3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

UNESCO
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCultural
UNESCO
Organization(UNESCO)[2](French:Organisationdes
Nationsuniespourl'ducation,lascienceetlaculture)isa
specializedagencyoftheUnitedNations(UN)basedin UnitedNationsEducational,Scientificand
CulturalOrganization
Paris.Itsdeclaredpurposeistocontributetopeaceand
securitybypromotinginternationalcollaborationthrough OrganisationdesNationsuniespourl'ducation,la
educational,scientific,andculturalreformsinorderto scienceetlaculture (French)
increaseuniversalrespectforjustice,theruleoflaw,and
humanrightsalongwithfundamentalfreedomproclaimedin
theUnitedNationsCharter.[1]ItistheheiroftheLeagueof
Nations'InternationalCommitteeonIntellectual
Cooperation.

UNESCOhas195memberstates[3]andnineassociate
members.[4][5]Mostofitsfieldofficesare"cluster"offices
coveringthreeormorecountriesnationalandregional
officesalsoexist.

UNESCOpursuesitsobjectivesthroughfivemajor
programs:education,naturalsciences,social/human
sciences,cultureandcommunication/information.Projects
sponsoredbyUNESCOincludeliteracy,technical,and
teachertrainingprogrammes,internationalscience
programmes,thepromotionofindependentmediaand
freedomofthepress,regionalandculturalhistoryprojects,
thepromotionofculturaldiversity,translationsofworld
Abbreviation UNESCO
literature,internationalcooperationagreementstosecurethe
worldculturalandnaturalheritage(WorldHeritageSites) Formation 16November1945[1]
andtopreservehumanrights,andattemptstobridgethe
Type Specializedagency
worldwidedigitaldivide.ItisalsoamemberoftheUnited
Legalstatus Active
NationsDevelopmentGroup.[6]
Headquarters PlacedeFontenoy,Paris,France
Althoughcontroversial,UNESCO'saimis"tocontributeto Membership 195memberstates
thebuildingofpeace,theeradicationofpoverty,sustainable
developmentandinterculturaldialoguethrougheducation, Head IrinaBokova
thesciences,culture,communicationandinformation".[7] DirectorGeneralofUNESCO

Otherprioritiesoftheorganizationincludeattainingquality Website www.unesco.org(http://unesco.or

EducationForAllandlifelonglearning,addressingemerging g)
socialandethicalchallenges,fosteringculturaldiversity,a
cultureofpeaceandbuildinginclusiveknowledgesocieties
throughinformationandcommunication.[8]

Thebroadgoalsandobjectivesoftheinternationalcommunityassetoutintheinternationallyagreed
developmentgoals,includingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)underpinallUNESCOstrategies
andactivities.

Contents

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 1/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

1 History
2 Activities
3 Media
4 OfficialUNESCONGOs
5 Institutesandcentres
6 Prizes
6.1 Inactiveprizes
7 InternationalDaysobservedatUNESCO
8 Memberstates
9 Governingbodies
9.1 DirectorGeneral
9.2 GeneralConference
9.3 ExecutiveBoard
10 Offices
10.1 Fieldofficesbyregion
11 Controversies
11.1 NewWorldInformationandCommunicationorder
11.2 Israel
11.3 Palestinianauthority
11.4 Wikileaks
11.5 CheGuevara
11.6 ListingNanjingMassacredocuments
12 Productsorservices
12.1 InformationProcessingTools
13 Seealso
14 Referencesandnotes
15 Externallinks

History
UNESCOanditsmandateforinternationalcooperationcanbetracedbacktoaLeagueofNationsresolutionon
21September1921,toelectaCommissiontostudyfeasibility.[9]On18December1925,theInternational
BureauofEducation(IBE)beganworkasanongovernmentalorganizationintheserviceofinternational
educationaldevelopment.[10]However,theworkofthesepredecessororganizationswaslargelyinterruptedby
theonsetofWorldWarII.

AfterthesigningoftheAtlanticCharterandtheDeclarationoftheUnitedNations,theConferenceofAllied
MinistersofEducation(CAME)beganmeetingsinLondonwhichcontinuedbetween16November1942to5
December1945.On30October1943,thenecessityforaninternationalorganizationwasexpressedinthe
MoscowDeclaration,agreeduponbyChina,theUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStatesandtheUSSR.Thiswas
followedbytheDumbartonOaksConferenceproposalsof9October1944.UpontheproposalofCAMEandin
accordancewiththerecommendationsoftheUnitedNationsConferenceonInternationalOrganization
(UNCIO),heldinSanFranciscoinAprilJune1945,aUnitedNationsConferencefortheestablishmentofan
educationalandculturalorganization(ECO/CONF)wasconvenedinLondon116November1945with44
governmentsrepresented.AprominentfigureintheinitiativeforUNESCOwasRabButler,theMinisterof
EducationfortheUnitedKingdom.[11]AttheECO/CONF,theConstitutionofUNESCOwasintroducedand
signedby37countries,andaPreparatoryCommissionwasestablished.[12]ThePreparatoryCommission
operatedbetween16November1945,and4November1946thedatewhenUNESCO'sConstitutioncame
intoforcewiththedepositofthetwentiethratificationbyamemberstate.[13]

ThefirstGeneralConferencetookplacebetween19Novemberto10December1946,andelectedDr.Julian
HuxleytoDirectorGeneral.[14]TheConstitutionwasamendedinNovember1954whentheGeneral
ConferenceresolvedthatmembersoftheExecutiveBoardwouldberepresentativesofthegovernmentsofthe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 2/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

Statesofwhichtheyarenationalsandwouldnot,asbefore,actintheirpersonalcapacity.[15]Thischangein
governancedistinguishedUNESCOfromitspredecessor,theCICI,inhowmemberstateswouldworktogether
intheorganization'sfieldsofcompetence.AsmemberstatesworkedtogetherovertimetorealizeUNESCO's
mandate,politicalandhistoricalfactorshaveshapedtheorganization'soperationsinparticularduringtheCold
War,thedecolonizationprocess,andthedissolutionoftheUSSR.

Amongthemajorachievementsoftheorganizationisitsworkagainstracism,forexamplethroughinfluential
statementsonracestartingwithadeclarationofanthropologists(amongthemwasClaudeLviStrauss)and
otherscientistsin1950[16]andconcludingwiththe1978DeclarationonRaceandRacialPrejudice.[17]In1956,
theRepublicofSouthAfricawithdrewfromUNESCOclaimingthatsomeoftheorganization'spublications
amountedto"interference"inthecountry's"racialproblems."[18]SouthAfricarejoinedtheorganizationin
1994undertheleadershipofNelsonMandela.

UNESCO'searlyworkinthefieldofeducationincludedthepilotprojectonfundamentaleducationinthe
MarbialValley,Haiti,startedin1947.[19]Thisprojectwasfollowedbyexpertmissionstoothercountries,
including,forexample,amissiontoAfghanistanin1949.[20]In1948,UNESCOrecommendedthatMember
Statesshouldmakefreeprimaryeducationcompulsoryanduniversal.[21]In1990,theWorldConferenceon
EducationforAll,inJomtien,Thailand,launchedaglobalmovementtoprovidebasiceducationforall
children,youthsandadults.[22]Tenyearslater,the2000WorldEducationForumheldinDakar,Senegal,led
membergovernmentstocommittoachievingbasiceducationforallby2015.[23]

UNESCO'searlyactivitiesincultureincluded,forexample,theNubiaCampaign,launchedin1960.[24]The
purposeofthecampaignwastomovetheGreatTempleofAbuSimbeltokeepitfrombeingswampedbythe
NileafterconstructionoftheAswanDam.Duringthe20yearcampaign,22monumentsandarchitectural
complexeswererelocated.ThiswasthefirstandlargestinaseriesofcampaignsincludingMohenjodaro
(Pakistan),Fes(Morocco),Kathmandu(Nepal),Borobudur(Indonesia)andtheAcropolis(Greece).The
organization'sworkonheritageledtotheadoption,in1972,oftheConventionconcerningtheProtectionofthe
WorldCulturalandNaturalHeritage.[25]TheWorldHeritageCommitteewasestablishedin1976andthefirst
sitesinscribedontheWorldHeritageListin1978.[26]Sincethenimportantlegalinstrumentsoncultural
heritageanddiversityhavebeenadoptedbyUNESCOmemberstatesin2003(Conventionforthe
SafeguardingoftheIntangibleCulturalHeritage[27])and2005(ConventionontheProtectionandPromotionof
theDiversityofCulturalExpressions[28]).

