alan kirbi

postmodernizmis sikvdili da Semdgomi ambebi

inglisuri literaturis doqtori alan kirbi, romelic amJamad

oqsfordSi cxovrobs, Tanamedrove anu postpostmodernuli epoqis
umniSvnelovanesi mkvlevaria. misi roli iseve ukavSirdeba mis mierve
Semotanil da brwyinvaled dasabuTebul cnebebs fsevdomoder-
nizmi da digimodernizmi, rogorc deridas saxelia dakavSirebuli
dekonstruqciasTan, bodriaris simulakrTan, deliozis da gva-
taris saxelebi SizoanalizTan. kirbi ara mxolod postmodernis
dasasrulze saubrobs, raSic axali araferi iqneboda, aramed uSua-
lod Tanamedrove sulier situacias aRwers. misi daskvnebi xazgas-
mulad pesimisturia da kulturasa da sociologiaSi damkvidrebuli
mravali stereotipisa da saazrovno modelis gadafasebas moiTxovs.
kirbi uars ambobs moralurad ganzemdgom mecnierul neitralizmze.
masis adamianis Tanamedrove mdgomareobas igi ganixilavs, rogorc
viTom TanaSemoqmedi, TanaSemqmneli, viTom usazRvro Zalaufle-
baminiWebuli, sinamdvileSi ki daClungebuli da yovelmxriv iolad
manipulirebuli adamianis Camoyalibebis process. es ki win wamowevs
Taobebs Soris urTierTobis, moCvenebiTi aqtiurobis, moCvenebiTi
demokratiisa da bevri sxva sakiTxis sruliad axleburi interpre-
taciis saWiroebas. kirbi daaskvnis, rom fsevdo-modernizmis tipuri
inteleqtualuri formebia ucodinroba, fanatizmi da gangaSis ganc-
da da rom Cveni epoqa fanatizmis sagangaSo ideologiis udides wnexs
ganicdis. winamdebare statia pirvelad 2006 wels gamoqveynda.

Tvalwin midevs erTi britanuli universitetis inglisuri enis

fakultetis moduli, romelic misi uebsaiTidan gadmovqaCe. igi Seicavs
davalebebs da yovelkvireulad wasakiTxi masalis sias fakultaturi
saswavlo kursisa `postmodernuli literatura, da Tu universitetis
saxelwodeba aq dasaxelebuli ar aris, ara imitom, rom moduli erTgvarad
samarcxvinoa, aramed imitom, rom igi marjved asaxavs modulebs an modul-
Ta nawilebs, romlebic unda iswavlon praqtikulad, mTeli msoflios in-
glisuri enis yvela fakultetze momaval saswavlo wels. modulis azriT,
postmodernizmi cocxalia, yvavis da aqtiurobs: modulSi naTqvamia, rom
igi warmoaCens `postmodernisa da postmodernulobis mTavar sakiTxebs
da ganixilavs maT urTierTobas Tanamedrove mxatvrul literaturas-
Tan. es SesaZloa niSnavdes imas, rom postmodernizmi Cveni Tanamedrovea,
magram sinamdvileSi imas gviCvenebs, rom igi mkvdaria da dasaflavebuli.

