK| ZvB f~-ci KvQvKvwQ evqygj Nb nq _vK| f~-c _K Zvgiv hZ
Dcii w`K hve, evqygjK ZZ nvjKv ev cvZjv cve| ZvB Zvgiv hw` ceZi P~ovq DVZ PvI Ze
kvm bIqvi Rb AwRb mv_ wbq hZ ne| evqygj f~-c _K KqKk wKjvwgUvi ch weZ|
evqygjK AbKjv i fvM Kiv nq| c_g PviwU i njv Ucvwqvi ev Ucvgj, vUvgj,
gmvgj I Zvcgj|

cw_exi Afi
fvM
Ucvgj

vUvgj

gmvgj

Zvcgj

wP : evqygji wewfb i
Ucvgj: f~-c _K GMvi wKjvwgUvi ch evqygjK ejv nq Ucvgj| GB i evqyi ewkifvM
cqvRbxq Dcv`vbmg~n hgb AwRb, bvBUvRb, Kveb WvBAvBW I Rjxq ev _vK| GB i
gvbyl I Abvb Rxei RxebK cfvweZ Ki Ggb me NUbv NU| hgb GB i gN, ew, evqyy cevn,
So, Kzqvkv Gme nq| ZvB Ucvgj evqygji mePq iZc~Y i|
wevb 145

vUvgj: Ucvgji wVK IciB i nqQ vUvgj| GB i Ucvgj _K i Ki f~-ci

cvk wKjvwgUvi ch A_vr cvq 39 wKjvwgUvi weZ| GB i iqQ IRb bvgi GKwU Mvm| GB
Mvm m~hi wZKviK iwk _K Avgv`i iv Ki| GB i Ges Gi Dcii w`K evqygji Abvb
Mvm Lye Kg cwigvY AvQ|
gmvgj: vUvgj kl nq GB i i| GB ii DPZv evovi mv_ mv_ evqyi Zvcgvv KgZ
_vK|
Zvcgj: GB i cvq evqyb| GB i evqyi Zvcgvv `Z evo ZvB Gi bvg Zvcgj| GB i
eZvi Zi cwZdwjZ nq wdi Avm|

cvV 3 : cwiek cvwb P

Zvgiv Rvb cvwb bvbv Drm _K cvIqv hvq| hgb, Avgiv ew _K Avgv`i `k cPzi cvwb cvB|
elvKvj `L ebvi cvwbZ `ki bvbv RvqMv Wze hvq| AvQv ejZv, ebvi cvwb Kv_v _K Avm? elv
kl Avevi Zv Kv_vq Pj hvq? cii eQi Avevi elvKvj Kv_v _K ebvi cvwb Avm?
cw_exZ cvwb Zvi GK Drm _K Drm PvKvi Nvi| ew Kxfve nq Zv Zvgiv Rvb| m~hZvc
fz-ci A_vr cyKzi, Lvj, wej, b`x I mgy`i cvwbK Rjxq ev cwiYZ Ki| Rjxq ev evqygji
Dcii w`K DV Vvv nq z` cvwbKYvq cwiYZ nq| z` cvwbKYv GK nq AvKvk gN wnme Nyi
eovq| gNi cvwbKYvjv GKwZ nq AvKvi eo nq ewi~c gvwUZ co| gNi cvwbKYvjv Lye
ewk Vvv nq Mj Zv eid cwiYZ nq Ges wkjvew wnme cw_exZ bg Avm| ewi cvwb Mwoq
Mwoq b`xi cvwbi mv_ gk| b`xi cvwb cevwnZ nq mgy`i cvwbZ gk| Gfve f~-ci cvwb _K
Rjxq ev, Rjxq ev _K gN, gN _K ew wnme cvwb Avevi f~-c wdi Avm| ewi cvwb
Avevi Mwoq Mwoq b`x Ges mekl mgy` wdi Avm| Gfve cvwbi PvKvi Nyi AvmvK cvwb P
ej| GLvb GKwU welq Lqvj Kiv `iKvi h, ewi cvwb PzBq PzBq gvwUi wbP wMq mwZ nq| G
cvwbK Avgiv f~-Mf cvwb ewj| f~-Mf cvwb Avgiv cvb KiZ, `bw`b I mPKvR eenvi Kivi
Rb Dvjb Ki _vwK|
 Rjevqy cwieZb
146 wbg kwYi Rxe