AnintergovernmentalmeetingofUNESCOinParisinDecember1951ledtothecreationoftheEuropean
CouncilforNuclearResearch,whichwasresponsibleforestablishingtheEuropeanOrganizationforNuclear
Research(CERN)[29]in1954.

AridZoneprogramming,19481966,isanotherexampleofanearlymajorUNESCOprojectinthefieldof
naturalsciences.[30]In1968,UNESCOorganizedthefirstintergovernmentalconferenceaimedatreconciling
theenvironmentanddevelopment,aproblemwhichcontinuestobeaddressedinthefieldofsustainable
development.Themainoutcomeofthe1968conferencewasthecreationofUNESCO'sManandtheBiosphere
Programme.[31]

Incommunication,thefreeflowofinformationhasbeenapriorityforUNESCOfromitsbeginnings.Inthe
yearsimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarII,effortswereconcentratedonreconstructionandonthe
identificationofneedsformeansofmasscommunicationaroundtheworld.UNESCOstartedorganizing
trainingandeducationforjournalistsinthe1950s.[32]Inresponsetocallsfora"NewWorldInformationand
CommunicationOrder"inthelate1970s,UNESCOestablishedtheInternationalCommissionfortheStudyof
CommunicationProblems,[33]whichproducedthe1980MacBridereport(namedaftertheChairofthe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 3/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

Commission,theNobelPeacePrizelaureateSenMacBride).[34]FollowingtheMacBridereport,UNESCO
introducedtheInformationSocietyforAll[35]programmeandTowardKnowledgeSocieties[36]programmein
theleaduptotheWorldSummitontheInformationSocietyin2003(Geneva)and2005(Tunis).

In2011,PalestinebecameaUNESCOmemberfollowingavoteinwhich107memberstatessupportedand14
opposed.[37][38]LawspassedintheUnitedStatesin1990and1994meanthatitcannotcontributefinanciallyto
anyUNorganisationthatacceptsPalestineasafullmember.Asaresult,itwithdrewitsfundingwhich
accountedforabout22%ofUNESCO'sbudget.[39]IsraelalsoreactedtoPalestine'sadmittancetoUNESCOby
freezingIsraelpaymentstotheUNESCOandimposingsanctionstothePalestinianAuthority,[40]claimingthat
Palestine'sadmittancewouldbedetrimental"topotentialpeacetalks".[41]Twoyearsaftertheystoppedpaying
theirduestoUNESCO,USandIsraellostUNESCOvotingrightsin2013.[42]MorerecentlyUNESCO
declaredthatthetemplemount,wheretheoriginalJewishtemplewasbuilthadnoreligiousmeaningforthe
JewishReligion.ThisvotewasconsideredbytheJewishcommunityasantisemiticbynature.

Activities
UNESCOimplementsitsactivitiesthroughthefiveprogrammeareas:
education,naturalsciences,socialandhumansciences,culture,and
communicationandinformation.

Education:UNESCOsupportsresearchincomparativeeducation
andprovideexpertiseandfosterspartnershipstostrengthen
nationaleducationalleadershipandthecapacityofcountriesto
offerqualityeducationforall.Thisincludesthe
UNESCOChairs,aninternationalnetworkof644
UNESCOChairs,involvingover770institutionsin126
countries. UNESCOofficesinBraslia
EnvironmentalConservationOrganisation
ConventionagainstDiscriminationinEducationadoptedin
1960
OrganizationoftheInternationalConferenceonAdultEducation(CONFINTEA)inanintervalof
12years
PublicationoftheEducationforAllGlobalMonitoringReport
PublicationoftheFourPillarsofLearningseminaldocument
UNESCOASPNet,aninternationalnetworkof8,000schoolsin170countries.

UNESCOdoesnotaccreditinstitutionsofhigherlearning.[43]

UNESCOalsoissuespublicstatementstoeducatethepublic:
SevilleStatementonViolence:AstatementadoptedbyUNESCOin1989torefutethenotionthat
humansarebiologicallypredisposedtoorganisedviolence.
Designatingprojectsandplacesofculturalandscientificsignificance,suchas:
GlobalGeoparksNetwork
Biospherereserves,throughtheProgrammeonManandtheBiosphere(MAB),since1971
CityofLiteraturein2007,thefirstcitytobegiventhistitlewasEdinburgh,thesiteofScotland's
firstcirculatinglibrary.[44]In2008,IowaCity,IowabecametheCityofLiterature.
Endangeredlanguagesandlinguisticdiversityprojects
MasterpiecesoftheOralandIntangibleHeritageofHumanity
MemoryoftheWorldInternationalRegister,since1997
Waterresourcesmanagement,throughtheInternationalHydrologicalProgramme(IHP),since
1965
WorldHeritageSites
WorldDigitalLibrary
Encouragingthe"freeflowofideasbyimagesandwords"by:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 4/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

Promotingfreedomofexpression,freedomofthepressandfreedomofinformationlegislation,
throughtheInternationalProgrammefortheDevelopmentofCommunicationandthe
CommunicationandInformationProgramme
PromotinguniversalaccesstoInformationandCommunicationsTechnology,throughthe
InformationforAllProgramme
Promotingpluralismandculturaldiversityinthemedia
Promotingevents,suchas:
InternationalDecadeforthePromotionofaCultureofPeaceandNonViolencefortheChildrenof
theWorld:20012010,proclaimedbytheUNin1998
WorldPressFreedomDay,3Mayeachyear,topromotefreedomofexpressionandfreedomofthe
pressasabasichumanrightandascrucialcomponentsofanyhealthy,democraticandfreesociety.
CrianaEsperanainBrazil,inpartnershipwithRedeGlobo,toraisefundsforcommunitybased
projectsthatfostersocialintegrationandviolenceprevention.
InternationalLiteracyDay
InternationalYearfortheCultureofPeace
Foundingandfundingprojects,suchas:
MigrationMuseumsInitiative:Promotingtheestablishmentofmuseumsforculturaldialoguewith
migrantpopulations.[45]
UNESCOCEPES,theEuropeanCentreforHigherEducation:establishedin1972inBucharest,
Romania,asadecentralizedofficetopromoteinternationalcooperationinhighereducationin
EuropeaswellasCanada,USAandIsrael.HigherEducationinEuropeisitsofficialjournal.
FreeSoftwareDirectory:since1998UNESCOandtheFreeSoftwareFoundationhavejointly
fundedthisprojectcataloguingfreesoftware.
FRESHFocussingResourcesonEffectiveSchoolHealth.[46]
OANA,OrganizationofAsiaPacificNewsAgencies
InternationalCouncilofScience
UNESCOGoodwillAmbassadors
ASOMPS,AsianSymposiumonMedicinalPlantsandSpices,aseriesofscientificconferences
heldinAsia
Botany2000,aprogrammesupportingtaxonomy,andbiologicalandculturaldiversityof
medicinalandornamentalplants,andtheirprotectionagainstenvironmentalpollution
TheUNESCOCollectionofRepresentativeWorks,translatingworksofworldliteraturebothto
andfrommultiplelanguages,from1948to2005
GoUNESCO,anumbrellaofinitiativestomakeheritagefunsupportedbyUNESCO,NewDelhi
Office[47]

TheUNESCOtransparencyportal(http://opendata.unesco.org)hasbeendesignedtoenablepublicaccessto
informationregardingOrganization'sactivities,suchasitsaggregatebudgetforabiennium,aswellaslinksto
relevantprogrammaticandfinancialdocuments.Thesetwodistinctsetsofinformationarepublishedonthe
IATIregistry,respectivelybasedontheIATIActivityStandardandtheIATIOrganizationStandard.

Media
UNESCOanditsspecializedinstitutionsissueanumberofmagazines.

TheUNESCOCouriermagazinestatesitsmissionto"promoteUNESCOsideals,maintainaplatformforthe
dialoguebetweenculturesandprovideaforumforinternationaldebate."SinceMarch2006itisavailable
online,withlimitedprintedissues.Itsarticlesexpresstheopinionsoftheauthorswhicharenotnecessarilythe
opinionsofUNESCO.Asof2016,thelatestissuepostedwasOctoberDecember2011.[48]

In1950,UNESCOinitiatedthequarterlyreviewImpactofScienceonSociety(alsoknownasImpact)to
discusstheinfluenceofscienceonsociety.[49]UNESCOalsopublishmuseuminternationalquarterlyfromthe
year1948.