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 alan kirbi

postmodernis filosofia xazs usvams codnisa da mniSvnelobis mo-

uxelTeblobas. es xSirad gamoixateba postmodernul xelovnebaSi, ro-
gorc ironiul TviTSemecnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi.
azri postmodernizmis dasrulebis Taobaze filosofiurad ukve
dasabuTebulia. arian adamianebi, romlebmac ZiriTadad daamtkices, rom
romeliRac drois ganmavlobaSi gvjeroda postmodernis ideebisa. magram
aw ukve aRar, da amieridan vapirebT kritikuli realizmisa virwmunoT. am
msjelobis sisuste is aris, rom igi yuradRebas amaxvilebs samecniero wre-
ebze, im filosofosTa praqtikasa da varaudebze, romelTac ZaluZT an ar
ZaluZT poziciis TiTqmis an mTlianad Secvla da, bevri mecnieri ubralod
gadawyvets, rom urCevnia fukosTan (arqipostmodernistTan) darCes da
Semdeg raime sxvaze gadavides. Tumca, im Seuval daskvnamde misvlac Se-
iZleba, rom postmodernizmi mokvda, Tuki samecniero wreebis miRma gavi-
xedavT da Tanamedrove kulturul produqts SevavlebT Tvals.
bevri studenti, romelic am wels `postmodernul literaturas
airCevs, 1985 an Semdeg wlebSi unda dabadebuliyo. modulis yvela ZiriTadi
teqsti, erTis garda, gamoqveynebulia sxva samyaroSi, manam, vidre studen-
tebi daibadebodnen: `frangi leitenantis sayvareli, `cirkSi gatarebuli
Rameebi, Tu mogzauri zamTris erT Rames, `ocneboben Tu ara androidebi
eleqtronul cxvarze ( da `basri morbenali), `TeTri xmauri: es dedikoe-
bisa da mamikoebis kulturaa. zogi teqsti (`babilonis biblioTeka) dawer-
ilia jer kidev im dros, roca maTi mSoblebi daibadnen. SecvaleT es maragi
postmodernis sxva mimdevarTa nawarmoebebiT `sayvareli, `floberis
TuTiyuSi, `wylis qveyana, `loti 49, `gafiTrebuli ali, `sloTerhausi-
xuTi, `lanarki, ,,neiromanti, b. s. jonsonis romeliRac nawarmoebi da
imave suraTs ixilavT. yovelive es imgvaradve Tanamedrovea, ragvaradac
`smitebi da samxreebi, imgvarive mxatvruli movlenaa, rogoric beta-
maqsis video magnitofoni. es is teqstebia, romlebic rokmusikisa da tele-
viziis Sesaviwroeblad gaCndnen. maT ocnebac ki ar SeeZloT teqnologi-
ebisa da mediakomunikaciebis im SesaZleblobebze mobilur telefonebze,
i-meilze, internetze, kompiuterze yvela saxlSi... (es adamianis mTvareze
gafrenis tolfasi iyo) romlebic dRevandel studentobas saCuqrad
ergo.
postmodernuli mxatvruli literaturis amsaxveli britanuli mo-
dulebis moZvelebulobis mizezi is aris, rom isini aravis ganuaxlebia.
Tvali SeavleT kulturul bazars: iyideT ukanaskneli xuTi wlis ganmav-
lobaSi dabeWdili romanebi, naxeT ocdameerTe saukunis kino, mousmineT
bolodroindel musikas bolos da bolos, ubralod, dajeqiT da uyureT
televizors erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi da Tqven Zlivs Tu aRmoaCenT post-
modernizmis krTomas. amgvaradve, mavani SeiZleba daeswros literatorTa
konferencias (rogorc moviqeci me ivlisSi) da yuri miugdos moxsenebebs,
romlebSic araferia naTqvami Teoriul safuZvlebze, deridaze, fukoze,

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 postmodernizmis sikvdili da Semdgomi ambebi

bodriarze. moZRvrebaTa ugulebelyofis, uZlurebisa da ararelevan-

turobis gancdis garda swavlulTa Soris postmodernizmis Cavlac das-
turdeba. adamianebs, mwarmoebelT kulturuli masalisa, romelsac kiTx-
uloben, uyureben da usmenen swavlulebi da araswavlulebi, postmoder-
nizmisTvis ubralod Tavi gaunebebiaT. iseTi SemTxveviTi metamxatvruli
Tu TviTSemecnebiTi teqstic ki, romelic farTod gavrcelebul gulgri-
lobas gamoxatavs, rogoricaa bret eston elis `lunaparki, modernistu-
li novelebi, Semdeg rom gamoCndnen da didi xania, gadaaviwydaT, aseve 1950
da 60-ian wlebSi daiwera.
erTaderTi adgili, sadac postmodernizmi SenarCunebulia, sabavSvo
multfilmebia, iseTi, rogorebicaa `Sreki da `uCveuloni. es gaxlavT
mSoblebisaTvis gaRebuli xarki, romelTac TavianT Svilebis gverdiT
drois gatareba uvaldebuliaT. es is donea sadac postmodernizmis da-
cema moxda popkulturaSi SemorCenili marginalur masxaraTa wyaro,
romlis samizne rva wlamde bavSvebi arian.

ra aris postmodernizmi?

mwams, rom es ufro metze mianiSnebs, vidre kulturuli modis ubra-

lo cvlilebaa. ena, romlis meSveobiTac Zalaufleba, codna, individu-
aloba, realoba da dro Seicnoboda, Seicvala, uecrad da sabolood. axla
wyalvardnili hyofs leqtorTa umravlesobas da maT studentebs, rom-
lebic enaTesavebodnen imaT, vinc 1960-ian wlebis bolos gamoCndnen, mag-
ram ara amave saxis mizezis gamo. modernizmidan postmodernizmze gadanac-
vlebas safuZvlad ar dasdebia romelime Rrma kulturuli produqciisa
da recepciebis gadasxvafereba. yovelive, rac moxda, ritorikulad rom
gavazviadoT, is iyo, rom zogma, vinc erTxel waikiTxa `ulise da `Suquri-
saken, sanacvlod dawera `gafiTrebuli ali da `sisxliani darbazi. mag-
ram daaxloebiT, 1990-iani wlebis bolosa Tu 2000-is damdegs axali teq-
nologiebis warmoCenas avtorisa da misi bunebis, mkiTxvelisa da teqstis,
maT Soris urTierTobis naZaladevi da samudamo restruqturireba mohyva.
postmodernizmma, iseve, rogorc modernizmma da manamde roman-
tizmma, gaafetiSa (anu uaRresad didi mniSvneloba mianiWa) avtors, maSinac
ki, roca avtorma arCia, gaekritikebina an Tavi moeCvenebina, rom gaauqma
sakuTari statusi. dRevandeli kultura ki afetiSebs teqstis mimRebs,
ramdenadac is iqca nawilobriv an srul avtorad. optimistma, SesaZloa,
es kulturis demokratizaciad miiCnios. pesimisti ki yuradRebas gaamaxvi-
lebs mtanjvel banalobasa da axlad warmoqmnili kulturuli produqtis
sicarieleze (yovel SemTxvevaSi, jerjerobiT mainc).
neba momeciT, agixsnaT. postmodernizmma Tanamedrove kultura ga-
igo rogorc sanaxaoba, romelsac uZluri individi ucqers da romliTac