Avevi evqy cevni KviY Rjxq ev gNi~c Do wMq ceZi Pzovq wMq cQvq| mLvb gNi
cvwbKYv Vvvq eid cwiYZ nq| GB eid MxKvj m~hi Zvc Mj cvwb nq cvnvoi Mv eq bg
Avm| Gfve QvU cvnvox b`xi Drcw nq| GB cvnvox b`x ewi cvwbi mv_ wgj mgZj eo b`xZ
cwiYZ nq| GB b`xi cvwb mekl mgy` wMq gk| cvwb _K gN, gN _K ceZi Pzovq eid,
eid Mj b`x GfveI cvwb PvKvi Nyi Avm| wbPi wPwU _K cvwbi PvKvi Nyi AvmvUv
fvjvfve eySZ cvie|
cwiek cvwb P cwieki Rb AZ iZc~Y| aiv mgy`mn f~-ci cvwb hw` ev bv nq f~-cB
_K hZ, Zvnj Kx nZv? wbqB ew nZv bv! b`xZ cvwb _vKZv bv| Avgiv Kx Zvnj dmj djvZ
cviZvg? ewi cvwbI cZvg bv, b`xi cvwb _K mP w`Z cviZvg bv| ew bv nj f~-MfI cvwb _vKZv
bv| Avevi ceZi Pzovq ev gi Aj eid Rgv bv _K Mj Mj Kx nZv| mgy` cvwbi cwigvY eo hZ|
ZvZ mgy`i KvQvKvwQ wbPz GjvKv hgb evsjv`ki `wYvj mgy`i cvwbZ oe hZ|
cvwbPi gvag cwiek cvwbi Pvwn`v I hvMvbi ga GKUv fvimvg eRvq _vK| Zvgiv j KiQ
h, cvwbPi Dci m~hZvci GKUv eo cfve iqQ| KLbI cvwbP evNvZ NUj gvbyl I Abvb
Rxei mgmv nq _vK| hgb AwZ ew nj ewi cvwb `Z mi hZ bv cvij ebv nq| Avgv`i
`k ebv cvq cwZeQiB `Lv hvq| Avevi cw_exi Zvcgvv eo Mj cvwbP evNvZ NU| GmK
Avgiv G Aavqi cieZx Ask Rvbev|

cvV 4: cwiek Kveb I AwRbi fvimvg

Zvgiv Rvbv h, Rxe evqygj _K AwRb Mnb Ki kmbi KvR Pvjvq| kmb cwqv kl evqygj
Kveb WvB-AvBW ZvM Ki| Avevi Dw` evqygj _K Kveb WvBAvBW kvlY Ki Lv` Zix Ki
Ges AwRb Qo `q| Gfve evqygj AwRb I Kveb WvBAvBW Mvmi cwigvY GKUv fvimvg
eRvq _vK| cwiek wekl Ki evqygj AwRb I Kveb WvBAvBWi fvimvg Lye iZc~Y| G `ywU
MvmB Rxebi Rb AwZ AvekK| evqygj G `ywU Mvmi fvimvg evSvi Rb Kveb P evSv `iKvi|
mKj Rxe`n MVb Kveb `iKvi nq| G Kveb Avm evqygji Kveb WvB-AvBW _K| cvwb I
evqygji Kveb WvB-AvBW _K Dw` mvjvK msklY cwqvq AwRb I MyKvR Zwi Ki| GB
MyKvR Dw``n Zwi Ki| cvYx Dw` _K Lv` MnY Kivi gvag Kveb MnY Ki|
wevb 147

Dw` I cvYx`ni Kveb wZbfve evqygj wdi Avm| c_gZ, Dw` I cvYx kmb cwqvq My KvR fO
kw Drcv`b Kivi mgq evqygji AwRb MnY Ki Ges Kveb WvBAvBW evqygj Qo `q|
wZxqZ, Dw`I cvYx`nK cyoj ZvZ Kveb WvBAvBW Drcb nq evqygj gk| ZZxqZ, Dw` I
cvYx`n gvwUZ cPevi mgq evKUwiqv I QvK Kveb WvBAvBW evqyZ Qo `q|
Zvnj `Lv Mj, evqygj _K Dw` Kveb WvB-AvBW MnY Ki MyKvR Zixi gvag Dw` I
cvYx`n Kveb mq Ki| Dw` I cvYx`ni Kveb wZb fve evqygj Kveb WvBAvBW wnme wdi
Avm| Gfve cwiek Kvebi A_vr Kveb WvBAvBWi fvimvg eRvq _vK|