OfficialUNESCONGOs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 5/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

UNESCOhasofficialrelationswith322internationalnongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs).[50]Mostof
thesearewhatUNESCOcalls"operational",aselectfeware"formal".[51]Thehighestformofaffiliationto
UNESCOis"formalassociate",andthe22NGOs[52]withformalassociate(ASC)relationsoccupyingoffices
atUNESCOare:

Abbr Organization
IB InternationalBaccalaureate
CCIVS CoordinatingCommitteeforInternationalVoluntaryService
EI EducationInternational
IAU InternationalAssociationofUniversities
IFTC InternationalCouncilforFilm,TelevisionandAudiovisualCommunication
ICPHS InternationalCouncilforPhilosophyandHumanisticStudieswhichpublishesDiogenes
ICSU InternationalCouncilforScience
ICOM InternationalCouncilofMuseums
ICSSPE InternationalCouncilofSportScienceandPhysicalEducation
ICA InternationalCouncilonArchives
ICOMOS InternationalCouncilonMonumentsandSites
IFJ InternationalFederationofJournalists
IFLA InternationalFederationofLibraryAssociationsandInstitutions
IFPA InternationalFederationofPoetryAssociations
IMC InternationalMusicCouncil
IPA InternationalPoliceAssociation
INSULA InternationalScientificCouncilforIslandDevelopment
ISSC InternationalSocialScienceCouncil
ITI InternationalTheatreInstitute
IUCN InternationalUnionforConservationofNatureandNaturalResources
IUTAO InternationalUnionofTechnicalAssociationsandOrganizations
UIA UnionofInternationalAssociations
WAN WorldAssociationofNewspapers
WFEO WorldFederationofEngineeringOrganizations
WFUCA WorldFederationofUNESCOClubs,CentresandAssociations

Institutesandcentres
Theinstitutesarespecializeddepartmentsoftheorganizationthat
supportUNESCO'sprogramme,providingspecializedsupportfor
clusterandnationaloffices.

UNESCOInstituteforWater
EducationinDelft

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 6/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

Abbr Name Location

IBE InternationalBureauofEducation Geneva[53]
UIL UNESCOInstituteforLifelongLearning Hamburg[54]
Paris(headquarters)andBuenos
IIEP UNESCOInternationalInstituteforEducationalPlanning
Aires(regionaloffice)[55]
UNESCOInstituteforInformationTechnologiesin
IITE Moscow[56]
Education
UNESCOInternationalInstituteforCapacityBuildingin
IICBA AddisAbaba[57]
Africa
UNESCOInternationalInstituteforHigherEducationin
IESALC Caracas[58]
LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean
UNESCO UNESCOUNEVOCInternationalCentreforTechnical
Bonn[59]
UNEVOC andVocationalEducationandTraining
CEPES UNESCOEuropeanCentreforHigherEducation Bucharest[60]
UNESCO
UNESCOIHEInstituteforWaterEducation Delft[61]
IHE
ICTP InternationalCentreforTheoreticalPhysics Trieste[62]
UIS UNESCOInstituteforStatistics Montreal[63]

Prizes
UNESCOawards22prizes[64]ineducation,science,cultureandpeace:

FlixHouphoutBoignyPeacePrize
L'OralUNESCOAwardsforWomeninScience
UNESCO/KingSejongLiteracyPrize
UNESCO/ConfuciusPrizeforLiteracy
UNESCO/EmirJaberalAhmadalJaberalSabahPrizetopromoteQualityEducationforPersonswith
IntellectualDisabilities
UNESCOKingHamadBinIsaAlKhalifaPrizefortheUseofInformationandCommunication
TechnologiesinEducation
UNESCO/HamdanBinRashidAlMaktoumPrizeforOutstandingPracticeandPerformancein
EnhancingtheEffectivenessofTeachers
UNESCO/KalingaPrizeforthePopularizationofScience
UNESCO/InstitutPasteurMedalforanoutstandingcontributiontothedevelopmentofscientific
knowledgethathasabeneficialimpactonhumanhealth
UNESCO/SultanQaboosPrizeforEnvironmentalPreservation
GreatManMadeRiverInternationalWaterPrizeforWaterResourcesinAridZonespresentedby
UNESCO(titletobereconsidered)
MichelBatisseAwardforBiosphereReserveManagement
UNESCO/BilbaoPrizeforthePromotionofaCultureofHumanRights
UNESCOPrizeforPeaceEducation
UNESCOMadanjeetSinghPrizeforthePromotionofToleranceandNonViolence
UNESCO/InternationalJosMartPrize
UNESCO/AvicennaPrizeforEthicsinScience
UNESCO/JuanBoschPrizeforthePromotionofSocialScienceResearchinLatinAmericaandthe
Caribbean
SharjahPrizeforArabCulture
MelinaMercouriInternationalPrizefortheSafeguardingandManagementofCulturalLandscapes
(UNESCOGreece)
IPDCUNESCOPrizeforRuralCommunication
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 7/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

UNESCO/GuillermoCanoWorldPressFreedomPrize
UNESCO/JikjiMemoryoftheWorldPrize
UNESCOEquatorialGuineaInternationalPrizeforResearchintheLifeSciences
CarlosJ.FinlayPrizeforMicrobiology

Inactiveprizes
InternationalSimnBolvarPrize(inactivesince2004)
UNESCOPrizeforHumanRightsEducation
UNESCO/ObiangNguemaMbasogoInternationalPrizeforResearchintheLifeSciences(inactivesince
2010)
UNESCOPrizeforthePromotionoftheArts

InternationalDaysobservedatUNESCO
InternationalDays[65]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 8/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

Date Name
27January InternationalDayofCommemorationinMemoryoftheVictimsoftheHolocaust
13February WorldRadioDay
21February InternationalMotherLanguageDay
8March InternationalWomen'sDay
20March InternationalFrancophonieDay
21March InternationalDayofNowruz
21March WorldPoetryDay
21March InternationalDayfortheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination
22March WorldDayforWater
23April WorldBookandCopyrightDay
30April InternationalJazzDay
3May WorldPressFreedomDay
21May WorldDayforCulturalDiversityforDialogueandDevelopment
22May InternationalDayforBiologicalDiversity
25May AfricaDay/AfricaWeek
5June WorldEnvironmentDay
8June WorldOceansDay
21June InternationalYogaDay
9August InternationalDayoftheWorld'sIndigenousPeople
12August InternationalYouthDay
23August InternationalDayfortheRemembranceoftheSlaveTradeanditsAbolition
8September InternationalLiteracyDay
15September InternationalDayofDemocracy
21September InternationalDayofPeace
28September InternationalDayfortheUniversalAccesstoInformation
5October WorldTeachers'Day
2ndWednesdayinOctober InternationalDayforDisasterReduction
17October InternationalDayfortheEradicationofPoverty
20October WorldStatisticsDay
27October WorldDayforAudiovisualHeritage
10November WorldScienceDayforPeaceandDevelopment
3rdThursdayinNovember WorldPhilosophyDay
16November InternationalDayforTolerance
19November InternationalMen'sDay
25November InternationalDayfortheEliminationofViolenceagainstWomen
29November InternationalDayofSolidaritywiththePalestinianPeople
1December WorldAIDSDay
10December HumanRightsDay
18December InternationalMigrantsDay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 9/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

Memberstates
UNESCOcounts195memberstatesand9associatemembers.[66]Somemembersarenotindependentstates
andsomemembershaveadditionalNationalOrganizingCommitteesfromsomeoftheirdependent
territories.[67]UNESCOstatepartiesaretheUnitedNationsmemberstates(exceptLiechtenstein),Cook
Islands,Niue,andtheStateofPalestine.[68][69]

Governingbodies
DirectorGeneral

ElectionsfortherenewalofthepositionofDirectorGeneraltookplaceinParisfrom7to23September2009.
Eightcandidatesranfortheposition,and58countries[70]votedforthem.TheExecutiveCouncilgatheredfrom
7to23September,thevoteitselfbeginningonthe17th.IrinaBokovawaselectedthenewDirectorGeneral.