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 alan kirbi

realobisadmi dasmuli kiTxvebi problematizdeba. Sesabamisad, es aqcen-

tirdeboda televiziasa da konoekranze. misi memkvidre, romelsac fsevdo-
modernizms davarqmevdi, kulturuli produqtis Sesaqmnelad individis
qmedebas aucilebel pirobad miiCnevs. fsevdo-modernizmi gulisxmobs
yvela tele Tu radioprogramas an programebis nawils, yvela `teqsts,
romelTa Sinaarss da dinamikas igonebs an warmarTavs monawile mayurebe-
li da msmeneli (Tumca, es ukanaskneli terminebi, TavianTi pasiuro-
biTa da `miRebaze xazgasmiT, moZvelebulia: vgulisxmob romelime ,,Big
Brother-is yurebisas telefoniT xmis micemas an fexburTis gulSemat-
kivris satelefono zars 6-0-6-ze: am dros mayurebeli an msmeneli mxolod
mayurebeli an mxolod msmeneli ar aris).
gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, fsevdo-modernuli kulturuli produqti
SeuZlebelia arsebobdes, da is arc arsebobs, Tu masSi individi fizikurad
ar aris CarTuli. `didi molodini materialurad mainc iarsebebs, vinme
mas waikiTxavs, Tu ara. roca dikensma misi wera daasrula da gamomcemel-
ma mzis sinaTle axilvina, misi materialuri teqstualizeba sityvaTa
mismieri SerCeva Sedga da dasrulda imis miuxedavad, xalxi teqstis
rogor interpretacias aitacebda, nebismieri daimaxsovrebda, Tu ara.
misi materialuri produqtuloba da misi Sedgeniloba daadgines mxolod
misma momwodeblebma, anu avtorma, gamomcemelma da a.S. mkiTxveli mxo-
lod Sinaarsis mbrZanebeli gaxda. Big Brother ki, rogorc tipuri fsevdomo-
dernu-li teqsti, materialurad ver iarsebebda, Tu konkursantebis
sasargeblod vinme ar darekavda da xmas ar miscemda. amgvarad, xmis micema
programis materialuri teqstualizebis nawilia mayurebeli, romelic
telefoniT rekavs, amave dros, programis `Semqnelicaa. ase rom ara,
igi zebunebrivi qmedebis ZaliT endi uorholis films daemsgavseboda:
nevrozuli, axalgazrda eqshibicionisti inertulad mohyveboda ginebas
da oTaxSi umizno saubars saaTebis ganmavlobaSi. amgvarad, rac Big
Brother-s imad aqcevs, rac aris, mayureblis satelefono zaria.
fsevdo-modernizmi aseve moicavs Tanamedrove sainformacio pro-
gramebs. maTi arsi didwilad gulisxmobs meilebsa da teqstur Setyobin-
ebebs, romlebic komentirebul axal ambebs axlavs. termini ,,interaqti-
uroba am SemTxvevaSi Tanabrad Seusabamoa, vinaidan aq ar aris ,,gacvla:
amis nacvlad mayurebeli an msmeneli `Semodis wers programis segments,
Semdeg `gadis, Tavis pasiur rols ubrundeba. fsevdo-modernizmi aseve
Seicavs kompiuterul TamaSebs, romelic, winares msgavsad, individs kon-
teqstSi aTavsebs, sadac, winaswar mofiqrebuli sqemiT, igi kulturul Si-
naarss igonebs. yvela am individualuri qmedebis TamaSis Sinaarsis cv-
lileba calkeul moTamaSezea damokidebuli.
fsevdo-modernuli kulturis fenomenis tipuri gamovlinebaa in-
terneti. misi centraluri qmedeba is aris, rom individi awkapunebs Tavis
mauss erTi gverdidan meoreze gadasasvlelad, Tanac ise, rom amis zustad