cvV 5: AvenvIqv I Rjevqy

AvMvgxKvj `ycyii ci XvKvi Avk cvki GjvKvq Di-cwg w`K _K `gKv nvIqv eq hZ cvi|
w`bi ekxi fvM mgq AvKvk _vKe gNgy, Ze weKji w`K Di-c~e KvY Kvjv gN RgZ
cvi| AvR XvKvi evqyi AvcwK Av`Zv wQj 60 kZvsk| AvR w`bi mevP Zvcgvv wQj 34 wWwM
mjwmqvm Kzwqvq Ges mewbgZvcgvv wQj 24 wWwM mjwmqvm|

Zvgiv Kx iwWI ev Uwjwfkb Leii kl GiKg Lei bZ cvI? GwU wKmi Lei? Avgiv Kx RvbZ
cvB G aiYi Lei _K? AvMvgxKvj So ev ewi mvebv AvQ wK bv? Avgiv wK RvbZ cvB Kvj Kgb
Mig ev kxZ _vKe? nuv, mvaviYZ Leii kl w`K _vK ew ev So nZ cvi wK bv, Zvcgvv Kgb
_vKe| A_ev _vK Kv_vq KZUzKz ew nqQ ev w`bi mevP I mewbg Zvcgvv KZ wQj| G Lei
AvenvIqvi Lei| AvenvIqvi Lei _K wK evSv hvq AvenvIqv Kx?
AvenvIqv
AvenvIqv ejZ ^ mgqi Rb Kvb wbw` vbi evqygji AevK evSvq| evqyi Zvcgvv, Pvc,
evqy Kvb w`K _K KZ Rvi eq, evqyi Av`Zv ev evqyZ Rjxqevi cwigvY, gN, Kzqvkv I ewcvZ
GB Aevjv wgj AvenvIqv|
hgb Kvb w`bi mevP Zvcgvv wQj 35 wWwM mjwmqvm - G _K evSv hvq mw`bi AvenvIqv ek
Mig wQj| Avevi Kvb w`bi mevP Zvcgvv wQj 13 wWwM mjwmqvm- G _K evSv hve mw`b ek
Vvv wQj| Avevi AvKvk wQj gNjv A_ev w`bwU KzqvkvQb wQj GiKg AevI ^mgqi AvenvIqv wb`k
Ki|
Rjevqy
Avgiv ej _vwK AvR mKvj AvenvIqv Vvv wQj wKy `yci AvenvIqv ek Mig| A mgq AvenvIqv
e`j hZ cvi| cvi, Rjevqy mnmv e`jvq bv| Rjevqy njv Kvb vbi AbK eQii AvenvIqvi
GKwU mvgwMK ev Mo dj| hgb Avgiv ej _vwK evsjv`ki Rjevqy D I Av` G _K evSv hvq
evsjv`k ek Mig co I evqy fRv ev Av` _vK| Avevi ivwkqvi Rjevqy kxZcavb; GK_v ejZ Avgiv
eywS h ivwkqvq mvaviYZt Lye kxZ co|
 Rjevqy cwieZb
148 wbg kwYi Rxe

AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi cv_K

AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi Dcv`vb g~jZ GKB| evqygji Zvcgvv, evqyPvc, evqycevn, Av`Zv (Rjxq evi
AvcwK cwigvY), ewcvZ GMyjv AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi Dcv`vb| Dcv`vbmgyn GKB nj AvenvIqv I
Rjevqyi ga cv_K Kx? BZvga AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi ga mKi K_v RbQv| Rjevqy g~jZt Kvb
vbi AvenvIqvi `xN w`bi Mo Aev ev dj| meB `Lv hvK AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi ga cv_K Kx?
1| Kvb vbi evqygji ^Kvjxb AevB AvenvIqv| Avi Kvb vbi AbK eQii AvenvIqvi ev
evqygji Mo AevB Rjevqy|
2| Kvb vbi AvenvIqv A mgqi ga cwiewZZ nZ cvi| wKy Kvb vbi Rjevqy mnmv
cwieZb nq bv| cwieZb nj mUv nZ AbK eQi jM hvq|
3| KvQvKvwQ Aji AvenvIqv GKB mgq wfb nZ cvi| hgb Kvb wbw` w`b dwi`cyi ew nZ
cvi wKy ewikvj ew bvI nZ cvi| wKy KvQvKvwQ Aji Rjevqy mvaviYZ GKB iKg| hgb,
evsjv`k, _vBjv Ges fviZi cwgei Rjevqy GKB iKg|