ThelistoftheDirectorsGeneralofUNESCOsinceitsestablishmentin1946isasfollows:[71]

IrinaBokova Bulgaria 2009present

KochiroMatsuura Japan 19992009
FedericoMayorZaragoza Spain 198799
AmadouMahtarM'Bow Senegal 197487
RenMaheu France 196174acting1961
VittorinoVeronese Italy 195861
LutherEvans UnitedStates 195358
JohnWilkinsonTaylor UnitedStates acting195253
JaimeTorresBodet Mexico 194852
JulianHuxley UnitedKingdom 194648

GeneralConference

ThisisthelistofthesessionsofUNESCOGeneralConferenceheldsince1946:[72]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 10/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

Session Location Year Chairedby from

38th Paris 2015 StanleyMutumbaSimataa[73] Namibia
37th[74] Paris 2013 HaoPing China
36th Paris 2011 KatalinBogyay Hungary
35th Paris 2009 DavidsonHepburn Bahamas
34th Paris 2007 GeorgeN.Anastassopoulos Greece
33rd Paris 2005 MusaBinJaafarBinHassan Oman
32nd Paris 2003 MichaelOmolewa Nigeria
31st Paris 2001 AhmadJalali Iran
30th Paris 1999 JaroslavaMoserova CzechRepublic
29th Paris 1997 EduardoPortella Brazil
28th Paris 1995 TorbenKrogh Denmark
27th Paris 1993 AhmedSalehSayyad Yemen
26th Paris 1991 BethwellAllanOgot Kenya
25th Paris 1989 AnwarIbrahim Malaysia
24th Paris 1987 GuillermoPutzeysAlvarez Guatemala
23rd Sofia 1985 NikolaiTodorov Bulgaria
22nd Paris 1983 SadTell Jordan
4thextraordinary Paris 1982
21st Belgrade 1980 IvoMargan Yugoslavia
20th Paris 1978 NapolonLeBlanc Canada
19th Nairobi 1976 TaaitaToweett Kenya
18th Paris 1974 MagdaJbor Hungary
3rdextraordinary Paris 1973
17th Paris 1972 ToruHaguiwara Japan
16th Paris 1970 AtilioDell'OroMaini Argentina
15th Paris 1968 WilliamEtekiMboumoua Cameroon
14th Paris 1966 BedrettinTuncel Turkey
13th Paris 1964 NorairSisakian ArmenianSSR
12th Paris 1962 PaulodeBerrdoCarneiro Brazil
11th Paris 1960 AkaleWorkAbteWold Ethiopia
10th Paris 1958 JeanBerthoin France
9th NewDelhi 1956 AbulKalamAzad India
8th Montevideo 1954 JustinoZavalaMuiz Uruguay
2ndextraordinary Paris 1953
7th Paris 1952 SarvepalliRadhakrishnan India
6th Paris 1951 HowlandH.Sargeant UnitedStates
5th Florence 1950 StefanoJacini Italy
4th Paris 1949 EdwardRonaldWalker Australia
1stextraordinary Paris 1948

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 11/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

Session Location Year Chairedby from

3rd Beirut 1948 HamidBeyFrangie Lebanon
2nd MexicoCity 1947 ManuelGualVidal Mexico
1st Paris 1946 LonBlum France

ExecutiveBoard

GroupIV
(12seats)
GroupI GroupII GroupIII GroupV(a) GroupV(b)
Term
(9seats) (7seats) (10seats) India (14seats) (7seats)
()1seats)

France Cameroon
Iran
Greece Ivory
Brazil Malaysia
Italy Lithuania Coast Lebanon
Haiti Pakistan
2016 Spain Russia Ghana Oman
Mexico South
19[75] United Serbia Kenya Qatar
Nicaragua Korea
Kingdom Slovenia Nigeria Sudan
Paraguay SriLanka
United Senegal
Vietnam
States South
Africa

Argentina
Chad
Belize Bangladesh
Guinea
Dominican China
Germany Algeria
Albania Republic India
2014 Mauritius Egypt
Estonia ElSalvador Japan
17[76] Netherlands Kuwait
Ukraine SaintKitts Nepal
Sweden Mozambique Morocco
andNevis
Togo
Trinidadand Turkmenistan
Uganda
Tobago

Austria
Angola
France Czech Afghanistan
Ethiopia
Italy Republic Indonesia
Brazil Gabon
India Pakistan Tunisia
2012 Cuba Gambia
Spain Montenegro PapuaNew UnitedArab
15 Ecuador Malawi
United Russia Guinea Emirates
Mexico Mali
Kingdom South
Namibia
United Macedonia Korea
Nigeria
States Thailand

Offices
UNESCOheadquartersarelocatedatPlacedeFontenoyinParis,France.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 12/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

UNESCO'sfieldofficesacrosstheglobearecategorizedintofour
primaryofficetypesbasedupontheirfunctionandgeographic
coverage:clusteroffices,nationaloffices,regionalbureausandliaison
offices.

Fieldofficesbyregion

ThefollowinglistofallUNESCOFieldOfficesisorganized
geographicallybyUNESCORegionandidentifiesthemembersstates
andassociatemembersofUNESCOwhichareservedbyeachoffice.[77]

Africa

AbidjanNationalOfficetoCted'Ivoire
AbujaNationalOfficetoNigeria
AccraClusterOfficeforBenin,Cted'Ivoire,Ghana,Liberia,
Nigeria,SierraLeoneandTogo
AddisAbabaLiaisonOfficewiththeAfricanUnionandwith
theEconomicCommissionforAfrica TheGardenofPeace,UNESCO
BamakoClusterOfficeforBurkinaFaso,Guinea,Maliand headquarters,Paris.Donatedbythe
Niger GovernmentofJapan,thisgardenwas
BrazzavilleNationalOfficetotheRepublicoftheCongo designedbyAmericanJapanese
BujumburaNationalOfficetoBurundi sculptorartistIsamuNoguchiin1958
DakarRegionalBureauforEducationinAfricaandCluster andinstalledbyJapanesegardener
OfficeforCapeVerde,Gambia,GuineaBissau,andSenegal ToemonSano.
DaresSalaamClusterOfficeforComoros,Madagascar,
Mauritius,SeychellesandTanzania
HarareClusterOfficeforBotswana,Malawi,Mozambique,ZambiaandZimbabwe
JubaNationalOfficetoSouthSudan
KinshasaNationalOfficetotheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
LibrevilleClusterOfficefortheRepublicoftheCongo,DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,Equatorial
Guinea,GabonandSaoTomeandPrincipe
MaputoNationalOfficetoMozambique
NairobiRegionalBureauforSciencesinAfricaandClusterOfficeforBurundi,Djibouti,Eritrea,
Kenya,Rwanda,Somalia,SouthSudanandUganda
WindhoekNationalOfficetoNamibia
YaoundClusterOfficetoCameroon,CentralAfricanRepublicandChad

ArabStates

AmmanNationalOfficetoJordan
BeirutRegionalBureauforEducationintheArabStatesandClusterOfficetoLebanon,Syria,Jordan,
IraqandPalestine
CairoRegionalBureauforSciencesintheArabStatesandClusterOfficeforEgypt,LibyaandSudan
DohaClusterOfficetoBahrain,Kuwait,Oman,Qatar,SaudiArabia,UnitedArabEmiratesandYemen
IraqNationalOfficeforIraq(currentlylocatedinAmman,Jordan)
KhartoumNationalOfficetoSudan
RabatClusterOfficetoAlgeria,Mauritania,MoroccoandTunisia
RamallahNationalOfficetothePalestinianTerritories

AsiaandPacific

ApiaClusterOfficetoAustralia,CookIslands,Fiji,Kiribati,MarshallIslands,FederatedStatesof
Micronesia,Nauru,NewZealand,Niue,Palau,PapuaNewGuinea,Samoa,SolomonIslands,Tonga,
Tuvalu,VanuatuandTokelau(AssociateMember)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 13/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

BangkokRegionalBureauforEducationinAsiaandthePacificandClusterOfficetoThailand,Burma,
Laos,SingaporeandVietnam
BeijingClusterOfficetoNorthKorea,Japan,Mongolia,thePeople'sRepublicofChinaandSouth
Korea
DhakaNationalOfficetoBangladesh
HanoiNationalOfficetoVietnam
IslamabadNationalOfficetoPakistan
JakartaRegionalBureauforSciencesinAsiaandthePacificandClusterOfficetoBrunei,Indonesia,
Malaysia,thePhilippinesandEastTimor
KabulNationalOfficetoAfghanistan
KathmanduNationalOfficetoNepal
NewDelhiClusterOfficetoBangladesh,Bhutan,India,Maldives,NepalandSriLanka
PhnomPenhNationalOfficetoCambodia
TashkentNationalOfficetoUzbekistan
TehranClusterOfficetoAfghanistan,Iran,PakistanandTurkmenistan

EuropeandNorthAmerica

AlmatyClusterOfficetoKazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,TajikistanandUzbekistan
BrusselsLiaisonOfficetotheEuropeanUnionanditssubsidiarybodiesinBrussels
GenevaLiaisonOfficetotheUnitedNationsinGeneva
NewYorkCityLiaisonOfficetotheUnitedNationsinNewYork
MoscowClusterOfficetoArmenia,Azerbaijan,Belarus,MoldovaandRussia
VeniceRegionalBureauforSciencesandCultureinEurope

LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean

BrasiliaNationalOfficetoBrazil[79]
GuatemalaCityNationalOfficetoGuatemala
HavanaRegionalBureauforCultureinLatinAmerica
andtheCaribbeanandClusterOfficetoCuba,
DominicanRepublic,HaitiandAruba
KingstonClusterOfficetoAntiguaandBarbuda,
Bahamas,Barbados,Belize,Dominica,Grenada,
Guyana,Jamaica,SaintKittsandNevis,SaintLucia,
SaintVincentandtheGrenadines,Surinameand
TrinidadandTobagoaswellastheassociatemember
statesofBritishVirginIslands,CaymanIslands,Curaao
andSintMaarten
LimaNationalOfficetoPeru CarondeletPalace,PresidentialPalacewith
MexicoCityNationalOfficetoMexico changingoftheguards.TheHistoricCenterof
MontevideoRegionalBureauforSciencesinLatin
Quito,Ecuadorisoneofthelargest,least
AmericaandtheCaribbeanandClusterOfficeto
alteredandbestpreservedhistoriccentersinthe
Argentina,Brazil,Chile,ParaguayandUruguay
PortauPrinceNationalOfficetoHaiti Americas. [78]Thiscenterwas,togetherwiththe
QuitoClusterOfficetoBolivia,Colombia,Ecuador historiccentreofKrakwinPoland,thefirstto
andVenezuela [80] bedeclaredWorldHeritageSitebyUNESCO
SanJosClusterOfficetoCostaRica,ElSalvador, on18September1978.
Guatemala,Honduras,Mexico,NicaraguaandPanama
SantiagodeChileRegionalBureauforEducationinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanandNational
OfficetoChile

Controversies
NewWorldInformationandCommunicationorder

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 14/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

UNESCOhasbeenthecentreofcontroversyinthepast,particularlyinitsrelationshipswiththeUnitedStates,
theUnitedKingdom,SingaporeandtheformerSovietUnion.Duringthe1970sand1980s,UNESCO'ssupport
fora"NewWorldInformationandCommunicationOrder"anditsMacBridereportcallingfordemocratization
ofthemediaandmoreegalitarianaccesstoinformationwascondemnedinthesecountriesasattemptstocurb
freedomofthepress.UNESCOwasperceivedbysomeasaplatformforcommunistsandThirdWorlddictators
toattacktheWest,astarkcontrasttoaccusationsmadebytheUSSRinthelate1940sandearly1950s.[81]In
1984,theUnitedStateswithhelditscontributionsandwithdrewfromtheorganizationinprotest,followedby
theUnitedKingdomin1985.Singaporetooktheopportunitytowithdrawalsoattheendof1985,citingrising
membershipfees.[82]Followingachangeofgovernmentin1997,theUKrejoined.TheUnitedStatesrejoined
in2003,followedbySingaporeon8October2007.

Israel

IsraelwasadmittedtoUNESCOin1949,oneyearafteritscreation.Israelhasmaintaineditsmembershipsince
1949.In2010,IsraeldesignatedtheCaveofthePatriarchs,HebronandRachel'sTomb,BethlehemasNational
HeritageSitesandannouncedrestorationwork,promptingcriticismfromtheUnitedStatesandprotestsfrom
Palestinians.[83]InOctober2010,UNESCO'sExecutiveBoardvotedtodeclarethesitesas"alHaramal
Ibrahimi/TombofthePatriarchs"and"BilalbinRabahMosque/Rachel'sTomb"andstatedthattheywere"an
integralpartoftheoccupiedPalestinianTerritories"andanyunilateralIsraeliactionwasaviolationof
internationallaw.[84]UNESCOdescribedthesitesassignificantto"peopleoftheMuslim,ChristianandJewish
traditions",andaccusedIsraelofhighlightingonlytheJewishcharacterofthesites.[85]Israelinturnaccused
UNESCOof"detach[ing]theNationofIsraelfromitsheritage",andaccuseditofbeingpolitically
motivated.[86]TheRabbioftheWesternWallclaimedthatRachel'stombhadnotpreviouslybeendeclareda
holyMuslimsite.[87]IsraelpartiallysuspendedtieswithUNESCO.IsraeliDeputyForeignMinisterDanny
Ayalondeclaredthattheresolutionwasa"partofPalestinianescalation".ZevulunOrlev,chairmanofthe
KnessetEducationandCultureCommittee,referredtotheresolutionsasanattempttounderminethemission
ofUNESCOasascientificandculturalorganizationthatpromotescooperationthroughouttheworld.[88][89]

On28June2011,UNESCO'sWorldHeritageCommittee,atJordan'sinsistence,censuredIsrael'sdecisionto
demolishandrebuildtheMughrabiGateBridgeinJerusalemforsafetyreasons.IsraelstatedthatJordanhad
signedanagreementwithIsraelstipulatingthattheexistingbridgemustbedismantledforsafetyreasons
Jordandisputedtheagreement,sayingthatitwasonlysignedunderU.S.pressure.Israelwasalsounableto
addresstheUNESCOcommitteeoverobjectionsfromEgypt.[90]

InJanuary2014,daysbeforeitwasscheduledtoopen,UNESCODirectorGeneral,IrinaBokova,"indefinitely
postponed"andeffectivelycancelledanexhibitcreatedbytheSimonWiesenthalCenterentitled,"ThePeople,
TheBook,TheLand:The3,500yearrelationshipbetweentheJewishpeopleandtheLandofIsrael."Theevent
wasscheduledtorunfrom21Januarythrough30JanuaryinParis.Bokovacancelledtheeventafter
representativesofArabstatesatUNESCOarguedthatitsdisplaywould"harmthepeaceprocess".[91]The
authoroftheexhibition,ProfessorRobertWistrichoftheHebrewUniversity'sVidalSassoonInternational
CenterfortheStudyofAntiSemitism,calledthecancellationan"appallingact,"andcharacterizedBokova's
decisionas"anarbitraryactoftotalcynicismand,really,contemptfortheJewishpeopleanditshistory."
UNESCOamendedthedecisiontocanceltheexhibitwithintheyear,anditquicklyachievedpopularityand
wasviewedasagreatsuccess.[92]

On13October2016,UNESCOpassedaresolutiononEastJerusalemthatcondemnedIsraelfor"aggressions"
byIsraelipoliceandsoldiersand"illegalmeasures"againstthefreedomofworshipandMuslims'accessto
theirholysites,whilealsorecognizingIsraelastheoccupyingpower.Palestinianleaderswelcomedthe
decision.[93]Whilethetextacknowledgedthe"importanceoftheOldCityofJerusalemanditswallsforthe
threemonotheisticreligions",itreferredtothesacredhilltopcompoundinJerusalem'sOldCityonlybyits
Muslimname"AlHaramalSharif",ArabicforNobleSanctuary.Inresponse,IsraeldenouncedtheUNESCO
resolutionforitsomissionofthewords"TempleMount"statingthatitdeniesJewishtiestothekeyholy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 15/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

site.[93][94]AfterreceivingcriticismfromnumerousIsraelipoliticiansanddiplomats,includingBenjamin
NetanyahuandAyeletShaked,Israelfrozealltieswiththeorganization.[95][96]Theresolutionwascondemned
byBankiMoonandtheDirectorGeneralofUNESCO,IrinaBokova,whosaidthatJudaism,Islamand
ChristianityhaveclearhistoricalconnectionstoJerusalemand"todeny,concealoreraseanyoftheJewish,
ChristianorMuslimtraditionsunderminestheintegrityofthesite.[97][98]AlAqsaMosqueisalsoTemple
Mount,whoseWesternWallistheholiestplaceinJudaism."[99]ItwasalsorejectedbytheCzechParliament
whichsaidtheresolutionreflectsa"hatefulantiIsraelsentiment",[100]andhundredsofItalianJews
demonstratedinRomeoverItalyabstention.[100]On26October,UNESCOapprovedareviewedversionofthe
resolution,whichalsocriticizedIsraelforitscontinuous"refusaltoletthebody'sexpertsaccessJerusalem's
holysitestodeterminetheirconservationstatus."[101]Despitecontainingsomesofteningoflanguagefollowing
Israeliprotestsoverapreviousversion,Israelcontinuedtodenouncethetext.[102]Theresolutionreferstothe
siteJewsandChristiansrefertoastheTempleMountonlybyitsArabnameasignificantsemanticdecision
alsoadoptedbyUNESCO'sexecutiveboardlastweek,triggeringcondemnationfromIsraelanditsallies.U.S.
AmbassadorCrystalNixHinesstated:"Thisitemshouldhavebeendefeated.Thesepoliticizedandonesided
resolutionsaredamagingthecredibilityofUNESCO."[103]InNovember2016,theCityCouncilofBeverly
Hills,CaliforniapassedaresolutiontocondemntheUNESCOresolution.[104]