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 postmodernizmis sikvdili da Semdgomi ambebi

gameoreba SeuZlebelia, gzas ikvlevs kulturul produqciaSi, romelic

manamde arasodes arsebula da arc iarsebebs. es kulturuli procesis
iseTi intensiuri kavSiria, romelsac veranairi literatura ver SemogvTa-
vazebs, da hbadebs ucilo azrs (an iluzias) individualuri kontrolisa,
marTvisa, muSaobisa, individis CarTulobisa kulturuli produqciis Seq-
mnaSi. internetgverdebi ise ar avtorizdeba, rom vinmem Seityos, vin Seq-
mna isini an vin zrunavs maTze. maTi umravlesoba an Txovs individs, rom
maTze imuSaos Streetmap-isa da Rout Planner-is msgavsad, an nebas rTavs, daama-
tos rame, rogorc vikipediaSi, fidbeqSi an, magaliTad, uebsaiTis Seqmnisas.
yvela SemTxvevaSi, internetisTvis niSandoblivia, rom Tqven iolad Seqm-
naT Tqveni gverdi (anu blogi).
Tu interneti anda misi gamoyeneba gansazRvravs da abatonebs fsev-
do-modernizms, axalma eram ukve ganaaxla moZvelebuli formebi. fsevdo-
modernuli xanis kino ufro da ufro emsgavseba kompiuterul TamaSebs.
kinosaxeebi, romlebic odesRac sinamdvilidan movidnen CarCoSi Casmule-
bi, ganaTebulni, gasaaundtrekebulni da garedaqtirebulni gonebamaxvili
reJisorebis mier, romlebic mayureblis fiqrebisa da emociebis gzamkv-
levobas kisrulobdnen, axla didwilad kompiuteris meSveobiT iqmneba. da
adamianebi uyureben amas. Tu specialuri efeqtebi imitom gamoigones, rom
daujerebeli damajereblad eqciaT, CGI xSirad (gauazreblad) imisTvis ir-
jeba, rom SesaZlebeli xelovnurad gamoiyurebodes, rogorc es xdeba `be-
Wdebis mbrZanebelsa da `gladiatorSi. brZolebi, romlebSic aTasobiT
individi iyo CarTuli, marTlac moxda; fsevdo-modernuli kino ki maT ise
warmoaCens, TiTqos maTi moxdena mxolod virtualur sivrceSi yofiliyo
SesaZlebeli. da amrigad, kinom kulturuli safuZveli mxolod ubralod
kompiuters ki ar Cauyara, rogorc mis saxeTa generators, aramed kom-
piuterul TamaSebs, rogorc mayurebelTan misi urTierTobis models.
amis msgavsad, fsevdo-modernuli xanis televizias pativSi hyavs ara
mxolod Reality TV (es kidev erTi ucxo termini!), aramed komerciuli arxebi,
an viqtorinebi, romlebSic fulis mogebiT daimedebuli mayurebeli swori
pasuxis saTqmelad rekavs. televizia aseve swyalobs iseT fenomenebs, rog-
orebicaa Ceefax da Teletext. magram am axali viTarebis gamo moTqma-godebis
nacvlad gacilebiT gamosadegi iqneboda, Tu Tanamedrove sainformacio
saSualebebs kulturul miRwevebad gardavqmnidiT. sagulisxmoa imis Sem-
Cnevac, rom forma Seicvleba Tu ara (Big Brother SeiZleba gamoifitos! ), mniS-
vneloba ara aqvs: terminebi, romlebiTac individebi dakavSirebulni arian
TavianT teleekranTan da imasTan, rasac xSirad mauwyeblebi gviCveneben,
udavod Seicvala. televiziis ubralo sayurebeli funqcia, iseve, rogorc
xelovnebis yvela sxva dargisa, marginalurad iqca: axla mayurebels,
odesRac rom mimRebs eZaxdnen, evaleba, dakavebuli, aqtiuri, gamomgone-
beli iyos. igi yvelaferi amiT Tavs Zalmosilad grZnobs, da es marTlac
aucilebelia; tradiciuli avtori dayvanil iqna imis statusamde, vinc