cvV-6, 7 : AvenvIqvi cwieZb

Kvb GKw`b mKvj nqZv Nyg _K DV `Lj h evBi Dj iv`, Ze ZZUv Mig jvMQ bv| ejv
evovi mv_ mv_ Mig evoZ jvMjv, Mvuq Nvg nZ iy Kijv| AvKvk axi axi gN RgZ iy Kijv
Ges GK mgq Kvjv gN m~hwU XK Mj| GKUz ci gymjavi ew iy njv| ew kl AvKvk Avevi
cwivi njv Ges MigUv Kg Gjv| GKUz wPv KivZv AvenvIqv KZUv cwieZb njv GK w`bB|
AvenvIqv cwieZb AZ ^vfvweK evcvi| Kb Gfve AvenvIqv cwieZb nq ?
AvenvIqv cwieZbi g~j f~wgKv Avmj m~h Zvci| Avgiv GLb `Lev m~hZvc AvenvIqvi Dcv`vbmg~n
cwieZb Kxfve f~wgKv ivL|

m~hZvci Dci Zvcgvvi wbfiZv : myh _K AvMZ AvjvK iwki mv_ ZvcI cw_exZ Gm cQ|
m~hZvc hLb cw_ex c co ZLb cw_ex c D nq| cw_ex ci mv_ wgk _vKv evqygji wbPi
iI (Ucvwqvi) GZ D nq| dj w`bi ejvq mvaviYZ Avgiv ewk Mig Abyfe Kwi| ivZ hLb
m~h A hvq ZLbv cw_ex c I evqygji wbPi i Mig _vK| KviY w`bi ejvq cw_ex c h Zvc
cvq Zv ivZi ejvq meUzKz Pj hZ cvibv| cw_ex c h Zvc wewKiY Ki Zv evqygji Rjxq ev,
Kveb WvB AvBW, BZvw` mB Zvc kvlY Ki ai ivL| ZvB ivZi ejvI Avgiv Mig Abyfe Kwi|
MxKvj myh Avgv`i gv_vi Dci _K Lvovfve I ewk mgq ai wKiY `q ZvB Avgiv ewk Mig Abyfe
Kwi| cvi, kxZKvj m~h AbKUv `~i _K wZhKfve Ges Kg mgq ai wKiY `q ZvB Avgiv kxZ
Kvj Kg Mig Abyfe Kwi|
Zvcgvvi Dci evqy Pvc I evqycevni wbfiZv : evqyPvci cv_Ki KviY evqy cevni mw nq| Avgiv
hgb `wL cvwb DPZv hLvb ewk mLvb _K cvwb Kg DPZvi w`K hvq| Zgwb evqy DPPvci GjvKv
_K wbg Pvci GjvKvi w`K cevwnZ nq|
wevb 149

Zvcgvvi cwieZbi dj evqyPvci cwieZb nq|

Kvb RvqMvi Zvcgvv ewk nj mLvbKvi evqy D nq Dcii w`K DV hvq| dj H vb evqy cvZjv
ev dvuKv nq hvq| A_vr evqyPvc Kg hvq| GiKg AevK ej wbgPvc| ZLb Avkcvk hLvb evqyPvc
ewk mLvb _K evqy Gm dvuKvvb c~iY Ki| Gfve evqycevni mw nq| h vb Zvcgvv Kg
mLvb evqy Nb _vK| dj evqyPvc ekx _vK| evqyPvc ewk _vKvK DPPvc ejv nq|
Avgv`i `k Avgiv `wL kxZKvj evqy Di w`K _K `wY w`K cevwnZ nq| wKy MxKvj DvUv
`wL| Kb evqy GKKmgq GKK w`K _K cevwnZ nq? kxZKvj m~h evsjv`ki `wY Lvovfve
wKiY `q| ZvB mLvb evqyPvc Kg _vK| Abw`K evsjv`ki Di ek kxZ Ges evqyPvc ewk| ZvB
kxZKvj evsjv`ki Di w`K _K evqy `wY w`K cevwnZ nq| GB evqy jfvM _K Avm ej GZ
Rjxq ev Kg _vK| GRb kxZKvj evqy Ges ZvB ew Kg nq|
Avevi Mx I elvKvj m~h evsjv`ki Dci Lvovfve wKiY `q| ZvB ZLb evsjv`k ZLb ek Mig Ges
evqyPvc Kg _vK| evsjv`ki `wY evcmvMi Aj ZLb Kg Mig, ZvB evqyPvc ewk| ZvB ZLb
evqy evcmvMi GjvKv _K evsjv`ki w`K cevwnZ nq| `wY w`K _K GB evqy evcmvMi _K
cPzi Rjxq ev wbq Avm| GB Rjxq ev Vvv nq ew nq| GRb Mx I elvKvj evqy Av` _vK Ges
cPzi ew nq|