Palestinianauthority

PalestinianYouthMagazinecontroversy

InFebruary2011,anarticlewaspublishedinaPalestinianyouthmagazineinwhichateenagegirldescribed
oneofherfourrolemodelsasAdolfHitler.InDecember2011,UNESCO,whichpartlyfundedthemagazine,
condemnedthematerialandsubsequentlywithdrewsupport.[105]

IslamicUniversityofGazacontroversy

In2012,UNESCOdecidedtoestablishachairattheIslamicUniversityofGazainthefieldofastronomy,
astrophysics,andspacesciences,[106]fuelingmuchcontroversyandcriticism.Israel'sforeignministrycriticized
themoveandstatedthattheuniversitysupportsHamas(whichIsraelandothercountriesdesignateasaterrorist
organization)andhousesbomblaboratoriesforHamas.[107]

TheuniversityhasbeenlinkedtoHamasinthepast.However,theuniversityhead,KamalainShaath,defended
UNESCO,statingthat"theIslamicUniversityisapurelyacademicuniversitythatisinterestedonlyin
educationanditsdevelopment".[108][109][110]IsraeliambassadortoUNESCONimrodBarkanplannedtosubmit
aletterofprotestwithinformationabouttheuniversity'stiestoHamas,especiallyangrythatthiswasthefirst
PalestinianuniversitythatUNESCOchosetocooperatewith.[111]TheJewishorganizationB'naiB'rith
criticizedthemoveaswell.[112]

Wikileaks

On16and17February2012UNESCOheldaconferenceentitled,"TheMediaWorldafterWikiLeaksand
NewsoftheWorld."[113]DespiteallsixpanelsbeingfocusedonWikiLeaks,nomemberofWikiLeaksstaff
wereinvitedtospeak.AfterreceivingacomplaintfromWikiLeaksspokesmanKristinnHrafnsson,UNESCO
invitedhimtoattend,butdidnotofferaplaceonanypanels.[114]Theofferalsocameonlyaweekbeforethe
conference,whichwasheldinParis,France.Manyofthespeakersfeatured,includingDavidLeighand
HeatherBrooke,hadspokenoutopenlyagainstWikiLeaksanditsfounderJulianAssangeinthepast.[115][116]
WikiLeaksreleasedapressstatementon15February2012denouncingUNESCOwhichstated,"UNESCOhas
madeitselfaninternationalhumanrightsjoke.Touse"freedomofexpression"tocensorWikiLeaksfroma
conferenceaboutWikiLeaksisanOrwellianabsurditybeyondwords."[117]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 16/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

CheGuevara

In2013,UNESCOannouncedthatthecollection"TheLifeandWorksofErnestoCheGuevara"becamepartof
theMemoryoftheWorldRegister.IleanaRosLehtinen,aUScongresswoman,condemnedthisdecision,
sayingthattheorganizationactsagainstitsownideals:[118]

ThisdecisionismorethananinsulttothefamiliesofthoseCubanswhowerelinedupand
summarilyexecutedbyCheandhismercilesscroniesitalsoservesasadirectcontradictiontothe
UNESCOidealsofencouragingpeaceanduniversalrespectforhumanrights.

UNWatch,alsocondemnedthisselectionbyUNESCO.[119]

ListingNanjingMassacredocuments

In2015,JapanthreatenedtohaltfundingforUNESCOovertheorganization'sdecisiontoincludedocuments
relatingtothe1937Nanjingmassacreinthelatestlistingforits"MemoryoftheWorld"program.[120]In
October2016,JapaneseForeignMinisterFumioKishidaconfirmedthatJapan's2016annualfundingof4.4
billionhadbeensuspendedalthoughdeniedanydirectlinkwiththeNanjingdocumentcontroversy.[121]

Productsorservices
UNESDOC(http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdocdatabase/)
Containsover146,000UNESCOdocumentsinfulltextpublishedsince1945aswellasmetadatafrom
thecollectionsoftheUNESCOLibraryanddocumentationcentresinFieldOfficesandInstitutes.

InformationProcessingTools
[122]UNESCOdevelops,maintainsanddisseminates,freeofcharge,twointerrelatedsoftwarepackagesfor
databasemanagement(CDS/ISIS)anddatamining/statisticalanalysis(IDAMS).

CDS/ISISageneralisedInformationStorageandRetrievalsystem.TheWindowsversionmayrunona
singlecomputerorinalocalareanetwork.TheJavaISISclient/servercomponentsallowremotedatabase
managementovertheInternetandareavailableforWindows,LinuxandMacintosh.Furthermore,
GenISISallowstheusertoproduceHTMLWebformsforCDS/ISISdatabasesearching.TheISIS_DLL
providesanAPIfordevelopingCDS/ISISbasedapplications.
OpenIDAMSasoftwarepackageforprocessingandanalysingnumericaldatadeveloped,maintained
anddisseminatedbyUNESCO.TheoriginalpackagewasproprietarybutUNESCOhasinitiateda
projecttoprovideitasopensource.[123]
IDISatoolfordirectdataexchangebetweenCDS/ISISandIDAMS.

Seealso
AcademicMobilityNetwork
WikiProjectUNESCO

Referencesandnotes
1."UNESCOhistory".UNESCO.Retrieved23April2010.
2."UNESCO".UNESCO.Retrieved25September2015.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 17/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

3.UNESCO'sGeneralConferencevotedon31October2011"toadmitPalestineasamemberState".However,itnotes
that,for"itsmembershiptotakeeffect,PalestinemustsignandratifyUNESCO'sConstitution"."UNESCO"Media
Services"GeneralConferenceadmitsPalestineasUNESCOMemberState".UNESCO.
4."MemberStates|UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization".UNESCO.
5."TheFaroesbecomeassociated<nyspecializedinstitutesandcentresthroughouttheworld".Archivedfromthe
originalon23August2011.
6."UNDGMembers".UnitedNationsDevelopmentGroup.Retrieved8August2011.
7."IntroducingUNESCO".UNESCO.Retrieved8August2011.
8."UNESCOGeneralConference34thMediumtermStrategy,200820132007"(PDF).Retrieved8August2011.
9.LeagueofNations.RecordsoftheSecondAssembly.PlenaryMeetings.5September5October1921.Geneva.P.The
InternationalCommitteeonIntellectualCooperation(ICIC)wasofficiallycreatedon4January1922,asa
consultativeorgancomposedofindividualselectedbasedontheirpersonalqualifications.TheInternationalInstitute
forIntellectualCooperation(IIIC)wasthencreatedinParison9August1925,toactastheexecutingagencyforthe
ICIC.(1987).AChronologyofUNESCO:19471987.Paris,December1987.LAD.85/WS/4Rev.UNESDOC
database|format=PDF|accessdate=8June2012
10.UNESCO.(1987).AChronology.
11.THEWORKOFU.N.E.S.C.O.(Hansard,26January1949)(http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/t
heworkofunesco).Hansard.millbanksystems.com.Retrieved12July2013.
12."UnitedNationsConferencefortheEstablishmentofanEducationalandCulturalOrganisation.Conferenceforthe
EstablishmentofanEducationalandCulturalOrganisation.HeldattheInstituteofCivilEngineers,London,from1
to16November1945.ECO/Conf./29.UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
13."ConstitutionoftheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization.16November1945.United
NationsConferencefortheEstablishmentofanEducationalandCulturalOrganisation.Conferenceforthe
EstablishmentofanEducationalandCulturalOrganisation.HeldattheInstituteofCivilEngineers,London,from1
to16November1945.ECO/Conf./29.P.93.UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
14."UNESCO.GeneralConference,1stSession.(1947).GeneralConference,FirstSession,heldatUNESCOHouse,
Paris,from20Novemberto10December1946.UNESCO/C/30[1C/Resolutions].(Paris.)Item14,p.73.
UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved1July2012.
15.UNESCO.GeneralConference,8thSession.(1955).RecordsoftheGeneralConference,EighthSession,(http://unes
doc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf)Montevideo,1954:Resolutions.8C/Resolutions.(Paris.)
ResolutionII.1.2,p.12.UNESDOCdatabase
16."UNESCO.(1950).Statementbyexpertsonraceproblems.Paris,20July1950.UNESCO/SS/1.UNESDOC
database"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
17."UNESCO.GeneralConference,20thSession.(1979).RecordsoftheGeneralConference,TwentiethSession,Paris,
24Octoberto28November1978.20C/Resolutions.(Paris.)Resolution3/1.1/2,p.61.UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).
Retrieved8June2012.
18.UNESCO.ExecutiveBoard,42ndSession.(1955).ReportoftheDirectorGeneralontheActivitiesofthe
Organization(MarchNovember1955).Paris,9November1955.42EX/43.PartIRelationswithMemberStates,
paragraph3.
19.TheHaitipilotproject:phaseone,19471949.(1951).MonographsonFundamentalEducationIV.UNESCO:Paris.
20."Debiesse,J.,Benjamin,H.andAbbot,W.(1952).ReportofthemissiontoAfghanistan.EducationalMissionsIV.
ED.51/VIII.A.(Paris.)UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
21."UNESCO.GeneralConference,2ndSession.(1948).ResolutionsadoptedbytheGeneralConferenceduringits
secondsession,Mexico,NovemberDecember1947.2C/Resolutions.(Paris.)Resolution3.4.1,p.17.UNESDOC
database"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
22."UNDP,UNESCO,UNICEF,andTheWorldBank.(1990).FinalReport.WorldConferenceonEducationforAll:
MeetingBasicEducationNeeds.59March1990,Jomtien,Thailand.(WCEFAInteragencyCommission:New
York).UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
23."UNESCO.(2000).TheDakarFrameworkforAction.EducationforAll:meetingourcollectivecommitments
(includingsixregionalframeworksforaction).WorldEducationForum,Dakar,Senegal,2628April2000.
ED.2000/WS/27.(Paris).UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
24."UNESCO.GeneralConference,21stSession.(1980).InternationalCampaigntoSavetheMonumentsofNubia:
ReportoftheExecutiveCommitteeoftheCampaignandoftheDirectorGeneral.26August1980.21C/82.
UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
25."ConventionconcerningtheProtectionoftheWorldCulturalandNaturalHeritage.Paris,16November1972.
UNESCO.GeneralConference,17thSession.RecordsoftheGeneralConference,SeventeenthSession,Paris,17
Octoberto21November1972.VolumeI:Resolutions,Recommendations.17C/Resolution29.ChapterIX
ConventionsandRecommendations,p.135.UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
26."UNESCO.IntergovernmentalCommitteefortheProtectionoftheWorldCulturalandNaturalHeritage,Second
Session.FinalReport.Washington,DC,58September1978.CC78/CONF.010/10Rev.UNESDOCdatabase"
(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 18/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