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 alan kirbi

an adgens parametrebs, romelTa farglebSic sxvebi moqmedeben, an xdeba

ubralod ararelevanturi, ucnobi, meorexarisxovani; amasTan, `teqstisT-
vis niSandoblivia rogorc hiper-efemeruloba, ise arastabiluroba. es
`mayureblis damsaxurebaa. es rom ar momxdariyo, Tqven ver waikiTxavdiT
`midlmarCs 118-e gverdidan 316-mde, 401-mde 501-mde, magram Tqven SeZleb-
diT Ceefax-is wakiTxvas.
fsevdo-modernuli teqsti gansakuTrebulad cota xans Zlebs. ase
rom ara, vTqvaT, ,,Fawlty Towers, satelevizio realiTi programebi Ta-
vianTi originaluri formiT aRar ganmeordeboda, satelefono gadacema
xelmeored aRar warmoiqmneboda, satelefono SesaZleblobebis gareSe
ki realiTi Sou gansxvavebul da gacilebiT naklebmomxiblav arsebad ga-
daiqceoda. Ceefax teqsti ramdenime saaTis Semdeg kvdeba. Tu mecnierebi
damowmebul internetgverdebs aTariReben, mxolod imitom, rom gverdebi
uCinardeba an radikaluri siswrafiT icvleba. teqstualuri mesijebis an
i-meilebis TavianTi originaluri formiT Senaxva ukiduresad rTulia. i-
meilebis amobeWdva maT TiTqos werilis msgavs stabilobas hmatebs, magram
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca maTi arsobrivi, eleqtronuli mdgomareoba
nadgurdeba. radioSi telefoniT darekvis, kompiuteruli TamaSebis Se-
naxvis vada mcirea, isini Zalian male Zveldeba. aseT rameebze damyarebul
kulturas maxsovroba ar gaaCnia - rasakvirvelia, ar vgulisxmob winamaval
mZimedsatarebel kulturul memkvidreobas, romelic miiRo modernizmma
da postmodernizmma. berwi da aqrolvadi fsevdo-modernizmi, amgvarad, am-
neziuricaa: es aris am momentSi (amJamad) mimdinare kulturuli qmedebebi,
romelTac arc warsuli gaaCniaT, arc momavali.
fsevdo-modernuli kulturuli produqcia aseve gamorCeulad ba-
naluria, razec ukve mivaniSne. fsevdo-modernuli filmebis Sinaarsi, ar-
sebiTad, im qmedebebiskenaa midrekili, romlebic warmoqmnian da amTavre-
ben cxovrebas. scenarTa umwifari primitivizmi Tanamedrove kinos teqni-
kuri efeqtebis gamocdilebis mkacri kontrastia. mesijebisa da i-meilebis
teqstTa umravlesoba mosawyenia imasTan SedarebiT, riTac ganaTlebuli
adamianebi TavianT werilebs avseben. yvelgan trivialoba da simwire ba-
tonobs. fsevdo-modernuli era, jerjerobiT mainc, kulturuli udabnoa.
Tumca Cven SegviZlia avayvavoT igi axali terminebis gamoyenebiT, rom-
lebsac SevuTanadebT mniSvnelovan artistul mxatvrul gamoTqmebs (ris
Sedegadac, damakninebeli iarliyi, romliTac fsevdo-modernizmi Sevamke,
ukve Sesabamisi aRar iqneba). axla Cven adamianuri qmedebis is qariSxali gve-
brZvis, romelic, romelime myari gangrZobiTi an Tundac warmomqneli kul-
turuli faseulobis TvalsazrisiT, iseTi raimes mniSvnelobiT, romelsac
adamianebi ormocdaaTi an orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi araerTxel Seafaseben,
verafers Sobs.
fsevdo-modernizmis fesvebi SeiZleba wlebis wiaRSi, postmodern-
izmis batonobis xanaSi daiZebnos. sacekvao musika da industriuli por-

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 postmodernizmis sikvdili da Semdgomi ambebi

nografia, magaliTad, ukanaskneli 70-iani da 80-iani wlebis produqcia,

efemerulobisaken, mniSvnelobis sifuyisakenaa midrekili. igi araavtori-
zebulia (cekva ufro metad, vidre popi an roki). aseve, wina planze gamo-
aqvT maTi `recepciis qmedeba: sacekvao musika sacekvaod arsebobs, porno
ki ar unda waikiTxo an uyuro, aramed unda gamoiyeno. am TvalsazrisiT, igi
warmoqmnis fsevdo-modernulobis monawileobis iluzias. musikaSi fsev-
do-moderni Canacvlebulia romelime cnobili Semsruleblis albomiT,
rogorc monoliTuri erTiani teqstiT; msmenelis mier individualuri
trekebis iPod-ze atvirTisa da damiqsvis namdvili prototipi iyo erTi
Taobis win musikis moyvarulTa mier Segrovebuli musikaluri kompilacie-
bi. magram cvlileba moxda iq, sadac fanis marginaluri droistareba gaba-
tonebulad iqca. es aris musikis moxmarebis garkveuli saSualeba, roca
romelime albomis renderizebis idea xelovnebis nimuSad iTvleba, roca
integraluri mniSvnelobis mqone sxeuli qreba.
am TvalsazrisiT, fsevdo-modernizmi sxva araferia, Tu ara im ra-
Racis teqnologiurad motivirebuli gadanacvleba kulturul centrze,
rac ukve arsebobda (amis msgavsad, metaliteratura ukve arsebobda, magram
ise gafetiSebuli ar iyo, rogorc es postmodernizmma moaxdina). televi-
zia yovelTvis iyenebda auditoriis monawileobas, iseve, rogorc Teatri
an sxva performaciuli xelovneba; magram rogorc erT-erT variants, da
ara aucileblobas: fsevdo-modernulma teleprogramebma auditoriis
monawileoba sakuTar Tavze daafuZnes. aseve, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar-
sebobda Zalze `aqtiuri kulturuli formebic, karnavalidan vidre pan-
tomimamde. magram arc erT maTgans ar ugulisxmia dawerili an ramenairi
materializebuli teqsti, da amgvarad, isini cxovrobdnen im kulturis
periferiaSi, romelmac gaafetiSa aseTi teqstebi maSin, roca fsevdo-
modernuli teqsti, misTvis niSandoblivi yvela TaviseburebiT, dgas,
rogorc centraluri, gabatonebuli, paradigmatuli forma dRevandeli
kulturuli produqciisa, Tumc kulturam, miuxedavad misi marginaluro-
bisa, mainc icis sxva formebi. am sxva saxeobaTa `pasiuroba unda gaeqces
stigmas fsevdo-modernuli `aqtiurobis fonze. kiTxvas, mosmenas, yure-
bas yovelTvis hqonda moRvaweobis sakuTari arsi da buneba. magram fsevdo-
modernul teqstTa warmomqnelis fizikurobam da im garemoebam, rom man
aucileblad unda Seqmnas teqstTa krebuli, igi gaabatona: aman Secvala
Zalauflebis kulturuli balansi (gaiTvaliswineT, warsulis es gigantebi
kino da televizia rogor uxrian qeds maT). igi ayalibebs ocdameerTe
saukunis socialur-istoriul-kulturul hegemonias. metic, fsevdo-mo-
dernis saqmianoba sakuTari sfecifikurobiT xasiaTdeba: is eleqtronuli
da teqstualuria, magram efemeruli.