cvV 8- 10 : Rjevqyi cwieZb

BZvgaB RbQv h, Rjevqy njv Kvb vbi ew`bi AvenvIqvi Mo ev mvgwMK Aev|
evsjv`ki Rjevqy D I Av`| Zvgiv Rvb h, evsjv`k ek Mig co I Zgb kxZ co bv| kxZKvj
ek QvU, mvaviYZt cl I gvN GB `ygvm kxZ co| Zvici kxZ Kg wMq axi axi AvenvIqv D
nZ _vK| ekvL R ek Mig co| GB `ygvmK Avgiv MxKvj ewj| ekvL gvm cwZ eQiB
KvjekvLx `Lv hvq| Avlvpi iy _K ew iy nq A_vr elvKvj iy nq| kveY I fv` gvm ek Mig I
ew co| Zvici Avevi AvenvIqv Vvv nZ _vK Ges cl gvm kxZ wdi Avm| GUvB njv
evsjv`ki Rjevqyi ^vfvweK i~c| GiKg AvenvIqv Zvgvi evev-gv hLb QvU wQjb ZLbI `Lv hZ|
wek ev wk eQi ai evsjv`ki mvgwMK AvenvIqv A_vr Rjevqy GKB iKg|
Kvb vbi Rjevqy mnmv cwieZb nq bv| Ze wevbxiv cwigvc Ki `LZ cqQb h, cw_exi Mo
Zvcgvv axi axi evoQ| cw_exi Zvcgvv Gfve eo hvIqvK ewkK Dvqb (Global warming)
ej| cw_exi Zvcgvv ewi dj ceZi Pzovi I giy Aji eid Mj hvQ| Zvcgvv eo mgy`i
cvwb cmvwiZ nQ| dj mgy` ci DPZv eo hvQ| Gfve Zvcgvv evoZ _vKj ^i~c mgy`i
cvwbi DPZv evoZ _vKe| dj^i~c, evsjv`ki DcKzjxq Ajmn weki wbgvvj cvweZ nq hve|
GQvov Zvcgvv eo Mj wei~c AvenvIqv hgb Liv, AwZew Ges cvKwZK `~hvM ewk ewk NUZ `Lv
hve|
150 wbg kwYi
Rjevqy Rxeb
cwieZ

wP: evqygji Zvcgvv ew

ewkK Dvqbi KviY

ewkK Dvqbi g~j KviY evqygj Kveb WvB-AvBWi cwigvY ew| G AavqB Zvgiv RbQ h,
Kveb I AwRb PvKvi wdi Avm ej evqygj Kveb WvBAvBW Mvmi fvimvg eRvq _vK| wKy
BDivc wkwecei ci cw_exi wewfb `k wekl Ki wkvbZ `kjvZ KjKviLvbv I hvbevnb
Kqjv, cUvwjqvg I cvKwZK Mvm cvovbv nQ| Gme Rvjvwb cvovbv _K Drcb Kveb WvBAvBW
Kvbfve eq ev kvwlZ nQ bv| eis gvbyl evovi dj wewfb KviY MvQcvjv Kg hvQ| dj evqygj
Kveb WvBAvBW eo hvQ| GLb ck nQ Kveb WvBAvBW eo Mj Kb Zvcgvv evoQ?