27."ConventionfortheSafeguardingoftheIntangibleCulturalHeritage.Paris,17October2003.UNESCO.General
Conference,32ndSession.RecordsoftheGeneralConference,ThirtysecondSession,Paris,29Septemberto17
October2003.VolumeI:Resolutions.32C/Resolution32.ChapterIVProgrammefor20042005,MajorProgramme
IVCulture,p.53.UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
28."ConventionontheProtectionandPromotionoftheDiversityofCulturalExpressions.Paris,20October2005.
UNESCO.GeneralConference,33rdSession.RecordsoftheGeneralConference.ThirtythirdSession,Paris,321
October2005.VolumeI:Resolutions.33C/Resolution41.ChapterVProgrammefor20062007,p.83.UNESDOC
database"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
29."UNESCO.ExecutiveBoard,26thSession.ResolutionsanddecisionsadoptedbytheExecutiveBoardatitstwenty
sixthsession.(7Juneto9July1951).Paris,27July1951.26EX/Decisions.Item7Programme,Resolution7.2.2.1,
p.9.UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
30."UNESCO.GeneralConference,3rdSession.(1949).RecordsoftheGeneralConferenceoftheUnitedNations
Educational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization.ThirdSession.Beirut,1948.VolumeII:Resolutions.(UNESCO:
Paris).2C/Resolution3.7,page23.UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
31." "Useandconservationofthebiosphere:Proceedingsoftheintergovernmentalconferenceofexpertsonthescientific
basisforrationaluseandconservationoftheresourcesofthebiosphere.Paris,413September1968."(1970.)In
NaturalResourcesResearch,VolumeX.SC.69/XIL.16/A.UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
32."UNESCO.(1955).InternationalExpertMeetingonProfessionalTrainingforJournalism.UnescoHouse,913April
1956.PurposeandScope.Paris,18November1955.UNESCO/MC/PT.1.UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved
8June2012.
33."UNESCO.GeneralConference,19thSession.(1977).ApprovedProgrammeandbudgetfor19771978.Paris,
February1977.19C/5,p.332,paragraphs4154and4155.UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
34."MacBride,S.(1980).Manyvoices,oneworld:towardsanew,morejust,andmoreefficientworldinformationand
communicationorder.(UNESCO:Paris).UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
35."UNESCO.(1996).UNESCOandanInformationSocietyforAll:apositionpaper.(UNESCO:Paris).CII96/WS/4.
UNESDOCdatabase"(PDF).Retrieved8June2012.
36."UNESCO.GeneralConference,32ndSession.(2003).Communiqu:MinisterialRoundTableon"Towards
KnowledgeSocieties."(UNESCOHeadquarters,9and10October2003).14October2003.32C/INF.26.UNESDOC
database"(PDF).Retrieved1July2012.
37."GeneralConferenceadmitsPalestineasUNESCOMember".31October2011.Retrieved11December2011.
38.Blomfield,Adrian(31October2011)."USwithdrawsUnescofundingafteritacceptsPalestinianmembership".The
Telegraph.Retrieved31October2011.
39.Erlanger,StevenSayare,Scott(31October2011)."UnescoApprovesFullMembershipforPalestinians".TheNew
YorkTimes.Retrieved31October2011.
40."AfterUNESCOvote,IsraelisanctionsonPalestinianAuthorityangerU.S.".Haaretz.4November2011.Retrieved
11December2011.
41."IsraelfreezesUNESCOfunds".CNN.3December2011.Retrieved11December2011.
42."U.S.,IsraellosevotingrightsatUNESCOoverPalestinerow".Reuters.8November2013.Retrieved29June2014.
43.BecausediplomamillshaveclaimedfalseUNESCOaccreditation,UNESCOitselfhaspublishedwarningsagainst
educationorganizationsthatclaimUNESCOrecognitionoraffiliation.SeeLucaLantero,DegreeMills:non
accreditedandirregularhighereducationinstitutions(http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lanter
o_EN.pdf),InformationCentreonAcademicMobilityandEquivalence(CIMEA),Italy.andUNESCO"Alert:
MisuseofUNESCONamebyBogusInstitutions"(http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.phpURL_ID=48787&U
RL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html)
44.Varga,Susan(2006).EdinburghOldTown(ImagesofScotland).TheHistoryPressLtd.ISBN0752440837.
45."MigrationInstitutionsHome".Migrationmuseums.org.Retrieved23April2010.
46."Education|EDUCATION".UNESCO.Retrieved23April2010.
47.Reddy,A(2014)'OfficialsupportforGoUNESCOfromUNESCONewDelhiGoUNESCO',GoUNESCO.
UniformResourceLocator:http://www.gounesco.com/unesconewdelhisupportgounesco.
48."ThemagazineUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization".
49."ScienceandtechnologyeducationUnesco"(http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF),a
UNESCObrochure
50."QuotedonUNESCOofficialsite".Ngodb.unesco.org.Retrieved1July2012.
51."FulllistofNGOsthathaveofficialrelationswithUNESCO".UNESCO.Retrieved1July2012.
52."UNESCOHeadquartersCommittee107thsession13Feb2009".Ngodb.unesco.org.Retrieved1July2012.
53.admin(27May2015)."TheIBETeam".
54."UILUNESCOInstituteforLifelongLearning".
55."IIEPUNESCO".
56."UNESCOIITE".
57."IICBAofficialsite".
58."Inicio".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 19/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