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 alan kirbi

dawkapuneba cvlilebebze

postmodernizmSi mavani kiTxulobda, uyurebda, ismenda, rogorc

adre. fsevdomodernizmSi mavani rekavs, awkapunebs, Rilaks awveba, erTi
saitidan meoreze gadadis, irCevs, moZraobs, tvirTavs. saqme gvaqvs Tao-
bebs Soris intervalTan, romelic daudevrad acalkevebs xalxs, vinc 1980
wlamde an mas Semdeg daibada. vinc ufro gvian iSva, Tavisi tolebi SeeZlo
mieCnia Tavisuflebad, avtonomiurebad, eqspresiulebad, dinamikure-
bad, Zlierebad, damoukideblebad, maTi unikaluri xma ismoda da ismine-
boda: postmodernizmi da yvelaferi, rac manamde iyo, piriqiT, Sefasdeba
elitur, mosawyen, gaucxoebul da undil monologad, romelic Trgunavs
da niRbavs adamianebs. 1980 wlamde dabadebulebi SesaZloa, ganxilul iqnen
ara adamianebad, aramed Tanamedrove teqstebad, romlebic xan sastikni
arian, xan pornografiulni, xan irealurni, xan banalurni, xan ugemovno-
ni, xan konformistebi, xan momxmarebelni, xanac uazroni da ugunurni
(ix. sibriyveebi, vTqvaT, vikipediis romelime gverdze an uSinaarsobani Cee-
fax-ze). is, rac fsevdo-modernizmamde iyo, didwilad Sefasdeba gonierebis,
Semoqmedebis, amboxisa da WeSmaritebis oqros xanad. aqedan gamomdinare,
saxelwodeba `fsevdo-modernizmi aseve Seicavs daZabulobas teqnolo-
giur saSualebaTa sinatifesa da maT mier gadmocemuli Sinaarsis banaloba-
sa Tu ugunurebas Soris kulturuli momenti Sejamebulia mobiluri te-
lefonebis momxmarebelTa gonebaSezRudulobiT, romelic daaxloebiT
ase JRers: `avtobusSi var.
postmodernizmi `realobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda, fsevdo-
modernizmi ki sinamdviles gansazRvravs mTlianad Cem-ad, axla-d, sakuTar
teqstebTan `interaqciad. maSasadame, fsevdo-modernizmis azriT, ras-
ac igi qmnis an akeTebs, mxolod is aris sinamdvile, da fsevdo-modernul
teqsts, TiTqos, realurad ZaluZdes gafurCqvna Zalze martivi formiT:
xelis kameriT gadaRebuli dokumenturi sapnis operebiT (romelic aCve-
nebs SeSfoTebul individebs da mayurebels Tanamonawileobis iluzias
uqmnis); `ofisiT da `bleris mojadoebuli proeqtiT, interaqtiuri por-
nografiiTa da realiti tv-Ti; maikl murisa da morgan sparlokis esseis-
turi kinoTi.
sinamdvilis amgvar xedvasTan erTad, cxadia, rom inteleqtualur
SexedulebaTa dominanturi sistema Seicvala. roca postmodernizmis
kulturuli produqti gadaeca imave istoriul statuss, rogorebic mod-
ernizmi da romantizmi iyo, misi inteleqtualuri tendenciebi (feminizmi,
postkolonializmi da a. S.) axal filosofiur garemoSi izolirebulni aR-
moCndnen. samecniero wreebi, gansakuTrebiT, britaneTSi, dResdReobiT ise
gautacia sabazro ekonomikaSi Zalebis mosinjvasa da varaudebis gamoTqmas,
rom gamoricxulia, leqtorebma TavianT studentebs ganucxadon, rom isini
postmodernul samyaroSi cxovroben, sadac ideologiaTa, msoflaR-qmaTa