KvR : Mxb nvDR cfve

cqvRbxq DcKiY: `ywU mgvb gvci cvwbi Mvm, gvcPvO, cvwb, GKwU cwivi ^Q cvwKi evM,
`ywU _vgvwgUvi|
cwZ:
1. `ywU Mvm gvcPvO w`q gc mgvb cwigvY cvwb bvI|
2. cwZwU Mvm GKwU Ki _vgvwgUvi ivL| _vgvwgUvi `L cvwbi Zvcgvv KZ| Zvgv`i LvZvq wjL
bvI|
3. GKwU Mvm cvwKi evMi fZi iL evMi gyLwU AvuUK `vI|
4. `ywU Mvm Gevi iv` iL `vI| Abygvb Ki Zv KvbwUi cvwb ewk Mig ne| Zvgv`i Dii c
hyw `vI|
5. GKNUv ci _vgvwgUvi `L Mvm `ywUi Zvcgvv KZ| KvbwUi Zvcgvv ewk eoQ? Zvgv`i
Abygvbi mv_ wgjQ wK?
wevb 151

`Lv hve, h MvmwU cvwKi evMi fZi wQj Zvi Zvcgvv ewk eoQ| Kb Zv ejZ cviv? m~hi
Zvc `ywU Mvmi cvwbi Dci mgvbfve coQ| h MvmwU cvwKi evMi fZi AvQ mwUZ Zvc cek
KiZ cvi| wKy cvwKi evM f` Ki fZii Zvc ei nZ cvi bv| dj cvwKi evMi fZi
ZvovZvwo Mig nq A_vr Zvcgvv `Z evo|

kxZcavb `k Zxe kxZ MvQcvjv wUK _vKZ cvi bv| Zxe kxZ kvK-mewR djvbvi Rb KvuPi Ni
Zix Kiv nq hvK Mxb nvDR ejv nq (wP-)| kxZKvj Amgq hLb iv` _vK, ZLb iv`i Zvc KvuP
f` Ki Nii fZi cek Ki Ges Nii evqy, MvQ I gvwUK D Ki| Nii Dvc ^vfvweK fve
wewKwiZ nq evBi Pj hZ Pvq| wKy Zvcgvv eo hvIqvq Zv KvuP f` Ki evBi hZ cvi bv|
dj KvuPi Ni ivZi ejvqI Mig _vK Ges fZii kvK-mewR euP _vK| KvuPi Nii fZi
Gfve Zvc _K hvIqvi welqwUK Mxb nvDR cfve ej|

wP : wMb nvDR

cw_exUvK GKwU Mxb nvDRi gZv aiv hvq| cw_exi Pviw`K wNi AvQ evqygj| G evqygj AvQ
Kveb WvB-AvBW, wg_b Avi Rjxq ev hjv Mxb nvDRi KvuPi gZv KvR Ki| Giv m~hi Zvc
cw_exZ AvmZ Kvb evuav `q bv dj m~hi Zvc cw_ex D nq| wKy Giv D cw_ex _K ZvcK
wewKwiZ nq Pj hZ evuav `q| dj cw_ex ivZi ejvqI Mig _vKZ cvi| Gme MvmK Mxb nvDm
Mvm ej| Kveb WvBAvBW, wg_b Avi Rjxq ev evqygj iqQ- GwU gvbe mfZvi Rb
Avkxev`|KviY Gme Mvm bv _vKj cw_ex _K Zvc wewKwiZ nq gnvb Pj hZ Avi cw_ex fxlY
Vvv nq coZv| GLb ck njv Avkxev` Avevi Kxfve mgmv njv? mgmv njv evqygj Kveb WvB-
AvBWi cwigvY eo hvIqv| evqygj Kveb WvBAvBW ewk _vKvq Giv ewk ewk Zvc ai ivLZ
cviQ| ZvB cw_exi Zvcgvv w`b w`b eo hvQ| Gfve ewkK Dvqbi Rb g~j KviY evqygj
Kveb WvBAvBWi cwigvb eo hvIqv|
152 wbg kwYi
Rjevqy Rxeb
cwieZ

Rjevqy cwieZb I ewkK Dvqb iva Kx KiYxq?

Rjevqy cwieZb I ewkK Dvqbi KviY Rvbj Zvgiv| Dcii AvjvPbv _K Avgiv wbPi cevn
wPwU AvuKZ cvwi|