59."UNESCOUNEVOCPromotinglearningfortheworldofwork".
60."CEPESofficialsite".
61."HomeUNESCOIHE".
62."ICTPInternationalCentreforTheoreticalPhysics".
63."UNESCOInstituteforStatistics:UNESCOInstituteforStatistics".
64.UNESCOExecutiveBoardDocument185EX/38(http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf),
Paris,10September2010
65.InternationalDays|UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(http://www.unesco.org/new/en/
unesco/events/prizesandcelebrations/celebrations/internationaldays/).UNESCO.Retrieved12July2013.
66."ListofUNESCOmembersandassociates".UNESCO.Retrieved3November2011.
67."SummaryupdateonGovernmentprogresstobecomeaStatePartytotheUNESCOInternationalConventionagainst
DopinginSport"(PDF).WADA.p.2.Retrieved28July2009.
68."StateParties".UNESCO.Retrieved31October2011.
69."MemberStatesoftheUnitedNations".UnitedNations.Retrieved31October2011.
70.Listofthevotingcountries(http://saveunesco.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/electoralgroupsunesco.pdf)
71.UNESCOofficialsite:DirectorsGeneral(http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/aboutus/whoweare/history/director
sgeneral/)
72.UNESCOofficialsite:PreviousSessionsoftheGeneralConference(http://www.unesco.org/new/en/generalconferen
ce/previoussessions/)
73."Presidentofthe38thsessionoftheGeneralConference".UNESCO.Retrieved11November2015.
74."GeneralConference37th|UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization".www.unesco.org.
Retrieved25September2015.
75.ExecutiveBoardResultsofelections(http://www.unesco.org/new/en/generalconference38th/elections/resultsexec
utiveboard).UNESCOGeneralConference,November2015.Retrieved12November2015.
76.Table_20132015.pdf(http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/SCX/pdfs/Table_20132015.p
df)UNESCOMembershipbyElectoralGroups.Retrieved12November2015.
77."ListofAllUNESCOFieldOfficesbyRegionwithDescriptionsofMemberStateCoverage".UNESCO.
78."CityofQuitoUNESCOWorldHeritage".UNESCO.Retrieved30April2010.
79."UNESCOOfficeinBrasilia|UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization".www.unesco.org.
Retrieved24September2015.
80."OficinadelaUNESCOenQuito|OrganizacindelasNacionesUnidasparalaEducacin,laCienciaylaCultura".
www.unesco.org.Retrieved24September2015.
81.Grahm,S.E.(April2006)."The(Real)politiksofCulture:U.S.CulturalDiplomacyinUNESCO,19461954".
DiplomaticHistory.30(2):231251.doi:10.1111/j.14677709.2006.00548.x.
82.SingaporetowithdrawfromUNESCO(https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19841228&id=Y5srAA
AAIBAJ&sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5684,5359479),TheTelegraph,28December1984
83."HebronclashesoverIsrael'sWestBankheritagelist".BBCNews.26February2010.
84."ExecutiveBoardadoptsfivedecisionsconcerningUNESCO'sworkintheoccupiedPalestinianandArab
Territories".UNESCO.21October2010.
85."THETWOPALESTINIANSITESOFALHARAMALIBRAHIMI/TOMBOFTHEPATRIARCHSINAL
KHALIL/HEBRONANDTHEBILALBINRABAHMOSQUE/RACHEL'STOMBINBETHLEHEM"(PDF).
86.HillelFendel(1November2010)."UNESCOErasesIsraeliProtestsfromRachel'sTombProtocol".ArutzSheva.
87.MaayanaMiskin(29October2010)."UNOrg.:Rachel'sTombisaMosque".ArutzSheva.
88."Ayalon:IsraelwillnolongercooperatewithUNESCO".TheJerusalemPost.3November2010.
89.Shalom,Rabbi."CooperationwithUNESCOonlypartiallysuspended".TheJerusalemPost.Retrieved8August
2011.
90."UNESCOcensuresIsraeloverMughrabiBridgeIsraelNews,Ynetnews".Ynetnews.20June1995.Retrieved
8August2011.
91.Berman,Lazar(17January2014)."UNESCOcancelseventonJewishtiestoLandofIsrael".TheTimesofIsrael.
Retrieved21January2014.
92.Ahren,Raphael(21January2014)."AuthorofUNESCO'snixedIsraelexhibitdecries'appallingbetrayal' ".The
TimesofIsrael.Retrieved21January2014.
93."UNESCOadoptsantiIsraelresolutiononalAqsaMosque".aljazeera.com.
94.http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf
95."UNESCOfailstoacknowledgeJewishtiestoTempleMount".
96."Netanyahuleadsangrydenunciationsof'absurd'UNESCOdecision".
97."UNESCOchief'receiveddeaththreats'foropposingJerusalemmotion".TimesofIsrael.17October2016.
98."StatementbytheDirectorGeneralofUNESCOontheOldCityofJerusalemanditsWallsontheoccasionofthe
40thsessionoftheWorldHeritageCommitteeofUNESCOinIstanbulUnitedNationsEducational,Scientificand
CulturalOrganization".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 20/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

99."UNESCODirectorCriticizesResolution:TempleMountSacredtoBothJews,Muslims".Haaretz.Retrieved
14October2016.
100."CzechMPsslam'hateful'UNESCOJerusalemresolution".
101."UNESCOapprovesnewJerusalemresolution".www.aljazeera.com.
102.Beaumont,Peter(26October2016)."UnescoadoptscontroversialresolutiononJerusalemholysites".TheGuardian.
103."UNESCOresolutiononJerusalemholysitesdrawscriticismfromU.S.,Israel".CBC/RadioCanada.26October
2016.
104.Torok,Ryan(3November2016)."BeverlyHillsCityCouncilcondemnsUNESCOresolution".TheJewishJournal
ofGreaterLosAngeles.Retrieved5November2016.
105."UnescocutsfundingforPalestinianyouthmagazineoverHitlerpraise".TheDailyTelegraph.23December2011.
Retrieved12January2012.
106."UNESCOChairinAstronomy,AstrophysicsandSpaceSciences(964),establishedin2012atTheIslamic
UniversityofGaza(Palestine).".UNESCO.Retrieved15July2012.
107."IsraelshockedbyUNESCOChairatGazaIslamicUniversity"(Pressrelease).Israelministryofforeignaffairs.12
July2012.Retrieved15July2012.
108.Higgins,Michael(12July2012)."UNESCOestablisheschairatGazauniversityaccusedofhousingHamasbomb
labs".NationalPost.Retrieved15July2012.
109."Fatah:ShalitwasheldatGazaIslamicUniversity".YediothAhronot.6February2007.Retrieved15July2012.
110.Cambanis,Thanassis(28February2010)."HamasUniversity".BostonGlobe.Retrieved15July2012.
111.Ravid,Barak(12July2012)."IsraelfuriousatUNESCOdecisiontobacksciencechairatIslamicUniversityof
Gaza".Haaretz.Retrieved15July2012.
112.Yaakov,Yifa(14July2012)."B'naiBrithslamsUNESCOaffiliationwithGazaUniversity".TheTimesofIsrael.
Retrieved15July2012.
113."Newsjournalisminadigitalworld".UNESCO.10February2012.Retrieved15February2012.
114."UNESCOleakstorefutewikileaksaccusation".UNESCO.16February2012.Retrieved16February2012.
115."TheGuardian'shatchetjobonJulianAssange".WorldSocialistWebSite.10March2011.Retrieved15February
2012.
116."TheWikiFreak:InanewbookoneauthorrevealshowshegottoknowJulianAssangeandfoundhimapredatory,
narcissisticfantasist".DailyMail.7August2011.Retrieved15February2012.
117."WikiLeaksdenouncesUNESCOafterWikiLeaksbannedfromUNESCOconferenceonWikiLeaks".WikiLeaks.15
February2012.Retrieved15February2012.
118.UNESCOOnceAgainMakesaMockeryofitsOwnIdealsbyGlorifyingMassMurdererCheGuevara,SaysRos
Lehtinen(https://roslehtinen.house.gov/pressrelease/unescoonceagainmakesmockeryitsownidealsglorifyingm
assmurderercheguevara)(22July2013)
119.UNESCOhonorsexecutionerCheGuevara(http://www.unwatch.org/unescohonorsexecutionercheguevara/),UN
Watch,21July2013(retrieved11July2016)
120.(www.dw.com),DeutscheWelle."JapanfuriousatUNESCOlistingNanjingMassacredocumentsAsiaDW.COM
19.10.2015".
121."JapanhaltsUnescofundingfollowingNanjingmassacrerow".TheGuardian.AgenceFrancePresse.14October
2016.Retrieved30October2016.
122."InformationProcessingTools".
123."OpenIDAMS".

Externallinks
Officialwebsite(http://www.unesco.org/)
WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoUNESCO.
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=UNESCO&oldid=769040130"

Categories: UNESCO Organizationsestablishedin1945 Conservationandrestorationorganizations

Heritageorganizations Internationalculturalorganizations Internationaleducationalorganizations
Internationalscientificorganizations ListsoforganisationsbasedinFrance OrganizationsbasedinParis
UnitedNationsDevelopmentGroup UnitedNationsspecializedagencies FranceandtheUnitedNations
1945establishmentsinFrance

Thispagewaslastmodifiedon7March2017,at06:08.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 21/22
3/7/2017 UNESCOWikipedia

TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay
apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisaregistered
trademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO 22/22