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 postmodernizmis sikvdili da Semdgomi ambebi

da xmaTa simravleSi vinmem SeiZleba maTic gaigonos. maT yovel nabijs sa-
bazro ekonomika gansazRvravs, leqtorebs ar ZaluZT, iqadagon mravalf-
erovneba, roca maT sicocxleze gansxeulebuli fanatizmi batonobs. uka-
naskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi samyaro inteleqtualurad daviwrovda.
liotarma didi narativebis gafermkrTaleba SeamCnia, fsevdo-modernizmi
ki xedavs, globalizebuli msoflio ekonomikis ideologiam rogor miaRwia
erTpirovnulis dones da yovelgvari socialuri moRvaweobis uZlieres
regulatorad yovlis STanmTqmel, yovlis amxsnel, yovlis struqture-
bad damnawevrebel monopolizmad Camoyalibda, rasac usiamovnod SeniS-
naven swavlulebi. fsevdo-modernizmi, ra Tqma unda, momxmarebeli da
konformistia, is aris mizezi, romlis gamoc samyaros gars ise unda uaro,
TiTqos is gaeCuqebinoT, an gaeyidoT.
meorec: maSin, roca postmodernizmma gaaRmerTa ironiuloba, in-
formirebuloba da TamaSi, TavianTi aluziebiT codnaze, istoriasa da am-
bivalenturobaze, fsevdo-modernizmis tipuri inteleqtualuri formebia
ucodinroba, fanatizmi da gangaSis gancda: buSi, bleri, bin ladeni, le peni
da misi msgavsni, erTi mxriv, da meore mxriv, ufro mravalricxovani, magram
ufro naklebZalmosili masebi. fsevdo-modernizmi miekuTvneba samyaros,
romelic aRsavsea amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis religiur fanatikosTa
segmentis, TiTqos sekularuli, magram sinamdvileSi hiper-religiuri is-
raelisa da mTel planetaze mimofantul muslimTa fanatikuri qvejgufis
urTierTqiSpobiT: fsevdo-modernizmi ar Sobila 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers,
magram postmodernizmi ki daimarxa im nangrevebSi. am konteqstSi, fsevdo-
modernizmi mujluguniT aqezebs fantastikurad natif teqnologias, mis-
dios Sua saukuneobriv barbarosobas internetSi Tavis kveTis scenebiT
aRsavse videoebis atvirTviTa da mobiluri telefoniT cixeebSi mowyobi-
li tanjva-wamebis gadaRebiT.
amas garda, yvelas uwevs orcecxlSua yofna da am Zrwolis gamocda.
magram es fatalisturi Zrwola geopolitikas da Tanamedrove yofis yvela
aspeqts swvdeba; es gaxlavT socialuri dacemisa da identobis dakargvis
SiSi; janmrTelobasa da dietaze Relva; klimatur cvlilebaTa destruq-
tiulobis gamo tanjva; sakuTari uunarobisa da ususurobis SegrZneba im
teleprogramaTa Sedegad, romlebic gvaswavlian, rogor davalagoT sax-
li, rogor aRvzardoT bavSvebi da rogor davrCeT gadaxdisunarianebi.
es teqnologiuri sibriyve uaRresad Tanamedrovea: fsevdo-modernisti
gamudmebiT eurTierTeba planetis meore mxareze mcxovrebT, magram mxo-
lod imitom, rom uTxran, janmrTelobisTvis bostneuli sasargebloao. es
brinjaos epoqis aSkara faqtia. fsevdo-modernisti mamakaci Tu qali war-
marTavs nacionalur satelevizio politikas, magram ar icis, ra Wamos am
daxasiaTebaTa nazavSi bavSvic Cans da mozrdilic, Zlieric da ususuric.
sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo, es gaxlavT xalxi, romelsac ar ZaluZs `didi na-
rativebis urwmunoba, liotari tipur postmodernistebs rom arwmunebda.

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 alan kirbi

fsevdo-modernuli epoqa, aseTi Zrwolismomgvreli da TiTqos, gau-

kontrolebeli, ucilod Seupyria survils, daubrundes saTamaSoebiT
infantilur garTobas, rac aseve niSandoblivia fsevdo-modernuli kul-
turuli samyarosaTvis. es tipuri emociuri situacia, romelic radika-
lurad uswrebs ironiis hipergonivrulobas, transia - iseTi mdgomareoba,
roca sakuTarsave saqmianobas gadausanslixar. modernizmis nevrozulo-
bisa da postmodernizmis narcisizmis sanacvlod fsevdo-modernizms es
samyaro sadRac miaqvs, rodesac igi axal, uwonad, Cumi autizmiT aRsavse
`arsaiT-s qmnis. mTavaria, daawkapunoT, Rilaks daawveT, da ukve `CarTu-
lebi , STanTqmulebi, gadawyvetilebi brZandebiT. Tqven teqsti xarT, ir-
gvliv aravinaa, arc `avtori; irgvliv araferia, araviTari sxva dro da
adgili; Tqven Tavisufali xarT: Tqven teqsti xarT: teqsti ikavebs Tqvens
adgils.

inglisuridan Targmna gia joxaZem.