evqygj Kveb ewkK

WvB-AvBW I Mxb nvDR Bd cwqvq Rjevqy
cw_exi Zvcgvv ew Dvqb cwieZb
wg_bi cwigvY
ew

Dcii cevn wP _K cwivi evSv hvQ h, Rjevqy cwieZbi KviY ewkK Dvqb Avi ewkK
Dvqbi KviY evqygj Kveb WvBAvBW I wg_b Mvmi cwigvb ew| Zvnj Kxfve Avgiv ewkK
Dvqb Avi Rjevqy cwieZb iva KiZ cvwi| mnR Di njv Kveb WvB-AvBW I wg_b Mvmi
wbtmiY Kgvbv| A_ev Kvbfve G`iK evqygj _K mwiq bIqv| wg_b MvmK evqygj _K
mivbv hvq bv| Gi Drcv`b ev wbtmiYI e Kiv KwVb KviY GwU Drcvw`Z nq KwlKvR _K| eZgvb
ewkK Dvqb gvKejvq cavb mycvwik njv Kveb WvB-AvBW wbtmiY Kgvbv| Kqjv, cUvwjqvg I
cvKwZK Mvm cvovbv Kwgq Zvi e`j bevqb hvM Rvjvbx (hgb, mikw, evqycevn _K we`yr
BZvw`) eenvi Kij Kveb WvBAvBW Mvm wbtmiY Kg| evqygji Kveb WvBAvBW Kgvbvi Rb
AviKwU Dcvqi K_v ejv nq| Zv njv ewk Ki MvQ jvMvbv| KviY MvQ Kveb WvB AvBW MnY Ki
Lv` Zwi Ki| dj evqygj Kveb WvBAvBW Kg Avm|
G Aavq Avgiv hv wkLjvg
evqygj f~-c _K KqKk wKjvwgUvi ch weZ| evqygjK AbKjv i fvM Kiv
nq| c_g PviwU i njv Ucvwqvi ev Ucvgj, vUvgj, gmvgj I Zvcgj|
f~-c _K GMvi wKjvwgUvi ch evqygjK ejv nq Ucvwqvi| GB i evqyi ekxifvM
cqvRbxq Dcv`vbmgyn hgb AwRb, bvBUvRb I Kveb WvB-AvBW _vK| GB i gvbyl
I Abvb Rxei RxebK cfvweZ Ki Ggb me NUbv NU| hgb GB i gN, ew, evqyy
cevn, So, Kzqvkv Gme nq| ZvB Ucvgj evqygji mePq iZc~Y i|
vUvgj iqQ IRb bvgi GKwU Mvm| GB Mvm m~hi wZKviK iwk _K Avgv`i iv Ki|
f~-ci cvwb _K Rjxq ev, Rjxq ev _K gN, gN _K ew wnme cvwb Avevi f~-
c wdi Avm| ewi cvwb Avevi Mwoq Mwoq b`x Ges mekl mgy` wdi Avm| Gfve
cvwbi PvKvi Nyi AvmvK cvwb P ej| cvwbPi gvag cwiek cvwbi Pvwn`v I hvMvbi
ga GKUv fvimvg eRvq _vK|
Rxe evqygj _K AwRb Mnb Ki kmbi KvR Pvjvq| kmb cwqv kl evqygj Kveb
WvB-AvBW ZvM Ki| Avevi Dw` evqygj _K Kveb WvB-AvBW kvlY Ki Lv` Zix
Ki Ges AwRb Qo `q| Gfve evqygj AwRb I Kveb WvB-AvBW Mvmi cwigvb
GKUv fvimvg eRvq _vK| cwiek wekl Ki evqygj AwRb I Kveb WvB-AvBWi
fvimvg Lye iZc~Y| G `ywU MvmB Rxebi Rb AwZ AvekK|
wevb 153

Kvb vbi evqygji ^mgqi Zvcgvv, Pvc, evqycevn, Av`Zv G Aevjv njv
AvenvIqv| Avi Kvb vbi AbK eQii mvgwMK AvenvIqv njv Rjevqy|
AvenvIqv cwieZbi g~j f~wgKv Avmj m~h Zvci| Zvcgvvi cwieZbi dj evqyPvci cwieZb nq|
Kvb vbi Rjevqy mnmv cwieZb nq bv| Ze wevbxiv cwigvc Ki `LZ cqQb h,
cw_exi Mo Zvcgvv axi axi evoQ| cw_exi Zvcgvv Gfve eo hvIqvK ewkK Dvqb
(Global warming) ej| cw_exi Zvcgvv ewi dj ceZi Pzovi I giy Aji eid Mj
hvQ| Zvcgvv eo mgy`i cvwb cmvwiZ nQ| dj mgy` ci DPZv eo hvQ| Gfve
Zvcgvv evoZ _vKj ^ic mgy`i cvwbi DPZv evoZ _vKe| dj^i~c, evsjv`ki
DcKzjxq Ajmn weki wbgvvj cvweZ nq hve| GQvov Zvcgvv eo Mj wei~c AvenvIqv
hgb Liv, AwZew Ges cvKwZK `~hvM ewk ewk NUZ `Lv hve|
ewkK Dvqbi dj Rjevqy cwiewZZ nQ| ewkK Dvqbi g~j KviY evqygj Kveb WvB
AvBWi cwigvY ew| ZvB Kveb WvB AvBWi wbtmiY KgvbvB Rjevqy cwieZb ivai g~j
Dcvq|
Abykxjbx
bvb c~iY Ki
1| f~-c _K GMvi wKjvwgUvi ch evqygjK ej --------
2| ------bvgi GKwU Mvm m~hi wZKi iwk _K Avgv`i iv Ki|
3| Kvb vbi `xNw`bi AvenvIqvi Mo djK ej --------|
4| AvenvIqv cwieZbi g~j f~wgKv njv -------------|
5| Zvcgvv evoj mgy`i cvwb ----------nq|

msc Di `vI :
1| evqygji wbPi i A_vr cw_exi KvQvKvwQ evqygj evqyi NbZ ekx _vK Kb Zv evLv Ki|
2| Ucvgj Kb mePq ic~Y?
3| wPmn cvwbP evLv Ki|
4| Kxfve evqygj AwRb I Kveb WvB AvBWi fvimvg eRvq _vK?
5| Mxb nvDR cfve Kx? ewkK DvqbK Kxfve Gi mvnvh evLv Kiv hvq?

ewbevPwb ck :
1. evqygji Kvb iwU cvq evqy k~b?
K. Ucvgj L. vUvgj
M. gmvgj N. Zvcgj
154 wbg kwYi
Rjevqy Rxeb
cwieZ

2. AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi -
i. GKB `ki wewfb vb GKB w`b AvenvIqv wfb nZ cvi
ii. evsjv`k I cwg ei Rjevqy cvq GKB
iii. AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi Dcv`vb wfb
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. ii
M. i I ii N. ii I iii

DxcKwU j Ki Ges 3 I 4 b^i cki Di `vI:

3. DxcKi T i _vK -
i. AwRb I bvBUvRb
ii.Kveb WvBAvBW I a~wjKYv
iii. Rjxq ev I IRvb Mvm
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

4. S vb Zvcgvv ew cj H vbi-
i. evqyi Pvc evoe
ii.evqy nvjKv ne
iii.evqyi Pvc Kge

wbPi KvbwU mwVK?

K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N.i, ii I iii
wevb 155

mRbkxj ck:
1.

wP
K. f~-Mf cvwb Kx?
L. vUvgj Kb Rxe RMZi Rb iZc~Y? eYbv Ki|
M. Y I Z wKfve cwiek Kveb WvBAvBW I AwRbi fvimvg wbqY Ki| evL Ki|
N. Z _K wbMZ MvmwUi cwigvY AwaK eo Mj cwiek Kx wechq NUe Zv hywmn evLv Ki|
156 wbg kwYi
Rjevqy Rxeb
cwieZ

2. wbPi Mvd XvKvi Kvbv GK eQii (Rvbyqvwi _K wWm^i) mevP I mewb Zvcgvv
`Lvbv njv|

gvm
mevP Zvcgvv
mevwbg Zvcgvv
K. AvenvIqvi cavb Dcv`vb Kx?
L. gvP gvm evsjv`k AvenvIqv Avivg`vqK _vK Kb?
M. jL wP Kvb gvm XvKvq evqyi Pvc ewk wQj evLv Ki|
N. XvKvq Kvb gvm So nevi mvebv mePq ewk wQj jL wPi AvjvK KviYmn weklY
Ki|
wevb 157

mRbkxj ck
wbPi wPi c_gwUZ 1979 mvj Di giZ eidi cwigvb I wZxqwUZ 2003 mvji
eidi cwigvb `Lv hvQ|

1| ewkK Dvqbi Rb Kvb Mvm `vqx?

2| Di giZ eid Kb Kg hvQ?
3| Mxb nvDR cfveK Kxfve KvR jvMvbv hvq Zv evLv Ki|
4| evqygj Kveb WvB AvBW ew Kgvbv Dcvqjvi ga KvbwU mePq fvj Zv wbYq Ki|
158 wbg kwYi Rxe