Alan Kirby, The Death of Postmodernism and

Beyond. In: Philosophy Now, No. 58, 2006
Translated by Gria Jokhadze.

mTargmnelis SeniSvnebi:

jon faulzi, `frangi leitenantis sayvareli, gamoqveynda 1969 wels.

angela karteri, `cirkSi gatarebuli Rameebi, gamoqveynda 1984 wels.
italo kalvino, `Tu mogzauri zamTris erT Rames, gamoqveynda 1979 wels.
filip q. diqi, `ocneboben Tu ara androidebi eleqtronul cxvrebze?,
gamoqveynda 1968 wels (mis mixedviT gadaiRes filmi `basri morbenali, 1982).
don delilo, `TeTri xmauri, gamoqveynda 1985 wels.
xorxe luis borxesi, `babilonis biblioTeka, gamoqveynda 1941 wels.
toni morisoni, `sayvareli, gamoqveynda 1987 wels.
julian barnsi, `floberis TuTiyuSi, gamoqveynda 1984 wels.
g. svifti, `wylis qveyana, gamoqveynda 1983 wels.
Tomas finConi, `loti 49, gamoqveynda 1966 wels.
vladimer nabokovi, `gafiTrebuli ali, gamoqveynda 1962 wels.
kurt voneguti, `sloTerhausi-xuTi anu bavSvTa jvarosnuli laSqroba:
cekva sikvdilTan, gamoqveynda 1969 wels.
alasdeir grei, `lanarki, gamoqveynda 1981 wels.
u. gibsoni, `neiromanti, gamoqveynda 1984 wels.
braian sTenli jonsoni (1933-1973) ingliseli eqsperimentuli romanisti-
kis warmomadgeneli, poeti, kritikosi, teleprodiuseri, reJisori.
`smiTebi (The Smiths) inglisuri alternatiuli rokjgufi; pirveli albomi
gamouSva 1984 wels.

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 postmodernizmis sikvdili da Semdgomi ambebi

bret eston elisi (dab. 1964 w.) amerikeli romanisti da scenaristi; misi
romani `lunaparki gamoqveynda 2005 wels.
`Sreki (2001) da `uCveuloni (2004) kompiuteruli grafikiT Seqmnili
amerikuli multfilmebi.
virjinia vulfi, `Suqurisaken, gamoqveynda 1927 wels.
angela karteri, `sisxliani darbazi, gamoqveynda 1979 wels.
Big Brother amerikuli realiTi Sou, romlis drosac adamianTa jgufi sami
Tvis ganmavlobaSi kamerebis meTvalyureobis pirobebSi erTad cxovrobs;
mayurebeli telefoniT rekavs da xmas maT winaaRmdeg aZlevs, vis gaZevebasac
isurvebda.
6-0-6 safexburTo telefon-Sou, romelsac gadascems BBC britaneTis
safexburTo sezonis dros; msmenels saSualeba aqvs darekvisa da sakuTari az-
ris gamoTqmisa.
Carlz dikensi, `didi molodini, gamoqveynda 1861-1862 wlebSi.
jorj elioti, `midlmarCi: provinciuli cxovrebis moZRvreba, gamoqveynda
1871-1872 wlebSi.
Ceefax - msoflios pirveli teleteqsti (1947, BBC).
Streetmap; Route Planner quCebis ruka da gzamkvlevi.
CGI Computer Generated Imagery - kompiuteruli grafikuli egfeqtebi filmeb-
Si, televiziasa da sxva vizualur mediaSi.
Teletext sainformacio momsaxureba, ganviTarebuli did britaneTSi 1970
wlidan.
IPod portatiuli media-fleeri.
The Office amerikuli komediuri teleseriali.
The Blair Witch Project amerikuli fsiqologiuri saSinelebaTa filmi. Grand
Narratives - frangi filosofosi Jan-fransua liotari naSromSi `postmodernis
mdgomareoba (1979) amtkicebs, rom Cveni dro gamoirCeva skefsisiT metanara-
tivebisadmi, didi Txrobebisadmi, grandiozuli, msxvilmasStabiani moZRvre-
bebisa da filosofiisadmi, rogorebicaa, vTqvaT, istoriuli progresi, mec-
nierebis meSveobiT yvelafris Secnobis moZRvreba anda absoluturi Tavisu-
flebis SesaZlebloba... liotaris mtkicebiT, Cven didi xania, aRar gvwams, rom
am tipis Txrobebs ZaluZT TiToeuli Cvenganis warmoCena an dateva; Tanamedro-
veoba, piriqiT, mikronarativebiTaa gatacebuli.

105